soluciones libro toefl.pdf

1 This page has been downloaded from Direct to TOEFL iBT™: www.directtotoeflibt.com. Written by Lin Lougheed. © Copyright Macmillan Publishers Ltd, 2011

INTRODUCTION

Skimming and Scanning (pg. 16)Sample AnswersPractice 1 (pg. 20)1. biology, mimic, plants, animals, copy, technology,

science2. French, influence, painting, biography3. different kinds of languages, dialects, countries

Practice 2 (pg. 20)1. seed, sticks to clothes, hooks, attach, inspiration

from nature2. artist, painting, paint, art, canvas, easel, palette,

brushes

Practice 3 (pg. 21) 1. leaves, seeds, trees, changes, variety, making

things, new ideas 2. shoes, clothes, ideas, invention, seeds 3. nests, flying, study, figure out, design 4. shapes, raincoat, waterproof, rubber, plastic,

protection, water-resistant 5. insects, mounds, building, person 6. heating and cooling, building design, insects,

save, conserve 7. cars, safety, speed, rubber 8. painting style, different from Impressionists 9. subjects he painted, descriptions of his

paintings, scenes, nature, objects 10. work style, alone, self-motivated, not valued,

dedicated 11. Cezanne’s influence on artists and art

movements, experts, followers, professors 12. kind of language, different groups of people,

need to communicate, definition of pidgin language

13. reasons for communication, what pidgins and creoles are, how they develop

14. explanation of how Hawaiian Creole developed from a pidgin language

15. explanation of the development of the Gullah language, origin

16. explanation of the development of Haitian Creole, where spoken, from French

17. explanation of the development of Tok Pisin, where spoken, where it came from

Practice 4 (pg. 23)1. railroad, tracks, fly, speed, quiet, sound, invent,

modern, engineer2. building, heating and cooling, insects, damp,

design problems, architecture3. influences, painting style, subjects4. work style, influences, art movements, famous

artists, Europe5. description and history of Hawaiian Creole,

vocabulary, grammar, who speaks it, where it is spoken, current

6. different groups of people in Papua New Guinea, influence from other places, geography, when, fighting

Adding Details (pg. 24)Sample AnswersPractice 1 (pg. 25)par. 1 Evolution – array of designs in nature A. animals, plants, insects – developed ways to

perform a variety of feats B. designers and engineers copy nature’s

designs – “biomimicry”

par. 2 Velcro fasteners – inspired by burrs A. George de Mestral saw hooks on burrs B. copied design to make a fastener C. burr efficient for seed dispersal

par. 3 Eiji Nakatsu – bird watching solved engineering problem.

A. complaints about sonic boom from fast train B. kingfishers – birds that move from air to

water easily C. based train design on kingfishers head and

beak - train was more efficient and quieter

par. 4 Lotus leaves repel water. A. leaves have tiny cracks that cause drops to

form B. design copied to make fabrics and paints

water and stain resistant

par. 5 Architect inspired by termite mounds. A. termites maintain constant temperature in

mounds B. tunnels go through mound

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dIrect to toeFL iBT™

This page has been downloaded from Direct to TOEFL iBT™: www.directtotoeflibt.com. Written by Lin Lougheed. © Copyright Macmillan Publishers Ltd, 2011

par. 6 Pearce copied termite mounds system to control building temperature.

A. fans move cool air through vents B. uses less energy than conventional system

par. 7 Tire design inspired by nature. A. tree frogs toes – can climb smooth surfaces B. design copied for tires

Practice 2 (pg. 27)par. 1 Paul Cézanne - French painter - father of

modern art A. comfortable life in Aix-en-Provence B. not part of Paris art world

par. 2 Not part of Impressionist movement A. knew Impressionist painters, but didn’t agree

with focus B. Impressionist focus - impermanence, light,

individual people C. Cézanne’s focus - permanence, color, planes,

forms, composition

par. 3 Painted from nature A. landscapes without people or animals B. still-lifes of fruit C. paintings of people – composition, not

personality

par. 4 Painted every day, little encouragement A. experimented with new approach B. work not recognized until his fifties

par. 5 Why father of modern art? A. inspiration to Picasso in cubist phase B. influence on Matisse

Practice 3 (pg. 29)par. 1 Pidgin- communication between language

groups A. develops from superstrate (dominant)

language and substrate languages B. creole- more complex pidgin becomes

primary language

par. 2 Pidgins and creoles – contact languages, trade languages

A. “pidgin” - from language used by British traders in China

B. developed from contact through slavery or colonization

par. 3 Hawaiian Creole – example of pidgin developed into creole

A. based on English, U.S. missionaries, businessmen - contact with Hawaiians

B. influenced by workers from other countries C. became primary language

par. 4 Gullah – descendents of slaves A. used in slave trade B. used for communication among slaves C. based on English, influenced by African

languages

par. 5 Haiti – French-based creole A. communication among slaves, masters B. now national language of Haiti

par. 6 Tok Pisin – a national language of Papua New Guinea but originated elsewhere

A. New Guinean workers in Australia, Pacific islands

B. 800 different languages in New Guinea, Tok Pisin used for communication between language groups

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Establishing Context (pg. 31)Sample AnswersPractice 1 (pg. 33)1. Speaker(s): professor Setting: classroom Purpose: lecture

2. Speaker(s): librarian, student Setting: library Purpose: library information

3. Speaker(s): professor Setting: classroom Purpose: lecture

4. Speaker(s): professor, student Setting: office Purpose: meeting

Practice 2 (pg. 35)1. novel - Moby Dick, author - Herman Melville2. library card, check out, student ID3. history – New York, Brooklyn Bridge –

construction4. research project - can’t decide what to write

about

Practice 3 (pg. 35) 1. author, novel, whaling ship, sea captain 2. Melville, novels, whaler, farm, cabin boy,

Polynesia 3. librarian, borrow some books, library card,

subscribe, magazine, locate, restricted books 4. restricted books, first floor, second, third, fourth 5. class, read, magazine, check out, magazines,

get, library card 6. history, New York City, building, Brooklyn

Bridge, Roebling family, bridge construction 7. skyscrapers, describe, New York City, explain,

Brooklyn Bridge, compare, building construction, bridge construction, example, landmarks

8. John Roebling, injured foot, the bends, ability to talk, died of tetanus

9. choosing, research topic, complete, assignment, research project, due, finding books and journals

10. due, two weeks, three weeks, next month, end of semester

11. copy of journal article, list of topics, project outline, journal subscription

Adding Details Sample AnswersPractice 1 (pg. 38)idea 1 Overview of Melville’s work A. Moby Dick – not first novel B. best known now but not in his life C. based on experiences at sea

idea 2 Early life A. father died, he left school B. worked on ships C. spent time in Polynesia, first novels based on

this idea 3 Return from sea A. Moby Dick written on farm, not a big success B. continued writing through 1850s C. got job in New York, wrote poetry D. last novel published after death

Practice 2 (pg. 38)idea 1 Check out library books A. library card – not required B. show student ID

idea 2 Restricted books A. check-out – one week B. recommend reading list C. on third floor

idea 3 Magazines A. current issues – no check-out, on second

floor B. back issues – can check out, on fourth floor

Practice 3 (pg. 39)idea 1 Construction of Brooklyn Bridge A. completed – 1883 B. spectacular site – no skyscrapers at that time

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idea 2 Designer-John Roebling A. Roebling already designed several large

bridges B. innovation – steel instead of iron C. Roebling died of tetanus early on

idea 3 New supervisor – son Washington Roebling A. supervised underwater work in caissons

(large boxes) B. got the bends C. wife, Emily, took over supervision

Practice 4 (pg. 40)idea 1 Help with research project A. can’t get started B. can’t choose topic

idea 2 Project due date A. end of the month B. that’s in 3 weeks

idea 3 Topic list A. likes first one (economic conditions leading

to war) B. professor gives article on topic C. article has outlines and bibliography

Pace (pg. 41)

Reading Speed

Practice 1 (pg. 42)1. C2. B3. C4. D

Practice 2 (pg. 44)1. B2. B3. C4. A5. B6. A7. B8. D

READING SKILLS (pg. 56)

Skill 1 (pg. 56)1. B2. D3. A4. C

Skill 2 (pg. 58)1. C2. A3. D4. B

Skill 3 (pg. 61)1. D2. A3. D4. B

Skill 4 (pg. 63)1. A2. B3. B4. C

Skill 5 (pg. 66)1. D2. A3. C4. D

Skill 6 (pg. 68)1. C2. D3. A4. D

Skill 7 (pg. 70)1. B2. C3. A4. D

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Skill 8 (pg. 73)1. C2. D3. B4. C

Skill 9 (pg. 76)1. A, C, F2. B, C, E

Skill 10 (pg. 81)1. 1st Phase: D, F 2nd Phase: B, G 3rd Phase: C

2. Australian Aboriginals: A, E Navajos: C, F, G

READING SKILLS PRACTICE (pg. 86)

Passage 1 (pg. 86) 1. A 2. C 3. A 4. D 5. C 6. C 7. D 8. B 9. B 10. D 11. C 12. Deductive: B, C, G Inductive: D, F

Passage 2 (pg. 90) 1. A 2. C 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. D 7. D 8. A 9. B 10. C

11. D 12. B 13. A, D, E

Passage 3 (pg. 94) 1. D 2. C 3. C 4. A 5. D 6. C 7. B 8. B 9. A 10. A 11. B 12. D 13. B, C, F

READING PRACTICE TEST (pg. 98)

Passage 1 1. B 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. C 6. A 7. C 8. D 9. B 10. A 11. D 12. C 13. A, C, E

Passage 2 1. C 2. A 3. D 4. D 5. C 6. A 7. C 8. A 9. B

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10. B 11. B 12. C 13. B, E, F

Passage 3 1. B 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. C 8. A 9. D 10. C 11. D 12. A 13. A, D, F

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LISTENING SKILLS

Skill 1 (pg. 116)1. D2. A3. C4. B5. A6. D

Skill 2 (pg. 117)1. A2. B3. C4. A5. C6. C

Skill 3 (pg. 118)1. C2. C3. D4. B, D5. A

6. DSkill 4 (pg. 120)1. B2. B3. A4. C5. C6. A

Skill 5 (pg. 122)1. C2. B3. D4. B5. D6. A

Skill 6 (pg. 124)1. C2. D3. A4. B

Skill 7 (pg. 125)1.

Interview Not Interview

Students X

Trustees X

University president X

Faculty X

Staff X

2. D3. B4.

YES NO

Perennial grasses X

Shade-loving shrubs X

Tree seedlings X

Mature trees X

Pioneer plants X

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5.

YES NO

She wrote about working and living conditions among poor people.

X

She focused largely on the middle and upper classes. X

She only wrote novels. X

She was interested in beauty and nature. X

She wanted to portray life realistically. X

6.

Jean Piaget Renee Baillargeon

Described four stages of cognitive development. X

Believed that object permanence develops around 4 months of age.

X

Believed that object permanence develops around 9 months of age.

X

Did an experiment using toys hidden behind a curtain. X

Did an experiment using objects moving across a screen. X

Skill 8 (pg. 127)1. A2. C3. C4. A5. D6. B

LISTENING SKILLS PRACTICE (pg. 129)

Lecture 1 (pg. 129)1. A2.

