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ACCEL FRONTLINE LTD., 60
flare –c archive � Combines the individual sections that make up an existing archive into a
new archive
flare –s archive � Splits an archive into one file for each sections of the archive
/etc/ethers � Mac address and hostname
/etc/hosts � IP Address and hostname
# cd /export/config
# vi rules � Same as Jumpstart content
# vi host_class � Same as Jumpstart content except few options
install_type flashinstall
archive_location nfs 140.40.40.160:/flash/flash_archive
partitioning
….
….
…
# vi finish_script � Same as Jumpstart content
# vi sysidcfg � Same as Jumpstart content
# ./check � To check the config
# cd /export/home/sol_dump/solaris_9/Tools
# ./add_install_client –c 140.40.40.160:/export/config –p 140.40.40.160:/export/config
ultra5(hostname) sun4u
NFS Shares � /flash folder
/export/config folder
ACCEL FRONTLINE LTD., 1
SOLARIS
QUICK REFERENCE
ACCEL FRONTLINE LTD., 2
SOLARIS
# uname –a � Gives all details about the system # uname –m � Displays H/W platform (sun4u) # uname –p � Machine processor architecture (sparc or i386) # uname –i � Machine model architecture (SUNW, Ultra 5_10) # uname –X � Detailed description # mkdir –p /data/dir � Creates directory and sub directory in one shot # rmdir –r /data � Deletes the directory and all its subdirectory and files # cp –r /data /data1 � It copies the directory # echo $MANPATH : /usr/local/samba/man: # echo $PATH � Shows environmental path /usr/sbin:/usr/bin
Grep Command Options
-i � Searches for both upper & lower case characters -l � Lists the names of files with matching lines -n � Proceeds each line with the relative line number in the file -v � Inverts the search to display lines that do not match the pattern -w � Searches for the expression as a complete word.
# find /kris –name file1 � Searches for file file1 in /kris directory # find /ris –name file1 –exec ls –l {} \; � Search and display # find /kris –type f –size 0 –exec ls –l {} \; � Search for the file with size 0 # find /kris –user user1 � Shows file used by user ‘user1’
$ PATH=$PATH:/usr/ccs/bin:/usr/ucb: � It will get appended to the existing path
# ln –s <source filename> <destination filename> � Creating symbolic link # ln <source filename> <destination filename> � Creating hard link
Unix File Permission
r – 4, w – 2, x – 1 _rw_ r_ _ r_ _ (644) � Default file permission drwx r_x r_x (755) � Default directory permission
O G O � Permission categories
# ls –n /var/adm drwxrwxr_x 5 4 4 512 nov 15 14:55 file1
5 - No of hard link to the file or directory 4 – The UID of the owner
ACCEL FRONTLINE LTD., 59
# cd /var/yp
# /usr/ccs/bin/make
# vi /etc/timezone
US/Mountain client1
US/Mountain Central.sun.com
# cd /var/yp
# /usr/ccs/bin/make
# /vi /etc/netmasks
192.9.200.0 255.255.255.0
# cd /var/yp
# /usr/ccs/bin/make
� Each time you run the add_install_client script on a boot server to provide boot support
for a jumpstart client, the script checks the /etc/nsswitch.conf file for the bootparams entry.
Begin Script
Profile
Finish Script
� Use can use CD/DVD soruces as boot source instead of spooled Solaris OE Image. Also
you can use a Flash source as an alternative installation service.
Identifying Log Files
Jumpstart clients retain the following log files during the installation process:
/tmp/begin.log
/tmp/finish.log
/tmp/install_log
/var/sadm/system/logs/sysidtool.log
Jumpstart clients retain a corresponding set of log files after the installation process
completes and the system reboots
/var/sadm/system/logs/begin.log
/var/sadm/system/logs/finish.log
/var/sadm/system/logs/install_log
/var/sadm/system/logs/sysidtool.log
Module – 18 ���� Flash
# flarcreate –n flash_archive –R / -C –x /flash /flash/flash_archive
flash_archive � Any name can be given
-R � To mention root path
-C � To compress the archive file
-x � To exclude folders while creating archive image
-t � Create an archive on a tape device
Administering a Flash Archive
flare –i archive � Retrievs info about the archive
ACCEL FRONTLINE LTD., 58
A boot server responds to RARP, TFTP, and bootparams requests from jumpstart clients and
provides a boot image using the NFS service.
1. Running the setup_install_server script with the –b option to spool a boot image from
CD-Rom or DVD
2. Running the add_install_client script with options and argument that shows a list of
servers and the identification config, and installation services that they provide.
Executing the setup_install_server script
# mkdir /export/install
# cd /cdrom/cdrom0/s0/Solaris_9/Tools
# ./setup_install_server –b /export/install
Executing the add_install_client script
Before you run the script, update the hosts and ethers information for the jumpstart client
/etc/inet/hosts
192.10.10.4 client1
/etc/ethers
8:0:20:9c:88:5b client1
The boot server must have entry in /etc/inet/hosts file for each server you specify while you
run add_install_client script.
# cd /export/install/Solaris_9/Tools
# ./add_install_client –c server1:/export/config –p server1:/export/config client1 sun4u
Configuring NIS for Jumpstart Procedures
Configuring NIS to support jumpstart procedures involves editing files and running
commands on the NIS master server in use. Info supplied in the sysidcfg file overrides any
information you make available in NIS.
A change to any file that is represented by a map in an NIS domain requires that you
complete the following steps on the NIS master server
# vi /etc/inet/hosts
192.10.10.4 client1
# vi /etc/ethers
8:0:20:88:5b client1
# vi locale
client1 en_US
# cd /var/yp
# vi Makefile
1. Add the text after the existing *.time entries. Duplicate the timezone entry, and replace
timezone with locale
Add/Append the word locale to the line beginning with the word all
Add the following line after the auto.home: autohometime entry
Locale: locale.time
Save the file and exit the editor
# cd /var/yp
# /usr/ccs/bin/make
2. On any slave servers that exist in the NIS domain, run the ypxfr command to transfer the
locale.byname map for the first time.
# /usr/bin/netsvc/yp/ypxfr locale.byname
3. On the NIS master server, again update the NIS maps by running the make command
ACCEL FRONTLINE LTD., 3
4 – The GID of the group 512 – Size # chmod –R 755 <directory name> � For inherit permission
VI Editor
Inserting and Appending Text
a - Append text after the cursor A - Appends text at the end of the line i - Inserts text before the cursor I - Inserts text at the beginning of the line o - Opens a new line below the cursor O - Opens a new line above the cursor :r <filename> Inserts text from another file into the current file
Key Sequence for the VI Editor
n, left arrow or backspace Left one characters j or down arrow Down one line k or up arrow Up one line l, right arrow or spacebar Right one character w Forward one word b Back one word e To the end of the current word $ To the end of the line 0 (zero) To the beginning of the line ^ To the first non whitespace character on the line Return Down to the beginning of the next line G Goes to the last line of the file 1G Goes to the first line of the file :n Goes to the line n nG Goes to the line n Ctrl F Pages forward one screen Ctrl D Scroll down one half screen Ctrl B Pages back one screen Ctrl U Scrolls up one half screen Ctrl L Refreshes the screen
Editing files using the VI editing commands
R Overwrites or replace characters to the right of the cursor C Changes or overwrites characters to the end of the line s Substitute a string for a character at the cursor x Deletes a character at the cursor dw Deletes a word or part of the word to the right of the cursor dd Dletes the line containing the cursor D Deletes the line from the cursor to the right end of the line :n,nd Deletes the line n through n
ACCEL FRONTLINE LTD., 4
Using the Text Changing Commands
u Undoes the previous command
U Undoes all changes to the current line
. Repeats the previous command
Search and Replace Command
/string Searches forward for the string
?string Searches backward for the string
n Searches the next occurrence of the string
N Searches for the previous occurrence of the string
:%s/old/new/g Searches for the old string and replace it with the new string globally
Using the text copying and Text Pasting Commands
yy Yanks a copy of a line
p Puts yanked or deleted text under the line containing the cursor
P Puts yanked or deleted text before the line containing the cursor
: n,n co n Copies lines n through n and puts them after line n
:n,n m n Moves lines n through n to line n
File Archives
# tar –cvf bkp.tar file1 file2 � Will archive file1 & file2
# tar –tvf bkp.tar � Shows the table of content
# tar –xvf bkp.tar � It extracts file from the tar archive
# jar –cvf bkp.tar
# jar –tvf bkp.jar
# jar –xvf bkp.jar
# compress bkp.tar � To compress tar archive
# ls
bkp.tar.z
# uncompress bkp.tar.z � To uncompress tar archive
# gzip bkp.tar � To create gzip file
bkp.tar.gz
# gunzip bkp.tar.gz � To extract the tar archive by gunzip
bkp.tar
# zip out.zip bkp.tar � To create zip archive
# unzip out.zip � To extract the zip archive
ACCEL FRONTLINE LTD., 57
- Pre Install script
host_class � Config details like partition
finish_script � Post install scripts
# vi host_class
install_type initial_install
system_type standalone
partitioning explicit
Cluster SUNWXall
filesys c0t0d0s0 10000 /
filesys c0t0d0s1 550 swap
filesys c0t0d0s7 free /export/home
# vi finish_script
touch /a/noaushutdown
rm /a/etc/defaultdomain
rm –r /a/var/yp/digit.com
cp /a/etc/nsswitch.files /a/etc/nsswitch.conf
# vi sysidcfg � System identification & configuration. Timezone can also be given here
security_policy=none
name_service=none
network_interface=primary [netmask=255.255.0.0 protocol_ipv6=no]
timezone= Asia/Calcutta
system_locale=en_US
� Time zone are listed in the directory structure below the /usr/share/lib/zoneinfo directory.
