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4th

National Workshop

on

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN

ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING

with Focus on

"Modern Power Distribution:

Technical, Non-technical and Regulatory

Aspects"

[NWET-2012]

17th - 18th February 2012

Organized by:-Department of Electrical & Electronics Engg.Silicon Institute of Technology,Bhubaneswar - 751024www.silicon.ac.in

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Silicon Institute of Technology through its Departmentof Electrical and Electronics Engineering is organizinga National Workshop on Emerging Technologies inElectrical Power Engineering (NWET-2012) with focus onDistribution system. As India prospers, its prosperity hasto be backed by making more electr ical energyavailable to common citizen. Our electrical energyproduction and transmission has made good progress,but the distr ibution system is awful ly behind. Thedistribution system losses in Odisha are around 43%. Iam sure that discussion during the workshop will shownew ways to modernize distribution sector and reduceenergy loss so that our requirement for setting up newpower plants gets attenuated over at least the nearfuture. This will give us some breathing space beforenew and renewable energy sources becomecommercially viable. I wish the NWET-2012 a greatsuccess.

Prof.K.K.Das

MESSAGE FROMDIRECTOR

(ACADEMIC)

Director (Academic)Silicon Institute of Technology

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MESSAGE FROMEXECUTIVEDIRECTOR

Executive DirectorSilicon Institute of Technology

On behalf of organizing committee I heartily welcomeyou to the Nat ional Workshop on EmergingTechnologies in Electrical Power Engineering (NWET-2012) during 17th & 18th February 2012 to our Institute.

The workshop is organized by the department ofElectrical & Electronics Engineering of Silicon with anobjective to acquaint participants with the emergingtechniques in the field of power distribution.

The response to the cal l for part ic ipat ion wasoverwhelming due to the efforts of Prof.S.K.Balita,Prof .R.P.Panda, Convener Prof .A.K.T r ipathy andmembers of organizing committee. Eminent persons likeCMD of CESU, chairman of GRIDCO, member OERC, Ex-VC, BPUT would share platform with professors from IITKharagpur & Bhubaneswar to discuss the burning issueof distribution system loss and modernization of theexisting distribution system. I take this opportunity tothank all the speakers and other researchers andscientists for their valuable time spared for us. I deeplyappreciate their commitment for the success of NWET-2012.

We are grateful to members who selflessly volunteeredto help in planning and organizing this workshop. Inparticular I express my deep appreciation to the H.O.D,EEE, Silicon Guesthouse, Silicon Canteen and Cafeteriafor their support.

Thank you, Once again & welcome to Silicon.

Nitai Gaur Dhall

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The department of Electrical and Electronics of SiliconInstitute of Technology Bhubaneswar is conductingNWET2012 wi th focus on Dis t r ibut ion Systemmodernization. The subject in itself is a challenge to thefield engineers and to the research community. Energyaudit, new technology and man management are tobe focused to improve the bottom line of distribution.Power quality issues are to be addressed and the sectorshould believe in setting and achieving new benchmarks. I am happy that this interesting subject is thefocus of the workshop. I look forward to a veryinteractive workshop, with very eminent people invitedto participate and address.

I am sure the workshop wi l l be involv ing andinformative

Prof.A.K.Tripathy

MESSAGE FROMCONVENER

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Director ResearchSilicon Institute of Technology

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Chief Patron : Joe MediathChairman, Board of Governors,Silicon Institute of Technology,

Bhubaneswar

Convener : Prof. A.K. Tripathy FNAEDirector (Research),

Silicon Institute of Technology,Bhubaneswar

(Ex. Director General of CPRI,Bangalore)

Advisory Committee : Prof. P.K.Dash,Director, M.D.R.C, SOA University

Prof. K K Dash,Director (Academics)

Silicon Institute of Technology,

Dr. Omkar Nath Mohanty,(Ex. V ice Chancellor of BPUT)

Sri. N.Murugesan,DG-CPRI

Prof. P. K .Hota,CET, Bhubaneswar

Er. P.K. Routray,Ex-Director, NALCO

Sri. B.K.Mishra,Member, OERC

Er. A. K. Choudhury,OREDA

Prof. P.K. Satpathy,BPUT, Bhubaneswar

Er. A.P.Panda,OPTCL

Chief Coordinators : Prof. R.P Panda,SIT, Bhubaneswar

Prof. S. K Balita,SIT, Bhubaneswar

Prof. Seema Behera,SIT, Bhubaneswar

Prof. Priyanka Kar,SIT, Bhubaneswar

ORGANIZERS

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Organising Committee : Prof. I. C. Choudhury,SIT, Bhubaneswar