YES NO

The lake’s crescent shape X

The age of the lake X

The isolation of the lake X

The condition of the lake’s water X

The length of the lake X

3. B4. D5. B, C6. D

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Lecture 2 (pg. 130)1. C2. A3. C4. B5. D6. B

Lecture 3 (pg. 131)1. B2. C3. C4.

Autobiography only Memoir only Both

It is the story of the author’s life.

X

It focuses on facts. X

It aims to describe feelings and themes.

X

It covers the author’s entire life.

X

It uses writing styles often found in fiction.

X

5. A6. D

Lecture 4 (pg. 132)1. B2. C3. A4. B5. A6. D

Conversation 1 (pg. 133)1. A2. D3. B4. C

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5.

YES NO

Reference books X

Reserve books X

Back issues of journals X

Current issues of magazines X

DVDs X

Conversation 2 (pg. 134)1. B2. A3. D4. A5. C

LISTENING PRACTICE TEST (pg. 136) 1. A 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. C 8. D 9. A 10. B 11.

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

Both Books

Took place on the Mississippi River X

Had characters based on people from Twain’s hometown

X

Was about small-town life X

Dealt with slavery and freedom X

Caused a lot of controversy X

12. B 13. D 14. C 15. C 16. A 17. B, C 18. D 19. D

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20. B 21. A 22. C 23.

YES NO

Its hard shell X

Its special body shape X

Its method of molting X

Its ability to go for a year without eating X

Its tolerance of temperature changes X

24. A 25. B 26. A 27. C 28.

YES NO

Test scores X

Grade transcript X

Recommendations X

Financial need statement X

Application fee X

29. A 30. C 31. A 32. D 33. A 34. B

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SPEAKING SKILLS

Answers will vary.

Skill 1 (pg. 154)1. Activities: relaxed on the beach, went sailing,

went dancing Description: Most of the time we spent relaxing

on the beach, enjoying the sun and swimming a bit. A couple of times we rented a boat and went sailing in the bay. In the evenings we usually went dancing at one of the clubs along the beach.

2. Activities: walking, cooking, eating Description: Both of us enjoy walking a lot, and

we often take long walks together. We also enjoy cooking. We like to prepare big, fancy meals and then invite a lot of people over to eat with us. When the weather’s cold, we go to the movies, then we spend time afterwards talking about the movie, what we liked and didn’t like about it.

3. Activities: visit relatives, eat, play games Description: We always go to my grandmother’s

house on this day, and we get together with almost all of my relatives. We eat a big dinner, which my grandmother cooks. It’s mostly food that is traditional for this holiday. Afterwards we play traditional games with the younger children.

Skill 2 (pg. 155)1. Opinion: The mayor of my city is an admirable

person. Supporting Detail 1: first woman mayor Supporting Detail 2: worked hard to get there Supporting Detail 3: stands by her beliefs

2. Opinion: I would prefer to live in the capital city of my country.

Supporting Detail 1: study and work opportunities

Supporting Detail 2: interesting people Supporting Detail 3: variety of activities

3. Opinion: My laptop computer that I will need in college was important to buy.

Supporting Detail 1: writing and research Supporting Detail 2: stay connected with people Supporting Detail 3: can take it anywhere

4. Opinion: My cousin Mary is a very important person in my life.

Supporting Detail 1: have known each other all our lives

Supporting Detail 2: can talk to her about anything

Supporting Detail 3: enjoy a lot of the same activities

Sample Responses1. In my opinion, the mayor of my city is a very

admirable person. She’s the first woman mayor of my city, which is a huge accomplishment in itself. She worked very hard to achieve this position, and she never gave up even when she had setbacks and failures. She still stands by her beliefs and works hard to accomplish her plans for our city. She has many opponents, but she doesn’t let them get in her way.

2. If I could choose anywhere to live, I would prefer

to live in the capital city of my country. To my mind, it’s the best place to live. It’s a very big city, so there are a lot of opportunities there for both study and work. Whatever career you want to pursue, you can do it there. There are also a lot of interesting people living there, so you can make friends with all kinds of people. There is also a large variety of activities you can do there. There are clubs, theaters, museums, parks, and a lot of different cultural events. I think anybody can find useful and interesting things to do in the capital city.

3. I bought a laptop computer that I will need as a college student. Even though it was expensive, I believe that it was very important to buy. I will need it to do research and writing for my classes when I’m in college. I feel that this is the most important reason to have it, but there are other reasons, too. When I am away at college, I will use my computer to stay connected with friends and family at home. Also, since my computer is a laptop, I can take it with me when I go home on visits. That way I can still study even when I go away, and I can stay connected with people wherever I go.

4. If I had to say who was the most important friend in my life, I would say it’s my cousin Mary. Mary and I have known each other our whole lives, and there is nobody who knows me and understands me as well as she does. I really trust

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Mary, and I feel that I can talk to her about anything. She listens to what I say and never tells my secrets to anyone. Besides that, Mary and I enjoy doing many of the same things, so we always have a good time together.

Skill 3 (pg. 157)1. She has a lively personality and enjoys doing a lot

of different things.2. The characters in the movie seemed very real,

and I was really concerned about what would happen to them.

3. There are several nice cafés near the university as well as some good stores for shopping and a few movie theaters.

4. I’ve lived in this neighborhood ever since I was five years old.

5. This gift meant a lot to me because it showed how much she cared about me.

Skill 4 (pg. 158)1. Similar Different be with people number of people types of activities

General Idea Just like going to a party, spending time with friends means being with people.

General Idea I generally prefer being with fewer people.

General Idea A party has party activities only; friends can do a variety of activities.

2. Similar Different at least some pleasant variety/no variety

weather cold weather can be

pleasant

General Idea Every part of the world has pleasant weather at least some of the time.

General Idea Places with distinct seasons have variety, while places without distinct seasons can be boring.

General Idea Just like springtime, a cold winter can be nice, too.

3. Similar Different food is good variety/no variety cook/don’t cook clean up/don’t clean up

General Idea The food at home is just as good as the food at restaurants.

General Idea However, there is more variety of types of food available at restaurants than there is at home.

General Idea When I eat out, I don’t have to help cook or clean up.

4. Similar Different shelter size cost neighbors near/far

General Idea Apartments are generally smaller than houses.

General Idea Apartments also usually cost less than houses.

General Idea In an apartment, you live closer to your neighbors.

Skill 5 (pg. 160)1. General Idea Just like going to a party,

spending time with friends means being with people.

Specific Information At a party, I can see a lot of friends and acquaintances.

Specific Information Or, I can call a few friends and spend time with a small group.

General Idea I generally prefer being with fewer people, and for this reason I don’t often go to parties.

Specific Information I can spend time really talking to my friends this way.

Specific Information It’s more relaxing.

General Idea At a party you can only do party activities, but with a group of friends you can do a lot of different things.

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Specific Information At a party you dance, eat, drink, and have some conversations.

Specific Information You can do these same things with friends, and you can do a lot of other things, too. You can go to the movies, play music, or watch a soccer game, for example.

2. General Idea Every part of the world has pleasant weather at least some of the time.

Specific Information In some places, the weather is pleasant most of the year.

Specific Information In other places, the weather can be too hot or cold or wet sometimes, and pleasant at other times.

General Idea Places with distinct seasons have variety, while places without distinct seasons can be boring.

Specific Information In places with distinct seasons, the weather changes throughout the year and that’s pleasant and interesting.

Specific Information In places without distinct seasons, the weather doesn’t change much and that’s boring. That’s why I prefer places with distinct seasons.

General Idea Just like springtime, a cold winter can be nice, too.

Specific Information A cold winter has lots of snow.

Specific Information Snow is pretty and snow sports, like skiing, are fun. These are the reasons why I don’t mind cold winters.

3. General Idea The food at home is just as good as the food at restaurants.

Specific Information The food at restaurants is prepared professionally and is usually very good.

Specific Information Since my mother is a very good cook, the food she prepares is just as good as food you can get at any restaurant.

General Idea However, there is more variety of types of food available at restaurants than there is at home.

Specific Information At home we can only learn to cook some kinds of food.

Specific Information Each restaurant, on the other hand, has its own specialities, so I think it’s more interesting to eat at restaurants.

General Idea When I eat out, I don’t have to help cook or clean up.

Specific Information At home, I have to help my mother with the cooking and cleaning up.

Specific Information At a restaurant, the chef cooks my food and the waiter brings it to me, and all I have to do is eat it. For this reason, I prefer eating at restaurants.

4. General Idea Apartments are generally smaller than houses.

Specific Information Apartments usually have fewer rooms than houses, and the rooms are generally smaller.

Specific Information Houses often have garages, basements, attics, and gardens, but apartments don’t have these things.

General Idea Apartments usually cost less than houses.

Specific Information Because they are smaller, apartments also usually cost less than houses.

Specific Information One reason I prefer to live in an apartment is that I don’t have enough money for a house at the moment.

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General Idea In an apartment, you live closer to your neighbors.

Specific Information I like living close to my neighbors.

Specific Information I prefer living in an apartment since I don’t like to feel like I’m alone.

Skill 6 (pg. 163)1. Sample Notes(HINT: Use & or + instead of and.) Opinion man looking forward to

research project

General Idea students will be prepared to do it

Specific Information will learn how to do research

Specific Information professor will help them plan

General Idea interviewing is interesting Specific Information better than sitting in library Specific Information can go to different places &

talk to different people

General Idea will learn research skills Specific Information will learn how to interview Specific Information will learn how to analyze

data

Sample Response The man is looking forward to doing the research

project in the sociology class. He feels confident because he knows that the students in the class will be prepared to do the assignment. They will learn how to do research, and their professor will help them plan their projects. He also thinks that interviewing research subjects will be interesting. Instead of sitting in a library, he can go to different places and talk to different people. Finally, he likes the fact that he will learn real research skills. He will learn how to do interviews, and he will learn how to analyze data. He thinks the research project requirement is a good idea.

2.Sample Notes(HINTS: Use not by itself in notes instead of isn’t or aren’t; for other verbs use the auxiliary, e.g., doesn’t, didn’t.) Opinion woman thinks university

should provide students with other places to park

General Idea other places available Specific Information unused spaces in faculty

parking lot Specific Information some visitor parking could

be used

General Idea taking bus not easy Specific Information some students don’t live

near bus lines Specific Information some have classes at night

General Idea sharing rides not easy Specific Information some don’t live near other

students Specific Information don’t always have similar

schedules

Sample Response The woman thinks the university should provide

students with other places to park. In the first place, she believes there are other parking places available on campus. For example, she has noticed unused spaces in the faculty parking lot. She also thinks that some of the visitor parking areas could be used for students. In addition, she believes that taking the bus instead of driving a car isn’t easy. Some students don’t live near bus lines. Other students have classes late at night when there aren’t any buses running. Also, it isn’t always easy for students to share rides. Some students don’t live near other students, and students don’t always have similar schedules. Since there are other parking spaces available and since taking the bus or sharing rides isn’t always possible, the woman thinks the university should provide more parking places for students.

