Automoible - Physics in LifeDate: 2017.03.08

Name: Simon Hsu (ID: 260610820)William Liu (ID: 260575261 )

Natasha Tang (ID: 260733927)Shell Wu (ID: 260565937 )

Sophie Xuefei Qiu (ID: 260632643)

About usSimon Hsu - 3rd Year Student studying in Computer Science

William Liu - 4th Year Student studying in Materials Engineering

Shell Wu - 3rd Year Student studying in International Management

Natasha Tang - 1st Year in Arts (Undeclared)

Xuefei Qiu - 3rd Year Student studying in Finance

The Big Question

How is physics applied in the Automotive Industry?

Agenda1. What Are Automobiles

- Functions & Utilities

2. Types of Automobiles

3. Energy, Environmental Impact and

Economy Related to Automobile

4. Technology Innovation in the Automobile Industry

Source: <http://blog.world-mysteries.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/100yearsofautomobiledesign.jpg>

The evolution of car design.

How does an automobile run?

Source: <http://www.clipartkid.com/images/391/moving-car-clipart-car-moving-at-speed-7knL4t-clipart.jpg>

What is inside an automobile?

Source: <http://www.driving-test-success.com/car-works/main-engine-parts.jpg>Source: <http://media.web.britannica.com/eb-media/84/91384-004-55D39684.jpg>

Forces and Physics in Automobiles● Gravity pulls down on the car

● The reaction force from the road pushes up on the wheels

● The driving force from the engine pushes the car forward

(thrust)

● There is friction between the road and the tires

● Air resistance acts against the front of the car (drag)

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa/forces/forcesbrakingrev1.shtml

Physics of Airbags● Airbags provide a cushion between the passenger and objects during collisions● Two crashes that take place during collision; (1) Between passenger and interior of car (2) Between

car and object● Airbags deploy as a result of nitrogen gas produced from chemical reaction

- Nitrogen gas fills a special nylon-fabric pillow

● As described by Newton’s first law, objects in motion tend to stay in motion, unless an external force is applied.

● Airbags help by countering the kinetic energy or force

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A2fAgW_1nD0

Physics of Car Tires● Friction between the tires of the automobile and the road determine maximum acceleration and minimum stopping

distance

● Coefficients of friction of about 0.7 for dry roads and 0.4 for wet roads.

● Many years of research led to tread designs for most automobile tires, offering good traction in a wide variety of conditions

● Initial kinetic energy: ½ mv2

● Work required to stop the car: Favgd=-½ mv2

Physics of Car Brakes● Pressure applied to brake lever in car, piston on wheel moves toward disk, clamps it between two brake pads.

● Increasing pressure on the break increases normal force on the disk

which increases friction to slow the car.

● Wheel cylinder of hydraulic drum brakes act as double hydraulic press

● The pressure in input line from brake pedal is exerted in

both directions on movable wheel cylinder pistons

● Force on the fluid multiplies by ratio of area of cylinder to

area of supply line.

● Pascal’s principle states that the pressure is transmitted

equally to all parts of the enclosed fluid system http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/pasc2.html#brake

Thrust● In order for vehicle to move forward, it must provide some Thrust

● Necessary to first cause acceleration according to Newton’s law of motion.

● Additional thrust required to overcome Drag forces.

● Horsepower a measure how much force the engine can apply in given amount of time

● Power P=FV F=Ma, so P=MaV

● To find horsepower, formula divided by 746 because there are 746 watts in one Horsepower

Drag Force● Drag exists from two different sources: Aerodynamic and Mechanical

● Aerodynamic Drag: having to push air out of the way of where vehicle needs to go

● Mechanical Drag: due to all the moving mechanisms in the vehicle that have frictional losses

● Total tire resistance drag nearly proportional to the weight of the vehicle, and slightly affected by vehicle speed

● Also affected by air pressure in tires and temperature of tires

● Aerodynamic drag directly proportional to the frontal area of the vehicle, and close to being exactly proportional to the square of the speed difference between the air and the vehicle. (strongly affected by shape of vehicle)

Drag Force● Drag force = ½ ρ μ

2CDA

ρ =mass density of fluid

μ = flow velocity relative to the object

A is reference area

CD=drag coefficient

● Area facing the drag force (cross sectional area) only real tool designers have to change

● Reduced by lowering rooflines, and angling body surfaces away from oncoming drag

Brief History about Automobile

- Early Development of Automobile Technology

- Invention of Automobiles.

Source: <https://www.toyota.co.jp/Museum/english/exhibitions/data/reviewing125/images/g13_01_03.jpg>

Early development of Automobile Technology

Source<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Europe_countries_map_en_2.png><http://wallpaper-gallery.net/single/america/america-23.html>

Early Inventions of Automobiles1. Cugnot Steam Trolley - 1769 Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot2. Hippomobile - 1859 Jean-Joseph-Étienne Lenoir3. Four-stroke Engine - 1880s Nicolaus A. Otto

The original 1769 model of Cugnot Steam Trolley Source: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nicholas-Cugnots-Dampfwagen.png>

HippomobileSource <https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/68/47/91/6847915971f950401de2b03ca63e2a1b.jpg>

