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1.The Rift: Explaining Europe's Divergent Iraq Policies in the Run-Up of the American-Led War on Iraq by JRGEN SCHUSTER; HERBERT MAIER; Foreign Policy Analysis, 07/01/2006, Vol 2 (3), p223- [4DD9AA9E6ED6131ABBFD]

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2.Personality and Foreign Policy: Tony Blair's Iraq Decisions by STEPHEN BENEDICT DYSON; Foreign Policy Analysis, 07/01/2006, Vol 2 (3), p289- [4199BFBAB3CDFA37BD3A]

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3.Role Theory and Foreign Policy Change: The Transformation of Russian Foreign Policy in the 1990s by Michael MG Grossman; International Politics, 09/01/2005, Vol 42 (3), p334- [46A1B40F3D83918CABDA]

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4.Integrating Cognitive and Rational Theories of Foreign Policy Decision Making by Lasha Tchantouridze; Canadian Journal of Political Science / Revue canadienne de science politique, 03/01/2005, Vol 38 (1), p256- [43C3A93C1534AE860D0D]

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5.Explaining and Forecasting Leaders' Decisions: A Poliheuristic Analysis of the Iran Hostage Rescue Decision by David J. Brul; International Studies Perspectives, 02/01/2005, Vol 6 (1), p99- [46BEB2C22BADA41B1910]

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6.Decision Making in Autocratic Regimes: A Poliheuristic Perspective by Brandon J. Kinne; International Studies Perspectives, 02/01/2005, Vol 6 (1), p114- [4AEA9637AD22B92A1693]

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7.To Shape the Nations Foreign Policy: Struggles for Dominance among American International Relations Scholars by Tom TF Farer; Diogenes, 08/01/2004, Vol 51 (3), p71- [41538FAFCAA940A22894]

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8.Traditional Decision Analysis and the Poliheuristic Theory of Foreign Policy Decision Making by Raymond Dacey; Lisa J. Carlson; Journal of Conflict Resolution, 02/01/2004, Vol 48 (1), p38- [ACUFLJ9GXNYF5U6XPMNW]

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9.Initial Crisis Reaction and Poliheuristic Theory by Karl DeRouen Jr.; Christopher Sprecher; Journal of Conflict Resolution, 02/01/2004, Vol 48 (1), p56- [EX6TYJLUCK678EANV6DK]

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10.To Protect and to Serve: Alliances And Foreign Policy Portfolios by T. Clifton Morgan; Glenn Palmer; Journal of Conflict Resolution, 04/01/2003, Vol 47 (2), p180- [HVK7NMUE7FEX5THBPHFM]

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11.Russian Strategic Realignment and the Post-Post-Cold War Era? by G.P. Herd; E. Akerman; Security Dialogue, 09/01/2002, Vol 33 (3), p357- [26W8MMAK4FNVPR8AKU93]

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12.The Influence of Advisers on Foreign Policy Decision Making: An Experimental Study by Steven B. Redd; Journal of Conflict Resolution, 06/01/2002, Vol 46 (3), p335- [YD3REAW0HR8M1KVJNGGD]

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13.Give or Take: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy Substitutability by G. Palmer; S.B. Wohlander; Journal of Peace Research, 01/01/2002, Vol 39 (1), p5- [T9228C8MQL479RF66NF0]

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14.Trading Butter for Guns: Domestic Imperatives for Foreign Policy Substitution by D.H. Clark; Journal of Conflict Resolution, 10/01/2001, Vol 45 (5), p636- [HRBV8K9XEXRLB14766JX]

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15.The Cognitive Calculus of Foreign Policy Decision Making: An Experimental Assessment by N. Geva; Journal of Conflict Resolution, 08/01/2000, Vol 44 (4), p447- [0T3Q62ML24R5545YU2X8]

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16.Neoclassical realism and theories of foreign policy by Gideon. Rose; World Politics, 10/01/1998, Vol 51 (1), p144- [75U2CU6YK6D0FDJV146B]

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17.DOMESTIC POLITICS, FOREIGN POLICY, AND THEORIES OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS by James D. Fearon; Annual Review of Political Science, 06/01/1998, Vol 1 (-1), p289- [414C95195E139220E862]

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Title:Personality and Foreign Policy: Tony Blair's Iraq Decisions