Prof. L. N. Pathy,SIT, Bhubaneswar

Prof. R. N. Mishra,SIT, Bhubaneswar

Prof. Sachin Das,SIT, Bhubaneswar

Prof. N. Swain,SIT, Bhubaneswar

Prof. D.R.Nayak,SIT, Bhubaneswar

Prof. B.Panda,SIT, Bhubaneswar

Prof. N.Guru,SIT, Bhubaneswar

Prof. L Mitra,SIT, Bhubaneswar

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OUR OFFICIALSPONSORS

CPRI

Benguluru

PRDC

Benguluru

CESU

Odisha

UNOPOS Enterprises

Bhubaneswar

ENZEN GLOBAL

Bhubaneswar

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Team Silicon

Silicon Institute of Technology is Odisha's premier centre fortechnological education with an established track record overthe last decade. We are constantly changing to adapt to the needsof students by accepting innovations and embracing moderntechnology . Our endeavour has been to make "success" a habitwith our students-while breezing in the corporate world orpursuing higher studies. Team Silicon is determined to build acomplete institute with creative leadership and a culture of teamwork that would move beyond teaching. Today we also have aresidential campus at Sambalpur Odisha.

Academics at Silicon

Academics at Silicon is value based and is highlighted by aground of enthusiastic and highly motivated faculty members.They teach beyond the curriculum, provide motivation forresearch and higher education and enable corporate readiness.The right balance of experience and youthful vigor ensuresspecial and personalized attention and builds students ability tomeet special challenges as they move ahead in their career. Theinstitute take that extra mile to provide professionalism and all-round personality development. Our academic curriculum isdriven by a learner-centric approach. The faculty members playthe role of guide, counselor, mentor and facilitator. Focused andneed based personalized coaching, continuous adoption ofmodern techniques in learning, special education programmesand extension schools are some of the cornerstones of Silicon'sacademia. Feedback from the students is taken to regulate andfine-tune the teaching approach.

THE INSTITUTE

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Courses Offered

Under Graduate (UG)

Computer Science & engineering (BTECH)

Electrical and Electronics Engineering (BTECH)

Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering (BTECH)

Information Technology (BTECH)

Applied Electronics & Instrumentation (BTECH)

Post Graduate (PG)

Master in Computer Applications (MCA)

Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering (MTECH)

Computer Science & Engineering (MTECH)

Power System Engineering (MTECH)

The Department

The Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering at SiliconInstitute of Technology was established in the year 2001. In ashort span of time the department has grown well with a studentcapacity of 60 in 2001 to 120 in 2010. Prof.Sisir Kumar Balita isthe current head of the department who has a good number ofyears of teaching experience. He is assisted by a team of 19faculties and 6 support staff. Prof A K Tripathy, Former DG, CPRI& presently Director (research), Silicon Institute of Technologyis a professor of the department and mentoring the departmentin a progressive direction. The department has well-developedlaboratories, skilled support and good infrastructure with a totalinvestment of more than Rs 1 crore on lab equipments andoperational maintenance. The department works hard towardsthe fulfillment of the vision and mission of the institute.

The Department offers two courses namely

1. Bachelor of Technology in E lectr ica l & E lectronicsEngineering

2. Masters of Technology in Power System Engineering

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NWET is a forum for the industry & academia to discuss & sharethe knowledge on emerging technologies & practices. NWET-2009and NWET-2010 were conducted with focus on HVDC, FACTS andAdvances in grid management and power trading respectively.NWET-2011 was focused on Energy conservation. NWET 2012 wasconducted at Silicon Institute of Technology (SIT), Bhubaneswar,Orissa on 17th & 18th February 2012. The main objective of thisworkshop was to acquaint the participants with the emergingtechniques in the field of modern power distribution. Theworkshop brought practicing engineers from industry andacademics together to discuss various problems that are makingmany of the Indian distribution systems non viable for supplyingpower to the end users while meeting regulatory restrictions.The best practices were discussed with current area of researchand development in the field.

The various topics covered were

1. Technical aspects of distribution system modernization

a. Distribution system planning

b. Technical loss and management of loss

c. Reliability improvement, maintenance and trouble callmanagement

d. Energy conservation, green building concepts, energyefficient lighting, pumps, heat power, co-generation

e. SCADA and automation, smart metering

f. Renewable energy sources, energy alternatives for ruralas well as urban system,

g. Modeling and Analysis

2. Non technical aspects

a. Commercial losses due to theft, defective meters, nonbilling and poor recovery, Socio economic and legalissues, subsidies and its impact, performance basedpenalty and incentive schemes, Customer involvementand stake holding concept.

b. Regulatory aspects, Open access in distribution, Leasingand franchis ing ,decentral izat ion of d istr ibut ionprivatization and accountability, socio economic tarifffixation, IEC 61850 and protocol and metering protocol,Case studies

Total 80 participants attended this workshop. In this workshopmany eminent speakers from different industries and fromdifferent institutes like Mr. V Arunachalam from CPRI, Er. K P Konerfrom OREDA, Mr. Hemant Sharma, chairman GRIDCO, Mr. P. S. J.

