Unlled states Center for Envlronmenlal Olflce Of SOlld WmlB Envlronmenlal Prolnctlon Research Informallon and Emergency Re~ponse Agency

Technology Transfer March 1988 CERI-88-07

-7- r { f "=-% 3 2 Solvent Waste Reduction +-*

Alternatives Seminar

Slides

2.2 2-20 P J f

Session I Regulatory Issues

i

Liability Issues for Source Reduction, Recycle, and Treatment

Robert A. Wyman

Solvent Waste Reduction: Liability Considerations - Direct

Landfill Ban and Treatment Standards

Waste Minimization Requirements

Indirect

Liability Considerations

Practical Considerations

LlABll I N K S O C I A P

Source or Use Reduction

use related requirements

Permitting pitfalls

Recycle, Reuse, Recovery

Secondary Materials

Residues

MaterialMlaste Transfer

Treatment and Disposal

Audit

Inventory

Screen and Prioritize

Risk Assessment?

Corporate Response

Waste Minimization Requirements I Source

Content

Uoluntary Program

Exemptions

Reduction Hierarchy

Future

State Examples

Content

( 1 1 uolume or quantity and toxicity, and

(2) minimizes threat (balance toxicity, volume, exposure potential)

Reduction Hierarchy

(1 1 source or use reduction.

(2) waste isolation

( 3 ) recycling, reuse, exchange

(4) resource recouery (energy)

(5) incineration, treatment

(6) selected residuals disposal

I 1. L IABIL ITY CONSIDERATIONS

CERCLA §§ 106 and 107 1 9 RCRA§7003

STATE STATUTES

COMMON LAW TORT

11 . PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS

Insurance

Treatment and Disposal Costs

.Other Financial Sauings

Employee Relations

Community Relations

Inuestor/Creditor Relations

Permitting

L l A B l L l T Y ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCTION OPTIONS

Source o r Use Reduction

Recycle, Reuse, Recouery

0 Treatment and Disposal

I 1 CORPORATE PLANNING

Audit

0 lnuentory

0 Screen and Prioritize

Risk Assessment?

Corporate Response

Session I1 Source Reduction

Parts Cleaning

Ed Rodzewich

QUALITY AND EFFECTIVE CLEANING ARE INTERRELATED

I--

CLEANERS FOR AUTOMOTIVE

ASSEMBLY

CLEANING PHENOMENON

Removes Organic and Inorganic Soils Leaves Surface Chemically Receptive

PROBLEM

0 Appearance - Show Through Paint Film Corrosion

Corrosion - Create Sites For Underfilm

1.

NEUTRAL CLEANERS

Non-Staining Solvent Free

New Concept in Old Market pH = 7.5 - 9.5

OLEUM DECK

CLEANING BEFORE PHOSPHATING

Water Break Free Oxide Free No Polymerized Oils Low Surface Carbon

LOW TEMPERATURE CLEANERS

Higher Alkalinity Mixed Surfactants Low Foam Free Rinsing 100" - llO°F

THERMAL SEPARATOR

ACID CLEANERS

Deoxidizer Phosphoric Acid

Citric Acid Mixed Surfactants

VAPOR DEGREASING

Perchloroethylene 1,1,1 Trichloroethane

Methylene Chloride 0 Trichloroethylene

VAPOR DEGREASER

I - Freeboard

t -Water Separator

COLD PAINT STRIPPERS

Methylene Chloride Acid Activators

Phenols

STRIP TANK I

L -I-

BOOTH COATING COMPOUNDS

Seal Layer

I Solvent

Part

SUMMARY

Significant Advances Have Been Made To Reduce or Eliminate Solvent Usage In Parts Cleaning and Related Areas of Application

Session I11 se and Reci U

On-site Reuse and Recycle of Halogenated Waste Solvents

E. Richard Randolph

Waste Reduction At Dow And For Its

Chlorinated Solvents Customers

4P I

1960s Gemtacker plan for pollution control

0 Enhance plant personnel attitude 0 Minimize operating mors 0 Enliot help of worklorce 0 Encourage pollution control program 0 Reward achievement 0 Inventory waste 0 Improve yields, reduce waste - both profitable 0 Use waste - disposal last resort 0 Do a good job, let people know 0 Establish scoring system for pollution control

parallel to actklenf frequency rate in safety

__

0- -- WRAP

Waste Reduction Always Pays

WRAP Flow Chart

lnternal WRAP Goals

0 Reduce waste - all media 0 Provide incentives 0 Provide recognition for excellence

Create waste reduction mentality a Save money (including avoided cost) e Lessen future liability

Specia Ity c hlo r 5 nated solvents include:

1,1,1 - trichloroet hane Trichloroethylene Methylene chloride Perchloroethylene

Applications/End Uses For Specialty Chlorinated Solvents

0

M

Slgniticance of metal cleaning I 1 U.S. chlorinated solvent consumption 1984 1981 IMMUB) IMMLBI

I

Total virgin chlorinated solvents 1974 1780 Metal cleaning chlorinated virgin solvents 754 615

Trends in chlorinated solvents use

0 Metal cleaning dropped 139 MM; total dropped 194 MM

in 1984 to 34.6% in 1987

for chlorinated solvents

.- 0 Metal cleaning dropped from 38.2% of total

0 But metal cleaning is still the major use

N

Contract reclamation increasing

69 MM LB - 1977 147 MM LB - 1982 268 MM LB - 1986 310 MM LB - 1990 (estimate)

9- I I

1000

0 1971 1974 1977 1980 1984 1987 1990

I

In-house recovery also increasing

52% of customers known to Dow in 1983

4 64% of customers known to Dow in 1987 practiced it

practiced it

Flow Diagram Hazardous Waste Disposition

m Generator (Customer)

Pefnlatal tkudous

W a * HaWr

__c

c

1 In-House Recycling

Solvent Sludge 1 1

Redaimer

New Customer

Generaor

Types of reclaimed solvent

Clean solvent Clean solvent with the measured addition

Clean solvent restabilized with both acid of acid acceptor

acceptor and metal stabilizers as required

Problems related to improper stabilization

0 Dilution of fresh solvent 0 Reduced acid acceptor content 0 Reduced metal stabilizer content 0 Excess stabilizer content 0 Improper stabilizer ratio 0 Contaminated solvent

Excess water

Disposition of solvent wastes

0 Up to 30% oil - contract reclaimers 0 3040% oil - fuel blenders

More than 90% oil - disposal via the....al destruction

.. .

