Sourcing Obsidian from Late Neolithic Sites on the Great ... · redistribution) occurred in order for Late Neolithic inhabitants on the Plain to acquire geological materials for chipped

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INTERDISCIPLINARIA ARCHAEOLOGICANATURAL SCIENCES IN ARCHAEOLOGY

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Sourcing Obsidian from Late Neolithic Sites on the Great Hungarian Plain: Preliminary p-XRF Compositional Results and the Socio-Cultural ImplicationsDanielle J. Riebea

aThe Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA

1. Introduction

Chipped stone tool analysis is an essential aspect of prehistoric archaeological research throughout Europe, especially in regard to reconstructing developments in technology (see Kertész, 1994; Kozłowski, 2001; Perlès, 1987; 1990; Voytek, 1986), dietary and subsistence practices (see Eichmann, 2004; Kertész, 2003), and socio-economic systems of exchange (see Biró, 1998a; 2006; Cann and Renfrew, 1964; Renfrew et al., 1965; Starnini and Voytek, 2012; Torrence, 1986; Tykot, 2002a). Intensive studies on chipped stone tools from Neolithic sites throughout the Great Hungarian Plain have been used to understand individual site use (see Erdélyi-Bácskay, 2007; Starnini, 1994; Starnini and Szakmány, 1998; Starnini et al., 2007), and until more recently, fewer studies focused on synthesizing these results

to model chipped stone tool variation at the regional scale (see Biagi and Starnini, 2013; Biró, 1984; 1987; 1998a; 1998b; Kovács, 2013). Moreover, ascertaining provenance of chipped stone tools in the region has been traditionally determined through macroscopic analysis (see Biró, 1984; 1987; 1998a; 1998b; Erdélyi-Bácskay, 2007; Kertész, 1994; Kovács, 2013; Starnini, 1994). However, when dealing with a very homogenous material that has a large visual spectrum, such as obsidian, visual analysis can be misleading, which in turn can result in misinterpretations regarding material access, acquisition, and exchange (see Braswell et al., 2000; Moholy-Nagy, 2003; Tykot, 2002b).

Since the 1970s, compositional studies on Carpathian obsidian sources have made it possible to geochemically differentiate the sources (Biagi et al., 2007; Glascock et al., 2015; Kasztovszky and Biró, 2006; Kasztovszky et al., 2019; Kasztovszky et al., 2014; Kasztovszky et al., 2008; Oddone et al., 1999; Riebe, 2016; Rosania et al., 2008; Williams and

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*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

A R T I C L E I N F O

Article history:Received: 23rd March 2019Accepted: 18th November 2019

Key words:P-XRF Analysisobsidian sourcingprehistoric European archaeologypatterns of exploitationsocio-cultural boundaries

A B S T R A C T

Significant archaeological research has been conducted on chipped stone tools recovered from prehistoric sites throughout Eastern Europe and the Balkans. The limited number of obsidian geological sources in the region, combined with the relatively homogeneous nature of obsidian and the increased use of new techniques for conducting compositional analysis in the field, has facilitated an accurate sourcing of obsidian artefacts from sites in the region. This article presents the compositional results of 203 obsidian artefacts recovered from seven Late Neolithic (5,000–4,500 BCE) sites from the Great Hungarian Plain. Compositional results of the archaeological specimens obtained with a Bruker portable X-ray fluorescence device (p-XRF) were compared with obsidian geological compositional data to determine artefact provenance. By sourcing the obsidian chipped stone tools, it is possible to reconstruct prehistoric patterns of exploitation/exchange and to note how these patterns vary throughout the Plain. The results illustrate that the majority of the studied artefacts originated from the Carpathian 1 source and only a limited number of samples came from the Carpathian 2E and Carpathian 2T sources. Based on this preliminary study, the variation in geological source exploitation may be linked to socio-cultural practices that differentiated the Tisza and Herpály archaeological units during the Late Neolithic.

IANSA 2019 ● X/2 ● Online FirstDanielle J. Riebe: Sourcing Obsidian from Late Neolithic Sites on the Great Hungarian Plain: Preliminary p-XRF Compositional Results and the Socio-Cultural Implications

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Nandris, 1977; Williams Thorpe, 1978; Williams Thorpe et al., 1984). Four major sources are known in the region: Carpathian 1, Carpathian 2E, Carpathian 2T, and Carpathian 3 (Figure 1). While technology has significantly improved making it possible to inexpensively carry out compositional analysis in the field, p-XRF analysis of obsidian from prehistoric sites in Hungary has not been published previously. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is two-fold: firstly, to identify if different patterns of obsidian exploitation occurred during the Late Neolithic on the Great Hungarian Plain and if so, what social implications can be discerned from the variability. Secondly, while site-specific studies are essential, it is necessary to contextualize the sites and their assemblages within a regional framework. Through p-XRF analysis of obsidian, it is possible to use the analytical results to begin reconstructing regional systems of interaction and model socio-cultural developments in the past. As part of an ongoing research project that is investigating the extent to which regional interactions impacts socio-cultural boundaries in the past, obsidian specimens from seven Late Neolithic sites located on the Great Hungarian Plain were selected for p-XRF compositional analysis. The following results are preliminary in scope but illustrate the success of compositional analysis in reconstructing Late Neolithic regional interactions, including material exploitation and exchange, across the Great Hungarian Plain.

2. The region

During the Late Neolithic (5,000–4,500 BCE), there were three major archaeological units on the Great Hungarian Plain (Figure 1). The Csőszhalom archaeological unit was restricted to the far north along the northern part of the Tisza River, the Herpály archaeological unit was located in the middle of the Plain with sites predominantly situated along

the Berettyó River, and in the southeastern part of the Plain was the Tisza archaeological unit with sites found along the Körös, Tisza, and Maros Rivers and their tributaries. There are a number of socio-cultural aspects that help to distinguish these archaeological units, chief among them being architectural style, subsistence practices, burial and ritual practices, and ceramic stylistic design (Kalicz and Raczky, 1987; Tálas and Raczky, 1987). While three archaeological units inhabited the region at this time, the focus of this study is on sites located in the Körös and Berettyó River Valleys. Between these two rivers, previous research has successfully modeled the presence of a strongly enforced boundary between the Herpály and Tisza cultural units (see Riebe, 2016).