Inventions of Automobile in Canada1. The Henry Seth Taylor Steam Buggy

- Quebec, 1867- First known car in Canada- Consists of a coal-fired boiler

The Buggy on display at the 2015 Canadian International Auto Show.Source <https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Homemade-Snowmobile-1910-Pf008245.jpg/440px-Homemade-Snowmobile-1910-Pf008245.jpg>

Inventions of Automobiles in Canada2. The Snowmobile

- By Harold J. Kalenze 1911- Early versions used only

2-stroke engines

Snowmobile running on the Mississippi River near Hastings, Minnesota, 1910Source <https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Homemade-Snowmobile-1910-Pf008245.jpg/440px-Homemade-Snowmobile-1910-Pf008245.jpg>

Classification of Automobiles1. Purpose

Passenger vehicles: BusSource <https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Arriva_T6_nearside.JPG/220px-Arriva_T6_nearside.JPG>

Special Purpose: Ambulance, fire truck Source <https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Zdravotnick%C3%A1_z%C3%A1chrann%C3%A1_slu%C5%BEba_Jiho%C4%8Desk%C3%A9ho_kraj_Volkswagen_Crafter_Strobel.jpg/300px-Zdravotnick%C3%A1_z%C3%A1chrann%C3%A1_slu%C5%BEba_Jiho%C4%8Desk%C3%A9ho_kraj_Volkswagen_Crafter_Strobel.jpg><https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/X-Ladder_1_105'_Pierce_Arrow.JPG>

Classification of Automobiles2. Load Capacity

- Light Duty: motorcycles, jeep- Heavy Duty: Bus, trucks

TruckSource <http://cafcp.org/sites/default/files/truck_us-white_0.jpg>

MotorcycleSource <http://polaris.hs.llnwd.net/o40/vic/2017/img/motorcycles/my17-motorcycles-page/cruisers-en-us.png>

Classification of Automobiles3. Fuel used

- Petrol - Diesel - Gas - Electric - Steam Engine

Scooters that use petrol engines. Source <http://www.destinwheels.com/images/bintelli_motor_scooter_sprint_2013_model.jpg>

Steam wagon. Source <http://l7.alamy.com/zooms/e3dff712348d46b2a97b464c10b49852/foden-steam-wagon-at-masham-steam-engine-and-fair-organ-rally-north-b2r9bk.jpg>

Classification of Automobiles4. Drive

- Left hand drive VS Right hand drive - Fluid drive

5. Wheels and axles

- 2-6 wheels

Source <http://s3.caradvice.com.au/thumb/770/382/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/2015-peugeot-rhd-lhd-hero.jpg>

Development of Automotive Technology● Started since 1700s and still innovating● Keeps up with the needs of humans and the environment ● Could be for the convenience of people and common use● Could be a kind of luxury ● Significant contribution to

development of societies

Source <http://funender.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/The-growing-sector-of-automobiles-in-India.jpg>

Role of Energy in Automobile(A Closer Look of What makes an automobile move)

What makes a car go?

- Engine- Force of the tires on the road

Where did the kinetic energy and momentum come from?

- The kinetic energy comes from inside of a car, and

- The momentum comes from outside of a car.

Source:http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1108266_real-world-new-car-fuel-economy-in-3-year-plateau

Automobile Industry andEnergy Consumption

Source: UNESCO Module 1: Cars and Energy." UNESCO. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Mar. 2017. <http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/file_download.php/a01355752c9e869a63cc5651084cfa30Cars and energy.pdf>

Material Energy Consumption, data adopted from (Incorporated 2009) Source:http://scholar.uwindsor.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6306&context=etd

Automobile Industry andEnergy Consumption, Cont’d

Source: UNESCO Module 1: Cars and Energy." UNESCO. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Mar. 2017. <http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/file_download.php/a01355752c9e869a63cc5651084cfa30Cars and energy.pdf>

Source:Total car life cycle, adopted from (Fysikopoulos, et al., 2012) http://scholar.uwindsor.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6306&context=etd

Environmental Impacts of Automotive Industry

Source: GHG emissions emitted by vehicles in the U.S., by fuel type 2016 https://www.statista.com/statistics/553906/greenhouse-gases-emitted-by-pasenger-vehicles-in-us-by-fuel-type/

GHG Emissions From Passenger Vehicles - Additional Information

Source: U.S. transportation sector: CO2 emissions by fuel 2011 and 2040, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/184193/us-transportation-sector-co2-emissions/

In 2015, cars, motorcycles, trucks, and buses drove more than 3 trillion miles in the United States—farther than driving to the Sun and back 16,000 times. Source: Global carbon dioxide limits on cars: target 2015, from

https://www.statista.com/statistics/223064/global-carbon-dioxide-limits-on-cars/

Simulation Softwares● Accurately replicate reality

○ Strictly obey the relevant laws of physics (motion, forces, etc.)

● Virtual Wind Tunnel (VWT)● Pressure map & flow simulator● Optimal solution?

○ Government & consumer perspective (buy-side): safety, less pollution,etc.