Eoonomlcalty driven cost reduction

, I

,$ohrents users practicing both in=house and .. , . , : contract reclamation

.'Users insisting on tighter machines

..Users looking for more ways to conserve solvent ' ' - Waste less to reduce effect on environment - Use solvent more efficiently, effectively to

reduce c6'sts

. .

Emission control techniques practiced in June 1976

Use of covers Liquid absbrption Carbon adsorption Use of refrigerated freeboard chillers Refrigeration condensation Good operating techniques

I Technical support to customers

TS&D Analytical Product Stewardship

Field service Solvent Industrial hygiene

Special Distributor Regulatory updates and 1 n tetactions analysis inspection Distributor Test kits Material Safety training Data Sheets Literature

Problem solving analysis senrice surveys Salety programs

Calls related tg waste reduction

044% in 1986 53% in 1987

waste rwhction-related fleld support services

Process troubleshooting

Waste reduction-related field support services

Process troubleshooting Vapor degreaser inspectiorl

Waste reductlon-related field support services

0 Process troubleshooting 0 Vapor degreaser inspection 0 Degreaser operation recommendations

Waste reduction-related field support services

0 Process troubleshooting 0 Vapor degreaser inspection 0 Degreaser operation recommendations

I 0 Engineering consultation

,0 Waste reduction-related field support services

Process troubleshooting 9 Vapor degreaser inspection

0 Engineering consultation 0 Waste and emission reduction

Degreaser operation recommendations

recommendations

I

Product steward 8 h 1 p assistance

Workplace vapor concenttption locating

Suggestions to reduce workplace vapor and monitoring

concentrations

Training and seminar lopics

Product application Environmental and regulatory updates Safety

,@ Good cold cleaning operating practices

Do: I

0 Use covers Use water Layer where aqceptable Use coarse spray or solid slream

0 Recover -$!e solvents by distillalion 0 Control ventilalion 0 Drain parts properly 0 Capture draining solven!

Place wipe rags in closed container

Good cold cleaning operating practices

I Don’t: Use solvent in shallow pans Use compressed air sprays

Modifications to existing degreasers

0 Install automatic slide coverg 0 Increase freeboard height

Install refrigerated freeboard chillers Use carbon adsorption Attach air relrigeration on vent recycle Install programmable transporters

Redistillation reduced waste from 20 drums a month to 5 drums a month.

Reducing the size of the cleaning basket and improving the stacking of parts in the basket reduced solvent consumption by 40-50%.

More reclalmers managing wastes as fuel

1981 18% 1986 49%

How the customer benefits

Eco nomic con side r a t ions Reduced solvent costs Reduced waste cost Improved cleaning operation

Co m p I iance with regulations Lower worker exposure

How Dow benefits p

* Safe cleaning method * Environmental quality protected

Product stewardship Reduce solvent loss to environment - Reduce the need for regulation - Reduce overall liability exposure

Attracts new customers and maintains existing customers Maintains viability of marketplace

How the public and the Industry benefit

On-Site Reuse and Recycle of Petroleum Waste Solvents

Robert H. Salvesen

TOPICS TO BE COVERED

TYPES OF SOLVENTS USED (NON-HALOGENATED)

HOW USED SOLVENTS ARE GENERATED

RECYCLING

- DEFINITION - GENERAL GUIDELINES - SPECIFIC DETAILS - EXAMPLES

TYPES OF SOLVENTS USED

HYDROCARBONS

VM&P NAPHTHA

MINERAL SPIRITS

AROMATIC NAPHTHA

TOLUENE

XYLENE

ISOPARAFFINIC

TURPENTINE

USAGE

PAINT THINNER

GENERAL CLEANING

PAINT THINNER/CLEANING

PAINT THINNER

11 11

11 I, (ODORLESS)

11 11

TYPES OF SOLVENTS USED

HYDROCARBONS

VM&P NAPHTHA

MINERAL SPIRITS

AROMATIC NAPHTHA

TOLUENE

XYLENE

ISOPARAFFINIC

TURPENTINE

ALCOHOLS

METHYL

ETHYL

ISOPROPYL

KETONES

MEK

MIBK

ESTERS

ETHYL ACETATE

BUTYL ACETATE

GLYCOL ETHER

CELLOSOLVES

USAGE

PAINT THINNER

GENERAL CLEANING

PAINT THINNER/CLEANING

PAINT THINNER

11 I 1

(ODORLESS) 11 11

1, I,

TYPES OF SOLVENTS USED (CONTINUED)

I 1 I! /CLEANING

II 1,

,I II

PAINT THINNER

II II

PAINT THINNER/CLEmING

11 11

I 1 II

TYPES OF SOLVENTS USED (CONTINUED) MIXTURES

METHYLENE CHLORIDE

MINERAL SPIRITS

TOLUENE/XYLENE

KETONES

ESTERS

ALCOHOLS

PHENOLS

ADDITIVES

ODORANTS

COLORANTS

SURFACTANTS

LANOLIN

PAINT STRIPPERS

HEAVY-DUTY CLEANERS

PAINT THINNER & STRIPPER

I, II 11

II II II

I 1 I 1 11

II I, II

PROPRIETARY CLEANERS

11 ,I

II I 1

11 II

GENERATION PROCESSES

COLD CLEANING

WASH STATION

SPRAY BOOTH

DIP TANK

HAND/BUCKET

VAPOR DEGREASING

PAINTING

CLEANING SURFACES

CLEANING EQUIPMENT

WHAT IS RECLAIMING?