In particular, one feature that both the Late Neolithic Tisza and Herpály sites have in common is their locational deficiency in regard to raw geological sources for creating chipped stone tools. Geographically, the Great Hungarian Plain is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is surrounded by a series of mountains that encircle the Plain. Exceptional research has been carried out on the lithic assemblages from many prehistoric sites in Hungary and while it is commonly accepted that exchange of some sort (i.e., down-the-line, direct procurement, and/or central redistribution) occurred in order for Late Neolithic inhabitants on the Plain to acquire geological materials for chipped stone tools, modeling this exchange has been limited in execution (Kovács, 2013; Riebe, 2016).

3. Methods

Early studies on obsidian in the region were ground breaking in terms of illustrating that compositional variation existed between different Carpathian sources. The initial success by scholars like O. Williams-Thorpe and J. Nandris (1977) in discerning obsidian source differentiation was

Figure 1. The Great Hungarian Plain with the nearby obsidian sources marked (Carpathian 1, Carpathian 2E, Carpathian 2T, and Carpathian 3), the Late Neolithic Herpály and Tisza cultural units demarcated, and the sites discussed in this article: 1) Vésztő-Mágor, 2) Szeghalom Kovácshalom, 3) Szeghalom-Várhely, 4) Csökmő-Káposztás Domb, 5) Dévaványa-Réhelyi Dűlő, 6) Szentpéterszeg-Kovadomb 7) Gyula-Köztisztasági Vállalat.

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IANSA 2019 ● X/2 ● Online FirstDanielle J. Riebe: Sourcing Obsidian from Late Neolithic Sites on the Great Hungarian Plain: Preliminary p-XRF Compositional Results

and the Socio-Cultural Implications

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likely tempered by the exorbitant cost associated with the geochemical analyses, resulting in limited compositional studies of obsidians in Hungary (see Constantinescu et al., 2002; Constantinescu et al., 2014; Kasztovszky and Biró, 2006; Kasztovszky et al., 2014; Kasztovszky et al., 2019; Williams-Thorpe et al., 1984). Instead, scholars relied on macroscopic analysis that depended on translucency and/or shades of black to differentiate the obsidian sources (Biró, 2006). In other cases, the analysis was simplified, and general material categories were utilized (i.e., “obsidian” as opposed to specific source categories such as Carpathian 1, Carpathian 2E, Carpathian 2T, or Carpathian 3) resulting in all obsidian sources and sub-sources being grouped together. However, because obsidian is so variable in terms of colour and translucency, the former method of analysis may easily have resulted in the misclassification of obsidian sources. Similarly, the latter method of analysis completely limits the researcher’s interpretation and obscures any potential differences in source exploitation and/or access. To rectify this issue, it became necessary to find an analytical technique that could analyze the obsidian at a cost effective rate.

A solution to the obsidian sourcing issue was found in the portable X-ray fluorescence device. Beginning in the summer of 2013, a p-XRF device was brought to Hungary to analyze both archaeological and geological obsidian materials. Since this is a non-destructive technique, analysis causes no damage to the artefacts or geological samples. Additionally, analysis can be conducted in the country, thereby foregoing the necessity of permits to transport the samples abroad. As an initial project, the chipped stone assemblages from seven Late Neolithic sites that were designated as either archaeologically Herpály (Csökmő-Káposztás Domb, Szeghalom-Várhely, and Szentpéterszeg-Kovadomb) or archaeologically Tisza (Szeghalom-Kovácshalom, VésztőMágor, Dévaványa-Réhely-Dűlő, and Gyula-Köztisztasági Vállalat; Figure 1) were selected for analysis. The assemblages originate from both surface collections and excavations (Riebe, 2016). In addition to the archaeological materials, geological specimens representing the different obsidian sources were also analyzed. Dr. Katalin Biró at the Hungarian National Museum granted access to the Lithotheca collection, which contains samples of geological

Table 1. Geological samples analyzed from the Lithotheca Collection at the Hungarian National Museum.

P-XRF ID Source Source abbreviation Lithotheca inventoryV1 Vinicky Carpathian 1 L 2009.1.2V2 Vinicky Carpathian 1 L 2009.1.3V3 Vinicky Carpathian 1 L 2009.1.2/1V4 Vinicky Carpathian 1 L 2009.1.2/3V5 Vinicky Carpathian 1 L 2009.1.2/2V6 Vinicky Carpathian 1 L 2009.1.2/5V7 Vinicky Carpathian 1 L 2009.1.2/4V11 Vinicky Carpathian 1 L 86/189V12 Kasov Carpathian 1 L 86/188aV13 Kasov Carpathian 1 L 86/187aV14 Kasov Carpathian 1 L 86/187bV15 Kasov Carpathian 1 L 86/188bV16 Vinicky Carpathian 1 L 86/191V19 Cejkov Carpathian 1 L 86/186L1 CSSR Trebisov dist. Cejkov Carpathian 1 –L2 Tokaj mts. Erdőbénye Setétes summit Carpathian 2E –L3 Tokaj mts. Bodrogkeresztúr Tufabánya environs Carpathian 2E –L4 Tokaj mts. Mád Kakas-hegy Carpathian 2E –L11 Tokaj mts. Mád Kakas-hegy Carpathian 2E –L12 Tokaj mts. Mád Kakas-hegy Carpathian 2E –V17 Tolcsva Ranyi dulo (2T) Carpathian 2T L 86/170aV18 Tolcsva Ranyi dulo (2T) Carpathian 2T L 86/170bV23 Tolcsva collection pt. 1 (2T) Carpathian 2T L 89/17L5 Tolcsva – west of 228, 4hp Carpathian 2T –V8 Tolcsva – ciroka arok (2T) Carpathian 2T L 2009.10.1V22 Rokoszovo – Transcarpathian Ukraine Hust Carpathian 3 L 86/272V9 Rokoszovo Carpathian 3 L 2009.13.1


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sources from all over the world (see Biró and Dobosi, 1991; Biró et al., 2000). Samples from each of the four Carpathian sources were analyzed to construct geological source signatures (Table 1).