○ Car manufacturers (sell-side): efficient process, low cost, differentiation, etc

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV)

How Hybrids Work

Watch the animation and click the link below to play around with.

https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/hybridAnimation/hybrid/hybridoverview.html

Automatic High-Beam Control

http://www.mazda.com/en/innovation/technology/safety/active_safety/hbc/

Thank you for listening! Date: 2017.03.08

Name: Simon Hsu (ID: 260610820)William Liu (ID: 260575261 )

Natasha Tang (ID: 260733927)Shell Wu (ID: 260565937 )

Sophie Xuefei Qiu (ID: 260632643)

Source: <http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-B9fRq1j55UA/VkKdlLAL3sI/AAAAAAAAC7w/kA0osHyBi_I/s640/pixar-movie-sequels-we-want-cars.png>

Slide 4 - Agenda: The reason we picked this topic is that automobiles are one of the greatest inventions in human

history, and we would like to explore the physics behinds it. Considered the fact it is one of the

most commonly used things in our daily life, we often see cars on the street, but we may not

know how exactly does it work. Thus, the information is worth researching for and share with

the whole class.

Building on our interest, this report and power point presentation will include the following

parts: First, a brief definition of automobiles, and discussion around the main functions or

utilities inside an automobile. Second, history and classification of automobiles. Third, the role

of energy in the automobile sector, and the impacts of automobiles on the environment and

economy. Last, technology innovation in the automobile industry.

Definition of an automobile:

A self-powered motor vehicle used for transportation.

Slide 5 – Functions and Utilities of an Automobile:

There are many different parts to talk about of a car.

The main ones which we will cover based on the image are as followed:

Battery: It is used to start the car, turn on the lights, and ignites your car’s engine. It keeps the

car alive and function basically, using up less than 3 % of its capacity before recharging itself.

Axle: The central bar for a turning wheel. One axle joins your car’s front pair of wheels, and

another joins the back pair. Keep in mind, it is very difficult to break an axle, but driving over

rough terrain can put enough weight on the axle to stop turning. Most axles break due to rust

which leads to malfunctioning and breakage.

Pistons: controls how much energy a car has, and mix fuel and air before they are ignited inside

the engine chamber.

Brakes: There are two standard types of car brakes: service brakes which stop the car when you

step on the brake pedal, and an emergency brake which works independently.

Engine: It is a machine with moving parts that converts power into motion. (included parts:

Muffler: Designed to keep cars quiet by muffling the sounds coming out of the exhaust pipe and

exhausting fumes out/away from the engine.

Catalytic Converter: Helps reduce your automobile’s gas emissions.

Alternator: Allows your automobile’s battery to charge while the engine is running.

Radiator Keeps your automobile’s engine from overheating with help from engine fan.

A/C Compressor: Air cooling and heating system which controls the temperature inside your

automobile.

Clutch: Allows power to be transmitted to the wheels.

Engine Fan: Works with the radiator to keep the engine cool by keeping the airflow over the

radiator.

Air Filter: There are two kinds of air filters: One for your car’s engine and one for the air

passengers breathe in the car cabin.

Spark Plug: Gets your car started by igniting fuel in the engine’s ignition chamber using an

electric spark hence the name of it.

Forces and Physics Inside Automobiles

Movement forward

Thrust: necessary to cause acceleration (Newton’s law of motion)

Required to overcome drag forces

Drag: Aerodynamic drag: due to having to push out air out of the way where the vehicle needs

to go, and due to the turbulence caused behind it as air has to refill the space.

Mechanical drag: moving mechanisms in the vehicle that have frictional losses, such as

wheel bearings, but mainly due to the action of tires on road surface.

Aerodynamic Drag: directly proportional to the frontal area of the vehicle and approximately the

exact proportional to the square of the speed difference between the air and the vehicle. Strongly

affected by the shape of the vehicle, so there is a Drag coefficient factor. AD is also proportional

to the density of the air.

Tire resistance drag is nearly proportional to the weight of the vehicle and slightly affected by

vehicle speed. Affected by air pressure in tires and the temperature of the tires.

The drag force is a problem because it increases by the square of the velocity, so faster a car is

traveling, the higher the forces that oppose the movement.

Drag force= ½ ρ μ2CDA

ρ =mass density of the fluid

μ = flow velocity about the object

A is reference area

CD=drag coefficient

The density of air, the coefficient of friction are set and do not change much. Leaves cross-

sectional area for designers to tweak with

Horsepower: measures how much force the engine can apply to car in a given amount of time

Measurement of power. P=FV, F=MA, so P=MAV to find horsepower, formula

divided by 746 because there are 746 watts in one horsepower.

An engine removed from a heavy car and placed in a light car might produce more horsepower,

in fact, because A=F/M the acceleration will increase at the same rate as the mass is reduced,

resulting in a constant horsepower.

The best configuration is mid engine where the engine is as close to the center of the car as

possible because engine tends to be the center of mass for the automobile and forces act on the

center of mass.

Physics of Airbags

Airbags provide a cushion between the passenger and hard objects during collisions. There are

two crashes which take place during a collision: a) between the car and object, b) between the

passenger and interior of the car. Cars are equipped with modules that collect data and determine

when to deploy the airbag. Airbags deploy as a result of nitrogen gas produced from a chemical

reaction; the gas fills a specially crafted nylon-fabric pillow.