ABOUT THEWORKSHOP

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Gupta from PRDC, Mr. Bibhu Swain from Power Tech. consultants,Mr. Philip Nayak DGM operation fron ENZEN Global solution Pvt.Ltd., Mr. B K Mishra from OERC, Er. A C Mallick former DirectorGRIDCO, Prof. P K Hota Principal CET Bhubaneswar, Prof. A KPradhan IIT Kharagpur, Prof. Subhransu Samantaray from IITBhubaneswar, Prof. B N Das from REC Bhubaneswar were invited.Dr. Omkarnath Mohanty former Vice Chanceller, BPUT, Mr. B. C.Jena, Chairman, CESU & Prof. P. K. Dash from SOA Universityaddressed the delegates during the inaugural session on the 2ndday of workshop there was a panel discussion among theparticipants and delegates.

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17-02-20129 - 9.45 AM

Registration9.45 - 11 AM

Inaugural Function11 - 11.15 AM

High Tea11.15 AM - 12 Noon

V. ArunachalamAddnl. Director Central Power Research Institute, Bangalore

Smart Meters, SCADA & Automation of Distribution System12 - 12.30 PMEr. K.P.Koner

OREDA, BhubaneswarRenewable Energy promotion for Distribution system in

Odisha12.30 - 1 PM

Mr. Hemant SharmaChairman, GRIDCO

Address1 - 1.30 PM

Prof. A.K.TripathyDirector (Research) Silicon Institute Technology, BBSR

New Generation of Equipments For Distribution System1.30 - 2.30 PMLunch Break

2.30 - 3.15 PMProf. P.K.Hota

Principal, CET, BhubaneswarDistributed Generation & Hybrid Power System

3.15 - 4 PMTea Break

4 - 4.45 PMMr. P.S.J. Gupta,

Senior Consultant PRDC, BangaloreApplication of GPS & GIS for Conducting Power Distribution

Business4.45 - 5.30 PM

Prof. Seema BeheraSIT Bhubaneswar

Integration of Renewable Energy with Grid: Challenges & ItsMitigation

WORKSHOPSCHEDULE

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18.02.201210 - 10.45 AM

Prof. A. K.PradhanIIT, Kharagpur

Bridging Emerging Technologies for The Future DistributionSystem

10.45 - 11.30 AMEr A.C. Mallick

Open Access in Distribution System11.30 - 11.45 A.M

Tea Break11.45 AM - 12.30 PM

Prof. Subhransu SamantarayIIT, Bhubaneswar

Islanding Detection In Micro Grid12.30 - 1 PMProf. B.N.Das

REC, BhubaneswarPlanning of Distribution System For Loss Reduction: Odisha

Reference1 -1.30 PM

Mr. Bibhu SwainSr. Consultant & Certified Energy Auditor, Power Tech

ConsultantsRegulatory Aspects of Standard of Performance of DISCOM

& Increasing Energy Efficiency by Energy Audit &Renewable Energy Project

1.30 - 2.15 PMLunch Break2.15 - 3 PM

Mr. Philp NayakDGM – Operation Enzen Global Solutions Pvt Ltd.

Commercial Loss Due to Theft, Defective Meters, Non-Billing & Poor Recovery, Socio Economic & Legal Issues,

Subsidies & Its Impact, Performance Based Penalty &Incentive Scheme, Customer Involvement & Stake Holding

Concepts3 - 3.30 PM

Case Study by Various Discoms3.30 - 4 PM

Er. B.K.MishraMember. OERC, Odisha

Role of OERC in Improving Distribution System in Odisha4 - 4.45 PM

Panel Discussion & Validetery Function4.45 PMHigh Tea

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VIEWS EXPRESSEDBY EMINENT

SPEAKERS DURINGTHE WORKSHOP

Prof. P.K.DashDirector, M.D.R.C, SOA University

“ What university thinks todaythe industry sees it tomorrow…

Institutes do not give finished products;they only create an inquisitive mind…”

Prof. O. N. MohantyRSB Group

“ Odisha is privileged.A number of new technologies in the areas ofenergy & materials are getting introduced in Odishaahead of even developed countries…”

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Er B C JenaChainman CESU

“ Odisha has done wellif we consider that not a single rupee has been given

by RAPDRP or by State Govt. to the Distribution Sector.Time has come when students can play a role in

reducing distribution loss through active participation…”

Er. Hemant SharmaCMD, GRIDCO

“Reduction in distribution losses isonly possible by introducingIT in appropriate placesTand reducing human intervention…”

Mr. B C JenaMember OERC

“ In spite of small improvementsa lot has to be done to reduce losses from 43% to 15%.

We gain Rs. 200 crores for each percentage of loss reduced.OERC keeps customers interest in mindwhile dealing with electricity tariff ...”