TEST

REMOVAL OF CONTAMINATING SUBSTANCES

FROM SOLVENT TO RENEW THE SOLVENT TO

THE ORIGINAL CONDITION FOR REUSE

PROPERTIES OF USED AND RECYCLED MINERAL SPIRITS

FLASH POINT,TCC, F

DISTILLATION, F IBP 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% FBP

RESIDUE

CHLORINE CONTENT

WATER, OIL & SEDIMENT, %

APPEARANCE

USED

TEST METHOD SOLVENT

ASTM-D-56 <loo-120

” D-86 150-330 150-340

300-345 320-350 325-350 330-370 340-390 350-400 400-600 ABOVE 500 30 VOL % (MAX)

<0.1

170-340

ASTM D-95 2-20

VISUAL BROWN/BLACK

RECLAIMED

SOLVENT

102-110

315-330 320-340

325-350

330-365 350-400 2-5 VOL %

<0.1

<0.1

CLEAR/WHITE

INCREASING REUSE & RECYCLING OF SOLVENTS

SEGREGATION

SUBSTITUTES

NEAT VS FORMULATED PRODUCTS

EMULSIONS

DOWNGRADING

ECONOMICS

PROCESSES & EQUIPMENT USED

o GRAVITY SEPARATION

o BATCH STILLS

- CAPACITY 5-500 GALS

- HEATING OPTIONS

- VACUUM OPTIONS

- MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION

- CONFIGURATIONS

- CONTROLS

o FRACTIONATION UNITS

o THIN FILM EVAPORATORS

o VAPOR DEGREASERS WITH/WITHOUT RECYCLE

o TOLL RECYCLERS

WASTE AUDIT OUTLINE

STEP 1 - COLLECT INFORMATION STEP 2 - EVALUATE WASTE HANDLING STEP 3 - MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES STEP 4 - REVIEW AND UPDATE

SOLVENT RECOVERY DISTILLATION EQUIPMENT

HEAT TRANSFER METHOD

POT-COILS

STEAM INJECTION

THIN FILM (CONTINUOUS)

WIPED SURFACE

CONDUCTIVITY HEAT TRANSFER

KEY CHARACTERISTIC

MANUAL CLEANING

WATER CONTAMINATION

( 3 PRODUCTS)

HIGH RATE/INVESTMENT/

OPERATOR TIME

VERY HIGH RATE OF

INVESTMENT __

LOW COST/MINIMAL OPERATOR ~

TIME

DESIGN AND SAFETY FEATURES

HYDROCARBONS

CALIBRATING FLUID

COAL TAR NAPHTHA

DRY CLEANING SOLVENT

- lOOF MIN.FLASH POINT

- 140F MIN. 'I

NAPHTHA, AROMATIC

THINNER, PAINT

XYLENE

AGITENE

NAPHTHA, ALIPHATIC

T 0 L U E N E

MIXTURES AND

PROPRIETARY MATERIALS

CLASS I, GROUP D, DIVISION 1 ELECTRICALS

PRESSURE RELIEF SYSTEM

EASY CLEAN-OUT

TEMPERATURE CONTROLS

INTERNAL VISCOSITY MONITORING

UC RATED COMPONENTS

SEGREGATION GUIDELINES

PREFERRED OPTION

SEGREGATE AND RECLAIM FOR ORIGINAL USE \

f

I ,

ALTERNATE OPTIONS

MIX AND RECLAIM

AS A GENERAL

CLEANER OR WASH

SOLVENT

DO NOT MIX

WITH ABOVE

: : : : 1

CAN MIX WITH

CHLORINATED AND

OXYGENATED SOLVENTS

FOR DISPOSAL TO

SELECTED CEMENT KIL

OPERATORS

RETURN TO MANUFACTURER FOR RECYCLING

f IAI,OGENATED

METHYLENE CHLORIDE

TETRACHLOROETHANE

1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE

TRICHLOROETHYLENE

1,1,2-TRICHLORO-

1,1,2 TRIFLUOROETHANE

OXYGENATED

SEGREGATICN GIJIDELINES _-__ PREFERRED OPTION ALTERNATE OPTIONS

SEGREGATE AND RECLAIM ALL CHLORINATED,

FOR ORIGINAL USE HYDROCARBON 'AND

OXYGENATED SOLVENTS

CAN BE MIXED AND DISPOSED

TO SELECTED CEMENT KILN

OPERATORS

ACETONE SEGREGATE AND RECLAIM

ETHYL ACETATE FOR ORIGINAL USE

ETHYL ALCOHOL

ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL

METHYL ALCOHOL

IdETHYL ETHYL KETONE

CAN MIX WITH ALL CHLORINATED AND

HYDROCARBON SOLVENTS FOR DISPOSAL

TO SELECTED CEMENT KILN OPERATORS

METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE

VOLUME RANGE

5 GALLONS P E R SHIFT

1 5 GALLONS PER SHIFT

55 GALLONS P E R SHIFT

250 GALLONS P E R SHIFT

500 GALLONS P E R SHIFT

DISTILLATION RANGE

STANDARD DISTILLATION - 100-320 F VACUUM DISTILLATION - 320-500 F

d / 6 * - 4

OPERATING COST (IN-PLANT)