According to Newton's first law, objects in motion tend to stay in motion unless an external force

is applied. Thus, airbags are there to counter the kinetic energy or force. The passenger will

continue to move at a constant speed during a collision unless restrained by a seat belt or airbag

Physics of Tires

The friction between the tires of your automobile and the road determine your maximum

acceleration, and more importantly the minimum stopping distance. Many years of research have

led to tread designs for automobile tires which offer good traction in a wide variety of

conditions. The tread designs channel water away from the bearing surfaces on wet roads to

combat the tendency to hydroplane, which is a condition as a car skiing on road surface since

there is a layer of water lubricant under all the parts of the tires.

Initial kinetic energy: ½ mv2

Work required to stop the car: Favgd=-½ mv2

Modern synthetic rubber tires, inflated to the specified pressures, the total Tire resistance drag is

around 1.2% to 1.4% of total vehicle weight at 30 mph and around 1.6% to 2.0% of total vehicle

weight at 70 mph. Standard 3000 pound car has around 48-60 pounds of Tire resistance drag at

70 mph.

Most of the tire drag comes from the tire sidewalls bending and flexing each time they cross

under the axle. At 70 mph, every part of the thread of every tire has to flex around 15 times every

second, causing the tires to heat up to very high operating temperatures. When a tire is under-

inflated, it flexes more every time, causing more heating, usually the cause of low-pressure tire

blowing out at speed, due to high temperatures.

Sources:

https://www.thehenryford.org/docs/default-source/default-document-library/default-document-

library/physics-auto-racing-digikit.pdf?sfvrsn=0

http://ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/211.web.stuff/sill/

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/ignition.html#c1

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa/forces/forcesbrakingrev2.shtml

http://www.odometer.com/o/19-basic-car-parts-you-should-know

Slide 6 - How does an automobile run: When a driver turns a key in the ignition, the battery powers up sending power to the starter

motor. The power turns the crankshaft, which gets the pistons moving with the pistons moving

the engine fires up and ticks over the engine fan which then draws air into the engine via an air

filter, the air filter removes dirt and grit from the air.

The cleaned air is drawn into a chamber where fuel is added.

This fuel-air mix (a vaporized gas) is stored in the chamber

When the driver steps on the pedal, the valve opens up, and the gas-air mix passes through

valves, into the cylinders. The camshaft controls the opening and closing of the valves.

The distributor makes the spark plugs spark, which ignites the fuel-air mix. The resulting

explosion forces a piston to move down which in turn causes the crankshaft to rotate.

Source: http://www.driving-test-success.com/how-cars-work.htm

Slide 7 – Brief History of Automobile:

In this section, we will discuss the development of the automobile technology and the invention

of automobiles briefly.

Source:

https://www.toyota.co.jp/Museum/english/exhibitions/data/reviewing125/images/g13_01_03.jpg

Slide 8 - Early Development of Automobile Technology:

Automobiles are still evolving to accommodate the increasing demand of needs by a human, yet,

it has had quite a history since the 1700s.

Though it is difficult to trace back to find out who to credit as “the World’s First” inventor of

automobiles, it is found that the early development of automotive technology started from the

1700s in Europe. (Fun fact: Automobile is a French word)

The technology then spread to America, where the mass production began. While Europeans

excelled at inventing and designing automobiles, they were a quite luxury. It was until the 1900s;

Ransom E. Olds successfully mass produced that Oldsmobile, such that automobile became a

reliable convenience for common use.

Source: http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/automotive-industry/

Slide 9 – Early Inventions of Automobiles:

As mentioned before, the development of automotive technology started in Europe. In 1769, a

French army captain, Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot built a steam-artillery tractor, which was the first

self-propelled land vehicle. It was reported that the vehicle could carry 4 tons of load. However,

it was a very unstable vehicle due to its poor weight distribution.

Another important early invention was the “Hippomobile” by Jean-Joseph-Étienne Lenoir, a

Belgian engineer, who first used a gas engine in a vehicle to drive on a highway in 1859. It was

especially significant because of the internal combustion engine used in the automobile, which

was also further developed by Lenoir.

Meanwhile, the development of the “internal combustion engine” was dominating the industry,

Nicolaus A. Otto, a German engineer, produced what is regarded to be the most important of

these: his four-stroke engine became the foundation of the industry. Further to Jean-Joseph-

Étienne Lenoir’s development of his internal combustion engines, Otto developed and

modernized the design to his Otto engine.

Source: http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/automotive-industry/

Slide 10 & 11– Inventions of Automobiles in Canada:

The Henry Seth Taylor steam buggy is the first known car built in Canada. It was built by Henry

Seth Taylor, a watchmaker, and jeweler in Stanstead, Quebec in 1867. The design was inspired

by the U.S.-built steam car Taylor had seen in 1864. The carriage was designed to have a coal-

fired boiler, such that steam that produced could be used to move the piston, producing a forward

motion.

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Homemade-Snowmobile-1910-

Pf008245.jpg/440px-Homemade-Snowmobile-1910-Pf008245.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Seth_Taylor_steam_buggy

Slide 12 - Classification of Automobiles:

There are so many ways of classifying automobiles, one of them being nevertheless -- purpose.

There are “passenger vehicles,” i.e., Bus, taxis, Jeep, etc

There are also goods vehicles, i.e., goods carrier, and vehicles for special purpose like

ambulance, fire trucks, etc.