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Initially the electricity sector was directly under Governmentthrough Irrigation and Power Department. The State ElectricityBoards were formed as per Electricity Supply Act-1948 toundertake generation, Transmission and Distribution of ElectricalEnergy. By virtue of this Act Odisha Electricity Board was formed1.4.1961 with a view to develop Electrical energy in a big wayto meet the growing Industrialization and demand of generalpublic generate,Transmit and Distribute Electrical Energy to thepeople of Odisha. Similarly every State of India constituted StateElectricity Boards.

Development took place in Generation, Transmission andDistribution. In 1971 Rural Electrification and Lift Irrigation pointenergisation was taken up in a massive way all over the State toprovide light to villages and water to the paddy fields. Loaddemands got increased by opening of load promotion cells inOSEB. Towards 1990 it was noticed that the Electricity Boardsall over the country were gradually sickening the vast system ofnetwork with huge work force could not be managed properlyleading to the Transmission and Distribution losses to analarming level of as high as 50 to 60%. There was huge gapbetween supply and demand of electricity.

OSEB depended on Govt to meet its expenditure. Not only Govtof Orissa but Govt of India was also concerned to see thedeplorable condition of various State Electricity Boards in thecountry. The Electricity Boards which were considered to be profitearning because of its monopoly business started sinking. At thistime Government could visualize the gravity of the situation andwanted to make the electricity sector free from Governmentcontrol and self sustaining organization.

Many technical and commercial studies were made in-house andby engaging fore ign consultants . I t was revealed thatMismanagement of Board, outside interference Union activities,lack of accountability, theft of Electricity, non availability ofequipment and non performing to the various standardsaccelerated the sickening further. GoO and OSEB agreed to forreform program in power sector. On 3.1 1997 Odisha ElectricityReform Act 1995 was enacted which resulted in unbundling ofOSEB.

For managing Hydro power Odisha Hydro power Corporation(OHPC) was created.

The Talcher Thermal Power Station was sold to NTPC.

For managing Transmission business, Grid Corporation ofOrissa was formed

For Managing Distribution system, 4 DISTCOMs were

DISTRIBUTIONPLANNING -

A STEP TOWARDSLOSS REDUCTION -

ODISHA REFERENCE

Er. B.M.Das

B.Sc(Hons), B.Sc Engg. ElecUCE, M.E(Hons) IIT Roorkee,

MIE, MIWRS, Chief Eng. Elec(Retd)GoO

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es tabl ished under pr ivate management.-CESCO,NESCO,SOUTHCO,WESCO.

To make reform moving it requires fund. World Bank and otherlending agencies came forward. A total project of 997million$(Rs. 4200cr) was approved with World Bank loan of 350million$The World Bank and DfID were actively involved in power sectorreform. DfID provided technical assistance and World Bankprovided fund of 350 million$ through IBRD Following target fixedfor distribution loss reduction

33kv lines : 4%

33/11kv s/s : 0.75%

11kv Lines : 2.5%

11/0.4kvs/s : 1.0%

LT lines : 3.0%

Total : 11.25 %

These losses apply to the total energy input to the Distributionsystem against actual technical losses of 23% which annuallycosts Rs234 cr in 1995-96. The aggregated losses was 46.0%

Transmission losses : 3.0%, Distribution losses : 23%,Commercial losses : 20%

Reform study made detai l planning to reduce losses indistribution system which will be discussed in the workshop

Distributed Generations (DGs) in the distribution network isexpected to play an increasingly important role in the electricpower system infrastructure and market. As more DG systemsbecome part of the power grid, there is an increased safetyhazard for personnel and an increased risk of damage to thepower system. Despite the favourable aspects grid-connectedDGs can provide to the distribution system, a critical demandingconcern is islanding detection and prevention.

Islanding operation is a condition that occurs when a part of anetwork is disconnected from the remainder of power systembut remains energized by DG units interconnected to thedistribution system, which normally comprises multiple DGs withdiverse technologies. Failure to trip islanded DG can lead to anumber of problems for these resources and the connected loads,which includes power quality, safety and operations problems.Therefore, the current industry practice is to disconnect all DR's

ISLANDINGDETECTION INMICROGRID

Dr. Subhransu RanjanSamantaray

Assistant Professor

IIT, Bhbaneswar

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(Distributed Resources) immediately after the occurrence ofislands. The disconnection is normally performed by a specialprotection scheme called islanding detection relays which canbe implemented using different techniques. However, during thedesign process of islanding detection scheme, the detection ofislanding conditions according to international standards, mustbe also considered.

Islanding detection techniques may be classified as passive oractive. Passive techniques use information available at the DGend to determine whether the DG system is isolated from thegr id. The advantage of pass ive techniques is that theimplementation does not have an impact on the normal operationof the DG system. Active techniques tend to have a fasterresponse and a smaller non-detection zone compared to passiveapproaches. However, it introduces an external perturbation atthe output of the inverter and thus degrades the power quality(PQ).

This talk will focus on some of the passive islanding detectiontechniques in Distributed Generations interfaced to microgrid.