- UTILITY (ELECTRIC 3 4 KW) 0.04-0.08 CENTS/GALLON

- LABOR 0.07-0.12 CENTS/GALLON

FIGURE 1 _-

I

._ PLOTS OF SOLVEtlT VOLUMES VS PP.YBACK PERIOD ( Y E A R S 1 FOR SOLVENTS OF DIFFERENT COSTS

so 1 v r n t cor; t s 0

0 $1/g~(11 (1.c. I l e p t a n e I x’ $i.5/gal (i.e. P-D-680)

0 $3/gal (Malogenated) A $ 4 / g a l ( 1 . e . MeC1, TCE, TCAI b $ l l / r J a l ( F r e o n 1 1 3 ) - E q u w m f n t

costs h l g h c r t h a n fo r above

9- 0 $2/gal ( N o n - h a l o g e n a t e d )

G-

5 -

- - - - - - - - - - - _ _ _

f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - _ _ _ - - - - - - - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - -- ------A ____o

--2. . . I

I I I I I I I I I I 2 3 4 5 6 7 a 9

Y e a r s t o Payof f Inves lment

7-

I -

CASE STUDY 18101-380

INDUSTRY - PLASTICS PROCESS - MOLDER & DECORATOR OF INJECTOR

THERMO-PLASTIC PARTS

SOLVENT - ACETONE SOLVENT USAGE - 12 DRUMS PER DAY Jso.w/& & SOLVENT COST - $2.10/GALLON !

AFTER IN-HOUSE - ROI, 8 MONTHS DISTILLATION

CASE STUDY #8006-380

INDUSTRY - ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT PROCESS - FINAL COATING OF FIRE-RETARDANT

PAINT

SOLVENT - METHYLENE CHLORIDE SOLVENT USAGE - 4 DRUMS/DAY

SOLVENT COST - $ 3.35/GALLON

$35.00/DRUM DISPOSAL

AFTER IN-HOUSE - ROI, 1.2 YEARS DISTILLATION

CASE STUDY #821O-LS

INDUSTRY - CONTRACT PAINTING PROCESS - CLEAN, COAT AND CURE ALUMINUM

EXTRUSIONS

SOLVENT - KETONE-AROMATIC MIXTURE FOR FLUSH -OUT

SOLVENT USAGE - 1-1.5 DRUMS/WEEK SOLVENT COST - $ 2.60/GALLON

$78/DRUM DISPOSAL

AFTER IN-HOUSE - ROI, 1.5 MONTHS DISTILLATION

CASE STUDY ROBBINS AF BASE

INDUSTRY - AIRCRAFT REWORK FACILITY PROCESS - INDUSTRIAL OPERATIONS PAINTING GOLVENT - VARIOUS SOLVENT USAGE - 50,000 GALLONS/YEAR SOLVENT COST - VARIED SAVINGS - $600,00O/YEAR

CASE STUDY NSY PORTSMOUTH, VA

INDUSTRY - NAVAL SHIPYARD PROCESS - PAINT SHOP SOLVENT - ACETONE SOLVENT USAGE - 15-30 GA$LONS/DAY SOLVENT COST - $4-5/GALLQN SAVINGS - $15,00O/YEAR

CASE STUDY NSY CHARLESTON, SC

INDUSTRY - NAVAL SHIPYARD PROCESS - CLEANING ELECTRONICS SOLVENT - ACETONE SOLVENT USAGE - 3 DRUMS/DAY SOLVENT COST - $ll.OO/DRUM SAVINGS - $300,00O/YEAR

CONCLUSIONS

0 IN-PLANT RECYCLING POSSIBLE FOR MOST SOLVENTS

o NEED

- AUDIT

- ECONOMIC EVALUATION

- QUALITY CONTROL

- TRAINING

- MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

Off-site Reclamation of All Solvents

Brian R. Dawson

,”

Hazardous Waste Management Priorities 1. Waste Minimization 2. Recycling

(a) On-site (b) Off-site

3 . Incineration or Thermal Destruction 4. Chemical or Biological Treatment 5 . Secure Landfill 6 . Deep-well Injection

b *w*

Alcohols Esters Ketones Napthas Aromatics Chlorinated Solvents Oxygenated Solvents

/'

I,

Types of Solvent Reclaimation Services 1. Custom Toll Recycling 2. “Open Market” Recycling