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3. Sample Notes(HINTS: Forms of the verb be are the easiest to drop in notes. Can you find three places are was dropped in these notes? The answer is below the Sample Response.) Opinion man agrees with the no pets

policy

General Idea pets noisy Specific Information can keep you from studying Specific Information can keep you from sleeping

General Idea cause damage Specific Information cats scratch Specific Information dogs chew

General Idea some people don’t like Specific Information some people afraid Specific Information some people allergic

Sample Response The man agrees with the no pets policy for the

student dormitories. His first reason is that pets are noisy. When a dog barks, for example, it can keep you from studying. Noisy pets can also keep you from sleeping. The man also says that pets can cause damage. Cats cause damage by scratching things. Dogs cause damage by chewing things. In addition, the man points out that some people don’t like pets. Some people are afraid of them, and some people are allergic to them. These are all the reasons why he thinks it’s a good idea not to allow pets in the dormitories.

[Pets are noisy. Some people are afraid. Some people are allergic.]

4. Sample Notes (HINT: For even shorter notes, use SC or Stu Cen instead of Student Center.) Opinion woman thinks movies at

Student Center good idea

General Idea free Specific Information movies usually cost money Specific Information doesn’t always have money

General Idea movies type of social event Specific Information discussion after each movie Specific Information chance to talk to new

people

General Idea movie schedule interesting Specific Information some new to her Specific Information some old favorites

Sample Response The woman thinks that showing movies at the

Student Center is a good idea. She thinks it’s great that the movies are free. She would have to pay to see a movie in a theater, and she doesn’t always have the money for that. She also likes the idea of movies at the Student Center because it’s a type of social event. There are discussions after the movies, and this is an opportunity to meet and talk with new people. Additionally, the woman thinks that the movie schedule looks very interesting. There are some movies on it that are new to her, and there are also some of her favorite movies that aren’t often shown in movie theaters. For these reasons, she agrees with the decision to show free movies at the Student Center.

Skill 7 (pg. 168)1. Purpose (D)Details:

1. Stripes are pattern camouflage and make it difficult for predators to pick out zebras from the herd. 2. Stripes are not only for disguise—they help zebras recognize each other. 3. Stripes might have other functions—cooling, protection from sun and flies.

Sample Response The lecturer discusses the question, “Why do

zebras have stripes?” There are different possible answers to this question. One reason may be camouflage. Camouflage is when an animal’s colors and marks help it hide in the wild. There are different kinds of camouflage. Zebras’ stripes are an example of pattern camouflage. Pattern camouflage makes it hard for the predator to pick out one animal from the group because it makes it hard to see the shape of the animal.

There might be other reasons for the zebra’s stripes besides disguise. They might help zebras

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recognize each other in the dark when they are escaping predators. They might help mothers and babies recognize each other. This is possible because each zebra has a unique pattern of stripes.

Zebras’ stripes might protect them from other things, too. The stripes might protect the zebras from the heat because the black and white colors absorb and reflect heat. They might protect the zebras from sunburn, and they might keep flies from biting them. These are all different ways that stripes might protect zebras.

2. Purpose (C)Details: 1. The study was about labeling and deviant

behavior. 2. There were two groups of students—one middle class and one lower class—who engaged in vandalism and other deviant behavior. 3. The lower-class students were labeled as deviant, but the middle-class students were not, even though their behavior was the same.

Sample Response The professor talks about a study of deviant

behavior. Deviant behavior is when people don’t follow social norms. Deviant behavior can be committing crimes, but it could also be something like not shaking hands or talking loudly in a library. The study the professor describes was about the labeling theory of deviant behavior. According to this theory, behavior is deviant because society calls it deviant. In the study there were two groups of high school students. Both groups engaged in bad behavior such as skipping school and damaging property. However, only one group was considered deviant. The Saints were from middle-class families. Society expected them to be good, so when they did bad things, they weren’t seen as bad. The other group, the Roughnecks, were from poor families. Society expected them to be bad, so when they did bad things, they were seen as bad, or deviant. This may have affected their future lives. When the Saints got older, the went to college and became professionals. When the Roughnecks got older, only two went to college. The others dropped out of school and became criminals.

3. Purpose (B)Details: 1. The flu epidemic of 1918 spread to many

counties around the world. 2. There was a high death toll—40 million people or more. 3. It was caused by a new strain of flu which scientists are still trying to understand.

Sample Response Epidemics and pandemics are situations where

large numbers of people become infected with a disease. An epidemic is limited to a city or region. A pandemic is an epidemic that spreads to many countries. It occurs when there is a new type of a disease that people are not immune to. The flu epidemic of 1918 was a pandemic because it spread around the world. It occurred in most parts of the world, even in the far-away South Pacific islands. One reason that it spread so far was World War I. The pandemic occurred near the end of the war, when soldiers were moving around from place to place, so they carried the disease with them. Millions of people around the world died during the pandemic. It was a new strain of flu, so people weren’t immune to it. Scientists are still studying this strain of the flu and trying to understand where it came from and how it spread.

4. Purpose (A)Details: 1. Purple loosestrife was introduced to the U.S.

from Europe. 2. It spreads easily, takes over large areas, and changes the habitat. 3. It doesn’t have natural predators in the U.S. to stop it from spreading.

Sample Response The lecturer talks about the purple loosestrife

flower as an example of an invasive species. An invasive species is a plant or animal that has escaped to an area that is not its native habitat. If it has no predators in its new habitat, it can grow strong, take up space and resources, and push native species out. Some invasive species are introduced by human activity. For example, the purple loosestrife was brought to the United States from Europe as a garden plant. Purple loosestrife plants are strong and have a lot of seeds. The seeds travel easily, and the plant has spread to wetlands in many areas. Purple

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loosestrife takes over a large area and changes the habitat for the plants and animals that were living there. In Europe, purple loosestrife has predators, which are beetles that eat its leaves and roots. In the United States, it doesn’t have any predators, so there is nothing to stop it from spreading.

Skill 8 (pg. 173)1.Sample Notes(HINTS: For even shorter notes, write econ instead of economics class; notice the comma to separate ideas instead of and or &.)Problem economics class difficult, man

doesn’t want to fail

Solution 1 drop classAdvantages Disadvantageswon’t have to worry needs class to get about failing into grad school

Solution 2 hire a tutorAdvantages Disadvantagescould pass class costs moneyneeds class for grad school still might fail

Sample Response The man is taking a difficult economics class, and

he doesn’t want to fail it. The class isn’t required for his major, but it will help him get into graduate school. One solution is to drop the class. The other solution is to hire a tutor to help him. I think the best idea is to hire a tutor. If he drops the class, he won’t have to worry about failing but he also won’t have a class that he needs to get into graduate school. If he hires a tutor, however, he will have a good chance at passing the class. A tutor costs money, but I think it’s worth it in this case if the man is serious about going to graduate school.

2. Sample Notes(HINTS: The modal verbs could, might, would in these notes convey important nuances in meaning.)Problem woman wants to go on field trip

with geology class, doesn’t have money

Solution 1 ask sister to lend the moneyAdvantages Disadvantagescould go on trip sister might not

have money borrowing from

sister can cause problems

Solution 2 miss tripAdvantages Disadvantageswouldn’t have to borrow would miss money learning morewouldn’t risk problem with sister

Sample Response The problem is that the woman wants to go on

the field trip with her geology class, but she doesn’t have enough money. One solution is that she could ask her sister to lend her some money. The other solution is that she could just miss the trip. I prefer the second solution. The first solution might not work because her sister might not have money to lend her. It also could lead to problems with her sister. What if she has trouble paying the money back? Her sister probably wouldn’t like that. I think missing the trip is the more responsible solution. It’s true that she would miss a good learning opportunity, but the trip isn’t a requirement for the class. And she wouldn’t risk having a problem with her sister.

3. Sample Notes(HINTS: Notice that he and she are kept in these notes to avoid confusing genders.)Problem students scheduled Dr. Morgan to

speak, he just canceled

Solution 1 ask Dr. Thornton to substitute Advantages Disadvantageswould have speaker Dr. Thornton might

not want toshe can speak on same topics people expect to

hear Dr. Morgan

Solution 2 show a movieAdvantages Disadvantagescovers same topics not same as a real

speakerDr. Morgan in it

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Sample Response The problem is that the students scheduled a

prominent astronomy professor, Dr. Morgan, to speak, and he canceled at the last minute. He’s the main part of their National Astronomy Week program. The woman suggests asking Dr. Thornton to speak in his place. The man suggests showing a movie. I think the first solution is the better one. Like Dr. Morgan, Dr. Thornton can talk about astronomy. She’s worked with Dr. Morgan, so she can probably talk about some of Dr. Morgan’s work, too. The most important reason, though, is that she is a live speaker. Dr. Morgan appears in the movie talking about his work, but a movie is never the same as a live speaker. I think the students will have a better program if they ask Dr. Thornton to speak in Dr. Morgan’s place.

4.Sample Notes(HINT: For shorter notes, use bio instead of biology; notice that the notes use book even though the response uses the more formal textbook.)Problem woman lost her biology book

Solution 1 buy used oneAdvantages Disadvantagescheaper than new one still expensive already paid for

book she lost

Solution 2 use the book in the libraryAdvantages Disadvantageswouldn’t have to pay has to use in library

Sample Response The problem is that the woman lost her biology

textbook, and she’s especially concerned because she has a midterm exam coming up. The first solution the man suggests is to buy a used copy of the book. The second solution is to use the copy of the book that’s in the reserve section of the library. I think the first solution is the best. The woman doesn’t want to spend more money since she already bought the book once. However, she will need the book for the rest of the semester. If she uses the library book, she has to stay in the library while reading it. That would be very inconvenient for her. The used book is less expensive than a new one, so she won’t spend too much more money to buy it. It will be much easier for her to have her own book.

Skill 9 (pg. 177)1. Sample Notes(HINT: After you write saguaro or saguaro cactus the first time and are sure of the name, use sag or cac) Main Idea A saguaro cactus has adapted

to harsh desert conditions Supporting Detail 1 adapted to little rainfall Supporting Detail 2 adapted to strong sunlight

Main Idea B saguaro adapted to little rainfall

Supporting Detail 1 shallow roots gather rainwater quickly

Supporting Detail 2 fleshy stems absorb + hold water

Main Idea C saguaro adapted to strong sunlight

Supporting Detail 1 cactus seedlings grow near nurse trees

Supporting Detail 2 by time they’re tall ready to survive in sun

Sample Response The professor describes how the saguaro cactus

has adapted to harsh desert conditions. The saguaro has adapted to the lack of rainfall in the desert, and it has also adapted to the strong desert sunlight.

The saguaro cactus has a root system that is adapted to little rainfall. The roots are shallow. They’re near the surface of the sand so when it rains, they can get the water quickly. The saguaro also has large fleshy stems. These stems absorb the water and hold it for a long time.

The saguaro cactus has adapted to the strong desert sunlight. It gets protection from nurse trees. The cactus seedlings grow near these trees and are protected by the shade. By the time the young cactuses are taller than the nurse trees, they can survive in the strong sunlight.