Author(s):STEPHEN BENEDICT DYSONSource:Foreign Policy Analysis 07/01/2006, Vol 2 (3), p289-

ISSN:17438586

Affiliation:STEPHEN BENEDICT DYSON; Wabash College

Abstract:The British choice in Iraq has been characterized as Tony Blair's War, with many believing that the personality and leadership style of the prime minister played a crucial part in determining British participation. Is this the case? To investigate, I employ at-a-distance measures to recover Blair's personality from his responses to foreign policy questions in the House of Commons. I find that he has a high belief in his ability to control events, a low conceptual complexity, and a high need for power. Using newly available evidence on British decision making, I show how Blair's personality and leadership style did indeed shape both the process and outcome of British foreign policy toward Iraq. The research reemphasizes the importance of individual level factors in theories of foreign policy, as well as offering a comprehensive explanation of a critical episode.

Entry Date:20060530

Library of Congress Classification:20221; 10009

Unique ID:4199BFBAB3CDFA37BD3A

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Source: http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=32&hid=115&sid=e200d5ae-875a-4d54-a2ae-f4a3d5da31c2%40SRCSM2Title: Explaining and Forecasting Leaders' Decisions: A Poliheuristic Analysis of the Iran Hostage Rescue Decision

Author(s): David J. BrulSource: International Studies Perspectives 02/01/2005, Vol 6 (1), p99-

ISSN: 15283577

Affiliation: David J. Brul; Texas A&M University

Abstract:

In an increasingly dangerous world, forecasting national leaders' decisions during crises is a central concern of policy analysts. But with a wide range of specific military responses available to leaders, pinpointing a likely decision can be difficult. This essay argues that the poliheuristic theory of foreign policy decision making is a useful tool for aiding policy analysts in forecasting the decisions of national leaders. The theory's emphasis on a noncompensatory decision dimension facilitates the elimination of many of the possible decision alternatives, reducing uncertainty. Then, surviving alternatives are weighed against additional, nontrivial dimensions, producing a likely decision. As an illustrative case, I examine Carter's decision to implement the hostage rescue mission, demonstrating that Carter ruled out alternatives that failed to satisfy criteria on the noncompensatory decision dimensionreelection. The president's final choice was selected from the remaining alternatives according to its ability to simultaneously maximize net benefits with respect to military and strategic concerns. Following a comparison of the analysis with compensatory models of decision making, I suggest a general forecasting framework rooted in the poliheuristic theory. The theory can be applied to international crises provided that policy analysts obtain information concerning (1) the leader's noncompensatory decision criteria, (2) the set of alternatives that satisfy those criteria, and (3) the expected net benefits of the remaining alternatives on other dimensions (i.e., the military and strategic dimensions).

Entry Date:20050114


Unique ID:46BEB2C22BADA41B1910

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Full Text Database: Academic Search PremierTitle:Decision Making in Autocratic Regimes: A Poliheuristic Perspective

Author(s):Brandon J. KinneSource:International Studies Perspectives 02/01/2005, Vol 6 (1), p114-

ISSN:15283577

Affiliation:Brandon J. Kinne; Yale University

Abstract:This paper applies the poliheuristic theory of foreign policy decision making to non-democratic states. Poliheuristic theory asserts that state leaders assign primary importance to their political survival; however, the meaning of the political varies dramatically from country to country. Furthermore, the types of actors who hold leaders politically accountable also vary between countries. Consequently, leaders often pursue vastly different means of ensuring their political survival. The author uses the common distinction between single-party, military, and personalist autocracies to show that apparently arbitrary differences in autocratic leaders' political concerns actually vary in systematic and potentially predictable ways. Because this argument is generalized to non-democratic states as a whole, it has important implications for the ways in which democratic states craft their policies toward autocracies.