� Locales are listed in the /usr/lib/locale directory
# chmod 755 finish_script
# ./check � To check the config
# vi /etc/dfs/dfstab
share –o anon=0 /export/home/sol_dump
share –o anon=o /export/config
# cd /var/yp
# /usr/ccs/bin/Make
# cd /export/home/sol_dump/solaris_9/Tools
# ./add_install_client –c 140.40.40.151:/export/config –p 140.40.40.151:/export/config
ultra5(hostname) sun4u
# update the NIS file with make command
From Client
ok boot net –install � Will search the network and start the installation automatically
� Before a Jumpstart client can boot and obtain all of the NFS resourctes it requires, every
directory listed as an argument to the add_install_client script must be shared by the server on
which it resides.
Setting Up a Boot-Only Server
ACCEL FRONTLINE LTD., 56
# /usr/lib/netsvc/yp/ypstart
rpcbind done – client has only ypbind daemon
� Slave server has ypserve & ypbind daemon
NIS Slave Config
# ypinit –s Solaris (Master Server)
� Before configuring slave, client config should be done.
Module – 17 ���� JumpStart
Four Main Services
Boot Services
Identification Services
Configuration Services
Installation Services
Implementing a Basic Jumpstart Server
1. Spool the OS image
2. Edit the sysidcfg file
3. Edit the rules and profile files
4. Run the check script
5. Run the add_install_client scripts
6. Boot the client
# cd /export
# mkdir config
# mkdir sol_dump
# cd /cdrom/cdrom0/s0/Solaris_9/Misc/Jumpstart_sample/
# cp –r * /export/config/
# cd /cdrom/cdrom0/s0/Solaris_8/Tools
# ./setup_install_server /export/home/sol_dump � Copying solaris dump to local directory
# cd /cdrom/cdrom0/Solaris_9/Tools/
# ./add_to_install_server /export/home/sol_dump � Appending 2nd
CD content
# cd /etc
# vi ethers
8:0:20:a6:aa:2b ultra5 (hostname)
# vi /etc/hosts
140.40.40.154 ultra5
# vi /etc/timezone
Asia/Calcutta ultra5
# cd /export/config/
# vi rules
hostname ultra5 - host_class finish_script
ACCEL FRONTLINE LTD., 5
Module – 1 ���� Introducing the Solaris OE Directory Hirerarchy
/bin Symbolic link to /usr/bin contains binary files of standard system commands
/kernel Platform independent lodable kernel modules
/platform Platform dependable lodable kernel modules
/sbin Single user bin directory contains essential executables
/usr Contains programs, scripts and libraries that are used by all system users
Unix System Resources
/var Directory of varying files, includes temporary, logging, or status files
/dev/cua Dial out device files for UUCP & PPP
/dev/dsk Block disk devices /dev/rdsk Raw disk devices
/dev/pts Psuedo terminal devices /dev/md Metadisk devices
/dev/term Serial devices /dev/sound Audio device files
/dev/rmt Raw magnetic tape devices
/etc/cron.d Config info for cron utility /etc/default Default info for various prog.
/etc/inet Config files - network services /etc/init.d Scripts to stop & start services
/etc/lp Config info for printer /etc/nfs Config info for NFS server logging
/etc/rc#.d Scripts for various run levels /etc/skel Default shell initialization files
/usr/bin Standard system command /usr/sbin System administration commands
/usr/kernel Platform independent lodable kernel module
devfsadm – Solaris 8 & 9
drvconfig – Solaris 2.x through 2.7
Module – 2 ����
Disk Slices
0 / 1 swap 2 Entire Disk 5 /opt 6 /usr 7 /export/home
/dev – Logical Device Names /devices – Physical Device Names
/etc/path_to_inst � For each device, the system records its physical and instance name
# prtconf � Shows system information including memory size
# devfsadm � Will search and configure new devices added.
# devfsadm –c disk
# devfsadm –i <driver name>
# devfsadm –v � To print changes made to the /dev and /devices directory
# devfsadm –c � To invoke cleanup routines that remove unreferenced symbolic links for
devices
ACCEL FRONTLINE LTD., 6
# format
Format> label � To store partition details.
Format> fdisk � To create partitions
Format> verify � Display partition details
Format> partition � To get into partition menu
Format> save � Saving new disk and partition :/etc/format.dat
Partition> 0 � Change 0 partition
select � Select a predefined table
modify � Modify a predefined partition table
name � Name the current table
print � Displays the current table
label � Write partition map and label to the disk
# prtvtoc /dev/rdsk/c1t0d0s2 � To view disk table
# prtvtoc /dev/rdsk/c1d0s2 > /in � To save disk partition details to /in file
# fmthard –s /in /dev/rdsk/c1d0s2 � To load partition detail from file to disk
Module – 3 ���� Managing the Solaris OE File System
ufs – Unix FS hsfs – High Sierra FS pcfs – PC FS for DOS FAT32 FS
udfs – Universal Disk Format FS nfs - Network FS
Pseudo FS – Memory based FS tmpfs swapfs procfs mntfs
VTOC present in the first sector in the raw disk area.
VTOC - 512 sector
Boot Block - 1-15 sector
Super Block - 16-31
First Cylinder Group - 32
Creating File Systems
# newfs /dev/rdsk/c1d0s0 � Creating FS
# newfs –i 16384 /dev/rdsk/c1d0s0 � Creating FS with data block size 16KB
# mount /dev/dsk/c1d0s0 /p1 � Mounting partition in /p1 directory
# fstyp –v /dev/rdsk/c1d0s0 | grep minfree
minfree 6% � To know the reserved disk space
# tunefs –m 2 /dev/rdsk/c1d0s0 � This will reduce the reserved space to 2%
# umount /p1 � To umount a partition.
� Never run the fsck command on a mounted FS. The /, /usr and /var FS should have the
fsck command run on them on single user mode
# fsck /dev/rdsk/c0td0s7 � To check the FS in interactive mode
ACCEL FRONTLINE LTD., 55
share /usr/man.orig
# /etc/init.d/nfs.server stop
# /etc/init.d/nfs.server start
# useradd –d /export/home/Chennai1 –m Chennai1
# useradd –d /export/home/Chennai2 –m chennai2
# passwd chennai1
# passwd Chennai2
� Remove the /export in the /etc/passed file for user chennai1 & chennai2. So the home
dir is /home/chennai1
Autofs Config
# vi /etc/auto_master
comment +auto_master to search in WW
/home auto_home -nobrowse
/ auto_direct -
# vi /etc/auto_direct
/usr/share/man 140.40.40.151:/usr/share/man.orig
# vi /etc/auto_home
comment +auto_home
chennai1 140.40.40.151:/export/home/chennai1
chennai2 140.40.40.151:/export/home/chennai2
# automount –v
# cd /var/yp
# /usr/ccs/bin/make � To update the map after any config change
� Include auto direct in Makefile in 2, 3, & 4 section
# /usr/lib/netsvc/yp/ypstop
#/usr/lib/netsvc/yp/ypstart
NIS Client Config
# domainname digit.com
# domainname > /etc/defaultdomain
# vi /etc/hosts
140.40.40.151 Solaris
# cp /etc/nsswitch.nis /etc/nsswitch.conf
# ypnit –c
Give master server name Solaris
ACCEL FRONTLINE LTD., 54
Quick Reference
# domainname digit.com � Create domain name
# domainname > /etc/defaultdomain � Creating domainname file
# cp /etc/nsswitch.nis /etc/nsswitch.conf
# /var/yp/Makefie � Config file
Makefile 4 parts
1 – Declaration
2 – Details of centralization
3 – Coding for mapping
4 – Declaration of original path
# cd /var/yp
# ypinit –m � Initializing the master server
# ypinit –s � Initializing the slave server
# ypinit –c � Initializing the client
Ctrl+D � To save the file
Is this correct? [y/n] y
Non fatal error [y/n] n
� If there is any error follow the below procedure
# cd /etc
# touch ethers bootparams netgroup netmasks timezone
# cd /var/yp
# ypinit –m
# /usr/lib/netsvc/yp/ypstart � To start the daemons
# ypwhich � Shows the map server details
Solaris
# ypwhich –m � Full details of map
� A directory will be created with domain name
# cd /var/yp/digit.com � Contains all config file with .pag & .dir extensions
# ypcat <filename> to read the file
# ypcat –k passwd � With arguments print keys as well as values
# ypmatch –k root passwd
NFS Config
# vi /etc/dfs/dfstab
share /export/home
ACCEL FRONTLINE LTD., 7
# fsck –o f,p /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s7 � f – forces p – preen or Non interactive mode
# fsck –y /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s7 � It answers that to all questions we said yes with –y option
# newfs –N /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s7 � To view the locations of alternative backup superblocks