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2. Sample Notes(HINT: Use auto in your notes even if you use automobile in your response.) Main Idea A auto has changed American

landscape

Supporting Detail 1 in past people traveled over dirt roads

Supporting Detail 2 roads and businesses built to accommodate autos

Main Idea B new, better roads built Supporting Detail 1 paved roads Supporting Detail 2 U.S. highway system and

interstate highways

Main Idea C new businesses built Supporting Detail 1 in past everything in towns

and cities Supporting Detail 2 new kinds of businesses on

highways for drivers

Sample Response The lecture is about how the automobile has

changed the way the American landscape looks. In the past, people traveled by horse and wagon on dirt roads. For long trips, travelers took trains. Then many people started driving automobiles. Because of this, new roads were built and new businesses appeared.

Since there were so many automobiles, more roads were built and they were paved. Now there are two million miles of paved roads in the United States. In 1925, a system of numbered highways was developed. In the 1950s, interstate highways were developed. This was a system of high-speed highways that replaced the older numbered highways.

Because of automobiles, new businesses were built. Before people had automobiles, businesses were in towns and cities. When people started driving, they didn’t have to do everything in a town or city. They could travel anywhere. New businesses appeared along the highways for automobile drivers. They included motels, shopping centers, drive-in movies, and fast-food restaurants.

3. Sample Notes(HINT: For continents, use abbreviations like South Amer. or SA and Eur. in your notes.) Main Idea A potato originated in South

Amer., taken to Europe Supporting Detail 1 was staple food in Andes for

Incas Supporting Detail 2 at first Europeans didn’t eat,

then became important

Main Idea B people in Eur. didn’t eat potatoes

Supporting Detail 1 grown as food for livestock Supporting Detail 2 considered poisonous and

evil

Main Idea C people in Eur. started eating Supporting Detail 1 high-yield crop, high in

nutrition Supporting Detail 2 at same time potatoes

became popular, large population growth

Sample Response The lecture is about the potato and how it

became a popular food in Europe. The potato originated in South America and was taken to Europe by Spaniards in the 1500s. In South America, it was a staple food among the Incas who lived in the Andes Mountains. When it first arrived in Europe, people thought it was inedible, but later, in the 1800s, it became an important food.

At first, Europeans wouldn’t eat potatoes themselves. Farmers grew potatoes as food for livestock, and the only people who ate them were starving people. Another reason people didn’t eat potatoes was because they considered potatoes to be poisonous. Some people even thought they were evil and connected to devils and witches.

Over time, people started eating potatoes, and in the 1800s they became very popular. This was because potatoes were a high-yield crop. Before that, grains like wheat were the staple food, but there were frequent crop failures. Potatoes were a protection against these crop failures. Also, potatoes have a lot of nutrition. At the same time potatoes became popular, there was a population

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growth. Historians talk about whether the potato caused the population growth or whether its popularity was a result of the population growth.

4. Sample Notes(HINTS: Use numbers instead of words in your notes; once you are sure you have correctly heard a long word, such as Impressionism/Impressionists, shorten it, e.g, Impr. or Impr-ism. and Impr-ist.) Main Idea A Impressionism: style of

painting from 19th century Supporting Detail 1 famous Impressionist

painters Supporting Detail 2 Impressionists changed the

way artists painted

Main Idea B Impressionists painted different subjects

Supporting Detail 1 Before Impressionism, artists painted people, historical events, religious themes

Supporting Detail 2 Impressionists painted ordinary things and outdoors

Main Idea C Impressionists had different style

Supporting Detail 1 before Impressionism, paintings realistic & soft colors

Supporting Detail 2 Impressionists painted light & feeling, bright colors & quick brush strokes

Sample Response The professor talks about Impressionism. This

was a style of painting from the nineteenth century. There were a number of famous Impressionist painters including Monet, Renoir, and many others. Impressionists changed the way artists painted. They changed both the subjects that were painted and the style of painting.

Impressionists painted different subjects from the artists before them. Before, artists painted rich and famous people. They painted pictures of historical events, and they painted religious themes. Impressionists painted scenes of ordinary people and everyday life. Impressionists

also preferred to paint outdoors because they were interested in light.

Impressionists had a different style of painting from the artists before them. Before Impressionism, paintings were realistic. They were often painted indoors, so they had soft colors. Shadows were painted with grays and neutral colors. Impressionists did not try to make their subjects look real. They tried to paint light and feeling. They used bright colors. They used quick brush strokes to show reflecting light. They painted shadows with purples and other colors. They were always interested in light.

Skill 10 (pg. 181) 1. inform information inform

informative informatively 2. believe belief believe

believable believably 3. adore adoration adore

adorable adorably 4. argue argument argue

arguable arguably 5. attract attraction attract

attractive attractively 6. master master y master

masterful masterfully 7. simple simplification simplify

simple simply 8. rhetoric rhetoric rhetorical

rhetorically 9. sense sense sense/sensitize

sensitive sensitively 10. apathy apathy apathetic

apathetically

Skill 11 (pg. 182)1. The students feel that the class assignment is too

difficult.2. It isn’t easy to find a place to park on campus.3. If he doesn’t study harder, he could get a failing

grade.4. The food in a restaurant is usually delicious but

often expensive.5. There are still many questions abut bird

migration.

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Skill 12 (pg. 182) R T1. First, the student parking regulations aren’t fair.

R 2. However, the man doesn’t agree with the

T woman’s opinion.

R T3. She’s had this problem since the semester began.

R 4. On the other hand, winter is a very beautiful time T of year.

R 5. Nevertheless, many people aren’t aware of her T accomplishments.

Skill 13 (pg. 183) R 1. Summer weather is hot, humid, and T uncomfortable.

R R2. At a restaurant you just order, eat, pay, and then T go home.

R 3. In this class we have to do research, write reports, T and take exams.

R T4. She needs money for tuition, books, and housing. R 5. Apartments are generally small, comfortable, and T inexpensive.

SPEAKING SKILLS PRACTICE (pg. 183)

Question 1: Sample Response In my opinion, a good neighborhood is pleasant-

looking and also conveniently located. The Parkview neighborhood in my city has both these qualities. It’s a very nice-looking place because it’s next to a large park. Also, the residents are very interested in gardening, and many of the houses have beautiful flower gardens in their

front yards. The yards are small because it’s a city neighborhood, but the people have filled these small spaces with flowers. It’s an especially beautiful place in the spring. This neighborhood is also in a very convenient location. It’s not too far from downtown, where many offices and stores are. Major city bus lines run right through the neighborhood, so it’s easy to get downtown, to the university, to the airport, and other important places. Of course, since it’s so nice and convenient, it’s also expensive to live there. Maybe some day I’ll be able to afford it.

Question 2: Sample Response I think that the answer to this question depends

on where you live. Since I live in a big city, I believe that using public transportation is better than using a car. The reasons are expense and convenience. It’s true that you have to pay every time you ride the bus or subway, and you pay even more for taxis. However, the expenses of owning a car are much more. After you buy the car, you still have to pay for insurance, gasoline, repairs, and parking. When you add it all up, I think that public transportation is cheaper. Public transportation is more convenient, too. In a big city you’re almost always near a bus stop or subway station and if you aren’t, you can call a taxi. If you drive a car, on the other hand, you’re always worrying about finding a parking space or getting caught in a traffic jam. You don’t have these worries when you use public transportation.

Question 3: Sample Response The woman agrees with the policy to charge fines

for overdue books. In fact, she thinks that the fines should be higher because she thinks overdue books are a big problem. In the first place, many times the books she has wanted have been unavailable. This is because people keep books out past the due date. The woman believes that if people have to pay fines, they’ll start bringing the books back on time. In addition, many library materials have been lost. The woman says that probably people will be more careful with their library materials now that they’ll have to pay fines. She hopes that the money collected from overdue fines can be used to replace some of the library materials that have been lost.

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Question 4: Sample Response A phobia is when a person has a severe fear of

something. Some examples are fear of heights and fear of flying. The fear is so great that the person is prevented from doing normal, everyday things. It also causes physical reactions like shaking and difficulty breathing. One of the best treatments for phobias is called exposure therapy. It is a therapy that exposes the patient to the thing he or she fears, but little by little so that the person can get used to it. First, the patient looks at pictures of the feared object and then reads about it. Then the patient looks at it from a distance. Little by little the patient gets closer to it until he or she can touch it. Modeling could also be part of the therapy. The patient watches other people holding the object that is feared. There are also other kinds of treatments. Hypnosis is one kind, and medications are also used. But exposure therapy is used by many therapists and is very successful.

Question 5: Sample Response The man had a roommate to help pay for his

apartment, but the roommate has gone away for the year. The man can’t afford to pay for the apartment by himself. One solution is to live in the student dormitories, which are cheaper than an apartment. The other solution is to advertise for a new roommate. I prefer the second solution. I think the first solution would make the man unhappy because he really wants to live in his apartment. Also, it’s not certain that he’ll be able to get a room in the dormitories. There might not be any left. If, on the other hand, he advertises for a roommate, he has the chance of staying in his apartment. I think he might not have a hard time finding a roommate. Around most universities there are always students looking for a place to live. I think the second solution will make the man much happier.

Question 6: Sample Response The professor talks about the cotton gin and the

effects it had on the American economy. The cotton gin was invented in the late 1700s. It was a machine that removed the seeds from cotton. Using the machine was fifty times faster than doing the job by hand. Because of this, cotton became a valuable cash crop.

The cotton gin had some good effects. Before, there were economic problems in the southern United States. Then people started growing

cotton and selling it all over the world. A lot of families became rich. Also, there were more farms because cotton could be grown anywhere. It didn’t need any special kind of soil.

The cotton gin also had some bad effects. Growing cotton required a lot of labor. Because of this, slavery increased. In addition, the price of land went up because everyone wanted to grow cotton. Since land was expensive, towns and cities didn’t grow. So the South was an agricultural region, but the North became an urban and industrial region. These two parts of the country were very different from each other.

SPEAKING PRACTICE TEST (pg. 186)

Question 1: Sample Response Something I own that is very special to me is a

book. It’s a children’s story book, and it’s special because it once belonged to my grandmother. When I see it on the shelf, I remember my grandmother. I remember her reading this book to me when I was a child and the fun times we had talking about the stories. When I read the book myself and look at the pictures, I think of the time when my grandmother was a little girl. It’s interesting to think about what life was like at that time, and what my grandmother was like when she was a child. This book is one of my treasures. I’m very happy to have something that meant so much to my grandmother. It isn’t worth a lot of money like gold jewelry or fine china, but it has another kind of value.

Question 2: Sample Response I always listen to music when I study. It gives me

the energy I need to keep going, and it also helps me stay focused. When I study, I listen to different kinds of music, depending on my mood. If I’m tired, I play fast, energetic music. It helps me feel awake and energetic. Even if I’m not so tired, I like to play upbeat, cheerful music because it helps me maintain the level of energy that I need to get my work done. Some people find this hard to understand, but listening to music actually helps me stay focused on my work. This is because it keeps me company. When there’s no music, when everything is quiet, I start wondering where everybody is. I start thinking about my friends and wondering what they’re doing. I get distracted from my work. But when I

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listen to music, I can stay focused on my work instead of thinking about a million other things.

