SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATION OF OZONE IN IRAQ · 2020-01-08 · Keyword: total ozone column, temporal and spatial ozone variation, OMI, TOMS, time series, SD, CV. INTRODUCTION Ozone

VOL. 14, NO. 24, DECEMBER 2019 ISSN 1819-6608

ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences ©2006-2019 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.

www.arpnjournals.com

4208

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATION OF OZONE IN IRAQ

Waleed I. AL. Rijabo and Yusra M. Abdullah Department of Physics, College of Education of Pure Science, Mosul University, Iraq

E-Mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The Ozone data obtained from (TOMS) Instrument and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) have been used to

study the temporary and spatial variabilities of Total Ozone Column (TOC) over 18 different Cities in Iraq ,located from

(Lat. 37.1o - 30.5

o N) and (Long. 42.7

o E - 47.8

o E) during the period (1998 - 2017). The mean monthly values of TOC

show a Maximum values in March and Minimum values in October in all stations. The results showed that the Maximum

values of SD and CV was obtained in winter months and Minimum values were obtained in summer months for all

stations. The Time Series for the monthly values of TOC during the period (1998 - 2017) showed a Negative trend in all

stations except in Nasiriya and Basra. The monthly (TOC) spatial behavior is found to be higher over the Northern part of

Iraq than in the central and Southern part.

Keyword: total ozone column, temporal and spatial ozone variation, OMI, TOMS, time series, SD, CV.

INTRODUCTION

Ozone in atmosphere represents a natural shield

against the harmful solar UV radiation which reaches the

Earth's surface and exerts unfavorable influence on the

human health, on the other biological life, and ecosystem.

Although ozone amount represents as maximum

0.0012% of the total atmosphere composition, it plays

very important role in weather and climate in regional to

global spatial scales, acting as a major greenhouse gas [1,

2, 3].

Distribution of atmospheric ozone and ozone

trends, on regional and global scales are changing as a

result of natural processes and increasing of anthropogenic

activities, and complex dynamical process taking place in

the atmosphere [4]

Analysis of total ozone has focused on trend

analysis due to the clear decreasing stratospheric ozone.

However the full description of variability of total ozone

should also include means, seasonal variations, this

information should be more useful in understanding ozone

dynamics [5]. The daily variation of ozone is related to the

atmospheric conditions, further more over mid-latitude

strongly variability in total ozone occurs by

meteorological variability [6].

The seasonal and geographical factors seem to be

most important in determining ozone amounts in the

atmosphere [7].

The interaction of process such as ozone

production, loss, and transport that governs ozone

variability observed on different time scales helps to

determine the amount of ozone in the stratosphere as well

as its distribution with latitude, longitude and altitude, [8,

9]. This paper studies the spatial temporal variation of

ozone during (1998-2017) over various cities in the

northern, central, and southern part of IRAQ.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

The data employed from TOMS instrument to

study the total ozone variation for different cities which

cover the range (30.5o

- 37.1oN) in latitude an (42.7

o -

47.8oE) on longitude from Zakho in the North of Iraq to

Basra in the South of Iraq.

The TOC data set were taken from instrument

developed by NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center

(TOMS) continue by the Ozone monitoring instrument

(OMI) record for the TOC, the TOC was found for (20)

meteorological stations well distributed throughout Iraq

[Zakho, Dohuk, Mosul, Erbil, Tikrit, Baquba, Ramadi,

Baghdad, Rutba, Kut, Hilla, Diwaniya, Najaf, Nukhuyb,

Samara, Nasiriya, Basra] for the period (1998-2017)

Table-1 shows the geographical coordinate of the

different stations.

Figure-1 shows the location of different stations

in Iraq using (GIS_V.9.3) and surfer.V.10) the maps of the

spatial variation of the mean monthly and seasonally

values of TOC were obtained in Iraq.

Tables (2, 3) show the mean monthly, seasonally,

annually values of TOC for different stations. For studying

temporal variation of TOC (9) stations represent the North,

Middle and South of Iraq was selected.

Using (mathlab_V.6.5) and (Microsoft office

Excel 2011), deferent histograms represent the mean

monthly, seasonally values of TOC in (9) stations were

found. SD, CV and Time Series for the monthly values of

TOC in these stations were found.

mailto:[email protected]




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Table-1. Geographical coordinate of different stations.