# fsck –o b=32 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s7 � Will retrieve the corrupted partition.
# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rdsk/c0d0s7 bs=512 count=32 � It will corrupt the partition
# df � Shows disk detail in blocks
# df –k (in KB)
# df –h � Displays disk allocation in MB & GB
# df –e � Points only the number of files free
# du –k � Displays disk use in KB
# du –s � Displays only the summary in 512 bytes blocks. Using the s and k options
together shows summary in KB
# du –h /opt � Shows the disk usage by the directory
# quot –a � Reports on all mounted file systems
# quot –f � Include the number of files
# quot –h /export/home � Shows disk usage userwise in the particular directory
Module – 4 ���� Mounts & Unmounts
# mount � Lists all of the mounted FS in the /etc/mnttab file
VFSTAB � Virtual File System Tab /etc/vfstab
device to mount device to fsck mount point FS type fsck pass mount at boot mount
options
� /etc/mnttab file is an mntfs file that provides read-only info about mounted FS on the
local host
� The /etc/vfstab file lists all the FS to be automatically mounted at system boot time,
with the exception of the /etc/mnttab and /var/run FS
# mount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s7 /export/home
Mount Options : read/write, setuid, intr, nologging and largefiles, xattr and onerror.
# mount –o option,option,… device_name mount_point
# mount -o ro /dev/dsk/c0d0s7 /p3 � Mount the partition read only.
# mount –o ro,nosuid /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s7 /export/home � Prohibit execution of setuid pgm.
In solaris 2GB is the large file limit. Use of nolargefiles option fails if the FS to be mounted
contains large files.
# mount -o nolargefiles,noatime /dev/dsk/c0d0s7 /p3
nolargefiles � Won’t allow large files in this partition
noatime � Modification time stamp won’t get updated.
ACCEL FRONTLINE LTD., 8
# mountall � Mounted local FS listed in the /etc/vfstab file
# mountall –l � If any FS has entry in the fsck pass field as – or 0 then it will get mounted
without fsck checking. Otherwise fsck carried out before mounting
# fstype /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s7 � To know the FS type
# mount –F hsfs –o ro /dev/dsk/c0t6d0s0 /cdrom � To mount CD-Drive
# mount –F pcfs /dev/diskette /pcfs
# umount /export/home or umount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s7
# umountall � Will unmount local FS listed in /etc/mnttab except /, /usr, /proc, /dev/fd,
/var, /var/run & /tmp
# umountall –l � To verify the FS listed in the /etc/mnttab
# fuser –c /p3 � Will show the process running on the partition
# fuser –ck /p3 � Will kill the user processes
# umount –f /p3 � Force the partition to unmount
# TERM=sun
# export TERM � Executes this 2 command to enable the VI editor to work properly
# ps –ef | grep vold
Vold is the daemon taking care of auto mounting CD-Rom.
# volcheck � Will check any media present in CD-Rom or Floppy drive
# /floppy/floppy0 � Floppy get mounted here automatically
# /cdrom/cdrom0 � CD-Rom get mounted here automatically
# /etc/init.d/volmgt stop (or) start
# eject cdrom � Will eject the CD-Rom if the vold is running
# fdformat –t dos /dev/rdiskette � To format a floppy with DOS mode
# fdformat � To format the floppy in Solaris Format.
Module – 5 ���� Installation
Solaris 9 OE Installation and Upgrade options
Solaris suninstall program
Solaris Web Start Installation software
Custom Jumpstart procedure
Solaris Web Start Flash Installation
Standard upgrade
Solaris Live Upgrade method
# grep METACLUSTER /var/sadm/system/admin/.clustertoc � To know cluster config
# cat /var/sadm/system/admin/CLUSTER � To know the installed cluster config
ACCEL FRONTLINE LTD., 53
1. Copy the /etc/nsswitch.nis file to the /etc/nsswitch.conf file 2. Edit the /etc/inet/hosts file to ensure NIS master and slave servers have been defined. 3. # domainname domainname � To set the local NIS domain 4. Create and populate the /etc/defaultdomain file with the domain name 5. # ypinit –c � To initialize the system as an NIS client 6. Enter the names of the NIS Master and all Slave Servers 7. # /usr/lib/netsvc/yp/ypstart 8. # ypwhich –m � To test the functionality
Configuring NIS Slave Server
Follow the client configuration steps and perform the below command # ypinit –s master � Command to initialize the system as an NIS slave server. Where master is the name of the NIS master. Start the service and test the functionality
Updating the NIS Map
1. Updates the text files in your source directory (typically /etc, unless it was changed in the Makefile file) 2. # cd /var/yp 3. # /usr/ccs/bin/make � Refresh the NIS database maps using the make utility
Updating NIS Password Map
If the NIS master is running the rpc.yppasswdd daemon, any client system can update the NIS password map by using the yppasswd or passwd commands. 1. Run the rpc.yppasswdd daemon on the NIS master server # /usr/lib/netsvc/yp/rpc.yppassed /$PWDIR/passwd –m passwd
Updating the NIS Slave Server Map
The following steps manually update the NIS timezone map on the master server and propagate all maps to the slave servers 1. Edit the source file on the NIS Master # vi /etc/timezone 2. Remake and push the NIS maps to slave servers # cd /var/yp; /usr/ccs/bin/make 3. If the push fails. Manually pull only the timezone map from the master server by performing the below command in Slave server # /usr/lib/netsvc/yp/ypxfr timezone.byname # ypinit –s nis_master � To pull all of the maps at once
Sometimes maps fail to propagate, and you must manually use the ypxfr command to retrieve new map information. You can use shell scripts to run cron jobs for automatic update. The Solaris OE provides several template scripts in the /usr/lib/netsvc/yp directory that you can use and modify to meet your local site requirement.
ypxfr_lperhour script � To sync NIS Slave Servers passwd map ypxfr_lperday script � To sync NIS Slave Servers NIS maps for the group, protocols, networks, services, and upservers keys. Ypxfr_2perday script � To sync NIS Slave servers nIS maps for the hosts, ethers, netfroups keys, and mail aliases.
ACCEL FRONTLINE LTD., 52
The NIS configuration script /usr/sbin/ypinit and the make utility generate NIS maps. The ypinit command reads the Makefile for source file locations, and converts ASCII scource files into NIS maps.The /etc/defaultdomain file sets the NIS domain name during system boot.
Important files on the NIS Master (Part 1) � hosts, passwd & shadow
Important files on the NIS Master (Part 2) The /var/yp/domainname directory is the repository for the NIS maps created by the ypinit script. The /var/yp/binding/domainname directory contains the ypservers file where the names of NIS Master server and NIS Slave server are stored.
Important files on the NIS Master (Part 3) � The /usr/netsvc/yp directory contains the ypstop and ypstart commands that stop and start NIS services respectively
# /usr/sbin/ypinit –m � This command prompts for a list of other machies to become NIS slave servers.
Configuring the NIS Master Server
Core, End User or Developer software configuration cluster do not have all necessary files in the /usr/lib/netsvc/yp directory to allow a host to function as an NIS server.