Question 3: Sample Response The man believes that closing the Student Center

lounge for renovations is a good idea. In the first place, he feels that the lounge really needs some renovations because it’s in such bad condition now. In addition, he thinks that the summer session is the best time to do this work because it will be less disruptive. There aren’t as many students on campus then, so places like the cafeteria are less crowded. Students can meet their friends there while the lounge is closed. Also, since the weather is nice during the summer people don’t tend to use the lounge then anyhow. They prefer to spend time outside. He’s looking forward to seeing the renovated lounge in the fall.

Question 4: Sample Response The lecturer describes research into the bystander

effect by Darley and Latane. The bystander effect describes how people behave when they witness an emergency. If there are other people present, they tend to not respond to the emergency. On the other hand, people who are lone witnesses to an emergency tend to respond more frequently. People became interested in this effect after a woman was attacked in New York City in 1964 and nobody helped her. One experiment by Darley and Latane involved a room filling up with smoke. They looked at the response of study subjects in three different situations. Some study subjects were alone in the room, and 75 percent of the time they reported the emergency. Sometimes three study subjects were together in the room, and they had a response rate of only around 30 percent or so. The lowest response rate, around 10%, was when a study subject was in the room with two other people who had been secretly told not to respond to the emergency. Darley and Latane did other similar types of experiments and got similar results. People respond to an emergency when they’re alone, but they respond much less often when other people are around.

Question 5: Sample Response The woman needs to do some research in the

public archives, but the archives have been moved out to the suburbs. The woman doesn’t have a car, so she needs to find another way to get there. One solution is to take the bus. The

other solution is to ask a classmate for a ride. I think the second solution is better. The first solution is difficult because the bus schedule is inconvenient and the ride is so long. She would have to spend an hour and a half getting to the archives and an hour and a half on the return trip. She would also have to wait until later in the afternoon for the return bus to leave. So she would have to devote an entire day to her research, and that might not fit in well with her schedule. If she rides with a classmate, on the other hand, they can plan the trip to suit their schedules. She says she doesn’t really know any of her classmates, but this might be a good way to get to know someone, and they could become study partners.

Question 6: Sample Response The lecturer talks about why the Erie Canal was

built and the effects it had on U.S. society. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, people wanted to connect the cities of the Atlantic coast with the interior of the country. In 1816, they had a route planned to connect Buffalo, on Lake Erie, to the Hudson River by canal. The canal was necessary because at that time it was difficult to travel overland. The roads weren’t good and travel was slow and expensive. Crossing the Appalachian Mountains was especially difficult. After the Erie Canal was built, many things changed. Freight and passengers could travel much faster on the canal than they could over roads. It became much less expensive to transport freight. New towns were built along the canal. Also, a lot of people went to live in the Midwest. They could farm there and then send their produce to the cities by way of the canal. In addition, because of the canal, New York City became an important port.

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WRITING SKILLS

Integrated Writing TaskAnswers will vary.

Skill 1 (pg. 196)Sample Notes

1. ReadingMain Ideas1. Parental involvement in education is important

because it improves school performance.2. Parents can be involved in different ways at

school.3. Parents can also be involved in different ways at

home.

LectureMain Ideas1. The attitude of teachers can discourage or

encourage parental involvement.2. Parents might have difficulties that are barriers to

involvement in education.3. Schools should work to encourage parental

involvement because it is very important.

2. ReadingMain Ideas1. Aromatherapy is an effective method for healing

health conditions and improving mood.2. Essential oils can be used like medicines. 3. Aromatherapy is used to enhance mood and

relieve stress, anxiety, insomnia, and depression.4. Aromatherapy can be applied in several ways,

depending on the type of ailment.

LectureMain Ideas1. There is no scientific evidence to prove that

aromatherapy is effective.2. A research study tested the effect of essential oils.3. There was little or no effect.

3.ReadingMain Ideas1. There are both natural and human causes of

forest fires.2. Ground fires burn at or below ground level.3. Surface fires burn from the ground up to ten feet

high.4. Crown fires burn at the tops of the trees.

LectureMain Ideas1. Forest fires caused by lightning are part of the

balance of nature.2. Ground fires are usually controlled with trenches.3. Surface fires are controlled with water.

4. Crown fires are controlled from the air.

4.ReadingMain Ideas1. Industrial agriculture relies on monoculture for

high crop yields.2. Planting the same crop in the same place every

year attracts pests.3. Planting the same crop in the same place every

year depletes the soil.4. In industrial farming, just a few varieties of a

plant are grown.

LectureMain Ideas1. Organic farming works with natural resources,

not chemicals.2. Healthy soil is important for healthy crops.

3. Different methods are used for pest control.

4. Different methods are used for disease control.

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Skill 2 (pg. 201)1.ReadingMain Ideas1. Parental involvement in education is important

because it improves school performance.2. Parents can be involved in different ways at

school.3. Parents can also be involved in different ways at

home.

LectureMain Ideas1. The attitude of teachers can discourage or

encourage parental involvement.2. Parents might have difficulties that are barriers to

involvement in education.3. Schools should work to encourage parental

involvement because it is very important.

2.ReadingMain Ideas1. Aromatherapy is an effective method for

healing health conditions and improving mood.2. Essential oils can be used like medicines. 3. Aromatherapy is used to enhance mood and

relieve stress, anxiety, insomnia, and depression.4. Aromatherapy can be applied in several ways

depending on the type of ailment.

LectureMain Ideas1. There is no scientific evidence to prove that

aromatherapy is effective.2. A research study tested the effect of essential oils.3. There was little or no effect.

3.ReadingMain Ideas1. There are both natural and human causes of

forest fires.2. Ground fires burn at or below ground level.3. Surface fires burn from the ground up to ten

feet high.4. Crown fires burn at the tops of the trees.

LectureMain Ideas1. Forest fires caused by lightning are part of the

balance of nature.2. Ground fires are usually controlled with trenches.3. Surface fires are controlled with water.

4. Crown fires are controlled from the air.

4.ReadingMain Ideas1. Industrial agriculture relies on monoculture

for high crop yields.2. Planting the same crop in the same place

every year attracts pests.3. Planting the same crop in the same place

every year depletes the soil.4. In industrial farming, just a few varieties of

a plant are grown.

LectureMain Ideas1. Organic farming works with natural resources,

not chemicals.2. Healthy soil is important for healthy crops.

3. Different methods are used for pest control.

4. Different methods are used for disease control.

Skill 3 (pg. 202)1. A2. A3. B4. B

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Skill 4 (pg. 204)(HINT: You can save time by making some notes in shorthand. In these sample notes the main ideas are sentences and the details are in shorthand.) Sample Notes

1. ReadingMain IdeaParental involvement in education is important.

Supporting Details1. positive effect on student achievement

2. lower drop-out rates3. improved academic performance

Main IdeaParents can be involved in different ways at school.

Supporting Details1. participation in school events2. volunteering in classroom or at special events

Main IdeaParents can be involved in different ways at home.

Supporting Details1. can help children with homework & talk about

school activities2. can read to children & take them on special trips

LectureMain IdeaThe attitude of teachers can discourage or encourage parental involvement.Supporting Details1. some don’t believe in importance of parental

involvement2. some believe parents not interested

Main IdeaParents might have difficulties that are barriers to involvement in education.Supporting Details1. some busy at work2. some don’t speak or read English

Main IdeaSchools should work to encourage parental involvement because it is very important.Supporting Details1. teachers can be trained

2. homework assignments can encourage parent participation

3. meetings can be scheduled at different times

2.ReadingMain IdeaAromatherapy is an effective method for healing health conditions and improving mood.Supporting Details1. uses essential oils distilled from herbs2. common oils—lemon, lavender, rosemary,

peppermint

Main IdeaEssential oils can be used like medicines.Supporting Details1. some doctors use for antibacterial & antifungal

effects

LectureMain IdeaThere is no evidence to prove that aromatherapy is effective.Supporting Details1. not shown it to be effective in scientific studies

Main IdeaA research study tested the effect of essential oils.Supporting Details1. participants exposed to lemon, lavender oil or

water

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2. some doctors use to treat pain

Main IdeaAromatherapy is used to enhance mood and relieve stress, anxiety, insomnia, and depression.Supporting Details1. massage therapists use for aching muscles

2. massage therapists use for stress & anxiety

2. response to pain, wound healing, & effects on immune system tested

3. participants answered questions about mood & stress

Main IdeaThere was little or no effect.

Supporting Details1. no effect on pain, wound healing, or immune

system2. lemon oil had positive effect on mood

3.ReadingMain IdeaThere are both natural and human causes of forest fires.Supporting Details1. lightning most common natural cause2. human causes: smoking, camping, trash burning

Main IdeaGround fires burn at or below ground level.Supporting Details1. roots and rotting vegetation are fuel2. can smolder for a long time

Main IdeaSurface fires burn from the ground up to ten feet high.Supporting Details1. burn shrubs and grasses2. some trees adapted to protect themselves from

surface fires

Main IdeaCrown fires burn at the tops of the trees.Supporting Details1. most dangerous type of fire2. can spread from surface fires3. spread rapidly jumping from crown to crown

LectureMain IdeaForest fires caused by lightning are part of the balance of nature.Supporting Details1. clear out brush & allow trees to spread seeds2. should only fight fires that threaten or are caused

by humans

Main IdeaGround fires are usually controlled with trenches.Supporting Details1. trenches dug down to mineral layer of soil2. fire cannot burn past trenches

Main IdeaSurface fires are controlled with water.

Supporting Details1. firefighters carry water in backpacks2. water pumped from nearby water source

Main IdeaCrown fires are controlled from the air.Supporting Details1. occur high in tops of trees2. sprayed with water or chemicals

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4.ReadingMain IdeaIndustrial agriculture relies on monoculture for high crop yields.Supporting Details1. requires the use of chemicals

2. chemicals destroying environment

Main IdeaPlanting the same crop in the same place every year attracts pests.Supporting Details1. pests have to be controlled with chemical

pesticides2. pollutes environment & affects fertility of soil

Main IdeaPlanting the same crop in the same place every year depletes the soil.Supporting Details1. chemical fertilizers have to be used

2. pollutes environment

Main IdeaIn industrial farming, just a few varieties of a plant are grown.Supporting Details1. makes plants susceptible to disease2. chemicals have to be used3. entire crops may be lost

LectureMain IdeaOrganic farming works with natural resources, not chemicals.Supporting Details1. natural methods used to control pests & disease

& maintain soil

Main IdeaHealthy soil is important for healthy crops.

Supporting Details1. natural fertilizers: compost & manure

2. rotate crops to maintain soil health

Main IdeaDifferent methods are used for pest control.

Supporting Details1. crop rotation discourages breeding cycle of

insects2. companion planting encourages beneficial

insects, discourages harmful insects3. other methods: insect traps & pest-resistant

varieties

Main IdeaDifferent methods are used for disease control.

Supporting Details1. weeding, pruning, spacing allow air to circulate2. other methods: disease resistant varieties &

organic fungicides

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Skill 5 (pg. 209)

Sample Essays(NOTE: Your essays should be 150-225 words, but they can be longer. These sample essays are slightly longer so that you can see how you might expand your essay.) 1. The reading passage discusses the importance of

parental involvement in education. The lecturer agrees that parental involvement is important and discusses ways to encourage it.