Station Latitude Longitude Altitude (m)

Zakho 37.13o 42.69

o 440

Dohuk 36.86o 43

o 565

Mosul 36.34o 43.13

o 223

Erbil 36.19o 44.01

o 420

Sulaimaniya 35.55o 45.43

o 882

Kirkuk 35.46o

44.39o 350

Tikrit 34.6o

43.68o 110

Baquba 33.74o

44.62o 600

Ramadi 33.42o

43.3o 50

Baghdad 33.32o

44.42o 34

30 33.03o

40.28o 645

Kut 32.5o

45.82o 305

Hila 32.48o

44.43o

120

Nukhuyb 32.04o

42.25o

305

Diwaniya 31.98o

44.92o

75

Najaf 31.97o

44.44o

60

Amara 31.83o

47.14o

150

Samawa 31.31o

45.28o

30

Nasiriya 31.05o

46.26o

9

Basra 30.5o

47.81o

5

Figure-1. Location of different stations in Iraq.




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Table-2. Mean Monthly values of TOC for different stations.

Month

Station Jan. Feb. Mar. April May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Non. Des.

Zakho 327 338 345 341 327 309 295 292 287 282 289 302

Dohuk 319 329 336 334 321 299 294 285 281 278 286 296

Mosul 318 327 334 332 321 299 294 285 281 276 286 298

Erbil 316 326 330 329 317 296 293 282 279 274 285 295

Sulaimaniya 311 322 328 325 315 293 292 282 277 272 282 290

Kirkuk 313 322 329 324 311 294 291 286 280 275 286 295

Tikrit 308 315 324 323 313 293 290 287 282 275 284 290

Baquba 302 309 318 317 306 293 289 286 281 274 282 287

Ramadi 301 310 317 318 308 294 290 287 282 273 284 286

Baghdad 303 309 317 318 307 294 290 287 281 274 283 286

AL Rutba 294 302 313 316 308 292 286 283 277 272 277 280

Kut 296 303 311 311 303 292 289 286 280 272 279 281

Hilla 296 302 311 312 303 292 288 285 280 272 279 281

Nukhuyb 290 294 305 307 300 290 288 285 278 271 276 277

Diwaniya 290 295 306 308 301 290 287 283 277 271 275 277

Najaf 290 295 304 306 300 290 288 285 279 271 276 277

Amara 288 294 303 304 297 290 288 286 279 270 275 277

Samawa 288 295 304 305 298 290 288 285 280 270 278 277

Nasiriya 289 294 303 305 298 290 288 286 279 271 277 278

Basra 282 287 296 299 294 289 288 285 279 270 274 273

Table-3. The Mean seasonally and annually values of TOC for different stations during the period (1998 - 2017).

Station Winter Spring Summer Autumn Annual

Zakho 322 337 298 286 311

Dohuk 314 330 291 281 304

Mosul 315 329 291 282 304

Erbil 312 325 288 279 301

Sulaimaniya 308 322 287 277 299

Kirkuk 310 321 290 280 300

Tikrit 304 320 290 280 298

Baquba 299 314 290 279 295

Ramadi 299 315 290 280 295

Baghdad 299 314 290 279 295

AL Rutba 292 312 278 275 291

Kut 294 308 289 277 291

Hilla 293 309 289 277 291

Nukhuyb 278 304 288 275 288

Diwaniya 278 305 286 274 288

Najaf 287 303 288 275 288

Amara 287 301 288 275 287

Samawa 286 302 288 276 288

Nasiriya 287 302 288 276 288

Basra 281 297 287 274 284




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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Mean monthly values of TOC in different stations

Figure-2 shows the mean monthly values of TOC

in nine selected stations (Zakho, Mosul, Tikrit, Baghdad,

AL_Rutba, Hilla, Diwaniya, Nasiriya, Basra) during the

period (1998-2017).

During the winter month's (Dec, Jan, Feb) the

figures showed that the maximum value of TOC was

obtained in Zakho station where it ranged between (302 -

338) DU, while minimum values was obtained in Basra

station where it ranged between (273 - 287) DU.

From the figure we can see that the mean

monthly values of TOC decrease from the north to the

south of Iraq according to the latitude. During spring

months (March, April, May) the figure showed that the

values of TOC increased in comparison with winter

months.

The TOC found to be maximum around the

months of March, April in comparison with the other

months of the year.

The maximum value of TOC in spring months

obtained in Zakho station where it ranged between (327 -

345) DU, while the minimum values was obtained in

Basra station, where it ranged between (294 - 299) DU.

In summer months the TOC decrease from the

north to the south of Iraq and their values ranged between

(283 - 309) DU.

The minimum values of TOC were obtained

during the autumn months.

October gave the minimum values of TOC in

comparison with the other months of the year where there

values ranged between (270 - 282) DU.

Mean seasonally values of TOC in different stations Figure-3-a shows the mean seasonally values of

TOC during winter season for (Zakho, Mosul, Tikrit,

Baghdad, _Rutba, Hila, Diwaniyah, Nasiriya, Basra)

stations respectively.