Entry Date:20050114


Unique ID:4AEA9637AD22B92A1693

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DatabaseEJS E-JournalsTitle:Give or Take: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy Substitutability

Author(s):G. Palmer; S.B. WohlanderSource:Journal of Peace Research 01/01/2002, Vol 39 (1), p5-

ISSN:00223433

Affiliation:G. PalmerS.B. Wohlander; Department of Political Science, Pennsylvania State University,Department of Political Science, Rice University

Abstract:The article attempts to explain state donations of foreign aid with the application of a general theory of foreign policy. This places foreign aid within the context of a state's creation of a foreign-policy portfolio. The general theory is based upon the assumption that states pursue two goods: 'change', defined as the ability to alter the status quo in desirable ways, and 'maintenance', the ability to prevent changes in favored aspects of the status quo. By applying the 'two-good' model of foreign policy toward an explanation of foreign aid, we are able to derive hypotheses regarding the relationship between state power and foreign aid donations, as well as further implications regarding foreign policy substitutability. The two-good model posits a more complex but better specified conception of foreign policy substitutability, and it implies that state donations of foreign aid are substitutable for other foreign policy choices, such as the initiation of interstate conflict and participation in certain types of alliances, that are directed toward the same goal, namely change. We test these hypotheses using data on official development assistance obtained from the OECD, and additional data from the Correlates of War (COW) Project for 21 states over the 1966-92 period. Our findings indicate that aid allocation is affected by other aspects of a state's foreign policy portfolio. The application of a general framework of foreign policy to the study of foreign aid is fruitful.

Entry Date:20040219


Unique ID:T9228C8MQL479RF66NF0

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DatabaseEJS E-JournalsTitle:Neoclassical realism and theories of foreign policyAuthor(s):Gideon. RoseSource:World Politics 10/01/1998, Vol 51 (1), p144-

ISSN:00438871

Abstract:Although international relations theory has been dominated for two decades by debates over theories of international politics, recently there has been a surge of interest in theories of foreign policy. These seek to explain, not the pattern of outcomes of state interactions, but rather the behavior of individual states. The author surveys three prominent theories of foreign policy and shows how the works under review set out a compelling alternative, one that updates and systematizes insights drawn from classical realist thought. Neoclassical realism argues that the scope and ambition of a country's foreign policy is driven first and foremost by the country's relative material power. Yet it contends that the impact of power capabilities on foreign policy is indirect and complex, because systemic pressures must be translated through intervening unit-level variables such as decision-makers' perceptions and state structure. Understanding the links between power and policy thus requires close examination of both the international and the domestic contexts within which foreign policy is formulated and implemented.

Entry Date:20040219

Library of Congress Classification:10007

Unique ID:75U2CU6YK6D0FDJV146B

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DatabaseEJS E-JournalsTitle:Trading Butter for Guns: Domestic Imperatives for Foreign Policy Substitution

Author(s):D.H. ClarkSource:Journal of Conflict Resolution 10/01/2001, Vol 45 (5), p636-

ISSN:00220027

Affiliation:D.H. Clark; Department of Political Science, Binghamton University (SUNY)

Abstract:The international relations literature largely presumes that leaders engage in foreign policy substitution but does not provide a compelling theoretical explanation or convincing empirical evidence that substitution occurs. This article offers a theory of foreign policy choice based on the differences between private and public goods. It assumes that private goods and public goods are useful under different circumstances and conditions. Leaders select a policy based on political needs, so private- and public-goods approaches are employed alternatively depending on domestic situations: policies are substituted one for another. The trade-off between aggressive unilateral economic behavior and military conflict as the United States conducted foreign policy during the cold war is examined. Results show that leaders facing economic concerns and/or domestic opposition prefer trade aggression, a patently private-good-like policy, and substitute such policies in response to changing domestic stimuli.

Entry Date:20040219


Unique ID:HRBV8K9XEXRLB14766JX

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Theories of Foreign PolicyGFIR 842: Theories of Foreign Policy

Preliminary Syllabus

Spring 1995 Mr. John S. Duffield

Cabell 331 B-18A Cabell Hall, 924-3345

M 2:00-4:15 MW 1-2, W 3:30-4:30

COURSE OBJECTIVES

This course examines leading theoretical approaches to the study of foreign policy and their application to a variety of states and issue areas. It seeks to prepare students both to evaluate critically the theoretical literature on foreign policy and to conduct their own research in the field. Theories representing all of the major approaches -- international, domestic, decision-making, and psychological -- are explored.

COURSE REQUIREMENTS

The course will be taught as a seminar. Student preparation, attendance, and active participation are required and will constitute an important part of the final grade. Students should come to class ready to offer a summary of each of the assigned readings.

Participants will write a research paper of 25-35 pages that is due at the end of the semester. They will prepare two critical analyses, each devoted to one of the assigned readings, that are 7-10 pages in length. Finally, each student will be responsible for organizing and leading class discussion one week.