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Arriva_T6_nearside.JPG/220px-

Arriva_T6_nearside.JPG

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Zdravotnick%C3%A1_z%C3%A1

chrann%C3%A1_slu%C5%BEba_Jiho%C4%8Desk%C3%A9ho_kraj_Volkswagen_Crafter_Str

obel.jpg/300px-

Zdravotnick%C3%A1_z%C3%A1chrann%C3%A1_slu%C5%BEba_Jiho%C4%8Desk%C3%A

9ho_kraj_Volkswagen_Crafter_Strobel.jpg

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/X-Ladder_1_105'_Pierce_Arrow.JPG

Slide 13 - Classification of Automobiles, Cont’d:

The automobile could also be classified regarding its load capacity, for instance, light duty VS

heavy duty vehicles. Light-duty vehicles include motorcycle, jeep, etc. Heavy duty vehicles

include bus and trucks etc.

Source: https://me-mechanicalengineering.com/classification-of-automobiles/

Slide 14 - Classification of Automobiles, Cont’d:

Besides purpose and load capacity, it is also important to learn to classify the types of fuel used.

There are petrol engine vehicles, i.e., Motorcycles, scooters; diesel engine vehicles, i.e., Trucks,

buses; gas vehicles, i.e., Turbine powered vehicles; electric vehicles, i.e., Electric cars; steam

engine vehicles, i.e., Steamboat, steam wagon.

Source: https://me-mechanicalengineering.com/classification-of-automobiles/

Slide 15 - Classification of Automobiles, Cont’d:

Regarding drive, we could also classify automobiles in left or right-hand drive and fluid drive

(Vehicles employing torque converter, fluid flywheel or dramatic transmission.)

Regarding wheels, the classification could range from 2-wheelers (i.e., scooter) to 4-wheelers

(i.e., car, jeep, bus, etc.), to 6-wheelers.

Source: https://me-mechanicalengineering.com/classification-of-automobiles/

Slide 16 – Development of Automotive Industry:

All in all, the development of automotive technology has started since the 1700s and continuing,

to keep up with people’s and the environment’s needs. It is important that we see from history

that the types of automobile keep innovating and improving, regarding engines, stability, cost,

etc. It could be of common use or a kind of luxury. Either, the technology of this machinery has

been a significant part of humans in aiding in a lot of activities every day.

Slide 24 – Role of Energy in Automobile:

To understand the impacts of automobile and physics on the environment and economy, we will

discuss the following questions: 1) What makes vehicles move? 2) What’s the demand of energy

sources used by cars and 3) What are the impacts of the energy sources consumed in the

environment and economy?

Let us suppose that one is in a battery-powered car stopped on an ordinary level road. Then the

person starts driving. The question is, physically speaking, what makes the car go? Two common

answers are a) engine, and b) the force of the tires on the road. Both answers are correct;

however, if we look more closely, we could find that there are two different questions we should

think about: First, where does the kinetic energy come from? The answer is the car supplies its

energy, converting electrical stored energy to kinetic energy via the engine. Secondly, we will

ask where does the momentum come from? The momentum comes from the outside the car,

transferred from the road to the car via the tires.

Therefore, the energy comes from inside of a car, and the momentum comes from outside of a

car. Further, setting a battery-powered car which has energy stored in its battery in motion

involves converting some of its stored electrical energy into kinetic energy. This process is

entirely internal to the car. And no significant energy is transferred across the car/road boundary.

In contrast, momentum is not storable in a battery or other forms. Any onboard momentum

would necessarily show up as the motion of the system’s center of mass, and this would be

impossible to hide. Thus, any change in the momentum of a system simply must be due to

transfer across the boundary of the system. In this case, the frictional interaction between the

tires and the road imparts forward momentum to the “car-plus-tires” system, and of course a

corresponding backward momentum to the “road-plus-earth” system.

Source:

"What Makes the Car Go? Energy and Momentum." What Makes the Car Go? Energy and

Momentum. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Mar. 2017 <https://www.av8n.com/physics/car-go.htm>.

Slide 25 – Automobile Industry and Energy Consumption:

Now, let’s take a look at the energy consumption in the automobile industry. Starting from the

following question: Approximately how much energy (measured in the equivalent of gallons of

gas) does it take to manufacture a new car? According to the Argonne National Laboratory, It

takes roughly the equivalent of 260 gallons of gasoline to make the typical car of around 3,000

pounds. Moreover, a hybrid car takes about 25% more energy than a regular car, or around the

equivalent of 325 gallons because it requires more energy to make the batteries.

There is no doubt that energy is needed to make the materials from which the car is built, and

energy is used in building automobiles. About 80% of a car is metal - mostly steel (about 50% in

the composition of an automobile) with smaller amounts of cast iron, aluminum, and copper.

Much of the rest is made from plastics. The production and processing of aluminum and steel

accounted for the highest amount of energy use compared to the other materials in the

transmission system. Almost 49% of the energy consumption of the production of the

transmission system was for the production and processing of virgin steel parts. Production and

processing of virgin aluminum parts consumed a further 38%, followed by iron parts at 4%.

Source: "The National Academies presents: What You Need to Know About Energy." How We Use

Energy, Transportation —. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Mar. 2017

<http://needtoknow.nas.edu/energy/energy-use/transportation/>.