The maximum value was obtained in Zakho

station (322) DU. while the minimum value was obtained

in Nukhuyb stations (278) DU.

Figure-3-b shows the mean seasonally values of

TOC during spring season for all stations.

The maximum values of TOC was obtained in Zakho

station (337) DU, while the minimum value was obtained

in Basra station (29) DU.

Figure-3-c shows the mean seasonally values of

TOC during summer season for all stations.

The maximum values of TOC was obtained in Zakho

(298) DU, while the minimum value was obtained in Al-

Rutba station (278) DU.

Figure-3-d shows the mean seasonally values of

TOC during autumns season for all stations.

The maximum values of TOC was obtained in

Zakho station (286) DU, while the minimum value was

obtained in Basra station (274) DU.




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Figure-2. Mean Monthly values of TOC for the period (1998-2017).

Figure-3-a. Winter Total Ozone for period 1998-2017.

Figure-3-b. Spring Total Ozone for period 1998-2017.

Figure-3-c. Summer Total Ozone for period 1998-2017.

Figure-3-d. Autumn Total Ozone for period 1998-2017.




4214

Study of Time Series for the monthly values of TOC in

different stations

Figure-4 shows the time series for the monthly

values of TOC in the different stations (Zakho, Mosul,

Tikrit, Baghdad, Rutba, Hilla, Nasiriya, Basra).

Linear best fit calculating for the period (1998-

2017) shows a positive trend in (Nasiriya and Basra)

stations and negative trend in the other stations.

Linear Regress in Equation for all stations are:

y=-0.0202x+313.9 ------------- for Zakho station

y=-0.0093x +303.6 ------------- for Mosul station

y=-0.0083x+300.4 ------------- for Tikrit station

y=-0.0007x+292.4 ------------- for Baghdad station

y=-0.165x+211.96 -------------- for Rutba station

y=-0.0226x+293.03 -------------- for Hilla station

y=-0.0045x+289.29 --------------- for Nukhuyb station

y= 0.0008x+284 --------------- for Nasiriya station

y= 0.0053x+284 --------------- for Basra station

Figure-4. Time Series of mean monthly values of TOC in different stations.




4215

Tables (4, 5) show the standard Deviation (SD)

and Coefficient of Variation (CV) of the monthly values of

TOC during the period (1998-2017) for the nine stations.

We can see that the maximum values of SD for

the monthly values of TOC was obtained in winter months

for all stations where it ranged between: (11.5-15.4), (9.2-

13.7), (8.8-16.1), (9-10.1), (8.6-14.9), (12.1-10.2), (9.8-

17.1), (10.8-15.3), (10.8-15.9) DU for: Zakho, Mosul,

Tikrit, Baghdad, Rutba, Hilla, Nukhuyb, Nasiriya, Basra

stations respectively.

Summer months show the minimum of values of

SD where it ranged between: (5.7-7.2), (3.5-5.3), (3.2-4.9),

(2.7-3.7), (2.7-5), (2.8-3.6), (2.8-3.9), (2.9-3.4), (2.9-3.3)

DU for the above stations respectively.

The minimum values of SD in all stations was

obtained in Baghdad station in July (2.7) DU, while the

maximum values of SD in all stations was obtained in

Hilla station in Feb. (18.2) DU.

From Table-5 we can see that the maximum

values of (CV) was obtained in winter months for all

stations where ranged between (2.8-5.1) for Zakho, Mosul,

Tikrit stations and between (2.9-6.1) for Baghdad, Rutba,

Hilla stations and between (3.8-5.5) for Nukhuyb,

Nasiriya, Basra stations .The minimum values of CV in all

stations was obtained in summer months where it ranged

between (0.96-2.3).

The maximum values of CV in all stations were

obtained in Hilla station in Feb. (6.12), while the

minimum values were obtained in Baghdad station in July

(0.96).

Table-4. Standard Deviation (SD) DU of mean monthly values of Ozone for selected stations

during the period (1998-2017).

Months

Stations

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep Oct. Nov. Des.