READINGS

The following books have been ordered and should be available at the university bookstore:

Gary King, Robert Keohane, and Sidney Verba, Designing Social Inquiry

Jack Snyder, Myths of Empire

Graham Allison, Essence of Decision

All other readings are on reserve in Clemons Library. The following abbreviations are used for journal titles:

APSR = American Political Science Review

IO = International Organization

IS = International Security

ISQ = International Studies Quarterly

JCR = Journal of Conflict Resolution

COURSE SCHEDULE

1. Introduction to the Theoretical Study of Foreign Policy

2. Metatheoretical and Methodological Issues

Assigned Reading:

King, Keohane, and Verba, Designing Social Inquiry

3. The International Setting: Realist/Structural Theories

Assigned Readings:

Stephen Walt, The Origins of Alliances (1987), 17-26

Stephen Walt, "Testing Theories of Alliance Formation," IO

42/2 (Spring 1988): 275-316

Randall Schweller, "Tripolarity and the Second World War,"

ISO 37/1 (March 1993): 73-103

Barry Posen, The Sources of Military Doctrine (1984), 13-15,

34-41, 59-79

David Lake, "International Economic Structures and American

Foreign Economic Policy, 1887-1934," WP 35/4 (July 1983): 517-34

4. The International Setting: International Institutions

Assigned Readings:

Louis Henken, How Nations Behave: Law and Foreign Policy (1979),

39-87 (ch. 3)

Oran Young, International Cooperation (1989), 11-30 (ch. 1)

and 58-80 (ch. 3)

M. Karns and K. Mingst, The United States and Multilateral

Institutions (1990), 1-10

John Duffield, "International Regimes and Alliance Behavior: Explaining NATO Force Levels," IO 46 (Autumn 1992): 819-55

Harald Mueller, "The Internalization of Principles, Norms, and Rules

by Governments: The Case of Security Regimes," in V. Rittberger, ed., Regime Theory and International Relations (1993), 361-88

5. The Domestic Setting: Domestic Political Structures

Assigned Readings:

John Owen, "How Liberalism Produces Democratic Peace," IS 19/2

(Fall 1994): 87-125

Randall Schweller, "Domestic Structure and Preventive War: Are

Democracies More Pacific?," WP 44/2 (Jan. 1992): 235-69

Michael Barnett and Jack Levy, "Domestic Sources of Alliances and

Alignments," IO 45/# (Spring 1991): 369-95

Stephen Krasner, Structural Conflict (1985), 32-58 (ch. 2)

6. The Domestic Setting: Myths of Empire

Assigned Reading:

Jack Snyder, Myths of Empire: Domestic Politics and International Ambition (1991)

7. The Domestic Setting: Public Opinion

Assigned Readings:

Ole Holsti, "Public Opinion and Foreign Policy," ISQ 36/4 (Dec. 1992):

439-66

Bruce Russett, "Who Controls Whom?" in Controlling the Sword (1990),

87-118 (ch. 4)

B. Page and R. Shapiro, "Effects of Public Opinion on Policy,"

APSR 77 (1983): 175-90

R. Shapiro and B. Page, "Foreign Policy and the Rational Public,"

JCR 32/2 (June 1988): 211-47

Thomas Risse-Kappen, "Public Opinion, Domestic Structure and Foreign

Policy in Liberal Democracies," WP 43/4 (July 1991): 479-512

8. The Domestic Setting: Political Culture, Ideology, and Nationalism

Assigned Readings:

Judith Goldstein and Robert Keohane, eds., Ideas and Foreign Policy

(1993), 3-30 (ch.1)

D. Elkins and R. Simeon, "A Cause in Search of Its Effect, or What Does Political Culture Explain?" Comparative Politics 11/2 (Jan. 1979): 127-46

Paul Egon Rohrlich, "Economic Culture and Foreign Policy: The

Cognitive Analysis of Economic Policy Making," IO 41/1 (Winter 1987):61-92

Thomas Burger, "From Sword to Chrysanthemum: Japan's Culture of Anti-

Militarism," IS 17/4 (Spring 1993): 119-50

Judith Goldstein, "Ideas, Institutions, and American Trade Policy,"

IO 42/1 (Winter 1988)

9. The Domestic Setting: Interest Groups in Pluralist Systems

Assigned Readings:

Andrew Moravcsik, "Liberalism and International Relations Theory" (1992)