Reclaimed Solvent

Batch Fractionation

Unit

E a 1

n-1

n

n + l

U

Liquid Still .................... _ _

Reflux Product, D

V

7 Residue I/ _ - .......................

Heat Out

Recovery Rate 9 Cost of Recycling

Cost of Virgin Solvent

Value of Reclaimed S08vents

Virgin Price Reclaimed Price

$0.20 per pound

> $0.20 per pound

80% of virgin market 90% of virgin market

Making the Most of Bottoms and Residuals From Oil Refining and Solvent Recycling

Steve Miller

Making The Most Of Bottoms And Residuals From Oil Refining &Solvent Recycling

Steve Miller, PhD,P.E. Dames EL Moore

HISTORICALLY

Tops & Supernatents = Products

Bottoms & Residuals = Wastes

LAND BAN EFFECTS

Reduced Landfilling of Bottoms Reduces Actual Recycling

Increased RCRA Burning

Continued Halogenated Solvent Rec yc I e

EVOLUTION OF A FACILITY

Lube Oil Marketer

Used Oil as Raw Material

Waste Generation

Waste Minimization thru Utilization of Bottoms & Residuals

Expanding RCRA Licensing

Expanded Oil & Solvent Utilization

EXAMPLE OF RECYCLED STREAMS

Drum Recycle - Caustic Cleaning Wastes

Waste Inks

Methylene Chloride Paint Stripping Wastes

Halogenated/ Nonhalogenated Solvent & Hydrocarbon Wastes

I Other Polymer Bearing Wastes

SELECTING SUITABLE WASTES

Bench and Pilot Tests

Compatibility of Residuals with Bottoms Product

Bottoms Product Quality

Coking/ Decomposition in Process Units

Rejection of Unsuitable Waste Streams

ou) PROCESS - ACID CLAY

Flare r I

I & Truck Diesel

I Water

Lime/Alum

O i 1

wt Oil

Spent Clay

c Landfill

SLIDE 1

Used Oil

---b 0

Pal yinc r \,la s 5 e

Roo

NEW PROCESS - DISTILLATION CLAY

t Flarc

Truck Diesel 7

zclay 4 L Lube Oil

Spent

Light- weight Block

POT!:

A;p F1 ux

, Oil/Polyiiier Recycle J

SOLVENT RECLCLING

RECOVERED SOLVENT

- SOLVENT WASTE

ROOFING ASPHALT

SLIDE 3

Session IV Treatment r-

Treatment - Solvent Wastestreams

Robert H. Salvesen

TOPICS TO BE COVERED

SOLVENTS USED BY VARIOUS INDUSTRIES

TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES

- DOWNGRADING/WASTE EXCHANGE - STRIPPING - COMBUSTION - INCINERATION - BIODEGRADATION - OTHERS

SOLVENTS USED BY VARIOUS INDUSTRIES

METAL CLEANING

o HYDROCARBONS

- MINERAL SPIRITS

- NAPHTHAS

- TOLUENE

- XYLENE

o OXYGENATED

- ALCOHOLS

- KETONES

- ESTERS

- ETHERS

- PHENOLS

o MIXTURES

. ..

SOLVENTS USED BY VARIOUS INDUSTRIES

PAINT, COATINGS AND INK

o HYDROCARBONS

o OXYGENATED SOLVENTS

PROCESS

o CHEMICAL REACTION MEDIA

o PHARMACEUTICALS

o DECAFFINATION

ADHESIVES

EXAMPLES OF USED SOLVENTS AND CONTAMINANTS GENERATED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS PRODUCTS

PRODUCT

OVENS

GRAPHITE

ELECTRONICS

METAL FABRICATION

CAR INTERIOR PARTS

SHOES

SCREENS

QUARTZ CRYSTALS

WATCHES

PIPE SUPPORT

ADHESIVES

CONTAMINANT

PAINT

GRAPHITE

SOLDER FLUX, OIL

OIL

PAINT

GLUE, DYES

OIL

OIL, WAX

PLATING STOP-OFF

OIL

ADHESIVES

SOLVENTS

TOLUENE

TOLUENE, ACETONE

METHYLENE CHLORIDE

1,1,1 TRICHLOR

MEK

KETONES

CHLORINATED SOLVENTS

FREON, ACETONE

ETHYL ACETATE

TRICHLORETHANE

TOLUENE

TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES

DOWNGRADE/WASTE EXCHANGE

0 HIGH PURITY CLEANING ----> GENERAL CLEANING

o FUEL USE

- BOILERS - CEMENT K I L N S - ASPHALT K I L N S

STRIPPING

o OIL/SOLVENT MIXTURES

o WATER/SOLVENT MIXTURES

o ANTIFREEZE

o CONTAMINATED SOLIDS

EXAMPLES OF USED SOLVENTS AND CONTAMINANTS GENERATED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS PRODUCTS (CONTINUED)

PRODUCT

LABELS

SEALS & GASKETS

ALUMINUM CASTINGS

ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

PLASTICS DECORATION

CHEMICALS

PACKAGING

BUTTONS

PRINTING

MOLDED PLASTICS

WIRE

TANNING

CONTAMINANT

ADHESIVES

01 L

SILICONE WAX

01 L

PAINT

HYDROCARBONS

INKS

LACQUER

INK

PAINT

XYLENE

DYES

SOLVENTS

KETONE

CHLORINATED BLEND

CHLORETHANE ALCOHOL

CHLOROETHANE

ACETONE, MEK

CHLORINATED SOLVENTS

ALCOHOLS

SOLVENT MIX

TOLUENE

MEK, TOLUENE

TOLUENE

BLEND

s

1 -KILN 6 - FUEL 2 -SLURRY FEED 7- CLINKER COOLER

3-PRECIPITATOR 9- FILTER

5-DUST RETURN

&-PRECIPITATOR DUST SCREW 8 - CLINKER

WET PROCESS KILN

DRY PROCESS KILN

I

.- PERCENT OF KILN LENGTH

TYPICAL WET KILN TEMPERATURE PROFILES

TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES (CONTINUED)

INCINERATION

RAPID

HIGHLY EFFECTIVE

GENERALLY HIGH COST

RESIDUES AND EXHAUST GASES

INCINERATOR TYPES

VORTEX

ROTARY HEARTH

MULTIPLE HEARTH

FLUID BED

CIRCULATING BED

FUME

MULTIPLE HEARTH INCINERATOR

Oil frm

ROTARY KILN INCINERATOR (WITH AFTEDURNERS)

flu,po,lo

- GAS BURNERS

TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES (CONTINUED)

BIODEGRADATION

TIME-CONSUMING

LOW COST

IN-SITU

CANDIDATE SOLVENTS

ALCOHOLS

ESTERS

GLYCOLS/EPOXIDES

HYDROCARBONS

PHENOLS

MAJOR CONCERNS

CONCENTRATION

SOIL TYPE

HYDROGEOLOGY

MANAGEMENT (ENHANCEMENT)

DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS

BIODEGRADATION SCHEMATIC

Contaminated site

Air injection wells

TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES (CONTINUEDL

OX1 DATION

AIR

OZONE

PEROXIDES

ENCAPSULATION

FLY ASH

GLASS y / !