Zakho 11.55 17.23 16.93 11.23 9.63 7.29 5.71 6.09 7.42 5.76 10.02 15.42

Mosul 9.27 14.21 16.32 11.35 9.48 5.30 3.44 3.51 5.17 5.13 9.07 13.76

Tikrit 8.89 16.17 16.54 12.59 9.36 4.98 3.20 3.91 4.56 4.30 9.35 13.22

Baghdad 10.17 16.64 11.44 9.42 7.94 3.79 2.77 3.75 3.78 3.95 9.05 13.04

Rutba 8.62 14.90 14.51 10.52 7.05 5.04 3.38 2.72 3.42 4.79 9.47 12.76

Hilla 12.14 18.25 12.72 10.22 8.24 3.39 2.86 3.67 3.26 3.91 8.62 13.49

Nukhuyb 9.85 17.10 11.65 9.62 7.30 3.98 3.14 2.84 2.98 4.14 8.84 13.25

Nasiriya 10.82 15.36 10.05 8.70 7.02 2.92 2.90 3.45 2.66 3.76 8.23 12.94

Basra 10.86 15.96 9.34 8.41 7.60 3.18 2.99 3.35 2.74 3.41 7.99 13.38

Table-5. (CV%) Coefficient of Variation (CV %) of mean monthly values of Ozone for selected

stations during the period (1998-2017).

Months

Stations

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep Oct. Nov. Des.

Zakho 3.52 5.08 4.89 3.30 2.94 2.36 1.94 2.10 2.59 2.04 3.46 5.11

Mosul 2.95 4.37 4.94 3.44 2.99 1.77 1.18 1.22 1.84 1.85 3.16 4.67

Tikrit 2.88 5.11 5.091 3.88 2.98 1.68 1.10 1.36 1.67 1.56 3.28 4.55

Baghdad 3.43 5.49 3.69 3.01 2.61 1.29 0.69 1.32 1.35 1.45 3.24 4.63

Rutba 2.92 4.92 4.64 3.32 2.29 1.72 1.18 0.96 1.23 1.76 3.42 4.55

Hilla 4.15 6.12 4.12 3.30 2.72 1.16 0.99 1.29 1.17 1.44 3.10 4.83

Nukhuyb 3.4 5.77 3.8 3.11 2.41 1.33 1.06 0.97 1.07 1.52 3.12 4.7

Nasiriya 3.82 5.35 3.38 2.89 2.38 1.01 1.01 1.21 0.96 1.39 3.01 4.74

Basra 3.84 5.55 3.15 2.81 2.58 1.10 1.04 1.18 0.98 1.62 2.93 4.90

Table-6 shows the Mean Annual, Maximum,

Minimum, SD, CV, of TOC in different stations for the

period 1998-2017.

From the table we can see that the maximum

annul mean was obtained in Zakho station (311) DU and

the minimum annul mean was in Basra (284) DU and the




4216

values for other cities ranged between Zakho and Basra.

This is due to latitude effect on Ozone.

Standard deviation varied between (11.3) DU in

Nukhub and (24.9) DU in Zakho.

Also the Coefficient of variation varied from

minimum values (4) % in Nukhub and maximum value (8)

% in Zakho.

Table-6. Annual mean, maximum, minimum, of different stations for period (1998-2017).

CV% SD

(DU)

Minimum

(DU)

Maximum

(DU)

Mean

(DU) Longitude Latitude Station

7. 44 23.15 282 345 311 42.69 37.13 Zakho

6.91 21.01 278 334 304 43.13 36.34 Mosul

5.68 16. 16 275 324 298 43.68 34.6 Tikrit

4.95 14.65 274 318 295 44.42 33.32 Baghdad

5.15 15.03 272 316 291 40.28 33.03 Rutba

4.5 13.12 272 312 291 44.43 32.48 Hilla

4.04 11. 33 271 307 288 42.25 32.04 Nukhuyb

3.7 10.65 271 305 288 46.26 31.05 Nasiriya

3.28 9.34 270 299 284 47.81 30.5 Basra

Spatial variation of TOC in IRAQ The total ozone in any location on the globe is

defined as the sum of all the ozone in the atmosphere

directly above the location.

Most of the ozone resides in the stratospheric

ozone layer and small percentage (about 10%) is

distributed throughout the atmosphere.

Most of the ozone in the stratosphere is formed

over the equatorial belt, where the level of solar radiation

is greatest it is transported by latitudinal air movement

toward polar latitude. Consequently the amount of

stratospheric ozone above a location on the earth varies

naturally with latitude, season, and from day - to - day.

TOC varies strongly with Latitude over the globe,

with largest value occurring at middle and high Latitude

during all seasons.

Under normal circumstance highest ozone value

are formed over Polar Regions and the lowest values are

formed around the equator. The ozone layer is normally

thicker in winter and early spring, while it’s thinner in

early autumn.

Figures (5-a) (5-b) (5-c) (5-d): show the spatial

variation of TOC during the months of the year. From the

figures we can see that the TOC decrease from the North

of Iraq toward the south of Iraq

From the figures we can divide Iraq in to three

regions:

First Region between (37.1o-35.5

oN) represents

the North of Iraq.

