SomatotypingSomatotyping• A way of classifying people based on body A way of classifying people based on body

typetype• Healthy bodies come in all shapes and Healthy bodies come in all shapes and

sizessizes• EndomorphsEndomorphs

• Soft, round bodiesSoft, round bodies

• MesomorphsMesomorphs• Muscular bodiesMuscular bodies

• EctomorphsEctomorphs• Tall, sleek bodiesTall, sleek bodies

EndomorphsEndomorphs

MesomorphMesomorph

EctomorphEctomorph

Current Issues in Current Issues in Weight Weight

ManagementManagement

ObesityObesity

• Defined as having an excess of body Defined as having an excess of body fatfat

• Stats:Stats:– 30% of all adults in Western countries30% of all adults in Western countries– 15% of all adults in Canada15% of all adults in Canada– Numbers seem to be getting worseNumbers seem to be getting worse

• Result of too little activity rather than Result of too little activity rather than overeatingovereating

• Poses serious health problemsPoses serious health problems

Health Risks of ObesityHealth Risks of Obesity• Type 2 diabetesType 2 diabetes• OsteoarthritisOsteoarthritis• Elevated blood pressureElevated blood pressure• Cardiovascular diseaseCardiovascular disease• Sleep apneaSleep apnea• AsthmaAsthma• CancerCancer• Complications during pregnancy for mother and Complications during pregnancy for mother and

childchild• Menstrual irregularitiesMenstrual irregularities• Stress incontinenceStress incontinence• Complications during surgeryComplications during surgery• FallsFalls

Psychological impacts of Psychological impacts of ObesityObesity

• Often caused by social stigmaOften caused by social stigma– Discrimination in the workplaceDiscrimination in the workplace– Portrayed as Portrayed as

– Lacking self controlLacking self control– UnhealthyUnhealthy– ComicalComical– AwkwardAwkward– UnattractiveUnattractive

• Difficult to maintain a positive self-Difficult to maintain a positive self-imageimage

• As we ageAs we age

• Often experienced by those who were active Often experienced by those who were active in their teens and twenties, but for various in their teens and twenties, but for various reasons reduced their activity levels.reasons reduced their activity levels.

Creeping weight gainCreeping weight gain

=

Lower metabolic rate

Decline in activity

Same caloric intake

Increased body mass

DietingDieting

• Commercial diet programs:Commercial diet programs:– A billion dollar industryA billion dollar industry– Demanded by more and more people seeking Demanded by more and more people seeking

quick solutionsquick solutions– ExpensiveExpensive– Ineffective (weight loss is usually not Ineffective (weight loss is usually not

permanent) permanent) – Physically harmfulPhysically harmful

• Physical harms of chronic dietingPhysical harms of chronic dieting– Stunts physical growthStunts physical growth– Causes menstrual irregularitiesCauses menstrual irregularities– Lowers the metabolic rateLowers the metabolic rate– Leads to eating disordersLeads to eating disorders

Energy Balance EquationEnergy Balance Equation

• Describes the relationship between Describes the relationship between energy input and expendituresenergy input and expenditures

• On one side are the calories burned On one side are the calories burned through exercise and other bodily through exercise and other bodily processesprocesses

• On the other side are the calories On the other side are the calories consumed in foodconsumed in food

• 3500 calories = 1 pound of fat3500 calories = 1 pound of fat

Weight balanceWeight balance

• Caloric input equals caloric outputCaloric input equals caloric output

2000 calories

2000 calories

Weight GainWeight Gain

• Caloric input exceeds caloric outputCaloric input exceeds caloric output

2300 calories

1840 calories

Weight LossWeight Loss

• Caloric output exceeds caloric inputCaloric output exceeds caloric input

2000 Calories

2400 Calories

Energy needs of the bodyEnergy needs of the body

• Basal Metabolic rate Basal Metabolic rate – The minimum amount of energy in The minimum amount of energy in

calories the body requires to carry out calories the body requires to carry out all vital functions such as breathing and all vital functions such as breathing and blood circulationblood circulation

BMR per day = 1C x body weight BMR per day = 1C x body weight (kg) x 24(kg) x 24

Factors effecting BMRFactors effecting BMR

• Lean body massLean body mass• Physical fitnessPhysical fitness• GenderGender• SleepSleep• PregnancyPregnancy• Body temperatureBody temperature

• People often fail to recognize their People often fail to recognize their changing metabolic needs and do not changing metabolic needs and do not adjust their food intake accordinglyadjust their food intake accordingly

1 Large ice cream cone

700 + calories

House

work f

or 1

20

min

.

Tenn

is a

t a fa

st p

ace

for

90 m

in

Cycle

12

km

Cross country ski briskly for

100 min

Walk more than 8 km