PHYSIOLOGICAL BASISOF BEHAVIOR

Prepared by:

Lopez, Shaira Rizza

Tanteco, Sebastian

Zorilla, Ina Claudette

ACTIVITY 1:

ACTIVITY:Direction: Look at the images and read their COLORS and not the words…

ACTIVITY:YELLOW BLUE ORANGE

BLACK RED GREEN

PURPLE YELLOW RED

ORANGE GREEN BLACK

BLUE RED PURPLE

GREEN BLUE

EXPLANATIONThe activity results to a left-right conflict.

Your left brain tries to tell you the color but your right brain insists on the word.

THENERVOUSSYSTEM

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM A biological highway of information Can receive, send, and interpret information

by electrical signals A complex network of nerve cells that

regulates our bodily functions and permits us to reach to the external world

It contains nerve cells or NEURONS

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Neuron

It is the base of the nervous system Its basic purpose is to receive information

and send a signal to other neurons, muscles, or glands.

It is a nerve cell It has a cell body, a very long axon

sheathed in myelin, and dendrites.

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Cell Body

Also known as the Soma Is the bulbous end of the neuron It contains the cell nucleus It makes use of nutrients to supply energy

for neuronal activity.

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Axons

These are long cytoplasmic tubes that carries electric impulses from one part of the body to another.

They are insulated from each other by their myelin sheaths.

May have branches called terminal buttons at its end.

Myelin Sheath – the fatty insulating layer that surrounds many axons.

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Dendrites

These are tiny branches at the ends of all neurons

Are organelles that sense the neurotransmitter secreted by the axon of another neuron

Dendrites and axons do not directly touch each other; there is a gap, called a synapse.

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 3 Types of Neurons

Sensory Neurons (Afferent)– posses a long dendrite and short axon. They carry sensory receptors to the CNS.

Motor Neurons (Efferent) – have long axon and short dendrites. They transmit messages to from the CNS to the muscles or the glands.

Interneurons (Connector) – located only in the CNS where there is a neuron-to-neuron connection.

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Neurotransmitters

Chemicals, called neurotransmitters are released from one neuron at the presynaptic nerve terminal then they cross the synapse where they may be accepted by the next neuron at a specialized site called a receptor

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Examples of Neurotransmitters

Acetylcholine – fecilitates learning and memory

Norepinephrine or Noradrenaline – too little may lead to depression; too much causes hyperactivity

Dopamine – too much may lead to Schizophrenic Reaction; too little causes Parkinson’s Disease

Epinephrine or Adrenaline – also called the fight-or-flight hormone

Endorphins – natural pain-killers or “feel-good” drugs

THECENTRAL NERVOUSSYSTEM

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Consists of the brain and the spinal cord It causes sensory information to the brain

by the afferent and efferent nerves It plays a key role in various reflexes  It integrates the information that it

receives from, and coordinates the activity of, all parts of the bodies

Afferent – conveys impulse toward the CNS

Efferent – conveys impulse to effectors

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Spinal Cord

It is a bundle of nerve fibers, no thicker than the human thumb, that links the brain with the rest of the body

It is protected by the vertebral column Located at the dorsal side of the body and

links the brain to the rest of the body.

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Spinal Cord

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Brain

A mass of nerve tissue located in the head that controls the body’s function

It is protected by the skull It weigh 3lbs and contains 90% of the body

neurons It has two hemispheres: the left and right It has three major parts which consists of

the forebrain, midbrain, and the hindbrain

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 3 Major Parts of the Brain:

1. Forebrain Occupies the largest part and the entire

upper portion of the skull It is composed of two major

hemispheres:the left and right Important Parts are the:• Thalamus• Hypothalamus• Cerebrum

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMo Thalamus

 It may be thought of as a kind of switchboard of information

Regulates the state of sleep and wakefulness

A by-station from the sensory organs to the cerebral cortex sensory regions

Has a somatosensory mapping of the body and has known integrative functions

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Hypothalamus

It collects and integrates a huge variety of information from the body and to organize neural and endocrine responses that maintain homeostasis

It controls the autonomic functions, emotions, endocrine functions, homeostasis, motor functions, regulates food and water intake, regulates sleep-wake cycle, and sex drive and hormones

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Cerebrum

It is the main area of the forebrain It is the part of the brain that controls

thought, memory and the senses It is divided into two parts - the right

hemisphere, which controls the left side of the body; and the left hemisphere, which controls the right side of the body.