4. Techniques

A Bruker TRAcER III-SD on loan from the Elemental Analysis Facility at the Field Museum of Natural History was utilized to analyze all samples in this study. This device is equipped with a Rh anode and for the purpose of analyzing obsidian materials, a filter composed of 12 millimeters of aluminum, 1 millimeter of titanium, and 6 millimeters of copper was inserted into the device. The Bruker was connected to a PC laptop and S1PXRF software utilized. A vacuum pump was not necessary for this project and because the pump was not employed it was possible to collect data for ten elements, including manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), gallium (Ga), thorium (Th), rubidium (Rb), strontium (Sr), yttrium (Y), zirconium (Zr), and niobium (Nb). Each sample was analyzed for 300 seconds at 40kv and 11μA. In the S1PXRF software, the results were calibrated using a calibration file supplied by Bruker and developed with MURR that consists

of 40 reference standards. The results were provided in parts-per-million (ppm) and were transformed to log-base 10 values prior to statistical processing using JMP software.

5. Materials

From the Lithotheca collections, twenty-seven geological obsidian specimens were analyzed representing the four obsidian geological sources: fifteen samples from Carpathian 1, five samples from Carpathian 2E, five samples from Carpathian 2T, and two samples from Carpathian 3. While Carpathian 3 is well known, evidence of its use beyond local exploitation has not been identified at prehistoric sites in Eastern Europe (Rácz, 2008; 2012; Rácz et al., 2016). Moreover, while some compositional studies have separated Carpathian 1 into two sources, Carpathian 1a and 1b (see Bačo et al., 2018; Burgert et al., 2017; Přichystal and Škrdla, 2014; Rosania and Baker, 2009; Rosania et al., 2008), this requires compositional techniques that measure more elements than the Bruker p-XRF. Specifically, Rosiana et al. (2008) conducted neutron activation analysis and relied on rubidium (Rb), uranium (U), Sb (antimony), and Sc (scandium) to differentiate Carpathian 1a and 1b. Of those

Table 2. Summary of chipped stone tools per site.

Site/Material Type Total Obsidian Obsidian Analyzed w/P-XRF Other Materials TotalSzentpéterszeg-Kovadomb 12 12 40 52Csökmő-Káposztás-Domb 8 8 24 32Dévaványa-Réhelyi-dűlő 2 2 23 25Szeghalom-Kovácshalom 86 70 139 225Szeghalom-Várhely 77 74 74 151Vésztő-Mágor 19 19 47 66Gyula-Köztisztasági Vállalat 19 18 41 60Total 223 203 388 611

Figure 2. Bivariate plot illustrating archaeological samples (dots) and geological samples. Carpathian 1 sources are blue plus signs (+), Carpathian 2E are red x’s, and Carpathian 2T are green x’s. The results are logged and ellipses represent 90% confidence intervals.



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elements, the Bruker p-XRF can only accurately measure Rb, thereby making it impossible to further refine the source into subgroups. Therefore, this paper treats Carpathian 1 as one source and the results reflect this approach. Overall, the obsidian sources can be differentiated using a series of bivariate plots and the elements manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), rubidium (Rb), strontium (Sr), yttrium (Y), and zirconium (Zr) (parts-per-million results provided in Supplementary Table 1).

The chipped stone assemblages for the seven Late Neolithic sites (Csökmő-Káposztás Domb, Szeghalom-Várhely, Szentpéterszeg-Kovadomb Szeghalom-Kovácshalom, Vésztő-Mágor, Dévaványa-Réhely-Dűlő, and Gyula-Köztisztasági Vállalat) include a total of 611 archaeological specimens. From these assemblages, Dr. Tibor Marton macroscopically identified 223 pieces as obsidian (approximately 36.49%). Twenty samples were determined to be too small for analysis (for more in-depth discussions about sample size see Davis et al., 1998 and Frahm, 2016) resulting in the analysis of 203 obsidian archaeological samples (approximately 33.22% of the overall chipped stone tool assemblage) with the Bruker p-XRF (parts-per-million results provided in Supplementary Table 1). The quantity of obsidian varied by site (see Table 2), and with the exception of Dévaványa-Réhelyi-Dűlő, obsidian accounted for approximately 20–55% of any given assemblage. The archaeological compositional results were compared to the geological compositional results using both exploratory and statistical analyses to determine source provenance (see Figure 2).

6. Results

The previously identified elements of Mn, Fe, Rb, Sr, Y, and Zr were used initially to create bivariate plots to match the archaeological specimens with the geological sources. Bivariate plots with the geological and archaeological materials illustrated the compositional differences between the sources (see Figure 2). A majority of the archaeological specimens analyzed (n=199) were sourced to Carpathian 1, while the remaining four specimens were sourced to Carpathian 2E (n=2) and Carpathian 2T (n=2; see Table 3).

Multivariate statistical analyses were employed to further support the groupings identified in the bivariate plots. Principal component analysis (PCA) is often implemented

during the statistical analysis of archaeometric results (see Baxter, 1995; 2006). The same six elements (Mn, Fe, Rb, Sr, Y, and Zr) used to generate the bivariate plots were utilized during PCA (for similar statistical analyses on data in the region, see Kasztovszky et al., 2014; Prokeš et al., 2015). Approximately 80.5% of the compositional variation in the archaeological obsidian was accounted for in Principal Component 1 (PC1) and Principal Component 2 (PC2). The same groupings previously identified in the bivariate plots were displayed in the principal component analysis (Figure 3a). As a final measure, Canonical Discriminant Function (CDF; see Glascock, 1992) analysis was also conducted relying on the previously selected elements of Mn, Fe, Rb, Sr, Y, and Zr. The CDF results reinforced the previously obtained visual and statistical results, verifying the compositional groupings with 199 specimens originating from Carpathian 1, two specimens originating from Carpathian 2E, and two specimens originating from Carpathian 2T (Figure 3b).

Closer attention to the distribution of Carpathian 2E and 2T archaeological materials revealed that the Carpathian 2E specimens were found at the Tisza sites of Szeghalom-Kovácshalom and Vésztő-Mágor, while the Carpathian 2T samples were recovered from the Herpály sites of Csökmő-Káposztás Domb and Szeghalom-Várhely. These four sites happen to be in relatively close proximity to one another and are, in fact, closer to each other than to any other site in the study. Because the sites are closely located, it stands to reason that distance to the geological locales was not a causal factor for the variation in source exploitation. Rather, the variation may be related to socio-cultural differences between the Herpály and Tisza cultural units.