According to the reading, parental involvement is important because it increases school achievement and decreases drop-out rates. There are different ways parents can become involved in their children’s education. They might attend meetings or go to open-house nights at school. Parents can help out in the classroom or with school activities. At home, parents can help with homework and talk about school activities. They can read books with their children and take them on educational trips. These things help children develop skills and show them that their parents value education.

Although the lecturer agrees that parental involvement is important, several things might keep parents from being involved in education. Some teachers do not believe in the importance of parental involvement. Other teachers believe that parents are not interested. These teachers do not encourage parents to be involved. In other cases, parents might have their own difficulties that are barriers to involvement. Some parents might be too busy at work. Some parents might not speak or read English.

The lecturer states that because everyone agrees how important parental involvement is, schools need to make the effort to encourage it. He gives some suggestions such as training teachers in ways to get parents involved, giving homework assignments that encourage parent participation, and scheduling meetings at times when parents can attend. These things can encourage parental involvement and can have a positive effect on student achievement.

2. The reading explains how aromatherapy has been used like medicine to treat illness and improve mood. The lecturer, however, says that there is no scientific evidence to prove that aromatherapy is effective.

The lecturer describes a study that tested the ability of some of the essential oils that are used in aromatherapy to cure various ailments. Study participants were exposed to either lemon essential oil, lavender essential oil, or water. Participants’ response to pain was tested by dipping their feet in cold water. Wound healing was also tested using tape applied to the skin, and blood samples were taken to measure effects of the oils on the immune system. Participants also answered questions about mood and stress.

Aromatherapists use the aroma of various essential oils such as lemon, lavender, rosemary, and peppermint to heal certain health conditions and improve mood. They say that these oils can have effects similar to those of medicines. Some doctors use essential oils for their antibacterial and antifungal effects and also to treat pain. The study described by the lecturer, however, showed that lemon and lavender oils had no effect on pain response, healing, or the immune system. Aromatherapists also use essential oils to enhance mood and relieve stress, anxiety, insomnia, and depression. Massage therapists, for example, use them to relieve aching muscles and to reduce stress and relieve anxiety. The study, however, showed no effect of essential oils on pain, wound healing, or the immune system. The only effect shown was a positive effect on mood in the case of lemon oil.

3. Both the reading passage and the lecturer talk about the causes of forest fires and the different types of forest fires that can occur.

Forest fires can be caused by nature or by humans. The reading and the lecturer both explain that the most common natural cause of forest fires is lightning. The lecture goes on to explain that forest fires can play an important role in nature by clearing out underbrush and by allowing certain kinds of tress to spread their seeds. Therefore, we should not fight all forest fires. We should only fight fires that threaten humans or are caused by humans.

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The lecturer talks about the ways to control different kinds of forest fires. Firefighters can control ground fires by digging trenches. The reading explains that ground fires use roots and rotting vegetation for fuel. These fires can smolder for a long time, so firefighters have to dig trenches down to the mineral layer of the soil, where there is nothing for the fire to burn.

Surface fires occur from the ground up to about ten feet high, according to the reading. The lecturer explains that these fires are controlled with water. Fire fighters carry it in on backpacks or pump it from a nearby water source, if there is one. These kinds of fires burn shrubs and grasses.

The lecturer explains that firefighters usually have to fight crown fires from the air. This is because these fires occur high up in the crowns of the trees. Firefighters control them by spraying on water or chemicals. Crown fires are dangerous because they can spread very quickly by jumping from tree to tree.

4. Industrial agriculture relies on a system of monoculture to get high crop yields, which leads to heavy use of chemicals. Organic farming, on the other hand, works with natural resources and does not require the use of chemicals.

In the monoculture system of agriculture, the same crop is planted in the same place every year. This depletes the soil and makes it necessary to use chemical fertilizers, which pollute the environment. Organic farming methods, however, do not require the use of chemical fertilizers. Organic farmers use natural fertilizers such as manure and compost. They also maintain soil health by rotating crops. Healthy soil is an important part of organic farming. It helps keeps the crops healthy.

Planting the same crop in the same place every year, as in the monoculture system, attracts insect pests. The pests have to be controlled with chemical pesticides. This pollutes the environment and affects the fertility of the soil. Organic farmers, on the other hand, use a variety of non-chemical methods to control pests. Crop rotation discourages the breeding cycle of insects. Companion planting encourages beneficial insects and discourages harmful insects. Other

pest control methods include insect traps and planting pest-resistant varieties of crops. These natural methods do not pollute the environment.

In industrial agriculture, just a few varieties of a plant are grown. This makes the plants susceptible to disease. Chemicals have to be used, and entire crops may be lost. Organic farmers sometimes have to deal with disease, but they use non-chemical methods. Weeding, pruning, and row spacing allow air to circulate. Other methods include planting disease-resistant varieties and applying organic fungicides.

Skill 6 (pg. 210)Possible Answers(NOTE: These indirect quotes show how you can avoid directly quoting phrases from the original.)1.Direct quote: The author explains, “Parents can inquire about what their children are doing in class.”Indirect quote: According to the reading passage, parents can talk to their children about school activities.Paraphrase: Parents can take the time to ask their children about the things they are doing in school.

2.Direct quote: According to the author, “Many homeowners simply don’t have the financial ability to install solar panels.”Indirect quote: The lecture states that many homeowners often cannot afford to pay for solar panels.Paraphrase: It is often the case that homeowners cannot afford the installation costs of solar panels.

3.Direct quote: The author says, “Aromatherapy has proven to be a popular form of treatment for both psychological and physical ailments.”Indirect quote: The author notes that aromatherapy is a popular way to treat different kinds of psychological and physical ailments. Paraphrase: Aromatherapy is a popular way of treating psychological as well as physical ailments.

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4. Direct quote: The lecturer confirms, “The only effect shown was that lemon oil appears to have a positive effect on mood.”Indirect quote: The lecturer reports that lemon oil’s positive effect on mood was the only effect shown.Paraphrase: Lemon oil did appear to show a positive effect on mood, but this was the only effect.

5.Direct quote: The author tells us, “Forest fires can have natural or human causes.”Indirect quote: According to the reading passage, forest fires can be caused by nature or by people.Paraphrase: There can be both natural and human causes of forest fires.

6.Direct quote: The lecturer says, “For these reasons, a modern approach to forest fire management has developed, that recommends fighting only those fires caused by human activity or that threaten places where people live.”Indirect quote: The lecturer explains that the modern approach to fire fighting recommends that we should only fight fires that threaten homes or are caused by humans. Paraphrase: Modern fire management recommendations include fighting only those fires that are a threat to people or that were caused by people.

7.Direct quote: According to the reading passage, “Industrial agriculture approaches food production in much the same way a factory approaches the production of manufactured goods.”Indirect quote: The author suggests that the way industrial agriculture works is similar to the way a factory works. Paraphrase: Industrial agriculture is similar in many ways to other types of manufacturing.

8. Direct quote: The lecturer notes, “Crop rotation, in addition to maintaining soil health, also helps control pests by interrupting their breeding cycle.”Indirect quote: The lecturer points out that crop rotation maintains healthy soil and interrupts the breeding cycle of pests.

Paraphrase: Crop rotation maintains soil health and interrupts the breeding cycle of pests, thus helping to control pests.

Independent Writing Task

Skill 1 (pg. 213)1. C, D2. A, C3. A, B4. B, D

Skill 2 (pg. 214)Possible Answers, Part A1. Main Idea A shopping mall is a great idea. General Idea It would bring jobs to the area. General Idea It would make shopping more

convenient

2. Main Idea Large schools have several advantages over small schools.

General Idea They have more resources. General Idea They have more classes to choose

from. General Idea They have a greater variety of

teachers.

3. Main Idea Spending every day at a job you do not like can have negative effects on of your life.

General Idea It can affect your family relationships.

General Idea It can affect your emotional well-being.

General Idea It can affect your physical health.

4. Main Idea Not all families are able to provide everything a pet needs.

General Idea It takes money to care for pets properly.

General Idea It takes time to care for pets properly.

Possible Answers, Part B1. New Introduction: I think that having a new shopping mall in my

neighborhood would be a wonderful idea, very beneficial. My neighborhood is a long way from

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the places where people work and shop. A mall would create new jobs and would make it easier to shop.

2. New Introduction: There are several things that parents need to

think about when they choose schools. Two important factors are location and cost. Another factor is the size of the school. I think that there are advantages to attending large schools instead of small schools. Large schools often have greater resources available, a larger variety of classes, and more teachers with different skills.

3. New Introduction: People who work spend many hours every day at

their job. Earning money is important, but being happy is important too. An unhappy work life can affect family relationships, emotional health, and physical health.

4. New Introduction: I do not feel that pets are for everyone. Pets

require time and money to take care of. Not everyone is able to spend the time and money needed to take good care of a pet.

Skill 3 (pg. 216)Possible Answers, Part A(HINT: In these sample notes the general ideas are sentences and the details are in shorthand.)1. General Idea Children at a large school have

access to a variety of resources. Supporting Detail 1 library has more materials Supporting Detail 2 classrooms have more

computers and software Supporting Detail 3 resources are up to date

2. General Idea Children at a large school have more classes to choose from.

Supporting Detail 1 different kinds of science or literature classes

Supporting Detail 2 non-academic classes more often

3. General Idea Children at a large school have a greater variety of teachers.

Supporting Detail 1 different teacher for each subject

Supporting Detail 2 exposed to different teaching styles

Supporting Detail 3 more role models

Possible Answers, Part B1. New Paragraph 2: At large schools, students typically have better

access to resources than at small schools. Libraries at large schools usually have more books, magazines, and materials like CDs and DVDs. Larger schools often have more computers and software than smaller schools. In addition, resources tend to be newer at large schools.

2. New Paragraph 3: Large schools have a wider variety of classes than

small schools. Students might be able to choose from several types of science or literature classes. Non-academic classes such as art and music, which are often available infrequently at small schools, might be available daily at large schools.

3. New Paragraph 4: Because they have a larger number of teachers,

big schools also have a greater variety of teachers. Instead of having the same teacher for several subjects, students can have a different teacher for each subject. Furthermore, different teachers will have different teaching styles, so the students’ learning is enriched. In addition, more adults in the school environment naturally means more role models for students.

Skill 4 (pg. 218)Practice 11. It is my opinion that small schools provide (do

not provide) children with the best possible education.

2. In my view, shopping malls bring (do not bring) many benefits to the neighborhoods where they are located.

3. I suppose that caring for pets teaches (does not teach) children many important lessons about life.

4. I think that having a lot of money is (is not) more important than feeling happy in our daily life.

5. I am sure that teachers who treat their students with kindness are (are not) always appreciated.

6. I am convinced that shopping malls have (do not have) a negative impact on the quality of life in the surrounding neighborhood.

7. Perhaps a pet such as a dog or cat is (is not) difficult for a young child to take care of.

8. Certainly, a high salary can (cannot) compensate for an unpleasant work situation.

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Practice 21. As a rule, money does not buy happiness.2. On the whole, teachers at small schools have

more time to pay attention to individual students.