There has been much discussion recently on what distributionsystems would look like in the future. The discussion includesDistribution Generation, Smart Grid, Energy Storage and others.To mitigate the energy need and incorporate green technologydistributed generation is targeted with high penetration level.This intermittent generation facility has inherent problems toexisting systems such as protection, stability, voltage quality etc.The wind energy systems have reactive power requirement andtheir operation is different from conventional thermal or hydelplants. Solar plants provide intermittent real power. To mitigatesuch issues new technologies are required with communication,storage facility and alternative technologies. The islanding ofsuch a system during critical condition requires intelligentassessment and management where new technologies like phasormeasurement units (PMUs) will be resourceful. Voltage sagproblem is critical to automobile, silicon and majority of largeindustries dealing with drive systems. Power electronics circuitsrunning the drive systems are sensitive to voltage changes and

BRIDGINGEMERGING

TECHNOLOGIES FORTHE FUTURE

DISTRIBUTIONSYSTEM

Prof. A.K. Pradhan

IIT, Kharagpur

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lead to halt the system at times. Innovative technology is requiredto address power quality issues in the system. Energy storagefacility is another important aspect to address shortage of energyin future power system which requires huge investment.

A Smart Grid technology which is expected to deliver solution tovarious issues of distribution system should provide new abilitiessuch as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, andreal-time pricing. From implementation perspective, a Smart Gridwill likely to incorporate new technologies such as advancedmetering, automation, communication and distributed storage.

The presentation will discuss the potential impact of distributedgeneration on the system and technology which is coming up tomit igate di f ferent chal lenges. I t wi l l h ighl ight emergingtechnologies for future distribution system.

Why Distributed Generations?

Electric utility restructuring

Public environmental policy

Expanding power demand

Small distributed generators are in great need to satisfyon-site customer energy needs.

Major improvements have been achieved through decadesof intensive research

Obvious advantages

Small-modular units

Economic

Operational

Environmental

Performance

DERs (Distributed Energy Resources)

Micro-turbines

Fuel Cells

Both of them are promising as they can operate on multiple fuelswith

low emissions

DISTRIBUTEDGENERATIONS &HYBRID POWERSYSTEMS

Prof. (Dr.) P. K. Hota

Principal, College ofEngineering & TechnologyBhubaneswar

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High efficiency

High reliability

Fuel Cell

Produces power electrochemically by passing a hydrogenrich gas over an anode and air over a cathode & introducingan electrolyte in between to enable exchange of ions

The effectiveness is strongly dependent upon the electrolyteto create the chemical reactivity needed for ion transport

Hybrid Fuel-Cell Power System

Fuel Cell Applications: 1) DG Power System

2) Electric Vehicle

Shortcomings:

It can not store energy

The response is slower

Output voltage fluctuates with load variations

Difficult to cold-start

Components of hybrid FC Power System

Fuel Cell

Isolated Unidirectional Converter (UDC)

BDC

Inverter

Battery

Grid Connected PV System

The PV array consists of no. of individual photo-voltaic cellsthat are connected in a series and parallel array to obtaina unit with a suitable power rating.

The DC O/P current of PV array IPV is converted into ACand injected into the grid through inverter.

The relation between VPV & IPV is highly non-linear &dependent on the solar irradiance incident on the PV array.

Wind Energy Conversion System

Turbine rotor

A gear box

A generator

A power electronic system

A transformer for grid connection

Fundamentals of Hybrid Generation System

Stand-alone hybrid generating systems are usually used to

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supply isolated area or locations interconnected to a weakgrid.

They combine several generation modules, typical lyassimilating different renewable energy sources.

The application of these hybrid topologies reduces theprobability of energy supply shortage.

With the incorporation of energy storage, it allows toeliminate the back ground diesel generator which iscommonly required in generation system based on a singlerenewable energy source.

Many electric generation hybrid system (EGHS) frequentlycombine solar & wind energy sources taking advantage oftheir complementary nature with a lead-acid battery bankto overcome periods of scarce generations.

Distribution Sector which has all along been the weakest link inPower-supply chain has now taken a turn for better. At one pointof t ime the investment in generation, transmission, anddistribution used to be in the ratio 70:20:10. Now transmissionand distribution get a budget share of over 50%.

The power industry's focus is shifting to 'reliable and qualitypower' in 'adequate quantity and quality' that will be able tosustain economic growth in the country. Without a strongdistribution infrastructure it will not be possible.

Reliable power system requires reliable equipments. With theintroduction of IT in a big way in distribution, a host of computerand communication related equipments have arrived in the scene.To achieve better control of voltage, power factor, harmonics,power electronics, specially voltage source inverter basedequipments like the DSTATCOM, DVR and Active filter have beenintroduced in the market.

In future the distribution company has also to deal with renewableenergy sources, micro grids, micro turbines, fuel cells, SMPS,battery storage devices etc. The new generation of equipments,specially dealing with data, communication and control need amuch better power supply themselves to function properly. Infact a lot of ground work is required to improve present day

A NEWGENERATION OFDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMEQUIPMENTS

Prof. A.K.TRIPATHY

Director ResearchSIT, BhubaneswarFormer DG, CPRI, Bangalore

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distr ibution system to ensure proper functioning of newgeneration equipments.