Based on the predominance of obsidian from Carpathian 1, it appears that the material from this source was more accessible and/or more desirable to inhabitants at sites in the study. Previous compositional studies in the region have noted that the Carpathian 1 source was by far the more heavily exploited source in prehistory (see Burgert et al., 2016; Přichystal, Škrdla, 2014; Prokeš et al., 2015); however, what remains unclear is why the Carpathian 2E and 2T sources were exploited to a lesser extent across the Great Hungarian Plain. Contrary to what is illustrated with Carpathian 1, the overall number of pieces from the other sources suggests that either access was limited to the

Table 3. Provenance of obsidian by site.

Site/Material Type Carpathian 1 Carpathian 2E Carpathian 2T TotalSzentpéterszeg-Kovadomb 12 0 0 12Csökmő-Káposztás-Domb 7 0 1 8Dévaványa-Réhelyi-dűlő 2 0 0 2Szeghalom-Kovácshalom 69 1 0 70Szeghalom-Várhely 73 0 1 74Vésztő-Mágor 18 1 0 19Gyula-Köztisztasági Vállalat 18 0 0 18Total 199 2 2 203


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Carpathian 2E and 2T sources or the Carpathian 2 sources were less desirable. Notwithstanding, the exclusivity of the Carpathian 2E materials at Tisza sites and Carpathian 2T materials at Herpály sites demonstrates a potential socio-cultural preference for or limited access to these secondary sources. This exclusivity combined with the argument of limited access suggests that obsidian might have been a material that was used to actively reinforce sociocultural boundaries during the Late Neolithic.

7. Conclusions

Compositional analysis of obsidian materials from Herpály and Tisza sites in this study acts as a starting point for future research on Late Neolithic exploitation, access, exchange, and socio-cultural boundaries through the study of obsidian distribution. Rather than rely on macroscopic analysis of obsidian, by using compositional analysis it is possible to accurately source obsidian to its geological origin. In turn, this presents an opportunity to reconstruct ancient exchange networks and assess how access to those networks and changes in those networks impacted and shaped socio-cultural boundaries. An increased incorporation of

compositional analyses in archaeological studies in Eastern Europe has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of past social processes and improve our interpretation of cultural developments.

As discussed in this article, the compositional analysis of 204 obsidian artefacts from seven Late Neolithic sites on the Great Hungarian Plain demonstrated that multiple obsidian geological sources were utilized in prehistory, including Carpathian 1, Carpathian 2E, and Carpathian 2T. While the majority of the archaeological specimens were sourced to Carpathian 1, a small quantity was sourced to Carpathian 2E and Carpathian 2T. Based on the limited number of artefacts from these secondary sources, it does not appear that the Carpathian 2 sources were heavily exploited at this time; however, it is noteworthy that the Carpathian 2E artefacts were only recovered from Tisza sites and the Carpathian 2T artefacts were only found at Herpály sites. These results suggest the possibility that exploitation of the secondary obsidian sources was linked to limited access and/or socio-cultural preferences. The additional analysis of obsidian artefacts from other Late Neolithic sites across the Great Hungarian Plain will help to test this theory about the socio-cultural implications of secondary obsidian source use. Furthermore, these results act as only one line of evidence

Figure 3. A) Results of the principal component analysis illustrating differences in the archaeological obsidian. Carpathian 1 specimens are blue, Carpathian 2E specimens are red, and Carpathian 2T specimens are green. B) Results of Canonical Discriminant Function analysis illustrating the compositional differences between the archaeological specimens with Carpathian 1 marked as blue, Carpathian 2E marked as red, and the Carpathian 2T marked as green.



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for reconstructing Late Neolithic socio-cultural boundaries. In the next phase of research, the obsidian compositional data will be compared to the ceramic compositional results for materials from the same sites to further illustrate how materials were utilized in the past to shape socio-cultural boundaries.

Acknowledgments

The results presented in this publication are in large part due to Dr. Katalin Biró at the Hungarian National Museum and Dr. Laure Dussibieux at the Field Museum of Natural History. These researchers provided me access to the geological materials at the Lithotheca and to the Bruker p-XRF instrument at the Field Museum. Without either colleague, this article would not exist. Additionally, I am very grateful for the chipped stone tool analysis conducted by Dr. Tibor Marton at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Thank you to the reviewers for their time and feedback – any errors in the article are the sole product of the author. This project was supported by the National Science Foundation (Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant – 1312027) and an IIE Student Fulbright Grant to Hungary.

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Supplementary tables

Supplemental Table 1. P-XRF results in parts-per-million for the geological and archaeological obsidian (P-XRF ID for geological samples matches information in Table 1; P-XRF ID for archaeological samples is based on the abbreviation of site names – Vésztő- Mágor [vm], Szeghalom-Kovácshalom [szk], Dévaványa-Réhely-dűlő [d], Szeghalom-Várhely [szv], Szentpéterszeg-Kovadomb [szp], Csökmő-Káposztás Domb [csk], and Gyula-Köztisztasági Vállalat [g]).