1. Copy the /etc/nsswitch.nis file to the /etc/nsswitch.conf file. If necessary, modify the file 2. Enter the domainname command to set the local NIS domain # domainname classroom.central.sun.com 3. Create an /etc/defaultdomain file with the domain name 4. If the files do not already exist, use the touch command to create zero-length files. /etc/ethers, /etc/bootparams, /etc/locale, /etc/timezone, /etc/netgroup and /etc/netmasks. These files are necessary for the creation of the complete set of NIS maps. 5. Install and update Makefile file in the /var/yp directory. 6. Create or populate the /etc/locale file, and make an entry for each domain on your network using the following format domainname locale eg. Classroom.central.sun.com en_us 7. Initialize the master server by using the local /etc files # ypinit –m � Provide slave server names and Ctrl+D to save the details. Press n for “Terminate it on the first fatal error” Note: If you have to restart the ypinit program, You are prompted to destroy the /var/yp/domainname directory. Answer Y 8. # /usr/lib/netsvc/yp/ypstart
Testing the NIS Service
$ ypcat hosts � Prints value from an NIS map # ypmatch sys41 localhost hosts
192.168.30.41 sys41 127.0.0.1 localhost loghost $ ypwhich � To identify the master server sys41
Configure the NIS Client
ACCEL FRONTLINE LTD., 9
CLUSTER=SUNWCXall
Module – 6 ���� Package Administrtaion
/var/sadm/install/contents file has all the details about installed packages.
# grep showrev /var/sadm/install/contents � Will show whether showrev package is
installed or not
� /var/sadm/pkg directory maintains a record of all installed packages
# pkginfo | more � Will show all installed packages
# pkginfo –l SUNWman � Shows information about SUNWman package
# pkginfo –d /cdrom/cdrom0/s0/Solaris_9/Product | more � To view info about pkg in CD
# pkgadd –d /cdrom/cdrom0/Solaris_9/Product SUNWxip �
# pkgchk SUNWman � If the pkgchk command doesn’t display a message, it indicates the
package was installed successfully
# pkgchk –v SUNWzip � To list the files contained in a software package
# pkgchk –p /etc/shadow � To determine if the contents and attributes of a file have
changed since it was installed with its software package
# pkgchk –l SUNWman � Lists info about selected diles that make up a package
# pkgrm SUNWzip � Will remove the SUNWzip package
# pkgadd –d /cdrom/cdrom0/Solaris_9/Product –s spool SUNWzip
It will dump the SUNWzip package to /var/spool/pkg folder. Alternate path can be given
instead of spool like /pkg etc.,
# pkgrm –s spool SUNWman � Will delete the dumped SUNWman package from spool
directory
# admintool & � Tool (GUI) used to add users, printers, groups, softwares etc.,
# prodreg & � Tool (GUI) to view installed packages as well as to install & uninstall
packages.
Module – 7 ���� Managing Software Patches
Solaris9/PatchReport A summary of all patches for the solaris 9 OE release
9_Recommended.README Instruction for how to intall the recommended patch.
# showrev –p (or) # patchadd –p � Will show installed patches
� /var/sadm/patch - Info about all patches that are currently installed.
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Patch Name 6 digit number-revision number (117753-01)
# /usr/bin/zcat 105050-01.tar.z | tar xvf -
# cd /var/tmp
# patchadd 105050-01 � Will add patch
� When you remove a patch, the patchrm command restores all files that were modified
or replaced by that patch, unless
� The patch was installed with the patchadd –d option (Which instructs the patchadd
command not to save copies of files being updated or replaced)
� The patch is required by the another patch
� The patch has been obsoleted by a later patch
# patchrm 105050-01 � Will remove patch
Installing Patch Cluster
# cd 9_Recommended
# ./install_cluster
� /var/sadm/install_data/Solaris_9_Recommended_log
Module – 8 ���� Executing Boot PROM Commands
# /usr/platform/’uname –m’/sbin/prtdiag –v � To know the OpenBoot version
Stop+D � Press this keys when system power is turned ON to switch to diagnostic mode
This key sequence is not available on a serial port terminal
Stop+N � Press while the system is turned ON to set the NVRAM parameters to default
Stop+A � To get into boot PROM
� /etc/default/kbd - Remove the comment for the line KEYBOARD_ABORT=disable to
turn off Stop+A function inside OS. Then issue the command kbd –I
ok go � To comeout of PROM prompt
ok banner � Shows system configuration
ok printenv � Shows all variables
ok reset-all � Will save the changes and clear the buffer & reboot the system
ok .registers � Displays the contents of the registers
ok show-devs � Shows all device with physical path
ok devalias � Shows currently available devices
� In sparc if we change values. There is no option to come out without saving.
ok probe-ide � Shows ide details and device connected
ok probe-scsi � Shows scsi details and device connected
ok probe-scsi-all � Identifies devices on all all SCSI buses
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The NIS Slave Server contains upserv and ypbind daemon
The NIS Clients contains only ypbind daemon
The three most common search orders are
Search files and then NIS
Search NIS and then files
Forward hosts lookup requests from NIS to DNS
Introducing NIS Security
The /var/yp/securenets file to restrict access to a single host or to a subnetwork, and using the
passwd.adjunct file to limit access to the password information across the network.
The /var/yp/securenets File
If exist on an NIS server, the server only answers queries or supplies maps to hosts and
networks whose IP Address exist in the file. The server must be part of the subnet to access
itself.
# cat /var/yp/securenets
# Two methods of giving access to a system. Using the netmask followed by the IP Address
# or host keyword followed by the IP Address
host 127.0.0.1
255.255.255.0 150.10.1.0
host 13.13.14.1
host 13.13.14.2
If you modify entries in the /var/yp/securenets file. You must kill and restart the ypserv and
ypxfrd daemons.
# /usr/lib/netsvc/yp/ypstop (or) ypstart
The passwd.adjunct File
Encrypted password are normally hidden from the user in the /etc/shadow file. With the
default NIS configuration, however the encrypted password string is shown as part of passwd
maps. This file prevents unauthorized users from seeing the encrypted passwords.
# ypmatch –k usera passwd
usera: usera:LojyTdiQev512:3001:10:/export/home/usera:/bin/ksh
The passwd.adjunct file contains the account name preceded by ## in the password field.
Subsequent attempts to gain account ino, using the ypcat or ypmatch commands, returnds the
password entry from the passwd adjunct file.
# ypmatch –k usera passwd
usera: usera:##usera:3001:10:/export/home/usera:/bin/ksh
Configuring NIS Domain
To locate the source file in another directory, modify the /var/yp/Makefile file:
Change the DIR=/etc line to DIR=Your choice
Change the PWDIR=/etc line to PWDIR=/your-choice
Before you make any modification to the /var/yp/Makefile, save a copy of the original
Makefile file.
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/var/yp/training/hosts.byaddr.dir file
The syntax for the NIS map is map.key.pag and map.key.dir
Ypcat [-k] mname � To retrieve values from NIS name service map, mname can be either a
map name or a map nickname
# ypcat hosts
localhost 127.0.0.1 localhost
sysprint 192.168.30.70 sysprint
sys44 192.168.30.44 sys44 loghost
ypmatch [-k] value mname � Prints values associated with one or more keys from the NIS
name services map specified by the mname argument.
# ypmatch sys44 hosts
sys44: 192.168.30.44 sys44 loghost
# ypmatch usera passwd
usera: usera:LojyTdiQev5i:3001:10::/export/home/usera:/bin/ksh
NIS Domain Contains
One NIS Master Server
NIS Slave Servers (Optional)
NIS Clients
The NIS Master Server
Contains the original /etc/ASCII files used to build the NIS maps
Contains the NIS maps generated from the ASCII files
Provides a single point-of control for the entire NIS domain
NIS Slave Servers
Do not contain the original /etc/ASCII files
Contains copied of the NIS maps copied from the NIS Master Server
Provides a a backup repository for NIS map information
Provides redundancy in case of server failure
Provides load sharing on large networks
NIS Clients
Do not contain original /etc/ASCII files
Do not contain any NIS maps
Bind to the master server or to a Slave Server to obtain access to the administrative file
information contained in that server’s NIS maps
Dynamically rebind to another server in case of server failure
Make all appropriate system calls aware of NIS
NIS Processes
The main daemons involved in the running of an NIS domain are
The ypserv daemon � Responds to client information requests
The ypbind daemon � Client to server binding
The rpc.yppasswd daemon � Password change update in master server
The ypxfrd daemon � Push the map to slave servers (sync)
The rpc.ypupdated domain � Update NIS maps using the config stored in /var/yp/updates
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ok probe-fcal-all � Identifies devices on all fibre channel loops
ok nvalias <alias name> /pci@if,......................
ok nvunalias <alias name> � To delete alias name
ok show-disks � Desplays and allows a selection of device paths
ok show-ttys
ok show-displays
ok show-nets
ok show-tapes
ok help � Shows list of help
ok help floppy eject
ok test � Runs self-test on specified systems
ok sync � Manually attempts to flush memory and synchronize FS
ok boot � Boot the system
ok boot –r � Detect new devices (Reconfiguration boot)
ok boot –s � Single user mode
ok boot –v � Verbose mode – boot the system and shows the background details
ok boot –a � Interactive mode. Prompt user for user input for all the process at boot time
ok boot –rv (or) –sv
ok printenv auto-boot?
auto-boot?=false
ok printenv boot-device � To know the variable details
boot-device=disk
ok setenv auto-boot? True � To change value to true for “auto-boot?” variable
auto-boot?=true
ok printenv diag-switch?