Jeff Frieden, "Sectoral Conflict and Foreign Economic Policy, 1914-1940"

IO 42/1 (Winter 1988), pp. 59-90

Peter Gourevitch, "Breaking with Orthodoxy: The Politics of Economic

Policy Responses to the Depression of the 1930s," IO 38/1 (Winter 1984), pp. 95-129

Helen Milner, "Resisting the Protectionist Temptation: Industry and the Making of Trade Policy in France and the United States During the 1970s," IO 41/4 (Autumn 1987): 639-65

10. State-Centered Explanations

Assigned Readings:

Michael Mastanduno, David Lake, and John Ikenberry, "Toward a Realist Theory of State Action," ISQ 33 (1989): 457-74

Andrew Moravcsik, "Introduction: Integrating International and Domestic Theories of International Bargaining," in

Double-Edged Diplomacy (1993), 3-34 (skim 18-22)

Stephen Krasner, Defending the National Interest (1978), 5-34

(skim 21-30)

David Lake, "The State and American Trade Strategy in the Pre-Hegemonic Era," IO 42/1 (Winter 1988): 33-58

11. The Decision-making Process: Bureaucratic Politics

Assigned Readings:

Graham Allison, Essence of Decision (1971), chs. 5 and 6, pp. 144-244

Morton Halperin, Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy (1974), pp. 1-5 and ch. 16

J. Krause and L. Wilker, "Bureaucracy and Foreign Policy in the FRG," in Krippendorf and Rittberger, The Foreign Policy of West Germany (1980), 147-70

Stephen Krasner, "Are Bureaucracies Important? (Or Allison Wonderland," Foreign Policy 7 (Summer 1972)

12. The Decision-making Process: Organizational Behavior

Assigned Readings:

Graham Allison, Essence of Decision, ch. 3 and 4, pp. 67-143

Barry Posen, The Sources of Military Doctrine (1984), 41-59

Stuart Kaufman, "Organizational Politics and Change in Soviet Military Policy," WP 46/3 (April 1994): 355-82

David Welch, "The Organizational and Bureaucratic Politics Paradigms: Retrospect And Prospect," IS 17 (Fall 1992)

13. Individual Behavior: Psychological Models

Assigned Readings:

Yaacov Vertzberger, The World in Their Minds (1990), ch. 3. 111-91

Keith Shimko, Images and Arms Control (1992), 1-41

Alexander George, "The Operational Code," ISQ 13/4 (Dec. 1969): 190-222

Robert Jervis, "Hypotheses on Misperception," World Politics 20/3

(April 1968): 454-79

Richard Herrmann, "Empirical Challenge of the Cognitive Revolution," ISQ 32/2 (June 1988): 175-204

14. Learning and Foreign Policy Change

Assigned Readings:

G. Breslauer and P. Tetlock, Learning in U.S. and Soviet Foreign Policy

(1991), 3-61

Jack Levy, "Learning and Foreign Policy," IO 48/2 (Spring 1994): 279-312

Dan Reiter, "Learning, Realism, and Alliances," WP 46/4 (July 1994): 490-526

Sarah Mendelson, "Internal Battles and External Wars," WP 45/3 (April 1993): 327-60

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Bitte zitieren sie dieses Dokument als / Please cite this document usingURN: urn:nbn:de:bsz:21-opus-16178URL: http://w210.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/dbt/volltexte/2005/1617/ Dieses Dokument wird bereit gestellt vonThis document is hosted byTOBIAS-lib Rittberger, Volker

Approaches to the study of foreign policy. Derived from international relations theories

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Kurzfassung in englischAn investigation of theories of foreign policy derived from three competing "schools of thought" or "paradigms" in current International Relations, viz. neorealism, utilitarian liberalism, and constructivism. Both neorealist and utilitarian liberal theories of foreign policy work from the assumption of rational actors making decisions based on the self-interested calculation of benefits and costs of available behavioral options. They differ sharply, however, with respect to the question of who are to be regarded as the fundamental actors of international relations and, by implication, of foreign policy making: for neorealism, foreign policy is the exclusive domain of black-boxed, unitarily acting states; utilitarian liberalism, by contrast, envisions states not as actors in the first place but as institutions which domestic societal actors (including both organized private actors and politicians and bureaucrats) use to further their interests at home and abroad. Constructivism breaks with the rationalist consensus shared by the other two theories, replacing homo oeconomicus with homo sociologicus and hence advocating, and building upon, an image of actors as norm-guided "role players" rather than "utility maximizers". In another respect, constructivist foreign policy occupies a middle ground between neorealist and utilitarian liberal theories, i.e. the level at which the most important sources of foreign policy behavior are located. By taking into account norms at both the domestic and international levels, constructivism comes down neither on the side of "top-down" theories (as neorealism) nor on the side of "bottom-up" theories (as utilitarian liberalism).