The author also stresses the need for better safety, use of fireretardant cables , better protect ion, cyber safety, datapreservation etc. He also brings in the need for better trainingof personnel and a good maintenance culture.

Energy demand, a basic need of mankind is increasing at therate of 8.8% per annum and is l inked with GDP, growth,unfortunately a large part of energy is going waste as systemlosses. Distribution losses refer to the losses occurring duringthe process of delivering electrical energy from 11kv feeders tothe specific location like residential areas or commercial units.

Energy loss is defined as difference between energy generationin power house and billed on the basis of reconsumption by theconsumer connected to that particular power system. The lossesare of as follows

a) Technical Losses:-These are due to energy dissipation in theconductors and equipments used for transmission & distributionof power.

b) Administrat ive Losses: -Theses are caused by lack ofadministration, financial constraints pilferage, theft, defectivemeters & error in meter reading & estimating unmetered supplyof energy.

Present status of loss:

Present loss level: 38%

Targeted loss level: 15%

Rupee value of 1% loss: Rs 60 Cr/year for Odisha

Rupee value of 1% loss: Rs 20 Cr/year for CESU

REMEDIAL MEASURES

a. Technical Measure:-

Re-conductoring,

Bifurcation of feeders,

Installation of shunt capacitors,

Adding of new grid system & area planning, extensiveenergy loss

Education Programme,

DISTRIBUTIONLOSSES IN POWER

SYSTEM

Er. B.C Jena

Chairman, CESU

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Conversion of L.T. l ine into 11KV l ine and providingadditional transformers,

Balancing transformers

Adequate preventive & conditioning maintenance

Avoiding low frequency and low voltage

LT overhead line replacement by AB cable

b. Administrative Measures:-

Metering (equipment, reading & billing), Realistic tariff,surveil lance/checking of energy meters, mass mediacampaign, initiative to honest employee, integrity ofstaff

political reason, uneven & ineffective laws

Less budget grant to offices

Fixing accountability of executives

CERC/State regulatory declaration: Power of all 1 MW and aboveis having open access system. The consumers have option tochoose any generation and any licensee for stable/favorabletariff.

Prevailing scenario:

We have many distribution companies across the countrysupplying power to consumers at different tariff as per their levelof efficiency and other parameters.

A particular consumer residing in an area, may suffer if thediscom of that area levies very high tariff. The consumers nowhave the option to get supplies from any discom with favorabletariff through OPEN ACCESS system. Open Access is non-discriminatory, by use of transmission line & distribution system.

Enabling position:

Statutory, legal regulation, technical, commercial, operationalcompliance,reforms and electricity act 2003.

Charges payble:

Transmiss ion charges, t ransmiss ion losses , surcharges,additional surcharge, scheduling surcharges, Unscheduledinterchange charges.

Nodal agency (intra state/inter state):

CTU/NLDC/RLDC, STU/SLDC, DISCOM

OPEN ACCESS INDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEM

Mr. Alekh Chandra Mallick

Ex-Director, Gridco

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Procedure:

The nodal agency may grant open access and if required, systemstrengthening may be carried out at a cost to be borne by theapplicant.

Quality of Power: The following standard has to maintain byDISCOM

OERC : Orissa Electricity Regulatory Commission is the authorityto co-ordinate Government and DISCOMs on regulatory aspect.

Standard of performance of DISCOM:

DISCOM is accountable to OERC -

a. Performance of Electric Supply

b. Compliance of Consumers Feedback/Complain

c. Compensation to Consumer (if any)

A. Registration of complain :

To be recorded by DISCOM as follows

- Section No.

- Name of complaint

- Details of complain

- Date and time of complaint

B. Failure of Distribution Transformer

Replacement 24 hours in Town

48 hours in rural area

Voltage Level Range(Voltage)

Tolerance(Voltage)

CumulativeTotal Voltage

Harmonicdistortion

(THDV)

Low 0 - 440 ± 6% -

Medium 441 - 660 ± 6% -

High 661 - 33000 + 6% - 9% 8%

Extra High >33000 + 10% - 12.5% 3%

STANDARDPERFORMANCE OF

DISCOM ANDENERGY EFFICIENCY

BY ENERGY AUDIT

Mr. Bibhu Charan Swain

Sr. Consultant

Power Tech. Consultant

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Period of scheduled outages :

- Notice by 24 hours in advance

- Period : < 12 hours

C. Line Breakdowns

Normal B/D Normal Fuse - Off

Restoration

Town : < 12 hours Town : < 6 hour

Rural Area : < 24 hours Rural Area : < 24 hours

Major B/D

Town : < 24 hours

Rural Area : < 48 hours

D. New connection/Additional Load

I. For 230/440 V supplies

On prescribed format the consumer has to apply withdeposition of inspection charge. DISCOM is to send 3 cleardays notice to applicant for purpose of electrical inspectionof the premises.