Diag-switch?=false
ok setenv diag-switch? True
ok set-defaults � Reset all settings to factory default
ok setenv boot-device disk cdrom net
ok set-default boot-device � Will reset the default value of boot-device variable
ok power-off � Will switch off the system immediately
Inside OS
# eeprom � Equivalent to printenv
# eeprom auto-boot
Auto-boot?=true
# eeprom auto-boot?=false
# eeprom diag-switch?=true
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Module – 9 ���� Performing Boot and Shutdown Procedures
Run Levels
0 � ok mode
s or S Solaris OE single user mode with critical FS mounted
1 � Single user administrative state with access to all FS available
2 � Multiuser can access the system . All sys daemons are running except NFS
3 � Multiuser operations with NFS & N/W resource available
4 � Reserved
5 � Poweroff
6 � Reboot
# who –r � Shows current run level
Boot Sequence
1. Boot PROM phase
2. Boot program phase
3. Kernel initialization phase
4. init phase
/etc/inittab � id(S3) rstat(3) action(wait) Contains details about init levels
/etc/vfstab /etc/inittab /etc/system � Important Files
/etc/system � moddir root device and root FS config exclude forceload set
� Always make a copy of /etc/system file before you edit the same. In case of problem ,
issue the interactive boot command : boot –a. When prompting for system file. Enter the path
of backup file for /dev/null for a null configuration file.
/etc/init.d � Directory contains many process or services like volume management
/sbin � Each run level has an associated rc scripts located in this directory (eg /sbin/rc0)
The RC scripts rc0, rc5 & rc6 are hard linked to each other. Run control scripts
are located in /etc/init.d directory and these files are hard-linked to corresponding run control
sctipts in the .etc.rc#.d directories.
Creating New Run Control Scripts
Create the script in the /etc/init.d directory and create links in the appropriate /etc/rc#.d
directory for the run level in which the service is to be started and stop.
# vi /etc/init.d/filename
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hosts files dns
……..
If you want to add DNS name resolution to a system currently running a name service, such
as NIS or NIS+. You must place the dns keyword on the hosts line in the specific location,
along with other keywords.
# cat /etc/nsswitch.conf
…..
hosts: nfs files dns
…..
Setting up an LDAP Client
The LDAP server cannot be a client of itself. Getting this configuration to work properly
requires changes to the LDAP server and the LDAP client. The ldap_cachemgr daemon is
responsible for maintaining and updating the changes to the client profile information.
Configuring LDAP Client During Installation
� Select LDAP � Enter Domain Name � Enter Profile Name & Profile Server IP Address
� Confirm
Initializing the Native LDAP Client
You execute the ldapclient command on the client system once to initiate the client as a
native LDAP client. The ldapclient command creates two files in the ./var/ldap directory on
the LDAP client. These files contain info that the LDAP client use when binding to and
accessing LDAP data.
/var/ldap/ldap_client_cred � The proxy agent info that the client uses for LDAP
authentication
/var/ldap/ldap_client_file � The config info from the client profile in the LDAP server DB
# ldapclient init –a proxy password=proxy –a proxy DN=cn=proxyagent, ou=profile,
dc=suned.com, dc=sun –a domainname=suned.com 192.168.0.100
# ldapclient list
Copying the /etc/nsswitch.ldap to the /etc/nsswitch.conf
During LDAP client initialization the /etc/nsswitch.ldap file is copied over the
/etc/nsswitch.conf file
# ldaplist � To list naming info from LDAP server
# ldapclient uninit � Unconfiguring LDAP Client
Module – 16 ���� NIS Master Server Config
NIS maps are located in /var/yp/domainname directory(where domainname is the name of the
NIS domain). There are two files (.pag and .dir files) for each map in this directory. Eg.
/var/yp/training/hosts.byname.pag file
/var/yp/training/hosts.byname.dir file
/var/yp/training/hosts.byaddr.pag file
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databases. Each line specifies either an attribute and a value or an attribute, a cache name,
and a value.
# /etc/init.d.nscd stop (or) start
The getent command provides generic retrieval interface to search many name service
database. As a system administrator, you can query name service information sources with
tools, such as the
ypcat NIS namespace
nslookup DNS
ldaplist LDAP
Bt these tools are not consulting nsswitch.conf file. Whereas getent command searches the
information sources in the order in which they are configured in the name service switch file.
So if there is any error in the file will be identified with this command.
getent database [key]…..
database � The name of the database to be examined. This name can be passwd, group,
hosts, ipnodes, services, protocols, ethers, networkds, or netmasks.
# getent passwd lp
lp:x:71:8:Line Printer Admin:/usr/spool/lp:
# getent group 10
staff::10:
# getent hosts sys44
192.168.38.44 sys44 loghost (loghost will be absent if the NIS is searched first)
Module – 15 ���� Configuring Name Service Clients
Configuring a DNS Client
The client resolver code is controlled by the following files
/etc/resolv.conf � Contains directive to specify the scope of a query
/etc/nsswitch.conf � Contains the reference to DNS for the hosts entry
Configuring the DNS Client During Installation
� Select DNS � Give Domain Name � Enter IP Address � Enter search Domains �
Confirm
Editing DNS Client Configuration Files
# vi /etc/resolv.conf
domain digigeeks.com
nameserver 140.40.40.152
search digigeeks.com � List the local domain as the first argument to the search
Copying the /etc/nsswitch.dns File to the /etc/nsswitch.conf
# cp /etc/nsswitch.dns /etc/nsswitch.conf
# cat /etc/nsswitch.conf
………
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# chmod 744 /etc/init.d/filename
# chgrp sys /etc/init.d/filename
# cd /etc/init.d
# ln filename /etc/rc#.d/S##filename
# ln filename /etc/rc#.d/K##filename
# /etc/init.d/filename start � To test the filename
# init 2 � Switch the run level to 2
# shutdown � Will moves to maintenance mode
# shutdown –y –g300 –i6 “The system is being rebooted” � Reboots after 300 seconds.
Default is 60 sec
# shutdown –i0 (or) i5 (or) –i6
# halt � Shutdown the system immediately to ok prompt
# poweroff � Equivalent to init5
# reboot � Equivalent to init6 � These 3 commands won’t ececute rc0 kill scripts.
Module – 10 ���� Performing User Administration
/etc/passwd � 7 fields loginID:x:UID:GID:comment:home_dir:login_shell
0 - 99 UID � Reserved system user accounts
100 – 60000 � UID for users range
0 � Root
60001 � Reserved for the nobody account
60002 � Reserved for noaccess account � To generate error message
65534 � nobody4 The anoynomous user account
/etc/shadow � 9 fields loginID:password:lastchg:min:max:warn:inactive:expire:reserved
/etc/group � groupname:group-pwd:GID:user-list
/etc/default/passwd � Set values for the following parameters MAXWEEKS MINWEEKS
PASSLENGTH(valid entries are 6,7 & 8) WARNWEEKS
1970 –-> V4
1986 � Sun released first OS (sunos1.0)
# useradd –u <UID> –g <GID> –G GID,GID,.. –d /export/home/user300 –m –s /bin/ksh –c
“Regular User” user300
# passwd user300
# useradd –d /export/home/user305 –m user305
# useradd user306
# usermod [-u uid [-o]] [-g gid] [-G gid] [-d dir] [-m] [-s shell] [-c comment] [-l
newloginname] loginname
# usermod –l <new user name> –d /export/home/<new user name> –m <old user>
# usermod –u <UID> user301 � Change uid to 905
# usermod –s /bin/csh user301
# userdel user301 � Delete the user account not the home dir
# userdel –r user301 � Delete user id & home dir
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# groupadd [-g gid [-o]] groupname # groupadd –g <GID> <groupname> # groupmod [-g gid [-o]] [-n name] groupname # groupmod –n <newgrpname> <oldgrpname> # groupmod –g 400 class � Change GID to 400 for the group class
# groupdel group1
/etc/profile � The Bourne, Korn and BASH shells execute this initialization file /etc/.login � The C shell looks for and executes this initialization file during logon. There are no default global initialization files for the Z or TC shells
Bourne /etc/profile $HOME/.profile /bin/sh /etc/skel/local.profile Korn /etc/profile $HOME/.profile /bin/ksh /etc/skel/local.profile $HOME/.kshrc C /etc/.login $HOME/.cshrc /bin/csh /etc/skel/local.cshrc $HOME/.login /etc/skell/local.login
Setting Environment Variables
Bourne or Korn shell VARIABLE=value; export VARIABLE For example: PS1=”$HOSTNAME”; export PS1
C setenv variable value For example: setenv LPDEST laserprinter
# id user301 � Shows UID of the user & primary group # id –a user301 � Shows secondary group details also
# groups user300 � Shows the users groups
# chown –R <username>:grpname <directory>
# pwconv � To sync passwd and shadow files.
/etc/skel � Template files get copied once user id is created.