Kurzfassung in englischDiese Untersuchung von Theorien der Auenpolitik nimmt auf drei konkurrierende "Schulen" oder "Paradigmen" der gegenwrtigen Internationalen Beziehungen Bezug, nmlich auf den Neorealismus, Utilitarismus und Konstruktivismus. Sowohl neorealistische als auch utilitaristische Theorien der Auenpolitik gehen von der Annahme eines rationalen Akteurs aus, dessen Entscheidungen auf der egoistischen Berechnung von Vorteilen und Kosten der vorhandenen Verhaltensoptionen beruhen. Sie unterscheiden sich jedoch stark in Bezug auf die Frage dessen, wer als grundstzlicher Akteur im Bereich der internationalen Beziehungen und - daraus folgend - des auenpolitischen Entscheidungsprozesses betrachtet werden soll: Fr den Neorealismus ist Auenpolitik das exklusive Gebiet einheitlich handelnder Staaten, die nach dem black-box-Prinzip betrachtet werden mssen; Utilitaristen stellen nicht die Staaten als Akteure an erste Stelle, sondern sehen sie als Institutionen, in denen innere gesellschaftliche Akteure (darunter organisierte private Akteure als auch Politiker und Brokraten) nach ihren inneren und ueren Interessen handeln. Der Konstruktivismus bricht mit der rationalistischen Konsens, welchen die beiden anderen Theorierichtungen teilen, ersetzt den "homo oeconomicus" durch den "homo sociologicus" und baut ein Bild der Akteure als normgeleitete "Rollenspieler" auf, im Gegensatz zu "Nutzenmaximierern". In einer anderen Beziehung nimmt die konstruktivistische Sicht von Auenpolitik einen mittleren Platz zwischen Neorealisten und Utilitaristen ein, in Bezug auf das Level, auf dem die wichtigsten Beweggrnde des auenpolitischen Verhaltens vermutet werden. Weder nimmt der Konstruktivismus die Sicht einer "top-down"-Theorie (wie der Neorealismus) noch jene einer "bottom-up"-Theorie (wie der Utilitarismus) ein.

SWD-Schlagwrter:Internationale Politik , Theorie , Auenpolitik

Freie Schlagwrter (englisch):foreign policy , international relations , theory

Institut:Bereich 08 Fakultt fr Sozial- und Verhaltenswissenschaften

DDC-Sachgruppe:Politik

Dokumentart:ResearchPaper

Quelle:Tbinger Arbeitspapiere zur internationalen Politik und Friedensforschung ; 46

Sprache:deutsch

Erstellungsjahr:2004

Publikationsdatum:04.03.2005

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Verffentlichungsvertrag (Version 1998)

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November/December 2004

One World, Rival Theories

By Jack Snyder | Nov 1, 2004 | 4141 words, 0 images

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The U.S. government has endured several painful rounds of scrutiny as it tries to figure out what went wrong on Sept. 11, 2001. The intelligence community faces radical restructuring; the military has made a sharp pivot to face a new enemy; and a vast new federal agency has blossomed to coordinate homeland security. But did September 11 signal a failure of theory on par with the failures of intelligence and policy? Familiar theories about how the world works still dominate academic debate. Instead of radical change, academia has adjusted existing theories to meet new realities. Has this approach succeeded? Does international relations theory still have something to tell policymakers?

Six years ago, political scientist Stephen M. Walt published a much-cited survey of the field in these pages (One World, Many Theories, Spring 1998). He sketched out three dominant approaches: realism, liberalism, and an updated form of idealism called constructivism. Walt argued that these theories shape both public discourse and policy analysis. Realism focuses on the shifting distribution of power among states. Liberalism highlights the rising number of democracies and the turbulence of democratic transitions. Idealism illuminates the changing norms of sovereignty, human rights, and international justice, as .../continued/

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already a member? sign inCopyright 2001-2006, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

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