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 3 Major Parts of the Brain:

2. Midbrain Tracts between the cerebrum and the

spinal cord and functions as part of the overall impulse conduction system.

It also controls some auditory and visual responses

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 3 Major Parts of the Brain:

3. Hindbrain It is close to the spinal cord Includes the Medulla Oblongata, Pons, and

Cerebellum• Medulla Oblongata - has an important

role in heartbeat, breathing, and blood circulation

• Pons - lies in the brainstem just above the medullaoblongata

• Cerebellum - maintains posture, coordinates muscular activities; called organ of motor coordination

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM The brain also consists of 4 lobes namely the:

1. Frontal Lobe -  is located at the front of the brain and is associated with reasoning, motor skills, higher level cognition, and expressive language

2. Parietal Lobe - is located in the middle section of the brain and is associated with processing tactile sensory information such as pressure, touch, and pain

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM The brain also consists of 4 lobes namely the

3. Temporal Lobe - is located on the bottom section of the brain. This lobe is also the location of the primary auditory cortex, which is important for interpreting sounds and the language we hear

4. Occipital Lobe - is located at the back portion of the brain and is associated with interpreting visual stimuli and information

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

THEPERIPHERAL NERVOUSSYSTEM

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM It connects the CNS to sensory organs, other

organs of the body, muscles, blood vessels, and glands

This is divided into 2 major divisions namely the Somatic Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM1. Somatic Nervous System

Made up of sensory system and motor nerves that activate skeletal muscles responsible for movement

Has 43 pairs of major nerves: 12 pairs of Cranial Nerves and 31 pairs of Spinal Nerves

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

2. Autonimic Nervous System Functions in an involuntary, reflexive

manner Acts as a control system functioning largely

below the level of consciousness, and controls visceral functions

Has 2 subsystems namely the Sympathetic Nervous System and the Parasympathetic Nervous System

Visceral – of relating to, or located on or among the viscera

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM1. Sympathetic Nervous System

involved in the “fight or flight” response during emergency situation or in high emotion

It increases alertness, stimulates tissue, and prepares the body for quick responses to unusual situations.

causes activation & energy expenditure

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

2. Parasympathetic Nervous System involved in “rest or repose” system as it

quiets the body and returns it to a lower intensity of arousal

calms the body after the emergency situation is resolved

involved in relaxation conserves energy and controls sedentary

SUMMARYOF THENERVOUSSYSTEM

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM is made up of glands that produce and

secrete hormones hormones regulate the body’s growth,

metabolism, and sexual development and function

Hormones are directly released on the bloodstream because they have no ducts or structured passageways to the organs that they serve

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Classification of Hormones

1. Steroids – lipids derived from cholesterol and it is secreted by the gonads, adrenal cortex, and placenta

2. Peptides – short chains of amino acids and it is secreted by the pituitary, parathyroid, heart, stomach, liver, and kidneys

3. Amines – derived from amino acid tyrosine and it is secreted by the adrenal medulla

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Pituitary Gland is the master gland and

influences growth, metabolism and regeneration

It is divided into 2 parts: the anterior and posterior

Growth Hormones (GH) is a peptide anterior pituitary hormone essential for growth. Too little GH may cause dwarfism and too much may cause gigantism.

Gonadotropins affect the gonads by stimulating gamete formation and production of sex hormones

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Prolactin is secreted near the end of

pregnancy and prepares the breasts for milk production 

Antidiuretic Hormones (ADH) and oxytocin are produced in the hypothalamus and transported by axons to the posterior pituitary where they are dumped into the blood

ADH controls water balance in the body and blood pressure

Oxytocin is a small peptide hormone that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Adrenal Glands enables us to cope with

stress It is divided into an inner medulla and an

outer cortex The medulla synthesizes amine hormones

while the cortex secretes steroid hormones The adrenal medulla consists of modified

neurons that secrete two hormones: epinephrine and norepinephrine

The adrenal cortex produces several steroid hormones in three classes: mineralcorticoids, glucorticoids, and sex hormones

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Thyroid Gland located in the neck and the

follicles in the thyroid secrete thyroglobulin, a storage form of thyroid hormone

Low production of thyroid hormones is called hypothyroidism

High production of thyroid hormones is called hyperthyroidism

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Pancreas contains exocrine cells that

secrete digestive enzymes into the small intestine and clusters of endocrine cells (pancreatic islets)and it secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood glucose levels

Too high glucose level may result to hyperglycemia

Too low glucose level may result to hypoglycemia