� By default /etc/skel/.profile file don’t have any content.
Profile Order
/etc/motd file � Message of the day /etc/profile /$HOME/.profile
Module – 11 ���� Performing System Security
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Adding One-Line Entries to a System Log File
logger [-i](logs PID) [-f file] [-p priority] [-t tag] [message]
# logger system rebooted � If the user.notice field is configured in the /etc/syslog.conf file,
the message is logged to the file designated for the user.notice selector field
# logger –p user.err system rebooted � Changing the priority of the messages to user.err
route the messages to the /var/adm/messages file as indicated in the /etc/syslog.conf file
# logger –i –p2 “crit”
/dev/sysmsg � Console
Module – 14 ���� Using Name Services
Name Services � DNS, NIS, NIS+, LDAP
/etc/rc2.d/S72inetsvc script � Starts DNS during system boot.
/etc/rc2.d/S71rpc script � Starts NIS & NIS+ during system boot
/etc/rc2.d/S72directory script � Starts iPlanet Server during system boot.
Name Service Feature Summary
Feature DNS NIS NIS+ LDAP_____
Namespace Hierarchical Flat Hierarchical Hierarchical
Data Storage Files/Resoruce Two column Multicolumn Directories
records maps tables (varied)
Server Types Master/Cache/ Master/ Root Master/ Master/
Cache only/ Slave non-root mast. Consumer
Forwarding Replica
Transport TCP/IP TCP/IP TCP/IP TCP/IP
Scale WAN LAN LAN WAN
_______________________________________________________________________
The name service switch file determines which services a system users to search for
information and in which order the name services are searched. All Solaris OE systems uses
the /etc/nsswitch.conf file as the name service switch file. The nsswitch.conf is loaded with
the contents of a template file during the installation of the Solaris OE depending on the name
service that is selected.
Name Service Name Service Template
Local Files /etc/nsswitch.files
DNS /etc/nsswitch.dns
NIS /etc/nsswitch.nis
NIS+ /etc/nsswitch.nisplus
LDAP /etc/nsswitch.ldap
Configuring the Name Service Cache Daemo (nscd)
The nscd daemon is a process that provides a cache for the most common name service
requests. The /etc/nscd.conf file controls the behavior of the nscd daemon. The nscd daemon
provides caching for passwd, group, hosts, ipnodes, exec_attr, prof_attr and user_attr
ACCEL FRONTLINE LTD., 46
alert 1 Conditions that should be corrected immediately
crit 2 Warnings about critical conditions, such as hard device errors
err 3 Errors other than hard device errors
warning4 Warning messages
notice 5 Non-error conditions that might require special handling
info 6 Informational messages
debug 7 Messages that are normally used only when debugging a program
none 8 Messages are not sent from the indicated facility to the selected file
Not all levels of severity are implemented for all facilities in the same way.
Action Field � The action field defines where to forward the message. This field can have
any one of the following entries
/filename The targeted file
@host The @sign denoted that messages must be forwarded to a remote host.
Messages are forwarded to the syslogd daemon on the remote host
user1, user2 The user1 and user2 entries receive messages if they are logged in
* All logged in users will receive messages
You must restart the syslogd daemon whenever you make any changes to /etc/syslog.conf file
# /etc/init.d/syslog stop (or) start
# pkill –HUP syslogd
� Syslogd started � It’s starting the M4 Macro Processor � M4 will read the
/etc/syslog.conf file.
Configuring syslog Messaging
The inetd daemon uses the syslog command to record incoming network connection requests
made by using TCP. You can modify the behavior of the inetd daemon to log TCP
connections by using the syslogd daemon. The daemon facility and the notice message level
are supported by inetd.
Use the –t option as an argument to the inetd daemon to enable tracing of TCP services.
When you enable the trace option for the inetd daemon, it uses the daemon.notice to log the
client’s IP address and TCP port number, and the name of the service. Add the –t option to
the entry which activated the inetd daemon in the inetsvc script located in the /etc/init.d
directory
# grep inetd /etc/init.d/inetsvc
/usr/sbin/inetd –s –t � You must restart the inetd daemon for the new option to take effect
# grep daemon.notice /etc/syslog.conf
*.err;kern.debug;daemon.notice;mail.crit /var/adm/messages
Monitoring a syslog File in Real Time
The tail –f command holds the file open so that you can view messages being written to the
file by the syslogd daemon.
# tail –f /var/adm/messages � Press Ctrl+c to exit
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# who � List of users currently logged in to the local system. The command refers /var/adm/utmpx to obtain information # who –m � Info about only the current terminal window
# rusers -l � Displays a list of the users logged in on local and remote hosts.
# finger –m usera � Displays info about the user and host name of user login session
# last � Displays a record of all logins and logouts (/var/adm/wtmpx) # last –n 5 reboot � To view the last five system reboot times only
Recording Failed Login Attempts
# touch /var/adm/loginlog � File to log incorrect login. If a user tries to login 5 times (default) with wrong password a entry is created here. # chown root:sys /var/adm/loginlog # chmod 600 /var/adm/loginlog
# /usr/ucb/whoami � Current login name # who am i � Login name of the original user
Monitoring su Attempts
/etc/default/su � File monitoring su login info
CONSOLE VARIABLE# CONSOLE=/dev/console � Remove the comment (#) symbol. So that root can login remotely by su command. SULOG VARIABLESULOG=/var/adm/sulog � Specifies the file location of the log file
Controlling System Access
# /etc/default/login file
CONSOLE=/dev/console � This line should be commented to login as root from remote system
PASSREQ=YES � Enforces that each user should have password to login
/etc/ftpd/ftpusers � Lists names of users prohibited from connecting to system through FTP /etc/ftpusers � Solaris 8
/etc/hosts.equiv & $HOME/.rhosts � Files to determine if a remote user is allowed to access the local host, with the identity of a local user. This procedure first check /etc/hosts.equiv and then $HOME/.rhosts hostname hostname username +
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If a uses local host’s /etc/hosts.equiv file contains the host name ofa a remote host, then all regular users of that remote host are trusted and do not need to supply a password to login to the local host. Wherease the /rhosts file applies to a specific user
/etc/inetd.conf � File used to control all services
# svcadm disable (or) enable ftp (or) telnet � in solaris 10
# rsh 140.40.40.151 # rcp 140.40.40.151:/test/file1 . � To copy remote system file to local # rcp $HOME:/file1 140.40.40.151:/tmp � To copy local files to remote system
# chown user2 file7 � To change owner of a file # chown –R user2 dir4 � To change ownership for folder and all its subfolders # chown user3:class file7 � Changing both the individual and group ownership in one shot
# chgrp class file4 � To change the group ownership of a file or directory
Setuid Permission on Executable Files
When the setuid permission is set on an executable file, a user or process that runs this executable file is granted access based on the owner of the file. # ls –l /usr/bin/su _ rs r_xr_x 1 root sys …………. The setuid permission displays as an “s” in the owners executable field. You should disallow the use of setuid programs or at least restrict their use
# chmod 4555 <executable_file> � To set setuid permission on a executable. # find / -perm –4000 � To search for setuid files
Setgid Permission on Executable Files
When the process runs, it runs as if it were a member of the same group in which the file is a member. Also access is granted based on the permission assigned to that group # ls –l /usr/bin/write _ r _ r_sr_x 1 root …………. � Displays as “s” in the group’s execute field
# chmod 2555 <executable_file> # chmod g+s <shared_directory> � To set setgid for a directory # find / -perm –2000 � To search for setgid files
Sticky Bit Permission on Public Directories
If the directory permission have the sticky bit set, a file can be deleted only by the owner of the file/directory or the root user.