P-XRF ID Mn Fe Zn Ga Th Rb Sr Y Zr NbV1 249.84 7067.51 30.29 15.15 18.18 172.78 76.99 27.52 79.9 10.61V2 309.23 7603.92 34.86 15.17 14.33 162.58 84.07 28.63 80.54 11.29V3 337.28 9805.4 39.06 14.62 16.81 165.25 81.08 28.94 81.37 9.58V4 301.63 7773.38 29.31 15.14 16.9 170.79 76.59 30.67 86.12 9.59V5 284.22 8171.73 35.48 14.72 15.05 164.73 83.7 25.64 74.9 11.61V6 262.7 8347.13 34.3 14.85 15.75 163.02 83.78 25.8 78.66 11.32V7 293.46 7562.52 31.05 14.5 15.01 160.64 84.18 25.9 79.35 10.29V11 244.95 6243.9 36.32 15.26 15.13 179.03 52.7 27.95 64.84 9.55V12 281.57 6324.62 27.67 15.04 16.59 165.04 65.13 28.08 69.11 11.38V13 284.18 5509.95 77.8 17.77 12.78 154.59 50.89 25.63 58.5 10.57V14 251.86 5681.27 36.42 15.31 12.85 158.49 53.97 27.52 59.81 9.78V15 279.91 6653.65 28.01 14.89 13.83 179.77 64.46 27.98 70.68 10.6V16 223.4 6727.3 25.48 14.51 14.22 151.08 74.69 26.69 74.63 10.49V19 269.7 6798.67 27.22 14.99 15.97 171.05 69.3 27.71 68.82 10.89L1 261.69 7042.47 23.76 14.41 17.48 177.42 63.08 31.74 84.95 10.16L2 254.39 11466.21 45.68 15.64 21.34 182.21 83.37 31.46 164.97 13.27L3 249.12 11969.6 43.51 15.07 15.32 191.36 88.29 33.54 166.77 12.97L4 244.56 11916.97 48.37 14.79 20.7 187.65 85.83 31.04 171.73 12.53L11 179.46 11413.53 65.36 16.43 15.98 182.67 79.29 30.95 166.86 11.87L12 214.51 11256.88 54.14 16.16 20.09 176.59 86.9 29.89 160.18 12.11V17 198.12 9311.72 57.46 17.18 19.08 172.45 77.92 26.86 117.77 12.41V18 239.67 9539.94 44.28 15.2 17.94 172.57 75.91 30.81 140.51 12.5V23 222.58 10294.19 59.43 15.53 20.22 172.2 75.18 29.14 124.29 14.34L5 246.11 10437.75 105.96 19 18.43 190.28 77.68 27.21 133.6 13.49V8 206.23 9787.73 44.79 15.64 19.84 179.78 77.35 30.23 134.34 13.08

V22 321.32 15253.17 77.94 16.1 9.51 108.98 218 21 163.39 10.79V9 388.86 14735.6 75.59 16.53 12.22 127.02 183.71 20.11 178.84 11.79

vm1 376.55 6998.06 55.09 16.64 15.6 186.26 64.03 31.14 70.34 10.82vm2 250.74 6880.48 33.1 15.06 18.45 177.59 73.65 29.89 70.05 10.81vm3 216.71 7224.31 21.85 14.36 16.03 187.04 67.02 30.35 71.4 11.56vm4 265.11 6392.58 35.79 15.13 16.31 162.58 57.37 27.39 61.96 10.32vm5 229.7 6898.07 27.64 14.78 17.87 173.25 70.37 31.11 75.76 10.56vm6 265.42 7450.21 91.26 19.26 16.42 181.84 68.84 27.76 73.57 9.57vm7 267.89 8051.95 48.07 14.91 16.33 177.36 77.7 27.23 79.63 10.23vm8 311.95 7671.68 101.75 19.62 20.05 194.32 74.21 31.3 79.93 11.39vm9 274.9 6210.57 33.23 14.98 15.25 155.46 58.63 27.27 64.79 9.78vm10 328.46 6776.07 34.5 14.51 16.23 179.17 65.51 26.02 71.2 11.35vm11 309.65 6574.87 35.04 15.08 16.99 176.05 65.06 28.45 71.64 11.19vm12 288.45 7700.47 62.91 16.76 17.15 176.76 77.8 29.65 74.77 10.43vm13 277.96 6337.03 26.11 14.2 17.4 179.74 63.19 26.9 74.11 10.76vm14 254.2 7209.16 38.58 16.08 17.7 189.83 68.93 33.56 83.17 11.15

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P-XRF ID Mn Fe Zn Ga Th Rb Sr Y Zr Nbvm15 220.73 6608.67 40.86 15.03 15.53 189.43 66.14 27.57 70.12 11.78vm16 385.84 7167.54 46.71 16.18 17.31 195.41 68.87 31.41 79.4 10.58vm17 345.32 7270.38 43.22 16.08 19.36 193.93 67.61 30.22 84.86 10.73vm18 179.75 11587.34 52.56 16.2 15.53 195.93 88.04 29.24 169.5 12.63vm19 213.96 7147.83 36.32 15.07 13.72 192.76 61.56 32.05 67.66 12.33szk1 400.32 7087.62 45.39 16.45 18.73 185.54 67.9 29.91 80.33 11.4szk2 484.35 9536.59 144.01 22.68 22.19 231.2 71.83 33.13 86.29 13.27szk3 299.02 7849.74 81.31 17.92 19.53 200.05 82.29 31.21 77.55 11.45szk4 302.41 7190.64 55.93 17.34 16.56 187.73 71.6 27.86 73.84 10.95szk5 347.54 7525.69 41.58 15.23 18.12 196.25 70.44 30.04 74.35 12.66szk6 301.34 6858.03 34.91 14.16 17.4 178.94 72.14 32.64 76.35 11.73szk7 340.97 7464.74 56.29 17.15 17.69 185.01 71.44 31.69 77.01 11.84szk8 311.72 12342.12 65.13 16.42 19.58 201.65 88.98 33.54 178.46 13.07szk9 324.13 7019.58 33.15 15.76 18.94 183.78 73.28 28.58 73.44 10.08