3. For the most part, pets are just an extra responsibility that modern families do not have time for.

4. To some extent, shopping malls bring good jobs to a town or city.

5. In a way, strict teachers actually help their students more than kind teachers do.

Skill 5 (pg. 221)(HINT: In these sample notes the main ideas and general ideas are sentences and the details are in shorthand.)1. Sample Outline NotesMain Idea I would recommend a new gym because the gym

we have now is in terrible condition, students need to be encouraged to get more exercise, and our library is already adequate for our needs.

General Idea 1 Our gym is in terrible condition.

Supporting Detail 1 needs a lot of repairs Supporting Detail 2 since money to be spent for

repairs, why not spend on new gym?

General Idea 2 Students need to be encouraged to get more exercise.

Supporting Detail 1 good health important for students

Supporting Detail 2 new gym might encourage students to exercise

Supporting Detail 3 new gym might encourage students to sign up for sports

General Idea 3 The library we have now is already adequate for our needs.

Supporting Detail 1 enough room for materials now

Supporting Detail 2 technology means less room needed in future

Sample Essay If I had to recommend either a new gym or a new

library for my school, I would have to recommend a new gym, for several reasons. The gym we have now is in bad condition, students need to be encouraged to get more exercise, and I think the library we have now is more than adequate for our future needs.

The gym at my school is definitely in terrible condition. It needs a lot of repairs. The roof leaks and the swimming pool has cracks. The locker rooms are unpleasant because everything in them is so old. In my view, since money will have to be spent to make repairs anyway, it would be better to go ahead and spend a little more money to build an entirely new gym.

Students need to be encouraged to get more exercise. Good health is very important for our studies and for all aspects of our lives. If we had a new gym, students would be encouraged to get exercise. They might enjoy using the pool or the exercise room in their free time. They might feel encouraged to sign up for sports activities.

A library is just as important as a gym, but I think the library we have now is already adequate for our needs. It has plenty of room for books and magazines. Because of technology, I do not think we will need a bigger library in the future. Books and magazines will be in electronic form, so we will not need any more shelf space for them.

The gym we have now is in bad condition and should be replaced. A new gym would encourage students to get more exercise and improve their health. The library we have now is in good condition and does not need replacement. Therefore, I would recommend that my school build a new gym.

2.Sample Outline NotesMain Idea I prefer to spend my vacation in one place

because it is more relaxing and gives me the chance to get to know a new place well.

General Idea 1 Spending my vacation in one place is relaxing.

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Supporting Detail 1 don’t have to worry where to sleep every night

Supporting Detail 2 don’t have to pack every day Supporting Detail 3 don’t have to spend time

getting place to place Supporting Detail 4 can relax and enjoy place

General Idea 2 Spending my vacation in one place gives me the chance to get to know a new place well.

Supporting Detail 1 at resort, can do different activities

Supporting Detail 2 in city can see sights and get to know people

Supporting Detail 3 travelling to a lot of places, don’t get to know them well

Sample Essay People like to spend their vacations in different

places and in different ways. For myself, I prefer to spend my vacation in one place rather than travelling around to different places. I find this to be a much more relaxing way to spend my time, and it also gives me the chance to get to know a new place well.

I take a vacation in order to relax, and I feel that spending my entire vacation in one place is the best way to do this. If I spend my vacation in one place, I do not have to worry about finding a place to sleep every night or whether or not I will like the next hotel because I will sleep every night in the same hotel. I do not have to rush around packing my suitcase every morning because I am not going anywhere new. I do not have to worry about bus or plane schedules, and I do not have to spend a lot of time getting from one place to the next. I can spend all my time enjoying the one place where I am. To me, this is relaxing and enjoyable.

If I spend my entire vacation in one place, I have the chance to really get to know that place well. If it is at a resort, I can take advantage of all the different activities that are available. If it is in a city, I have time to see many of the sights and explore many of the neighborhoods. I have a chance to meet people and get an idea of what life there is like. If I spend my vacation traveling from place to place, I may see a lot of places but I do not really get a chance to know much about them.

There are different ways to spend vacations. I prefer spending mine in one place. It is the most relaxing and interesting way to travel, in my opinion.

3.Sample Outline NotesMain Idea Spending time outdoors is good for children

because it helps them learn about the natural world and how to be independent, and it is good for their health.

General Idea 1 Modern children need the chance to learn about the natural world.

Supporting Detail 1 spend most of day indoors Supporting Detail 2 see plants and animals only

in pictures Supporting Detail 3 would see real plants and

animals

General Idea 2 Modern children also need the chance to learn to do things independently.

Supporting Detail 1 school activities planned and supervised

Supporting Detail 2 if outdoors, could make up own games & explore

General Idea 3 Playing outdoors is very important for children’s health.

Supporting Detail 1 school indoors Supporting Detail 2 need fresh air & sunshine Supporting Detail 3 need to use energy playing

Sample Essay Many modern families live busy lives. Parents

work and children spend their days in school. Parents are often too busy to encourage their children to play outdoors or to take them to a park or other outdoor place. This is unfortunate because spending time outdoors is definitely good for children. It gives them the chance to learn about the natural world and to learn to do things independently. It is also very important for their health.

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Modern children need the chance to learn about the natural world. They spend most of the day indoors in school, so they are very familiar with walls and floors and ceilings. The closest they get to plants and animals, however, is probably in pictures in a book or on a computer. If they spent time outdoors, they would see plants and animals in real life. They would learn to appreciate the natural world that we live in.

Modern children also need the chance to learn to do things independently, and playing outdoors gives them plenty of opportunity for this. In school, they are always involved in supervised, planned activities. If they spent more time playing outdoors, on the other hand, they could make up their own games. They could run around with other children and explore the things around them. They would have the opportunity to use their own resources to learn and to entertain themselves.

Playing outdoors is very important for children’s health. In school, children spend most of the day sitting indoors. However, children need fresh air and sunshine to grow up strong. They have a lot of energy, so they need to run around and play hard for at least part of the day. If they spent more time outdoors, they would be healthier.

Parents and schools need to find ways to encourage children to spend more time outdoors. It would give them more opportunities for learning, and it is very important for their health.

General Writing Skills

Skill 1 (pg. 223) 1. In the first place 2. Then 3. on the other hand 4. such as 5. Unlike 6. Furthermore 7. for example 8. Therefore 9. While 10. At the same time 11. Moreover 12. For these reasons

Skill 2 (pg. 226)1. imaginative2. sufficient3. duties4. easy5. benefits6. construct7. draw

Skill 3 (pg. 227)1. my = I2. It = shopping mall3. their = people in my neighborhood4. us = all5. she = mayor6. This = nothing about this situation7. He = father

Skill 4 (pg. 228)1. When children take care of pets, they can learn to

be responsible and have fun at the same time.2. Working all day at a dull job and then going

home tired and grumpy is not a good life.3. A large school can make some children feel

uncomfortable and scared. 4. The teacher graded our papers every weekend

and gave them back to us on Monday.5. I was working at an office during the day and

studying for my college degree at night.6. In my opinion, a shopping mall is a good place to

shop because of its variety and convenience.7. A dog needs to be walked every afternoon and

then fed.8. Creativity as well as resourcefulness are

important qualities for a teacher to have.

Skill 5 (pg. 229)1. C2. A3. B4. B5. C

Skill 6 (pg. 231) 1. C-Cx 2. S 3. Cx

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4. S 5. S 6. S 7. C 8. S 9. S 10. S 11. Cx 12. C 13. S

Skill 7 (pg. 232)1. There are many people who should not have

pets. My neighbor, for example, is an irresponsible pet owner. He has three large dogs. He is gone all day, and his dogs are left alone to bark loudly from morning until evening. This is sad for the dogs and unpleasant for all the neighbors. Do you think it is a good idea for a person like this to have pets?

2. When I take a vacation, I prefer to visit a city. In

my opinion, cities are fun and exciting places to visit. Recently, I spent a vacation in New York City, which is a popular place for tourists. My days there were filled with fun activities such as shopping, visiting museums, and going to the theater. I was busy every day, but I still did not see everything. If I get my wish, I will visit there again sometime soon.

3. It seems to me that the best idea is to spend the

money building a new library. The library we have now has many problems. The roof leaks, many windows are broken, and the heating system does not work well. Because the library is such an uncomfortable place to be, students do not like to use it. How much would it cost to build a new library? I do not know the answer to this question, but I am sure the school administrators could find the money somewhere. It is very important for a school to have a good library.

4. Earning a good salary is very important. If you

are a professional, you have a college education. You studied hard to get your degree, and you

probably paid a lot of money for your tuition. Moreover, you are expected to do professional-quality work at your job. For all these reasons, you deserve to be paid well.

Skill 8 (pg. 234) 1. A 2. C 3. B 4. B 5. C 6. A 7. A 8. C 9. B 10. C 11. B 12. A

WRITING SKILLS PRACTICE (pg. 246)

Integrated Writing Task

Sample Response The reading passage describes age-related

memory loss and makes some recommendations about how to prevent it. The lecturer describes research which supports the recommendations made in the reading.

The lecturer describes research which shows that antioxidants can have a positive effect on the problem of age-related memory loss. The reading passages talks about different kinds of age-related memory loss. Some of it is normal, like forgetting where you put your keys. There are also more serious forms, such as Mild Cognitive Impairment, as well as Alzheimer’s disease and other types of dementia.

According to the reading passage, when people age, the brain becomes more vulnerable to inflammation and oxidation. Also, there is a build up of plaque, which may be a cause of Alzheimer’s disease. One thing the reading passage recommends is eating fruits and vegetables which contain antioxidants to defend the brain against oxidation. In addition, foods containing B vitamins are recommended for protecting the memory.

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The lecturer agrees with the information in the reading passage about the effects of antioxidants on the memory. He describes research on older dogs which showed that antioxidants improved the dogs’ ability to perform and do tricks. Research on mice showed that blueberries, high in antioxidants, improved memory and reduced damage to brain tissues from inflammation and oxidation. Another study with mice and curcumin, an anti-inflammatory, also showed reduced inflammation, oxidation, and plaque in the brains of the mice. In addition to antioxidants, the reading passage also recommends B vitamins to protect the brain. The lecturer mentions that research shows that B vitamins can protect the brain from inflammation and help new brain cells grow.

Independent Writing TaskSample Response If we look at the whole of human history, I would

have to say that technology has made the world a better place to live. After all, we are no longer living in caves or dying of common diseases. However, if we look at the technological developments of the past century, I cannot agree that they have made the world better. Rather, they have caused many difficulties in our lives. Technology that we use now contributes to the breakdown of communities and social supports, is expensive to own, and is not always easy to use.

Technology has made it possible for us to never leave our homes. We can work, shop, and maintain contact with friends and relatives without ever leaving the comfort of our own living rooms. People tend to think of this as a convenience. But what happens if we never leave our houses? We will not get to know the people who live and work near us. This means a breakdown of social support. Who will be there when we need a helping hand or a shoulder to cry on? Even more, it leads to suspicion and fear because we are surrounded by people we do not know.