Gutowski T., et al. 2001. Materials & Products, WTEC Panel Report on Environmentally Benign

Manufacturing, International Technology Research Institute, World Technology (WTEC)

Division

"Ask Mr. Green: How Much Energy to Make a New Car?" Sierra Club. N.p., 28 Oct. 2013.

Web. 07 Mar. 2017. <http://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/green-life/2013/10/ask-mr-green-how-

much-energy-make-new-car>.

Slide 26 - Automobile Industry and Energy Consumption, Cont’d:

Learning from the previous slide, the kinetic energy is not created from scratch, but it is

converted from other forms:

Electrical energy (batteries)

Chemical energy (gasoline plus oxidizer)

Et cetera.

In general, the energy needed by a car’s engine comes from burning its fuel (petrol, diesel or

LPG). Car engines are not very efficient. Only about 20% of the energy from the fuel is used to

keep the vehicle moving. The rest escapes as waste heat or is utilized for the car's lights, heater,

etc. When a car is moving at a steady speed, the engine provides the force needed to overcome

the drag of air resistance. Air resistance is greater when the car is moving fast, so the driver must

press on the accelerator to provide a bigger force. That uses more fuel. When the driver brakes,

the car loses kinetic energy. The brakes get hot. Energy came from the fuel, and now it is wasted.

Source:

"What Makes the Car Go? Energy and Momentum." What Makes the Car Go? Energy and

Momentum. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Mar. 2017 <https://www.av8n.com/physics/car-go.htm>.

"The National Academies presents: What You Need to Know About Energy." How We Use

Energy, Transportation —. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Mar. 2017

<http://needtoknow.nas.edu/energy/energy-use/transportation/>.

"UNESCO Module 1: Cars and Energy." UNESCO. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Mar. 2017.

<http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/file_download.php/a01355752c9e869a63cc5651084cfa30

Cars and energy.pdf>.

Slide 27 - Automobile Industry and Energy Consumption, Cont’d:

The overall energy needed to make a car is divided among four types of activities: raw material

processing, car manufacturing, car use and recycling (figure on the left). The amount of energy

used in different stages of car production (press, body, paint and assembly) is almost 700 kWh/

vehicle, and the energy cost is almost 9-12% of the total cost. Thus, reducing the energy cost by

20% results in almost 2-2.4% saving of the whole manufacturing costs (Paralikas et al. 2011;

Fysikopoulos, et al., 2012).

Different types of energy sources are used for transportation in the United States Take the United States as an example. The graph on the right represents different types of energy

sources (or fuels) are used for transportation in the U.S.

From the graph, we find that petroleum products that are made from crude oil and liquids from

natural gas processing including gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, residual fuel op; and propane act

as vital energy sources consumed in the States. Among the petroleum products just mentioned,

gasoline represents the most important source of energy followed by diesel, which takes 21% of

total transportation energy sources.

Energy sources are used in several major ways.

Recall the role of energy in an automobile, which is providing inner power for automobiles to

transfer into momentum; we also want to different ways energy sources are used.

Gasoline is used in cars, motorcycles, light trucks, and boats. Aviation gasoline is used in

many types of airplanes.

Diesel fuel (or distillate fuel) is used mainly by trucks, buses, and trains, and on boats and

ships.

Kerosene is used in jet airplanes and some types of helicopters.

Residual fuel oil is used in ships.

Biofuels are added to gasoline and diesel fuel.

Natural gas is used as compressed natural gas and liquefied natural gas in cars, buses, and

trucks. Most of the vehicles that use natural gas are in government and private vehicle

fleets.

Natural gas is also used to operate compressors to move natural gas in pipelines.

Propane (a hydrocarbon gas-liquid) is used in cars, buses, and trucks. Most of the

vehicles that use propane are in government and private vehicle fleets.

Electricity is used by public mass transit systems and by electric vehicles.

In short, petroleum is the main source of energy for transportation, while gasoline is the

most commonly used U.S transportation fuel. According to the U.S Energy Information

Administration, in 2015, petroleum products provided about 92% of the total energy the U.S.

transportation sector used. Biofuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel, contributed about 5% of the

total energy the transportation sector used, and natural gas contributed about 3%. Electricity

provided less than 1% of the total energy used. Furthermore, Gasoline is the dominant

transportation fuel in the United States. Gasoline (excluding fuel ethanol) accounted for 56% of

total U.S. transportation energy use in 2015. When the ethanol that is blended with petroleum

gasoline to make finished motor gasoline is included in the percentage share, gasoline's share

goes up to about 60% of total transportation energy use in 2015. Gasoline (including fuel

ethanol) consumption for transportation averaged about 9 million barrels (379 million gallons)

per day. (About 6 million gallons per day of gasoline were consumed for uses other than for

transportation.). Additionally, Biofuels are added to petroleum fuels. Ethanol and biodiesel

were some of the first fuels used in automobiles, but they were replaced by gasoline and diesel

fuel. Today, most of the biofuels used in vehicles are added to gasoline and diesel fuel.

Government incentives and mandates contributed to large increases in the use of biofuels in the

United States over the past several decades. The amount of fuel ethanol added to motor gasoline

consumed for transportation went from about 1 billion gallons in 1995 to about 14 billion gallons

in 2015. Biodiesel consumption increased from 10 million gallons in 2001 to about 1.5 billion

gallons in 2015.