szk10 333.28 7386.54 42.92 15.45 18.47 184.52 71.82 29.45 73.84 10.45szk11 393.75 7350.56 41.53 16.47 18.49 194.36 73.27 31.92 74.24 12.6szk12 336.43 7390.94 58.97 16.51 14.97 185.93 64.14 33.34 79.48 11.21szk13 296.22 7213.11 49.1 15.53 18.5 196.26 71.71 29.01 82.25 10.79szk14 402.62 7615.45 64.31 17.14 16.92 203.31 70.24 33.45 77.13 10.9szk15 401.98 8449.63 77.5 17.54 20.74 205.5 87.32 32.08 80.22 11.7szk16 334.07 8936.67 123 21.38 22.88 201.55 84.99 29.23 86.81 13.33szk17 454.81 7529.6 68.61 17.43 18.6 212.18 65.05 34.05 79.03 11.9szk18 313.34 7310.27 51.34 16.13 17.64 193.74 72.6 31.53 76.34 10.36szk19 453.03 6917.94 29.21 15.23 18.2 196 69.06 33.74 75.52 12.98szk20 666.11 11590.25 211 28.14 25.65 243.22 96.02 35.61 84.4 12.6szk21 320.85 7220.98 37.51 15.33 19.29 186.79 72.18 30.2 80.14 11.93szk22 398.43 8254.85 149.19 24.81 22.26 230.29 72.96 32.88 75.4 10.86szk23 344.58 6968.84 40.03 15.99 15.64 192.46 71.01 31.73 82.17 10.62szk24 395.3 7766.66 43.17 15.78 19.88 191.59 68.17 32.54 76.62 11.55szk25 403.2 8333.87 51.84 16.15 19.97 199.44 82.1 33.27 78.36 11.29szk26 292.24 8319.53 96.08 19.01 22.09 202.21 83.82 31.26 77.93 11szk27 386.85 7529.43 78.72 19.27 20.48 207.15 67.98 35.61 77.66 9.78szk28 341.34 7211.71 50.96 15.73 17.79 190.33 61.09 32.34 75.62 11.88szk29 272.57 7155.57 50.01 16.49 18.59 188.85 72.7 29.16 69.1 12.38szk30 326.82 6834.79 73.07 18.15 17.34 183.57 75.79 29.73 74.15 11.18szk31 362.44 7646.01 54.24 17.3 18.2 186.77 78.11 31.28 75.48 10.12szk32 334.15 7010.11 44.54 16.1 17.26 189.47 66.51 32.29 74.15 12.14szk33 392.62 8761.22 103.93 19.76 22.46 222.71 83.72 27.15 83.15 12.32szk34 370.45 7264.95 75.36 16.58 18.29 166.25 70.55 28.2 70.17 10.16szk35 439.53 9663.55 167.07 25.3 21.18 220.8 82.52 29.99 87.69 12.19szk36 436.42 8962.61 165.32 25.57 21.39 217.54 72.06 30.39 86.13 12.65szk37 348.3 7133.89 61.95 16.76 18.68 190.92 70.29 33.36 74.36 10.96szk38 369.32 6924.01 38.23 15.28 15.47 194.12 66.66 30.07 69.99 11.18

Supplemental Table 1. P-XRF results in parts-per-million for the geological and archaeological obsidian (P-XRF ID for geological samples matches information in Table 1; P-XRF ID for archaeological samples is based on the abbreviation of site names – Vésztő- Mágor [vm], Szeghalom-Kovácshalom [szk], Dévaványa-Réhely-dűlő [d], Szeghalom-Várhely [szv], Szentpéterszeg-Kovadomb [szp], Csökmő-Káposztás Domb [csk], and Gyula-Köztisztasági Vállalat [g]). (Continuation)



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P-XRF ID Mn Fe Zn Ga Th Rb Sr Y Zr Nbszk39 266.43 7585.68 63.37 17.18 15.45 183.77 77.05 28.63 77.26 10.18szk40 331.21 7298.51 74.13 17.29 16.2 176.9 73.22 25.11 74.42 10.24szk41 367.44 6728.56 37.36 15.99 15.69 187.16 65.4 29.34 72.02 11.41szk42 344.8 7203.51 33.9 14.42 20.85 186.05 72.58 26.99 75.27 11.28szk43 315.19 10425.3 171.45 24.02 17.54 193.66 82.98 33.04 76.23 10.69szk44 246.44 5313.83 57.55 16.15 13.76 148.29 56.22 23.99 63.58 10.51szk45 311.44 7749.77 53.59 16.41 17.62 194.91 76.25 31.71 78.66 11.78szk46 340.96 7961.5 49.58 16.01 20.22 190.78 72.67 29.75 78.27 11.28szk47 341.23 5778.86 82.09 19.87 12.76 155.58 58.49 24.48 64.27 9.24szk48 387.37 7043.96 42.92 15 19.71 198.79 64.06 27.97 73.43 10.53szk49 315.19 10425.3 171.45 24.02 17.54 193.66 82.98 33.04 76.23 10.69szk50 376.76 6892.62 63.57 17.6 16.72 174.68 64.91 29.03 74.62 11.52szk51 358.45 7614.11 80.21 17.63 15.93 190.46 68.25 30.83 74.81 11.97szk52 513.45 10112.89 166.47 24.21 23.11 242.92 75.86 30.58 81.66 12szk53 262.95 8211.19 50.2 16.47 17.21 191.67 70.01 27.54 74.34 10.96szk54 366.87 6360.7 44.32 16.08 16.21 169.61 64.32 27.38 66.12 10.36szk55 355.03 7603.29 83.46 17.86 15.86 197.48 69.84 26.76 72.67 11.29szk56 346.22 8280.06 105.8 19.21 18.67 218.24 72.7 28.95 78.99 12.29szk57 271.3 7054.95 78.5 18.46 14.03 178.68 64.11 27.58 69.22 9.63szk58 316.46 6807.88 31.06 14.42 17.56 164.57 62.03 28.26 70.81 10.41szk59 348.37 6820.63 59.57 16.69 18.85 192.38 69.22 32.89 79.57 10.34szk60 396.5 7143.06 31.75 14.92 20.79 195.37 72.22 32.07 78.36 11.97szk61 333.73 5529.06 90.55 18.69 17.9 147.68 54.68 26.58 67.17 10.16szk62 458.81 8108.66 110.65 20.94 19.94 221.78 66.78 31.1 79.23 11.9szk63 393 8503.6 113.62 21.33 16.03 202.67 81.45 30.12 76.25 12.42szk64 634.61 11433.35 282.84 35.36 26.96 250.66 75.22 31.47 64.65 13.88szk65 375.9 6718.51 51.28 17 16.94 162 68.33 27.3 73.99 10.03szk66 295.71 7108.74 65.32 17.63 17.16 178.4 69.13 31.54 70.46 10.95szk67 383.37 7858.83 84 18.48 19.53 202.33 76.96 31.47 76.67 12.94szk68 400.9 9529.95 150.62 23.76 19.04 190.93 86.72 27.12 76.93 10.97szk69 379.53 7118.52 41.61 15.97 21.28 189.47 67.37 28.9 83.82 12.31szk70 372.21 7186.51 31.65 15.47 18.12 182.66 72.14 32.08 74.69 10.31

d1 132.11 5436.07 32.49 14.16 13.97 145.15 51.48 22.03 61.31 8.75d2 164.07 6656.26 31.59 14.19 15.25 171.51 57.8 30.89 68.14 9.71

szv1 224.88 5620.71 34.3 14.69 12.13 142.42 60.1 22.52 66.54 9.73szv2 253.75 7721.24 20.64 13.53 17.67 166.43 78.85 29.12 87.42 10.68szv3 342.46 6791.92 24.67 14.47 18.76 181.1 58.28 29.55 65.63 10.75szv4 241.25 7126.48 60.7 16.53 17.36 167.05 69.92 26.66 69.28 9.55szv5 260.04 7847.64 37.72 14.97 14.73 167.6 75.27 27.54 81.15 10.56szv6 202.76 7205.26 29.77 14.25 15.06 168.89 76.08 28.12 78.08 11.11szv7 274.45 7647.68 77.85 17.46 13.19 174.23 64.36 26.82 71.71 9.92szv8 285.37 7275.27 55.3 15.88 13.1 198.8 65.57 27.81 73.1 10.79szv9 285.98 8034.11 79.15 17.68 15.88 190.19 71.21 27.33 71.55 10.13