Technology is expensive to own. It costs money to buy it and then repair it or replace it when it breaks down. Some forms of technology, such as cell phones and Internet connections, involve monthly payments. When we become dependent on forms of technology to run our lives, then we have no choice but to pay for the cost of buying

and maintaining it. Those who do not have the money are left behind or are constantly struggling to just keep up.

Technology is not always easy to use. Every time something new is developed, we have to learn how to use it. We have to completely change the way we do things. We invest time in learning how to do something new, and then it changes again when new technology is developed.

Technology has made many improvements in our lives over the course of history. However, recently the pace of technological development has become so fast that it has started to bring us more difficulties than advantages.

WRITING PRACTICE TEST (pg.250)


Sample Response Both the reading passage and the lecturer discuss

the effects of violent television programs on children’s behavior. They agree that such programs can lead children to behave aggressively. The studies described in the reading passage showed that violence on TV has an immediate effect on children. The studies described in the lecture showed that this effect continues into adulthood.

The reading passage describes some studies that were done in the 1950s and 1960s that looked at the immediate effect of television violence on behavior. In one study, some children watched a violent cartoon and others watched a nonviolent cartoon. Researchers noticed that the children who had seen the violent cartoon behaved aggressively later on when they were playing. They hit other children and broke toys. In another study, children saw violence in different ways. Some watched real-life violence (hitting a doll), others watched the same thing on TV or in a cartoon, and others saw nothing. The children who saw the real-life and TV violence acted more aggressively than the other children afterward.

The lecturer describes two different studies that were done over a period of years. One found that boys who watched violent TV programs when they were in third grade acted more aggressively,

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got into trouble more often as teens, and more often were involved in crime and family violence as adults. Another study was about the amount of time children spent watching TV. It found that teenagers who watched more hours of TV were more likely to act aggressively when they were adults.

Television, especially violent programs, has an effect on children that can last all their lives.


Sample Response Both a history museum and a park would provide

many benefits to our city. If I had to choose one, however, I would choose a museum. In my opinion, a museum has several advantages over a park. It can be enjoyed in any season of the year, it is educational, and it can be used for a variety of other things that would benefit our city.

A park could only be enjoyed when the weather was nice. A museum, on the other hand, could be enjoyed at any time. In my city, we have cold winters. That means there are several months out of the year when people would not be able to use a park at all. Even during the warmer seasons, we often have rainy days when no one wants to be outside. If we had a new museum, we would have a nice, interesting place to go when the weather was bad. We would be able to take advantage of the museum any day of the year.

A museum would offer educational benefits that a park would not. A history museum would give people of all ages the opportunity to learn more about the history of our city and country. That would be useful both for people who live here and for tourists. The museum would also be a support for our city’s schools since teachers would be able to use the museum’s resources as part of their lessons. In addition, the museum could support new research and writing about our history, and we would all learn more about our past.

Besides being a space for exhibits and research, a museum would have other uses. For example, it would be a good place for community concerts and other performances. This would bring more cultural activities to our city. It would also be a good place to hold fundraising events, not only for the museum itself but for other worthy organizations in our city.

Both parks and museums are enjoyable and useful places. I believe, however, that a museum would bring more to our city than a park would. Therefore, I would support building a new history museum in my city.

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READING (pg. 251)

Passage 1 (pg. 251) 1. C 2. D 3. B 4. A 5. C 6. A 7. C 8. B 9. B 10. D 11. A 12. Male: C, D, F Female: B, E,

Passage 2 (pg. 255) 1. A 2. B 3. D 4. B 5. C 6. C 7. C 8. B 9. D 10. A 11. D 12. A 13. B, D, E

Passage 3 (pg. 260) 1. B 2. C 3. D 4. A 5. C 6. D 7. C 8. B 9. A 10. B 11. A 12. D 13. B, C, F

LISTENING (pg. 264)

1. A 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. B 6.

0-1 month 2-3 months 4-5 monthsBlack and white

X

Red and green X

Pastel shades XShades of gray: 5% contrast

X

Shades of gray: less than 5% contrast

X

7. B 8. D 9. B 10. A 11.

YES NO

Chlorophyll levels X

Protective coating X

Sugars X

Watery sap X

Thin tissues X

12. A 13. A 14. C 15. D 16. B 17. B 18. C 19. C 20. D 21. A 22. B

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23.

Classic/Late Classic Transitional Rug

natural colors X

chemical dyes X

designs based on stripes X

designs influenced by traders X

designs including crosses and rectangles X

24. A 25. D 26. D 27.

YES NO

Observation forms X

Sample lesson plans X

Book reviews X

Teacher evaluation X

Journals X

28. A 29. C 30. D 31. C 32. B 33. D34. A

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SPEAKING (pg. 276)

Question 1: Sample Response A person who has been an important role model

for me is my grandfather. Whenever I have difficulty pursuing my goals and dreams, I think of him. My grandfather came from a poor family. He had to quit school when he was young and go to work to help support his family. But he didn’t let this stop him. He took classes at night and finished high school. Then he worked hard to build up his business. He’s very successful now. When I think of all the hardships my grandfather went through, I feel inspired. I have things a lot easier than he did. I haven’t had to quit school or work to help my parents. So, whenever I feel discouraged, I remember my grandfather and think: If he could become so successful, I can too.

Question 2: Sample Response I definitely prefer working out at a gym to playing

sports. I am a very independent person, and I’m not at all competitive, so I don’t particularly enjoy playing sports. When I work out at a gym, I can do it just the way I like. I can go to the gym when I want and spend as much time exercising there as I want. I can do the exercises I want to do and skip the ones I don’t enjoy. How I spend my time is entirely up to me. This makes the experience relaxing and enjoyable to me. There’s also no competition involved. I don’t have to worry about doing my exercises better or faster than anybody. I don’t have to worry about keeping up with the team or about what anyone else thinks of me. I don’t have to try hard to win. I only have to worry about my own goals. That’s the way I prefer it.

Question 3: Sample Response The man is happy about the changes that will be

made to the university bus service. He believes that the fare increase is a good idea because services will increase at the same time. Also, even though the university bus fare will go up, it will still be less than the fare on city buses. He’s happy that more buses will be added to the downtown bus route. Those buses are always crowded and slow because a lot of students ride them. He’s looking forward to an improvement in this situation when the new buses are added. He also agrees with the new bus route to Mountain View. He explains that many students live in that part of the city. The new bus route will be convenient for them. It will also make things

better for everyone since more students taking the bus means fewer cars on campus. The man thinks the bus service changes will be good for everyone.

Question 4: Sample Response A dialect is a variety of a language that a group of

people speaks. If speakers of different language varieties can understand each other, then the varieties are considered dialects of the same language. If the speakers can’t understand each other, then their language varieties are considered to be different languages. The lecturer points out that it’s not as easy as it may seem to make the distinction between dialect and language. She gives some examples where political boundaries determine the difference. One example is Denmark and Norway. Danish and Norwegian speakers can understand each other, so their languages could be considered dialects of the same language. However, they are spoken in two different countries, so they are seen as two different languages. Another example is Germany. Language varieties spoken in different parts of the country aren’t always mutually intelligible. But they’re spoken within the boundaries of one country, so they’re considered to be dialects of one language rather than distinct languages.

Question 5: Sample Response The man has a sociology assignment due soon,

and he doesn’t think he can finish it on time. He’s behind on his work because he was sick recently. One solution is to ask the professor for an extension. The other solution is to work on the assignment all weekend. I think the first solution is the better one. The man is afraid that the professor won’t want to give him an extension, especially since he isn’t the only student who’s been sick. I think, though, that she will probably understand his problem and consider it a reasonable excuse. It’s quite possible that she’s already given extensions to the other students who were sick. If he gets an extension, he’ll have the time to do a good job on his assignment and get the grade he deserves. If, on the other hand, he tries to meet the due date by working hard all weekend, he probably won’t do a good job. He’ll be rushed and tired, and that’s certain to affect the quality of his work. It’ll probably also be bad for his health since he was sick recently.

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Question 6: Sample Response The Faroe Islands belong to Demark but are

located in the North Atlantic between Norway and Iceland. Even though their location is in the far north, it’s warm enough for people to live there because the area is warmed by the waters of the Gulf Stream. However, it’s too far north to do much farming.

People have been living in the mild climate of the Faroe Islands for more than one thousand years. The temperatures usually stay above freezing, and snow doesn’t fall often. The summer temperatures are not too hot. It rains much of the time, 260 days a year on average.

Because the climate is not too cold, people can live there. However, it’s difficult to make a living from farming because it’s so far north. Some people raise sheep or grow potatoes, but the majority make their living from fishing. Oil has been discovered near the islands, and this may become a new source of income for the people there.

WRITING (pg. 280)


Sample Response The reading passage and the lecture both discuss

the use of ethanol fuel, made from plants, as an alternative to gasoline. The author of the reading passage believes that ethanol is not a good alternative, but the lecturer disagrees.

The lecturer says that the most important reason to use ethanol is that it is a renewable resource. The plants used to make it are not used up forever but can be grown again every year. Another big advantage is that it does not pollute the air and water as much as other types of fuel do.

The author of the reading passage explains some of the disadvantages of ethanol made from corn. The author says that it takes more energy to make the ethanol than the ethanol itself produces. In addition, cultivation of corn uses up a lot of land that could be used for food. It can also cause environmental damage such as soil erosion and using up groundwater.

The lecturer explains that there is a new type of ethanol that is made from stems and stalks of plants. This type of ethanol is more efficient to produce than corn-based ethanol. The production process also causes less pollution. Less land is needed because grasses used to make this type of ethanol an produce more fuel per acre than corn can. Moreover, these grasses are actually good for the environment because they can stop erosion and give wild animals a place to live.


Sample Response We each have our own ideas about where is the

best place to live. For some people, city living is better while others prefer life in the countryside. For myself, I agree with the statement that city life is better than life in the countryside. I think a city provides more opportunities for jobs and more access to culture, and city living helps keep people open minded.

I don’t think anyone will disagree that there are many more job opportunities in a city than there are in a rural area. No matter what kind of job you are looking for, you can probably find it in a city. Whether you are a doctor, lawyer, engineer, police officer, or factory worker, you are certain to find employment in a city. In the countryside, on the other hand, you generally cannot find the same variety of job opportunities. There are probably fewer job openings there in general, too.

In a city, you have access to a variety of cultural events. There are all different kinds of movies, plays, and concerts. There are museums and art galleries. There are places that give art, music, or dance classes if you are interested in learning how to do these things yourself. The opportunities to participate in cultural activities of this sort are endless in a city. On the other hand, while there may be movies and concerts in small towns in the countryside, they are few and infrequent.

Living in a city helps keep people open minded. This is because there is a variety of people living in a city. There are people of different social classes and different religions. In some major cities, there are people from a lot of different

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countries. In any city, you get used to interacting with people from all different backgrounds. You are less likely to fear or misunderstand people who are different because you are used to being around them. In small towns in the countryside, however, people tend to be mostly the same. People don’t have the opportunity to spend time with people from different backgrounds. This can lead to prejudices simply from a lack of understanding.

I am sure there are many advantages to living in the countryside, but in my opinion, when everything is taken into consideration, life in the city is much better.

Documents

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