# ls –ld /tmp drwxrwxrwt 6 root sys …… � Displays as “t” in the execute field for other.
# chmod 1777 <public_directory> # find / -type d –perm –1000 � To search for sticky bit directory
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# /usr/dt/bin/sdtsmartcardadmin & � To start smartcard console
ATR – Answer to reset Number (unique)
# smartcard –c disable � Disabling smartcard operation
# smartcard –c admin � Display the current client and server configuration
# /etc/smartcard/opencard.properties � Config File
Module – 13 ���� Configuring System Messaging
The syslog system messaging features track system activities and events. You can manually
generate log messages by using the logger command. The syslog function, the syslogd
daemon, and input from the /etc/syslog.conf file work together to facilitate system messaging
for the solaris 9 OE.
The /etc/syslog.conf file
This file consists of two tab-separated fields: selector and action. The selector field has two
components, a facility and a level written as facility.level. Facility represent categories of
system processes that can generate messages. Levels represent the severity or importance of
the message. The action field determines whether to send the message.
*.err /var/adm/messages � Error messages for all facilities are sent to the /var/adm/messages
Only use tabs as white space in the .etc.syslog.conf file. The Solaris OE accesses the
/usr/include/sys/syslog.h file to determine the correct facility.level sequencing order.
Selector Fields (facility) Options
kern Messages generated by the kernel
user Messages generated by user processes and don’t have default priority for messages
daemon System daemon, such as the in.ftpd and the telnetd daemon
auth The authorization system, including the login, su, and ttymon commands
syslog Messages generated internally by the syslogd daemon
lpr The line printer spooling system, such as the lpr and lpc commands
news Files reserved for the USENET network news system
uucp The UNIX to UNIX copy (uucp) system does not use the syslog function
cron The cron and at facilities, including crontab, at, and cron
local0-7 Fields reserved for local use.
mark The time when the message was last saved and produced by the syslogd daemon
* All facilities, except the mark facility.
You can use the asterisk (*) to select all facilities (for eg. *.err); however, you cannot use * to
select all levels of a facility (for eg. Kern.*)
The levels in descending order of severity
Selector Fields (level) Options
Level Priority Description
emerg 0 Panic conditions that are normally broadcast to all users
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Additional Commands Used to Perform RBAC Functions
auths Displays authorizations for a user
makedbm Makes a dbm file
nscd Identifies the name service. Useful for caching the 4 RBAC DB details
pam_roles Identifies the role account management module for password authentication
module (PAM)
pfexec Identifies the profile shells used to execute commands with attributes specifies
in exec_attr
policy.conf Identifies the config file for the security policy. Lists granted authorization
profiles Displays profiles for a specified user
roles Displays roles granted to a user
roleadd Adds a role account to the system
rolemod Modifies the role’s account info in the system
roledel Deletes a role’s account from the system
Example
Profile � Privilege to profile � Creating Role � Role to profile � Role to user
/etc/security/prof_attr � Contains profile details
Creating profile in prof_attr
uadd::Profile for user admin
init:::Profile for init process
/etc/security/exec_attr � Privilege to profile
uadd:suser:cmd:::/usr/sbin/useradd:euid=0
uadd:suser:cmd:::/usr/sbin/usermod:euid-0
init:suser:cmd:::/usr/sbin/init:euid=0
init:suser:cmd:::/usr/sbin/shutdown:euid=0
Creating Role
# roleadd –d /export/home/role1 –m role1
# passwd role1
Role to Profile
# rolemod –P uadd,init role1
Adding role to user
# usermod –R role1 user1
/etc/user_attr � Details about role & user to role
� Login as normal user
� Switch to role profile & use the privilege command
/etc/security/auth_attr � Authorization file � Config file for users & this roles
Module – 12 ���� Performing Smartcard Authentication
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Module – 12 ���� Configuring Printer Services
/etc/lp � Directory contains a hierarchy of LP server configuration directories and files /var/spool/lp � Directory contains a list of current requests that are in the print queue. /var/lp.logs � On going history of print requests /var/lp/logs/requests � Completed print request job $HOME/.printers file to set default printer (_default printername) /etc/printers.conf � Contains entry for printers
# lpadmin –p printerB –c <classname> � Creating and adding printer class # lpadmin –p printerD –c bldg2 � Adding printerD to bldg2 class # accept <classname> � To queuing print request # lpstat –t � To check the status of the new printer class # lp –d <classname> myfile � To print myfile to printer class
# lpadmin –d printername (or) printer_classname � To set it as default # lpstat –d � To check the system’s default printer # lpadmin –d bldg2 � To change the default printer # lpadmin –x printername � To remove a client’s printer configuration
# /usr/sadm/admin/bin/printmgr & � Print Manager
Removing a Server’s Printer Configuration
# reject printerD � Stop queuing print requests # disable printerD � Stop the printer # lpadmin –x printerD � Delete the printer config from the /etc/lp/printers and /etc/printers.conf
# /usr/lib/lpsched � Print services started # /etc/init.d/lp start � Starting by script # /usr/lib/lpshut � Stop print services # /etc/init.d/lp stop � Stopping by script
Module – 13 ���� Using Print Commands
# /usr/bin/lp filename � Print to default printer # /usr/bin/lp –d printername filename # /usr/ucb/lpr filename # /usr/ucb/lpr –p printername filename
LP Print Service Administration Command
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# /usr/sbin/accept printerD � Permits print requests to be queued
# /usr/sbin/reject –r “Replacing cartridge” printerD � Stop queuing print requests
# /usr/bin/enable printerD � Activates the specified printers
# /usr/bin/disable � Deactivates the specified printers
# lpmove printerC printerA � Moves print requests from one printerC to printerA
# lpstat –o � Viewing print queue
# lpstat –a printerA � To check whether it accepting print jobs
# lpmove printerC –32 printerC –33 printerA � Moving individual print requests
Module – 14 ���� Controlling System Processes
# /usr/dt/bin/sdtprocess & � GUI tool for process monitoring
# prstat � Displays info about active process (5 sec refresh interval)
Options for prstat command
-c �. Continuously prints new reports below previous reports
-n nproc � Restricts the number of output lines
-p pidlist � Reports only on process that have PID
-t � Reports total usage summary for each users
-u euidlist � Reports only processes that have an EUID in the given list
-U uidlist � Reports only processes that have a real UID in the given list
# kill –signal PID
# pkill –signal process
# pgrep –l mail � To know PID
# pkill sendmail � To kill sendmail process
# ps –e | grep mail � To know PID
# kill 314 � To kill mail process
# kill signal PID PID PID
# pkill signal process process
Default signal is 15
1 SIGHUP Hnagup � Stop & start with the same pid
2 SIGNT Interrupt �
9 SIGKILL Kill � Kill forcibly
15 SIGTERM Terminate � Kill properly
# pkill -1 (or) –HUP sendmail
# kill –SIGTERM (or) -15 <pid>
# kill –SIGKILL (or) -9 <pid>
# kill –SIGHUP (or) -1 (or) –HUP <pid>
# renice –n -10 195 � To change priority
-20 � Highest priority for a process
0 � Neutral priority
+20 � Least priority
# psrinfo � shows how long the system is running
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……………………;auths=solaris.admin.printer.read, \
The Printer Management profile, which is defined in the /etc/security/prof_attr DB, is
assigned to the sysadmin role in the /etc/user_attr DB.
The Printer management profile is defined in the prof_attr DB as having all authorizations,
beginning with the solaris.admin.printer.string, assigned to it. These authorizations are
defined in the /etc/security/auth_attr DB.
solaris.admin.printer.read:::view printer information::\
The /etc/security/exec_attr Database
name:policy:type:res1:res2:id:attr
name � Name of the profile
policy � The security policy associated with this entry. The suser (superuser policy model)
is the only valid policy entry.
type � The type of entity. Whose attributes are specified. The only valid type is cmd
id � a string identifying the entity. Command should have full path or a path with wildcard
attr � euid and uid | egid and gid
Printer Management:suser:cmd:::/usr/sbin/accept:euid=lp
The /etc/security/auth_attr Database
You can assign authorization directly to users or roles in the /etc/user_attr DB. You can also
assign authorizations to rights profiles, which are assigned to roles.
authname:res1:res2:short_desc:long_desc:attr
authname � A unique character string that identifies the authorization in the prefix.suffix[.]
format.