S132

P-XRF ID Mn Fe Zn Ga Th Rb Sr Y Zr Nbszv10 231.4 7988.85 61.29 15.94 17.93 185.31 78.4 29.15 81.01 11.51szv11 288.82 7810.63 69.45 17.15 18.12 211.99 65.03 33 71.16 11.93szv12 221.33 6259.33 29.15 14.47 12.19 151.7 62.34 27.26 71.81 10.62szv13 237.8 6677.7 21.11 13.64 14.96 183.36 64.34 29.38 71.95 11.18szv14 266.34 9391.75 81.84 17.64 16.48 185.14 85.39 29.69 84.08 11.42szv15 366.99 7397.35 61.44 16.81 19.28 212.88 60.31 33.6 72.28 11.36szv16 191.8 6705.71 32.53 14.67 11.43 175.61 59.29 26.49 67.96 10.7szv17 274.41 8049.37 30.58 14.42 11.62 175.03 65.12 28.12 71.37 10.48szv18 204.78 9981.83 81.79 17.55 15.82 203.35 65.26 30.89 78.33 12.57szv19 368.95 8272.23 83.76 18.06 19.05 189.26 75.59 26.07 77.89 11.04szv20 254.78 6174.94 29.99 14.78 15.39 156.95 64.08 27.31 65.96 10.71szv21 193.17 8319.17 47.54 14.79 16.33 184.64 81.07 28.27 71.61 11.9szv22 301.47 6418.89 31.49 15.43 15.15 179.22 64.15 29.28 72.93 9.96szv23 207.46 6663.18 32.79 15.4 15.97 177.02 64.68 29.41 70.83 10.9szv24 274.83 6571.05 52.03 16.67 13.05 181.05 63.06 28.6 70.21 10.67szv25 329.16 8934.31 63.44 16.92 19.09 203.61 81.02 28.95 75.61 11.5szv26 234.58 7737.95 47.89 16.08 14.61 179.2 73.48 29 77.46 10.69szv27 205.63 7609.68 69.88 17.15 15.83 178.69 74.29 26.97 77.34 9.89szv28 202.2 6885.94 34.8 14.9 16.62 169.33 69.1 29.87 74.74 9.55szv29 279.13 6854.23 29.88 15.16 18.1 168.66 76.4 27.79 74.61 10.95szv30 263.55 6656.48 27.85 14.52 18.1 179.92 69.49 28.21 75.52 10.46szv31 362.63 7180.6 28.69 14.62 18.2 186.44 71.88 29.15 75.25 10.75szv32 247.47 7884.4 83.69 17.25 17.65 195.98 77.74 29.07 76.12 9.68szv33 346.84 7604.81 74.29 17.98 18.22 210.5 73.5 30.71 75.68 10.95szv34 300.73 7856.52 67.68 17.99 18.91 191.21 75.72 30.67 79.26 9.58szv35 244.7 7049.18 36.71 14.7 18.02 182.61 65.5 27.19 76.03 12.3szv36 434.38 9413.7 162.8 24.22 22.6 202.07 78.38 30.99 73.62 11.65szv37 298.07 6896.14 34.91 14.59 15.59 188.18 59.58 30.94 77.73 10.11szv38 238.44 7027.76 36.5 14.84 13.91 169.62 75.95 28.19 76.11 11.5szv39 194.95 10747.12 72.07 17.07 18.88 178.36 76.27 28.31 131.51 13.08szv40 285.53 7376.18 55.5 15.84 17.22 170.64 75.9 28.8 78.8 11.09szv41 510.05 9970.16 247.74 31.41 18.9 206.19 70.23 28.91 74.24 11.98szv42 401.33 8047.19 79.83 18.48 18.5 198.01 76.69 26.63 78.88 11.01szv43 337.81 8470.91 92.06 19.42 20.04 201.7 76.47 29.55 79.81 11.7szv44 269.9 7563.02 59.98 16.83 15.33 176.33 72.38 28.85 68.75 11.61szv45 254.62 9820.29 169.46 24.96 21.71 202.81 91.71 27.96 78.94 11.94szv46 390.7 6980.68 47.94 15.94 16.76 187.02 68.18 27.71 72.5 10.98szv47 222.14 7607.76 66.49 16.54 16.89 189.19 78.87 30.43 76.82 11.88szv48 255.62 6641.9 24.62 14.52 14.16 184.76 65.14 27.85 68.33 9.74szv49 295.26 8658.2 91.45 18.53 21.13 212.44 67.17 32.72 64.69 13.44szv50 297.55 6635.48 21.94 13.56 13.9 178.28 61.18 30.06 67.26 10.63szv51 267.81 6411.56 32.44 15.44 15.24 168.54 60.99 26.96 72.52 9.8szv52 345.35 7310.78 33.51 15.81 12.98 168.31 75.68 27.12 71.98 9.27