POLYMERS

SILICA GEL

CONCERNS ;A&,

CONCLUSIONS

MOST SOLVENTS CAN BE TREATED

MANY PROVEN TREATMENT TECHNOLOLGIES AVAILABLE

o INCINERATION WIDELY USED

-RAPID AND EFFICIENT

-MAJOR CONCERNS - PARTICULATES AND RESIDUES -FURTHER STUDY NEEDED FOR VERY HAZARDOUS

MATERIALS

o BIODEGRADATION

-TIME-CONSUMING

-LOW COST

-NOT A PANACEA FOR ALL MATERIALS

-NEEDS EXTENSIVE STUDY FOR MANY MATERIALS

o OXIDATION AND ENCAPSULATION

-GENERALLY SPECIFIC

-COSTS CAN BE HIGH

-NEEDS FURTHER STUDY

Treatment - Aqueous Wastestreams

David Pepson

TREATMENT OF SPENT SOLVENT

WASTEWATERS

. DISCUSS IMPACT OF HSWA ON COST OPTIMIZATION

. PROVIDE SOME IDEAS FOR MODIFYING/DESIGNING NEW SYSTEMS

. PROVIDE COST OPTIMIZATION EXAMPLE

- PRE AND POST LAND DISPOSAL RULES

STEAM STRIPPING

. fIEE0 TO DISTINGUISH FROM BATCH DISTILLATION

. REPRESENTS BDAT FOR 1 3 OF THE 25 FOOlrFOO5 SPENT SOLVENT COMPONENTS

. WASTE PARAMETERS THAT AFFECT SELECTION

- WATER CONTENT

- CONCENTRATION OF VOLATILE ORGANICS

- FILTERABLE SOLIOS

- OIL AND GREASE

- TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON

- OTHER CONSTITUENTS THAT ARE MINIMALLY VOLATILE

COST OPTIMIZATION CONSIDERATIONS

STEAM STRIPPING

. REDUCED RELIANCE ON MORE TRAYS vs. CARBON POLISHING

. TYPE OF TRAYS vs. REDUCED CLEANING WASTES GENERATED

. PRETREATMENT WITH POLISHING FILTERS vs. LESS FREOUENT CLEANING FROM FOULING

. CHILLED WATER vs. REDUCED RELIANCE ON CARBON BACK-UP

. LARGER CONDENSER VS. REDUCED RELIANCE ON CARRON BACK-UP

CARBON ADSORPTION

. BDAT FOR 8 OF THE 25 F001-F005 COMPOUNDS

. WIDE RANGE OF CARBON AVAILABLE

- SURFACE AREA

- PORE SIZE

- PARTICLE SIZE

- HARDNESS

- IODINE NUMBER

. WASTE PARAMETERS To CONSIDER IN SELECTING CARBON ADSORPTION

- - FILTERABLE SOLIDS CONTENT

- OIL AND GREASE

- TYPE AND CONCENTRATION OF METALS PRESENT

TYPE AND CONCENTRATION OF ORGANICS

COST OPTIMIZATION CONSIDERATIONS

CARBON ADSORPTION

. INCREASED BED SIZE vs. REDUCED TRANSPORTATION COSTS

. DIFFERENT WAYS To REGENERATE vs. NEED To TREAT "DERIVED FROM" WASTES

. b!ORE EXPENSIVE CARBON VS. REDUCED REGENERATION FREQUENCY

. .

BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT

- REPRESENTS 6DAT FOR 9 O F THE 25 FOO1-FO05 SPENT SOLVENTS

. WASTE PARAMETERS THAT AFFECT SELECTION

- TOXIC METALS

- SURFACTANTS

- REFRACTORY ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

COST OPTIMIZATION CONSIDERATION

BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT

. USE OF MORE CAPITAL INTENSIVE TECH AND REDUCED RESIDUALS VS. CONVENTIONAL COSTS FOR BIO-TREATMENT

. USE OF MORE CAPITAL INTENSIVE TECH vs. POTENTIAL AIR EMISSION CONCERNS FROM BIO-TREATMENT

CASE I

(PRE-LAND DISPOSAL REGULATIONS)

CAPITAL COST

STEAM STRIPPING $ioa,ooo (10 TRAYS)

CARBON ADSORPTION $116.000

TOTAL: $224,000

STEAM STRIPPING $300,000 (50 TRAYS)

SAVINGS FROM ADD-ON CARBON: $ 76,000

CASE I 1

(POST-LAND DISPOSAL REGULATIONS)

CAPITAL COST

STEAM STRIPPING $ioa,ooo (10 TRAYS)

CARBONS ADSORPTION $116,000

DISPOSAL OF CARBON $288,000 (PRESENT WORTH)

TOTAL: $512.000

STEAM STRIPPING $300,000 (50 TRAYS)