Source:

Ghazanfari, Bita. "Modeling Energy Consumption in Automotive Manufacturing." The

university of Windsor. University of Windsor, 7 Nov. 2015. Web. 7 Mar. 2017.

<http://scholar.uwindsor.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6306&context=etd>.

"Energy Use for Transportation." Energy Use for Transportation - Energy Explained, Your

Guide To Understanding Energy - Energy Information Administration. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Mar.

2017. <https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/?page=us_energy_transportation>.

Slide 28 – Environmental Threats for the Automobile Industry: According to Breno and Bennett, the major environmental concerns in the 21st century are

atmospheric pollution (and its consequences for human health, global warming, and ozone layer

depletion), scarcity of freshwater, raw material, and land availability. For the automotive sector,

atmospheric pollution can result from plant emissions, but mainly on car use because of engine

emissions. And a significant threat to the sector may be energy intensity and oil dependency.

The automotive industry will compete among other priorities of World Society for the use of

energy when the World population isprobably 8 billion people in 2025. Without any radical

change in the energy matrix of the automotive sector, oil demand is very likely to exceed supply.

Although, technologies related to the use of biofuels, hydrogen, and fuel-cells are already being

developed; external constraints such as distribution and storage of energy may require radical

changes for car automakers in the design of their product and processes.

Moreover, automobile use is by far receiving most attention due to its large consumption of

fossil fuels, and therefore emission of greenhouse gasses. The statistic above displays the

volume of greenhouse gasses emitted by passenger vehicles in the United States as of 2016,

broken down by fuel type. During this time, plug-in hybrid electric cars released, on average,

209 grams of carbon dioxide equivalents per mile.

Source:

Nunes, Breno, and David Bennett. "Environmental threats and their impacts on the automotive

industry." Research Gate. 17th International Conference of the International Association for

Management of Technology, Apr. 2008. Web. 8 Mar. 2017

<https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40498531_Environmental_threats_and_their_impacts

_on_the_automotive_industry>.

CleanTechnica. "Volume of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Released by Passenger Vehicles in The

United States in 2016, by Fuel Type (in Grams of Carbon Dioxide Equivalents per Mile)."

Statista - The Statistics Portal, Statista, www.statista.com/statistics/553906/greenhouse-gases-

emitted-by-pasenger-vehicles-in-us-by-fuel-type/, Accessed 8 Mar 2017

The benefits of automobiles are obvious: they provide a more convenience transportation system,

increase the accessibility of products, and improve people’s living standards and the global

economy. However, as the automobile industry develops, environmental burdens also grow local

air pollution, greenhouse gas (GHS) emissions, road congestion, noise, mortality, and morbidity

from accidents, and loss of open space to roads, car parks and urban sprawl (Vergragt, 2006).

Slide 29 – GHG Emissions From Passenger Vehicles – Additional Information:

There are several factors contribute to the volume of emissions that a vehicle emits, including the

vehicle’s type, size, and age, weather conditions, vehicle maintenance, and how the vehicle is

driven. The type of fuel used is also a strong determinant of emissions released. In the United

States, an average conventional (gasoline-fueled) car emits about 381 grams of carbon dioxide

equivalents per mile, in comparison to an electric car that runs on battery power, which emits

about 154 grams of carbon dioxide equivalents per mile. However, some critics may argue that

some emissions released during the manufacture of an electric car and its battery surpass that of a

conventional car. Nevertheless, a standard car’s emissions throughout its lifecycle largely

outweigh those of an electric vehicle.

Furthermore, Petroleum-fueled vehicles are expected to account for 1.6 billion metric tons of

carbon dioxide equivalents in the United States in 2040, while electricity-fueled vehicles are

supposed to account for 9 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalents in the overall transportation

sector (as the graph shows above).

Source:

EIA. "U.S. Transportation Sector Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Selected Fuels in 2011 and

2040 (in Million Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent)*." Statista - The Statistics Portal,

Statista, www.statista.com/statistics/184193/us-transportation-sector-co2-emissions/, Accessed 8

Mar 2017

Slide 30:

In efforts to lower emissions from passenger vehicles, carbon dioxide limits have been

implemented on cars across the world. By 2015, the carbon dioxide threshold was expected to be

157 grams per kilometer in the United States and 130 grams per kilometer in the European

Union. Due to the decrease in demand for coal as well as increased consumption of the wind and

solar energy, the advantages of electric cars continue to improve. Moreover, alternative

geological sources to conventional petroleum deposits, such as oil from low-permeability

geological formations (tight oil), are adding appreciably to the U.S’s supply of transportation

fuels. Nevertheless, liquids from those sources cannot help solve the environmental issues

associated with burning fossil fuels. Scientists also pay efforts to find alternatives to oil. Biofuels, for instance, are used chiefly in the

form of ethanol added to gasoline, are and option. Further, in the long term, alternative types

of vehicles - hybrids, all-electric vehicles, add vehicles powered by hydrogen or natural gas

could contribute to reducing our dependence on oil consumption.

However, it is challengeable to find a cost-effective solution for an optimal mix of vehicle

types. Vehicles designed for different fuels employ different engines, associated technologies,

and maintenance procedures. Each requires its distinctive fuel delivery system. For example,

hydrogen filling station would require widespread deployment before the hydrogen-powered car

became a practical alternative for most drivers. Potential mainstream adopters of plug-in vehicles

require additional encouragement, incentives, and information to overcome perceived barriers to

ownership and use.