S133

P-XRF ID Mn Fe Zn Ga Th Rb Sr Y Zr Nbszv53 278.3 6763.84 28.9 14.54 14.5 168.1 69.93 24.37 69.44 11.21szv54 252.69 7229.78 34.61 15.44 13.47 171.85 75.74 29.57 69.98 10.9szv55 239.91 6525.37 31.09 15 15.71 169.86 67.22 28.47 69.14 9.9szv56 304.58 6268.54 26.27 14.65 18.21 182.61 59 28.73 75.2 12szv57 240.22 6609.27 28.3 14.73 15.45 168.67 66.39 28.99 79.62 11.42szv58 320.88 6937.81 24.93 14.19 16.63 181.27 64.28 29.88 71.9 10.51szv59 264.37 6332.1 38.98 15.63 14.16 167.93 70.99 27.01 74.11 9.62szv60 290.41 7165.87 46.85 15.37 17.11 190.21 77.65 29.64 74.19 9.76szv61 337.92 8420.32 111.82 21.36 15.53 186.16 79.82 28.04 72.52 11.3szv62 231.92 5455.4 42.05 15.16 15.21 163.52 47.24 24.82 64.38 8.84szv63 199.35 7097.33 37.02 15.12 16.27 182.64 69.05 30.23 71.39 12.17szv64 303.93 7545.1 50.38 15.98 17.27 184.07 77.34 29.47 78.58 11.67szv65 207.54 6882.52 50.32 15.5 13.53 181.87 62.92 28.52 71.17 10.95szv66 306.08 7401.63 37.46 14.95 15.13 181.27 63.12 30.79 76.4 11.69szv67 336.84 7954.09 58.86 16.52 16.32 211 75 31.21 74.84 12.17szv68 299.89 6819.61 25.41 14.75 17.8 177.35 64.12 29.47 73.54 10.01szv69 306.62 7952.68 71.66 17.8 17.25 198.4 74.19 31.4 71 11.36szv70 266.76 6482.57 33.23 15.34 14.77 191.72 54.44 30.67 69.62 11.28szv71 291.85 8547.74 122.7 20.29 19.76 189.07 70.55 29.16 74.33 11.57szv72 342.71 9077.27 156.42 24.39 17.43 207.57 68.11 30.17 81.29 13szv73 289.69 6958.37 41.29 15.11 16 179.58 65.2 30.5 79.7 10.99szv74 273 7444.53 44.46 15.79 17.72 183.39 65.82 31.01 75.71 10.9szp1 249.03 6108.43 35.44 14.58 15.28 150.65 59.11 22.97 66.79 9.03szp2 192.58 7538.6 54.18 16.22 15.38 171.3 81.91 27.48 79.77 10.31szp3 247.08 7671.79 85.05 17.7 14 185.34 65.43 30.28 72.51 11.5szp4 165.18 6251.99 27.96 13.52 12.4 167.95 56.68 26.85 66.52 10.22szp5 194.38 6337.45 27 14.45 15.64 170.19 60.79 26.6 68.12 11.11szp6 270.59 7023.28 48.91 15.77 12.94 163.37 63.64 25.98 72.86 10.89szp7 269.64 7866.41 56.81 16.52 15.49 181.85 65.03 30.17 72.34 10.96szp8 265.37 7553.19 49.36 15.66 14.64 158.94 73.68 26.57 71.75 10.06szp9 257.11 6543.32 18.4 13.94 15.8 175.61 60.74 28.21 65.71 11.1

szp10 229.94 6202.99 31.05 14.38 14.18 160.8 62.12 26.86 66.73 9.41szp11 249.89 6845.3 39.09 14.99 14.46 170.94 68.68 29.18 71.77 11.06szp12 184.61 6966.52 39.03 14.79 14.25 174.34 59.42 29.63 66.84 9.61csk1 329.74 8172.51 95.13 17.41 20.38 209.07 69.92 32.83 84.43 11.52csk2 307.4 7679.56 96.56 18.85 16.56 193.15 64.94 29.64 69.99 10.71csk3 179.89 10766.74 100.07 19.12 23.12 185.71 71.85 30.6 132.3 14.16csk4 421.61 8987.5 155.4 23.44 18.51 202.98 71.29 31.64 75.04 11.51csk5 187.28 6532.26 25.22 13.92 16.63 177.24 69.16 30.18 69.95 11.29csk6 171.32 6326.49 25.42 13.3 14.33 153.03 66.16 26.73 65.9 12.59csk7 230.8 7273.28 88.8 19.12 16.71 190.24 68.41 27.84 75.48 11.54csk8 283.68 10355.38 154.77 23.93 20.97 207.79 91.42 29.71 91.51 13.17g1 584.74 9087.96 90.69 17.58 23.75 229.85 76.87 35.18 91.43 4.52



S134

P-XRF ID Mn Fe Zn Ga Th Rb Sr Y Zr Nbg2 807.57 11911.94 118.5 20.96 29.74 277.55 91.33 38.06 93.14 6.2g3 573.43 7321.24 68.57 16.1 20.69 223.38 61.34 35.42 79.72 3.31g4 731.41 10449.45 101.92 20.62 26.66 291.71 70.66 42.64 90.82 7.65g5 571.64 7942.21 68.78 15.47 22.34 211.23 64.13 32.17 80.15 3.69g6 555.67 7991.48 71.04 16.28 21.78 225.34 62.61 37.43 84.76 4.63g7 556.38 7697.09 60.21 15.44 23.21 213.8 62.89 35.97 80.53 3.48g8 522.26 7231.82 61.64 14.73 21.7 205.8 59.76 31.72 77.96 2.44g9 557.95 7613.84 59.78 17.79 23.22 219.14 66.77 35.07 79.51 3.78

g10 614.41 9453.58 95.14 17.79 22.51 251.73 76.2 37.76 89.95 5.92g11 511.16 6870.52 60.57 15.31 20.6 205 56.44 31.57 76.53 2.38g12 610.27 8406.44 66.54 16.89 24.6 242.97 65.41 37.34 88.35 4.7g13 545.93 9287.58 74.36 18.01 27.32 241.55 83.85 36.27 93.12 5.68g14 774.49 11279.78 113.94 19.98 25.43 293.93 87.4 40.97 96.24 7.47g15 572.63 7664.91 62.02 15.69 24.08 217.17 67.69 33.35 81.1 3.15g16 579.5 8892.86 102.9 17.47 24.75 237.83 72.74 36.26 88.28 4.28g17 567.17 9210.87 75.08 17.78 25.21 228.71 85.65 34.72 90.51 4.92g18 637.9 8746.91 86.65 18.26 22.75 251.17 67.06 37.13 80.8 4.5


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Sourcing Obsidian from Late Neolithic Sites on the Great ... · redistribution) occurred in order for Late Neolithic inhabitants on the Plain to acquire geological materials for chipped