SAVINGS FROM LARGER STEAM STRIPPING: 4212,000

Volume Reduction of Still Bottoms and Sludges

Thomas F. Stanczyk

COMMONLY USED SOLVENTS

NORMA1 BO1 LING POINT SOLVENT 0

ACETONE 133.0

n-BUTYL ALCOHOL

CHLOROBENZENE

ETHYL ACETATE

HEXANE

243.0

269.6

170.7

156.0

METHANOL 148.5

METHYLETHYLKETCNE 175.3

METHYL ISOBUTYLKETONE 242.2

flETHYLENE CHLORIDE 104.0

PERCHLOROETHYLENE 249.8

TOLUENE 231.1

1.1, I -TRICHLOROETHANE 1654

o,m,p-XYLENES 280.9 - 291 .Q

SOLVENT CHARACTERIZATION AND USE MARKETS ~

~ ~ K A U " E ALCOHOLS

AMINES

KETONES

ETHERS

ESTERS

ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS

AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS

PAINTS

COATINGS

INKS

PROCESS USE

METAL CLEANING

DRY CLEANING

ADHESIVES ~~

COMMONLY USED SOLVENTS

SO1 VENT NORMAL BOILING POINT 0

ACETONE

n-BUTYLALCOHOL

CHLOROBENZENE

ETHYL ACETATE

HEXANE

METHANOL

METHYLETHYLKETONE

METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE

METHYLENE CHLORIDE

133.0

243.0

269.6

170.7

156.0

148.5

175.3

242.2

104.0

PERCHLOROETHYLENE 249.8

TOLUENE 231.1

I , I , 1 -TRICHLOROETHANE 165.4

0.m.p-XYLENES 280.9 - 29 1.9

A SUMMARY OF SOLVENT APPLICATIONS AND WASTES

f * A!?PLUASIQMS

DISSOLVED MEDIUM FOR CLEANING

AEROSOL PROPELLANT

CARRIER FOR COATINGS

REFRIGERANTS

FOAM BLOWING AGENTS

DISINFECTING AGENTS

EXTRACTION MEDIUM

REACTION MEDIUM

CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATE

WASTLS

SPENT SOLVENTS FROM DRY CLEANING PARTS DEGREASING, ELECTRONIC MANUFACTURING

I SOLVENT WASTE FROM CHEMICAL PROCESS I NG

RESIDUES FROM MANUFACTURE OF PAINT, INKS

I SEMI-SOLID RESIDUES SUCH AS RECOVERY SLUDGE. STILL BOTTOMS

I CONTAMINATED INERTS; IE., RAGS, FILTERS

CONTAMINATED SOILS I I WASTEWATERS CONTAINING SOLUBLE/

EMULSIFIED SOLVENTS

UNUSED INVENTORY

= 0

Y m Y c W vi W I a cn c L 3 U ‘0 W VI 3

W

0 Y

VI a, U

.-

.r

n

.r - VI - r r c 3

* V -c

-.- .-

REGULATORY STANDARDS ADDRESSING USAGE AND CONTROL OF COMMONLY USED SOLVENTS

I)

d)

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

ACETONE

N-BUTYL ALCOHOL

CHLOROBENZENE

METHYLETHYLKETONE

PIETHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE

WETHYLENE CHLORIDE

PERCHLOROETHYLENE

rot LJLNE

I , I , I -TRICHLOROEl HANE

0,m.p-XYLENES

8

PPI ICA -

SARA - @

1p

0

4D

0 e, d e

l5TlNG

WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR SOLVENT-LADEN RESIDUES

INCINERATION WASTE EXCHANGE RECOVERYlREUSE

I

SOLVENTCONTENT

DRYING

UNLIKE MOISTURE REMOVAL BY MECHANICAL MEANS, DRYING RELIES

ON HEAT TO EVAPORATE MOISTURE PRODUCING AS A BY-PRODUCT A

DRY SUBSTANCE.

UPSTREAM PROCESSING CAN CREATE CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL

VARIATIONS IN PARTICLE SIZE, LEVEL OF IMPURITIES, AND CAP-

ILLARY SIZE, EACH HAVING DISTINCT EFFECTS ON THE RESIDUAL

BY-PRODUCTS AND DRYING PERFORMANCE,

SOURCES OF LIQUID

DRYING HAS APPLICATION TO THE REMOVAL OF LIQUID

THAT OCCUR AS:

o SURFACE o MECHANICALLY BOUND, OR o CHEMICALLY BOUND LIOUID.

SURFACE

THE OUTER SURFACE OF THE SOLID

IS ANALOGOUS TO FREE LIQUID THAT WETS

HECHANICALY BOUND MOISTURE OCCUPIES THE INTER- STICES AND MOVES TO THESURFACE BY DIFFUSION,

CAPILLARY ACTION AND/OR PRESSURE GRADIENTS

CHEMJCAI LY BOUND MOISTURE CAN APPEAR AS WATER

OF HYDRATION, OR I T CAN BE PRODUCED BY THE STRUC-

TURAL RE-ORIENTATION OF A CHEMICAL, OR BY REACTION. THE HEAT REQUIRED TO RELEASE THIS

MOISTURE IS, IN ADDITION TO THE HEAT OF VAPORI- ZATION, THE HEAT OF CRYSTALLIZATION OR OF REACl ION

R c f : " I n d i r c c t d ry ing o f Sol ids May 2. 1103. McGraw-liill,

SOURCES OF HEAT

WITH INDIRECT DRYERS, HOST OF THE HEAT TRANSFER DCCURS V I A

CONDUCTION, HOWEVER, CONVECTION AND RADIATION HAY AID IN

HEAT TRANSFER

AGITATION CAN IMPROVE CONDUCTION BY MORE RAPIDLY BRINGING

PARTICLES INTO CONTACT WITH THE HEAT TRANSFER SURFACE.

R e f : R m t . William L , I l l . " I n d i r e c t drying o f Solids." Ctieiiiical Engineer ing. May 2. 1'183. McGraw-Hill, Inc

TYPICAL DRYING CYCLE

UPON REACHING TllF I3Oll.lNG POINT, EVAPORATION TAKES PLACE AT A

L.EVCL I N TllE SOI.ID. NORflALLY A CONSTANT RATE RELATED TO THE 1.101110 LCVEI. IN TllE SOLID.