To sum up, in the short run, the best strategy for reducing demand for petroleum could be

encouraging the trend toward improved efficiency of conventional vehicles, imposing policies

and regulations as well as adjusting standards targeting the automotive industry. In the long run,

heavy investment should be made into improving current technology of automobile designs

and innovation.

Source:

Deutsche Bank Research. "Carbon Dioxide Limits on Cars in Selected Countries and Regions

Worldwide in 2006 and 2015* (in Grams per Kilometer)." Statista - The Statistics Portal,

Statista, www.statista.com/statistics/223064/global-carbon-dioxide-limits-on-cars/, Accessed 8

Mar 2017

"The National Academies presents: What You Need to Know About Energy." How We Use

Energy, Transportation —. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Mar. 2017

<http://needtoknow.nas.edu/energy/energy-use/transportation/>.

Slide 31 – Simulation Softwares:

The automobile design is founded on fundamental laws of physics such as Maxwell’s equations

of electromagnetism and Navier-Stokes equations of fluid motion. Although those equations

have been approved and are widely applicable from more than a century ago, finding

mathematically exact solutions remains unfeasible even today.

Modern engineering simulation software running on today’s commonplace powerful computers

bring us the approximate but highly accurate solution for practical automobile design. It creates a

virtual environment that accurately replicates the complexities of a real environment - strictly

obey the relevant laws of physics where physical effects such as motion, forces, etc. For

instance, they use Virtual Wind Tunnel(VWT) to stimulate physical air flows, to study the

aerodynamics of cars. Key advantages of simulation technology compared to physical

prototyping and lab testing are time and cost efficiency. Think of choosing the optimal one from

hundreds of design options; simulation technology provides an in-depth evaluation of design

options. And also, it could provide a detailed pressure, and flow map identify where

improvements can be made, while physical prototyping needs millions of tiny sensors to obtain

similar data.

There are plenty of parameters that could be included in the simulation. Government and

consumer are demanding safer cars or vehicles with less pollution, while car manufacturers pay

more attention to time and cost efficiency, and also how to differentiate with other competitors.

Modern simulation technology is a useful mean for car manufacturers to customize and visualize

their goals. Also, safety, as a customer concern, can be a winning differentiation for car

manufacturers. One real life example is Volvo.

Source:

https://www.ecnmag.com/article/2011/03/putting-physics-work-next-generation-automotive-and-

aerospace-engineering

Slide 32 - Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV):

Raising climate awareness and petroleum shortage issues all have forced the automotive industry

to come up with dramatic new technologies. Hybrid Electric Vehicles(HEV) have been hailed as

an exciting green advancement of the automotive industry. Using dual electric and petrol

engines, models such as the Prius and the Civic Hybrid work are more fuel efficient and produce

less CO2 emissions than traditional engine cars.

As the graph shown, the engine provides most of the vehicle's power, and the electric motor

provides additional power when needed, such as for accelerating and passing. The dual engines

help to maintain the most efficient energy consumption - the vehicle can utilize the battery

powered engine when driving at low speeds or in traffic. There is an animation demonstrates

three different kinds of hybrid vehicles: hybrid, full hybrid, stop/start hybrid, and how they work

on starting, passing, braking, etc.

HEV’s development hinges on simulation software. Automotive industry strives to reduce an

HEV’s weight since a lighter car uses less energy in start-and-stop city driving (Momentum P =

M*V). The added electric engine’s weight has to be removed first. It’s hard to do so since large

numbers of parameters come into play: shape, size, material, etc. Meanwhile, costs should also

be considered. There are lots of tradeoffs that could be customized depending on company’s

marketing strategy.

Source:

https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/hybridtech.shtml

Slide 33 – Automatic High-Beam Control:

Modern automotive vehicles include a variety of different lamps to provide illumination under

different driving circumstances. Headlamps are typically controlled to generate high beams and

low beams alternately. High beams provide more light and are used to illuminate the forward

path when no other traffic is present. Equipped vehicles usually drive with high beams at night.

New automatic high-beam control system will turn the high beams to low beams when

approaching/forward vehicles are detected by a camera mounted on the rearview mirror. It also

dims the high beams for sharp turns and then re-engages the high beams if there is no

approaching traffic once the turn is completed. The system also switched to low beams when the

vehicle is driving in brightly lit urban areas or at speeds slower than 30km/h when high beams

are not required.

This technology innovation helps the driver drive with peace of mind at night. Studies show it

takes a typical driver 10 seconds to recover from headlight glare situation, and this time increases

as age increases. At a speed of 60 miles an hour, a car can travel nearly 900 feet in 10 seconds.

The new AHB system is designed to reduce the risk of accidents by providing a well-illuminated

field of view at night. The video attached shows how AHB system works. Besides, Mercedes-

Benz takes this technology one step further with its Adaptive Highbeam Assist. It doesn’t switch

between low and high beams but reacts by gradually increasing or lowering the light distribution

based on the distance of approaching traffic.

Source:

http://www.mazda.com/en/innovation/technology/safety/active_safety/hbc/

http://www.bankrate.com/finance/money-guides/8-great-new-advances-in-auto-technology-

1.aspx

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