The values of TOC in this region is ranged

between: (290-338) DU in winter months, (315 - 345) DU

in spring months, (282-309) DU in summer months, (272-

289) DU in autumn months.

Second Region between (35.5o- 32

o N) represent

the middle months, (283-294) DU in summer months,

(272-289) DU in autumn months.

Third Region between (32o-30.5

o N) represent the

south of Iraq where the value of TOC in this region is

ranged between (273-295) DU in winter months, (294 -

306) DU in spring months, (265-290) DU in summer

months, (270-280) DU in Autumn months.

The maximum value of TOC obtained in Zakho

station (345) DU in March, while the minimum value

obtained in Basra station (270) DU in October.

In all stations March show the maximum values

of TOC and October show the minimum values of TOC.

The seasonal variation of TOC is shown in the

Figure-6.

From the figures we can see three zones in winter

and spring season.

First zone between (37.1o-34.6

o N) where the

value of TOC is ranged between (304-337) DU, Second

zone between (34.6o-32.5

o N) where the value of TOC is

ranged between (293-315) DU.

The third zone between (32.5o - 30.5

o N) where

the value of TOC is ranged between (281-304) DU.

In summer season we can nearly observed two

zones, the first between (37.1o-33.3

o N) and the second

below (33.3o N).

The value of TOC in the first zone between (287-

298) DU and the second zone between (278-288) DU.

In autumn we can observed also two zones, the

first between (37.1o-33 N

o) and the second below (33

o N).

The value of TOC in the first zone is ranged

between (279-286) DU, and in the second zone between

(274-277) DU.




4217

Figure-5-a. Spatial variation of TOC during winter months.

Figure-5-b. Spatial variation of TOC during spring months.




4218

Figure-5-c. Spatial variation of TOC during summer months.

Figure-5-d. Spatial variation of TOC during autumn months.




4219

Figure-6. Spatial varition of TOC in the four seasons in Iraq.

CONCLUSIONS

Spatial and temporal variations of total ozone

column in Iraq were studied for the period (1998-2017).

We can deduct from the results:

a) The maximum values of TOC were obtained in March

and the minimum values were obtained in October for

all stations.




4220

b) TOC values decrease from the north of Iraq toward

the South of Iraq according to the latitude values.

c) The maximum value of TOC was obtain in Zakho

(345) DU in March and the minimum value was

obtain in Basra (270) DU in October.

d) Spring season show the maximum values of TOC

ranged between (337-297) DU while Autumn season

show the minimum values ranged between (286 - 274)

DU.

e) Linear best fit calculating for the time series (1998-

2017) shows a positive trend in (Nasiriya and Basra)

and negative trend for the other stations.

f) The maximum values of SD and CV was obtained in

winter months and the minimum values were obtained

in summer months for all stations.

g) Spatial variation of TOC in Iraq shows that Iraq can

be divided into three zones (North, Middle, South)

according to the monthly values of TOC.

REFERENCE

[1] Saadiyal H., H. 2012. Temporal and spatial

variabilities of total ozone column over Iraq, ATST.

ISSN. 2221-4283. 2(2).

[2] Rex M., Salawitch P., Gathen N., Harris M., Chipper

field and B. Nanjokat. 2004. Arctic Ozone Loss and

Climate Change, Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L04116.

[3] Kiehl J. T., Schneider T. L., Protmann R.W., Solomon

S. 1999. Climate forcing due to tropospheric and

stratospheric ozone, J. of geophysical research. 104,

31239-31254.

[4] WMO. 2002. Scientific Assessment of Ozone

Depletion, project - Report No. 47, Geneva, (2003).

[5] Ali M., S. 2009. Total Ozone Column variation over

Baghdad and selected cities in Neighbor Countries,

AL-Mustansiriyah, J. Sci. 20(3).

[6] WMO. 1994. Scientific assessment of ozone

depletion, Report No. 37, Geneva, Switzerland.

[7] Al-Salihi, Ali M. and Hassan Zahraa M. 2014.

Analysis of temporal and spatial patterns of ozone

over Iraq, M.Sc. Thesis, Atmospheric science dept.

Collage of science, AL- Mustansiriyah University.

[8] WMO. 1999. Global Climate Observation System,

Rep. 953, Geneva, Switzerland

[9] United Nation Environment programmer. 2011.

Ozone Secretariat, http:// ozone.vnep.org/Ratification

status.

Documents

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATION OF OZONE IN IRAQ · 2020-01-08 · Keyword: total ozone column, temporal and spatial ozone variation, OMI, TOMS, time series, SD, CV. INTRODUCTION Ozone