Estimate charges for :

- Providing electric connection with anciliaries and securitydeposit are to be intimated within one week after aboveinspection.

Electric connection is to be provided on provision of standardsupply.

Similar process of enhancement of load.

II. For HT & EHT supply

Feasibi l i ty: DISCOM is to respond within 21 days ofapplication

Provision: Estimated charge and time required for newconnection : within 60 days after ensuring feasibility ofsupply

E. Complaints about meters

General Defect Inspection :

- After receipt of complaint, DISCOM is to inspect and checkthe correctness : < 7 days

Compliance

< 30 days

(b) Burnt out meter

Replace meter : < 30 days (not attributed to consumer)

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< 15 days (attributed to consumer and recovery of costwithin 7 days of detection)

ENERGY AUDIT :

- Verification, monitoring and analysis of use at energy

- Submission of technical report containing recommendationfor improving energy efficiency

- Cost benefit analysis

- Action plan for connection of energy

AREAS OF ENERGY AUDIT :

I. Demand side management

Contract demand : Agreement with supply authority shouldbe made on logical ground, so that demand of the monthshould be just below the agreement value. Otherwise, moredemand will draw penalty as well as very less demand hasto pay unnecessary higher demand charge.

II. Power Factor Improvement :

Commercially, supplier impose penalty/rebate dependingupon p.f. of load consumption, by the consumer.

Load consumption : P.F. < 0.9 : Penalty

Load consumption : P.F. > 0.9 : Rebate

Measures are to be taken by consumer to maintain P.F. morethan 0.9

III.Reactive Load Management :

Suitable active power compensation units (capacitor andauxiliary units) are to be installed in consumer premises.

Auto 'ON' type banks can take care of varying nature ofloads in office and non office hours suitably switching ONrequired capacitor capacity to get the desired P.F.

IV. Transformer and Motor Loading Survey :

Equipments are to be operated as per their rated capacity.Very low or high load are equally harmful for m/c as wellas unnecessary core loss.

V. Reduction of Lighting Load (Lighting Audit & Lux Survey) :

Higher rated fluorescent tube lights with particular Luxlevel can be replaced by lower rated compact fluorescentlamp with same Lux level. Hence power consumption willbe less with same light intensity.

Audit of main plant Equipments (Example : Operations ofcompressors in a plant)

Economical operation can be done by installing PLC based

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All around the world, there is increasing use of renewable energysources and more efficient use of energy. These are motivatedby a will to reduce green-house gases (GHG) emissions and theincrease of fuel prices that drives up the prices of energy. Behindthe will to reduce GHG large number of countries have ratifiedthe Kyoto protocol which has, in turn, been transposed intonational laws and energy policies. At the same time the role ofelectricity as an energy carrier is increasing and the constructionof new transmission lines and large central power plants isbecoming more and more difficult. Energy policies are promotingenergy efficiency, distributed generation (DG) and renewableenergy resources (RES), increasing production from DG andespecially variable output (only partly controllable) types of DGlike wind power, solar, small hydro and CHP. Energy supply willpass through a technological change from a so far generation-dominated, security-and reserve-thinking centralized grid to ademand-or iented, economical ly-ecologica l ly -opt imizeddecentralized grid with many distributed generators, especiallyusing renewable energy sources.

control system, all compressors will be util ized theiroptimum capacity and thus reducing their operating period.The sequencers also perform time showing functions andautomatica l ly levels running hours among mult ip lecompressors.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN ODISHA

i . State Government and OERC have major roll to play to bringenergy efficiency practices.

ii. Energy Audit is mandatory for all HT consumers havingcontract demand above 110 KVA.

iii.Submission of Annual Energy Audit and specific energyconsumption report should be submitted to SDA.

iv. Joint verification of financial Audit Report and Energy AuditReport of all HT consumers will discourage power theft andAT & C losses of DISCOM will be reduced.

v. Energy efficiency can avoid present power deficit scenarioand load regulation can be avoided.

CHALLENGES OFINTEGRATINGRENEWABLEENERGY INTO THEDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEM

Prof. Seema Behera

Silicon Institute of Technology

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The integration of increased renewable energy capacity inelectricity distribution systems could be held back by thelimitations of the centralized power generation systems inaccommodating distributed generation and by the full electricitymarket liberalization. The technical and regulatory frameworksof centralized power generation systems appear to be inadequateto provide support and incentives to distr ibuted energygeneration. While market liberalization increases opportunitiesfor small and medium sized renewable energy generators, it alsoexposes them to competitive market risks, thereby reducing theattractiveness of renewable energy generation. The variousdomains of challenges include:

Policy and regulatory issues

Financial issues

Technical issues

Policy and regulatory issues includes Consistent Rules atNational and State Levels ,Clear Rules of Ownership and Controlof Alternative Energy Facilities. The integration of distributedgeneration in distribution networks presents costs and benefitsto the network, which needs to be properly valued in order tofacilitate the growth of distributed generation. The currentregulatory frameworks often fail to recognize, allocate andevaluate most of these costs and benefits. The values (costs andbenefits) of distributed generation can be categorized intocapita l and operat ional va lues. Capita l va lues re late togeneration and distribution facilities and these include thefollowing: distribution capacity cost deferral, connection costs,metering costs, reserve capacity costs and avoidance of overcapacity. Operational values include reduction losses, voltagesupport, reactive power support and balancing power.

