Cardiovascular System (Ch 5) Diagnostics, Pathology, &
Treatments
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Cardiovascular Specialists Cardiologist Hematologist-specialist
who treats diseases and disorders of the blood
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DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
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Diagnostic procedures Angiography radiographic study of the
blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium
Angiocardiography uses a contrast medium and chest x-rays to
visualize the dimensions of the heart and large blood vessels
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Diagnostic Procedures History & Physical Checking for
symptoms of disease Chest pain, shortness of breath, awareness of
heartbeat (palpitation), fatigue, dizziness or loss of
consciousness, edema, pain in the legs while walking
(claudication)
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Diagnostic Procedures Cardiac catheterization a procedure in
which a catheter is passed into a vein or artery and is guided into
the heart X-rays taken during the procedure Dye is also
injected
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Diagnostic procedures Electrocardiography-tracing electricity
Electrocardiogram ECG EKG Holter monitor portable EKG that is worn
by an ambulatory patient to continuously monitor the heart rates
and rhythms over a 24-hour period. Stress tests Thallium stress
test uses a radiopharmaceutical to test heart function
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Diagnostic procedures Ultrasonic diagnostic procedures Ultra
sound Echocardiography the use of sound waves to evaluate the
structures and motion of the heart Pulse ox
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PATHOLOGY
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Blood Vessel Pathology Angiitis Angionecrosis-tissue death of
the walls of blood vessels Angiostenosis Abnormal narrowing of a
blood vessel Angiospasm Angina pectoris severe episodes of
spasmodic, choking chest pain
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Pathology Arteries Aneurysm a localized weak spot or
balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery that can rupture
Arteritis Polyarteritis Arteriosclerosis-hardening of the arteries
Raynauds phenomenon intermittent attacks of pallor, cyanosis, and
redness of the fingers and toes due to arterial contraction.
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Pathology Atherosclerosis Hardening and narrowing of the
arteries due to fatty deposits on the walls of the arteries Causes
Increased blood lipids High blood presssure Smoking Obesity
Physical inactivity Tension
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Atherosclerosis can lead to; Angina pectoris-coronary arteries
are temporarily blocked-reduced blood supply to the heart chest
pain ischemia oxygen deprived heart muscle, injured muscle
Myocardial Infarction, heart attack necrosis of the heart muscle
due to severe, prolonged ischemia,
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Pathology Coronary artery disease (CAD) Congestive Heart
Failure (CHF) Pumping action is diminished Fluid accumulates and is
retained in the tissues Carditis
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Congenital Heart Disease Defects in the heart that occurred
during fetal development Involves defective communication between
the chambers, malformation of the valves, and malformation of the
septa Cyanotic inability of the individual to get adequate oxygen
so they turn blue
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Pathology Arrhythmias-abnomality in rate, rhythm, or conduction
of the heart beat Fibrillation-rapid, irregular, ineffective
contractions, quivering Atrial fibrillation-irregular quivering
action of the atria. Results in very rapid ventricular heartbeat V
fib fatal unless reversed Flutter Bradycardia-abnormally slow
heartbeat Tachycardia
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Pathology Veins Phlebitis inflammation of a vein Varicose
veins-enlarged veins which can be inflammed Hemorrhoids varicose
veins of the rectal & anal area Valvulitis-inflammation of a
heart valve Phlebostenosis narrowing of the lumen of a vein from
any cause Thrombus-blood clot circulating in the blood stream
Thrombosis-abnormal condition of clot formation Embolisms any
foreign object circulating in the blood stream; clot, air, fat
particle, plastic from IV catheters, etc. Blood disorders Dyscrasia
any abnormal or pathologic condition of the blood Hemochromatosis
Septicemia also known as blood poisoning, is the presence of
pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood.
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Pathology Blood cells Erythrocytosis abnormal increase in the
number of circulating red blood cells Thrombocytopenia also known
as thrombopenia, is an abnormal decrease in the number of platelets
Leukopenia an abnormal decrease in the number of white blood cells.
May affect one or all types. Leukemia
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Pathology Anemias a disorder characterized by lower than normal
levels of red blood cells in the blood Aplastic an absence of all
formed blood elements Hemolytic red blood cells are destroyed
faster than the bone marrow can replace them Iron deficient
Megaloblastic large abnormal red blood cells (megaloblasts) with a
reduced capacity to carry oxygen are produced by the bone
marrow
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Pathology Anemias continued Sickle cell Pernicious Thalassemia
Cooleys anemia, group of genetic disorders characterized by
short-lived red blood cells that lack the normal ability to produce
hemoglobin
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Pathology Hypertension (HTN) Essential primary idiopathic
consistently elevated blood pressure of unknown origin 90% of cases
Secondary caused by a different medical problem such as a kidney
disorder or a tumor on the adrenal glands 10% of cases Malignant
characterized by the sudden onset of severely elevated blood
pressure
Treatments Clearing blocked arteries Percutaneous transluminal
coronary angioplasty PTCA balloon angioplasty, opens the blocked
artery but doesnt actually remove the plaque
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/a
natomyvideos/000096.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/a
natomyvideos/000096.htm Atherectomy surgical removal of plaque from
the interior lining of an artery
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Treatments Endarterectomy surgical removal of the lining of an
artery that is clogged with plaque Carotid endarterectomy same as
above for a carotid artery