RATE RELATED ro TtiL MOISTURE

Ref: Root, I!illiaiil L, I l l . "lndircct dryinq o f Solids." Cheni ical Lngineerinq. May 2 . 19113. McGrnw-llill, l n c

I- I- Y 8 U 0

a

IIEAT TRANSFER VARIES WITH PHASE OF DRYING

rni I ING iihi r CONSTANT RATE SENSIBLE IIEATING PHASI ~~ PHASL ), PHASF

o + MOlljTURC CONCI NTRATION (C), 1.13 [ I . IOIIID)/I.B (DRY S O I ~ I D )

, ., . __ ~ -. ~

'YEARING/ PLASTIC WET GRANUL

RY GRANULAP

I:- /' I LB (LIQUID)/LB (DRY SOLID \

,/

'\

PHASE CHANGES OF SOLID AFFECT AGITATOR TORQUE

Ref: Root , William L . I l l . "Indirect drying Of Solids." C h m i c a l Engineering. May 2. 1983. McGraw-Hill. Inc

EQUIPMENT EVALUATION C R I T E R I A FOR DRYER5

0 MOISTURE CONTENT

9 PARTICLE SIZE 0 BOILING POINT

0 HEAT OF FUSION

@ SPECIFIC GRAVITY PH 0 BULK DENSITY

9 MELTING POINT CORROSIVENESS

e SOFTENING POINT * ABRASIVENESS

* EXPLOSIVE LIMITS TEMPERATURE

SENSITIVITY TO HEAT

R e i : Root, l l i l l i , l m L , I l l . " I n d i r e c t dry ing o f S o l i d s C l h l i c . r l I n g l n c ~ r i n g . M A Y 2 . l'JI13. M c C r e w - l l i i l

BLAW-KNOX VACUUM DOUBLE DRUM MIXER

Al~PL l~ :A f i l l . l lY I . Slirdges, s lu r r ies , vi!icous and rmri-~vi:icous l i qu ids

UAXlNlJU rl IMl’~ - I 050°F

CAI’ACIIY .. - - - - - - 0 4 - 219.9 Ct’ h c o t c d nren

Urll I-rlES Electr ic, o i l o r qos, water. stear arid a i r

ANCIL.LARY EQUIPMENT Condenser, p roduc t r e c e i v e r

POWER - - . . - - 3-15 IIP

RENTAL UNITS AVh1LABL.E- Yes

IKornline :;;irider:;oii

Sludges, slurries, Lars

llrying (so l ven t recovery ) , reac t ing , calc in ing

01.5-1 18.0 ft.? heated t rans fe r surface

E lec t r i c , o i l o r gas. water. a i r

Fun. condenser, pug mill, exhaust (jus scrubbing

5-60 HP

Yes

f 100,000 - $300,000

inq h iyh L(.:npcrature, vacuiim o r i i i torr in l pro::sire.

POWER 15 gal lon capaci ty

RCNTAL UNITS !.VAILAULE. No

C O S l S - - - - - - * " 590.000 ,-

i I

I

! I/ ,

I I I

1 I

i I;

(i50' F

E lcc l r i c , o i l o r gas , water, s l cam imil i i t r

Mi i tcr io l feed system, viipor- r:o:loclion system, m i l l c r i a l rli:ichiirqc systcrn

600°F

RENTAI. UNl l S AVAII.AHl.E,

COSTS - - - - - - - . .

Binder s torage tank iind feed system, waste s toroge tanks snd feed system. vnpor recove ry system

No

$200,000

I hNCII.LAIIY I:(IIlIPMl:NT - - lFeed chute. d m t contro l equipment

!

I'O\?IER . - - I 2 nnd 5 HP

R t N l A l . UNITS AVAILABLE, Ye!;

COSTS - - - $7,500 - $7,900

X TOTAL SOLIDS A S A FUNCTION OF TREATMENT

-- .. .- - __ ~ ~-

DRYING

SOLIDIFICATION

1 DEWATERING

RESIDUAL VOLATILE ORGANICS AS A FUNCTION OF TREATMENT

CONTROL

,I AIR STRIPPING

STEAM STRIPPING . ~ . .~. .. --

DEWATERING

DRY INF

SOLIDIFICATION

2.1 ,I 1 60

VOLATILES (Weight Basis)

COMPARISON OF TCLP DATA VS

.

1 DRIED

TREA'lMENl

. . . ~

1 . . . . ~ ~ .. .. . ... . ~ - - . - ~ 7

c.. . ... ~~

CHEMICAL EXTRACTION

'I I:I P l~Ol.1JFNl: L IM I IAT IONS 1-01> DISPOSAI. IN ILANDI~II I : 0.33 ppm

STRATEGIES APPLICABLE TO SOLID BY-PRODUCTS OF DRYING OPERATIONS

EMISSIONS 7 I o CONTAMINATED SOILS

RECOVERYIREUSE OPTIONS

0 EXTRACT, METALS PIGMENT REUSE

0 RESIN RECOVERY AGGREGATE REUSE

o FEEDSTOCK REUSE

B WASTEWATER IIYDROXIDE SLUDGES

s) VISCOUS PAINTS, ADHESIVES, COATINGS, INKS

0 CONTAMINATED DEBR

0 DIRECT LANDFILL 0 PELLETIZE, ENCAPSULATE AND

EXTRACT, BURN AS SOLID FUEL 0 PELLETIZE, BURN AS SOLID FUEl 0 DIRECT INCINERATION 0 AGGREGATE, STABILIZE