The energy production from these renewable sources is not dis-patchable [cannot be controlled on demand], intermittent[exhibits large fluctuations], and uncertain [random or not knownin advance]. High renewable energy penetrations in electricityindustries may increase uncertainties during abnormal electricityindustry operating conditions. It would be valuable to havemathematical models that could adequately predict industrybehaviour with high renewable energy penetration. Intermittentdistributed generation (renewable energy technologies) pose adifferent technical challenge. Various technical issues that needsto be addressed are unintentional islanding, synchronisation,back feed, power quality, frequency and voltage levels, voltageride through capability for wind generation ect.

Intermittent generation from renewable energy can be mitigated

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GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) :

A system of earth-orbit satellites which can provide preciselocation on earth's surface (in latitude/longitude co-ordinatesor equivalent)

Survey based on GPS technology provides directly latitude andlongitude of the location of asset on ground.

PRINCIPLE :

The technology is based on measurement of distance of theposition of GPS rover / receiver on earth from a group of satellitesin space known as satellite ranging.

Three satellites are required to determine three dimensionalpositions precisely, latitude and longitude the fourth one neededto measure time of radio signal to travel from the satellitetransmitter to the receiver i.e. Altitude. The positional fix at theAsset is summed and averaged for 30 seconds.

METHODS OF GPS SURVEY :

The GPS survey is ideal for Utility (Electrical, Telecom, Oil &

APPLICATION OFGPS AND GIS FOROCNDUCTINGPOWERDISTRIBUTIONBUSINESS

Mr. Shivkumar

PRDC, Bangalore

and flexibility can be achieved through energy storage. Withenergy storage, scheduling of energy dispatch would also becomepossible for intermittent renewable energy generation.

Predictability of output is very important in balancing actual andforecasts generation. Another area where there is a need forresearch, development and demonstration is on the improvementof predictive capabilities, such as the development of betterweather forecasting techniques and software. With thesetechnologies the variability of forecasts and actual outputs couldbe significantly reduced. Continued research on renewableenergy technology cost reductions and efficiency improvementsremain important. Technical research strategies can be dividedinto those dealing with the issues associated with the existingcentralized power systems and those related to future systemdesign and operation. The former includes research anddevelopment of new control technologies (current fault andvoltage) as well as distribution management systems while thelatter includes interconnection and active network management.

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Gas) mapping as it is fast and accurate. Therefore, the utilitiesacross the world have opted for survey of 33 KV, 11 KV and LVnetwork using GPS Technology.

The GPS system was declared fully operational in April 1995.

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)

INTRODUCTION :

The system is computer based information system used todigitally represent and analyze the geographic features, presenton the earth's surface and the events that taking place it. Themeaning to represent digitally is to connect analog (smooth line)into a digital form.

Surveying : Data collection from various services

Mapping : The way of presenting collected data

Examples of Applied GIS :

- Urban planning and management

- Utilities management (Electrical, Telecom, Oil & Gas)

- Environmental Sciences

- Political Science

- Civil Engineering

- Business

- Educational Administration

- Real Estate

GIS Spatial Data :

Geo referencing: Converting map co-ordinates to real worldordinates corresponding to the source map's cartographicprojection.

Projection: The method by which the curved 3-D surface of theearth is represented by X-Y co-ordinates on a 2-D flat map/screen.

Scale: The ratio of distance a map to the equivalent distance onthe ground. This will ensure Accuracy (data base informationmatching the real world object) and Resolution (the size of thesmallest feature able to be recognized).

GIS Data Model Implementation :

Allows the geographic features in real world locations to bedigitally represented and stored in a database so that they canbe abstractly presented in map (analog form and can also beworked with and manipulated to address some problem.

Building a GIS System :

The important tasks GIS for Power Distribution Network are :

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- Creation of Digital map of Network using GPS survey.

- Creation of background map based on satellite, Imagery,town maps and GPS survey

- Integration of Network Map and Back Ground Map.

- Creation of assets Data Base by collection of attribute dataof assets.

- Integrating Customer data base with GIS through indexingof customers.

GIS Applications in Electrical :

GIS system is the basic tool required for development anddeployment of applications like :

- Trouble Call Management

- Asset Management

- Outage Management

- Network planning and design

- Energy Accounting and Audit

- Power Supply Monitoring etc.

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