The /etc/security/policy.conf file
This file lets you grant specific rights profiles and authorization to all users. Two types of
entries in the file are
AUTHS_GRANTED=authorizations
PROFS_GRANTED=right_profiles
# cat policy.conf
AUTHS_GRANTED=solaris.device.cdrw
PROFS_GRANTED=Basic Solaris Users
# roleadd –m –d /export/home/tarback –m –c “Privileged tar backup role” –p “Media Backup,
Media Restore” tarback
-A authorization and -p profile � Assign authorization and profiles respectively to the role.
# rolemod –A auth1,auth2 –p profile1,profile2 role1
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usera was applied as a standard ACL entry and not as a default entry, because only directory
replicate default entries.
Module – 11 ���� RBAC (Role Based Access Control)
/etc/user_attr � The extended user attributes database, which associates users and roles with
authorizations and right profiles in addition to the /etc/passwd, /etc/group,
and /etc/shadow files
/etc/security/prof_attr � The rights profile attributes database, which defines profiles, lists
the profile’s assigned authorizations and any nested rights profiles,
and identifies the associated help files.
/etc/security/exec_attr � The execution attributed database, which defines the privileged
commands and scripts assigned to a profile.
/etc/security/auth_attr � The authorization attributes database, which defines authorizations
and their attributes. This database also identifies the associated
help file.
/etc/security/policy.conf � File provides system default authorizations for users
The /etc/user_attr Database
user:qualifier(reserved):res1(reserved):res2(reserved):attr
attr : An optional list of semicolon separated (;) key value pairs that describe the security
attributes to be applied when the user runs commands.
type � Can be normal or role. A role is assumed after the user has logged in.
auths � Specifies a list of authorization chosen from names defined in the auth_attr DB
profiles � Specifies a list of profile names chosen from the /etc/security/prof_attr DB
roles � Specifies a list of role names defined in the same /etc/user_attr DB. Roles are
indicated by setting the type value to role. Roles cannot be assigned to other roles.
sysadmin::::type=role;profiles=Device Management,Filesystem Management,Printer
Managementjohndoe::::type=normal;auth=solaris.system.date;roles=sysadmin
The /etc/security/prof_attr Database
profname:res1:res2:desc(description):attr
attr : The security attrinutes to apply to the object upon execution. You can specify zero or
more key. The two valid keys are help and auths.
# grep ‘Printer Management’ /etc/security/prof_attr
Printer Management:::manage Printers, daemns, \
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# ps –e � Shows all system process
# ps –ef � Default process details with command or service name
# ps –ef | grep cron � To view specific process
# at 9:00 pm
at> find /export/home/user2 –name core rm {} \;
at> Ctrl+D
# at now
at> banner “welcome” > /dev/pts/4
at> ctrl+d
#
# at –l 1016078400.a � Reports jobs schedule
# atq � Shows the at jobs queue
# ls –l /var/spool/cron/atjobs � Directory contains the at jobs
# at –r 1016078400.a � To remove the at job
/etc/cron.d/at.deny � We can add username to this file to deny access to at jobs
/etc/cron.d/at.allow � We can add username to this file to allow access to at jobs
If neither file at.allow & at.deny file does not exist only the root user can use the at
command.
Crontab File Format
0-59 0-23 1-31 1-12 1-7 <command>
Min Hour Date Month Days
# crontab –l � View content of user crontab file
# crontab –e � Editing the file
30 17 * * 5 /usr/bin/banner “Time to go!” > /dev/console
# crontab –r username � Remove a crontab file
/etc/cron.d/cron.deny � Users in this file will deny access to use crontab command
/etc/cron.d/cron.allow � Users in this file will allow access to use crontab command
If we type only crontab as the command. It will go to process so if we press Ctrl+c then it
won’t save the file but existing data will be present. When we press Ctrl+D then all the
content will get deleted.
# crontab /root_cron � To use a backup file for cron jobs.
# /etc/init.d/cron stop (or) start
# /var/spool/cron/crontabs � Directory where users crontab schedule files are getting
stored.
# /var/spool/cron/atjobs � Directory where AT jobs get saved
# svcadm enable (or) disable cron
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Module – 15 ���� Performing File System Backups
/dev/rmt/#hn � h – Tape Density (l,m,h,c,u) n – no rewind
mt –f tape-device-name command count
mt status � Displays status info about the drive
mt offline � Rewind the tape and if appropriate takes the drive unit offline
mt rewind � Rewinds the tape
mt fsf count � Moves the tape forward count records
# mt –f /dev/rmt/0n fsf 2 � Positions the tape at the beginning of the third tape record
Level 0 Monthly
M T W Th F
3 4 5 6 2
3 4 5 6 2
3 4 5 6 2
/etc/dumpdates � Each line shows the FS that was backed up and the level of the last
backup. Also shows the date, and the time of the backup
(eg) /dev/rdsk/c0t2d0s6 0 fri jan 4 19:12:27 2005
When an incremental backup is performed the ufsdump command consults the
/etc/dumpdates file. It looks for the date of the next lower level backup. Then the ufsdump
command copies to the backup media all of the files that were modified or added since the
date of that lower-level backup. When the backup is complete, the /etc/dumpdates file records
a new wntry that describes this backup. The new entry replaces the entry for the previous
backup at that level
Options for the ufsdump command
0-9 Backup levels
v Verify, After the tape is written for any discrepancies occur
s Size estimate
l Autoload, you use this option with an autoloading tape drive
o Offline, When the backup is complete. Takes offline, rewinds, and if possible eject
u Updates the /etc/dumpdates file
n Notify. Sends messages to the logged-in users terminals who are member of sys group
f device Specify the device
Tape Backup
Become root user, switch to single user mode, and unmount the FS
# /usr/sbin/shutdown –y –g300 “System is being shutdown for backup”
# umount /export/home
# fsck /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s7
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When a subdirectory/file created, the permissions on the newly created subdirectory/file are generated according to the intersection between the default ACL entries and the permissions set initially during creation.
$ mkdir dir1/subdir1 $ ls –l dir1 drwxr_xr_x+ 2 userc sysadmin 512 Apr 30 08:01 subdir1 $ getfacl dir1/subdir1 $ getfacl dir1/subdir1 # file:dir1/subdir1 # owner:userc # group:sysadmin user::rwx group::r_x # effective:r_x mask:r_x other:r_x default:user:rwx default:user:usera:rwx default:group:r_x default:mask:r_x default:other:r_x
If default ACL entries changed for the dir1 it won’t affect the ACL of dir1/subdir1. But if we create new subdirectory the new ACL of the dir1 will get inherited.
$ setfacl –m d:group::rwx,d:group::rws,d:other:rwx,d:mask:rwx dir1 $ mkdir dir1/subdir2 $ getfacl dir1/subdir2 user::rwx group::rwx # effective:rwx mask:rwx other:rwx default:user::rwx default:user:usera:rwx default:group::rwx default:mask:rwx default:other:rwx $ cd dir1/subdir2 $ touch filea $ ls –l _rw_rw_rw_+ 1 userc sysadmin 0 Apr 30 13:34 filea $ getfacl filea user::rw_ user:usera:rwx # effective:rw_ group::rw_ # effective:rw_ mask:rw_ other:rw_
The permission granted to the user, group, and other categories for filea represents the intersection of mode 666(default for files without umask influence) with the default entries associated with the directory are set to rwx, the example of intersection is clear.
The mask value doesn’t exceed the permissions assigned to the group. Eventhough the /dir1/subdir2 directory lists rwx as the default mask value inherit only upto rw_. The entry for
ACCEL FRONTLINE LTD., 40
$ setfacl –r –m u:usera:7 file1 � Change the umask value as well as to the user(Recalculating an ACL mask) $ getfacl file1 file : file1 owner : userc group : sysadmin user::rwx user:usera:rwx # effective:rwx group::rw_ mask:rwx other:r__
getfacl filename1 | setfacl –f – filename2 $ getfacl file1 | setfacl –f – file3 � Copying an ACL List
You can set default ACL entries only on directories. You must set default ACL entries for the user, group, other, and ACL mask before you set a default ACL entry for an additional user of group.
$ pwd /export/home/userc $ mkdir dir1 drwxr_xr_x 2 userc sysadmin 512 Apr 29 17:11 dir1 $ getfacl dir1 # file:dir1 # owner:userc # group:sysadmin user::rwx group::r_x # effective:r_x mask:r_x other:r_x
$ setfacl –m d:u::rwx,d:g::r_x,d:o:r_x,d:m:r_x dir1$ setfacl –m default:user:usera:rwx dir1 $ getfacl dir1 # file:dir1 # owner:userc # group:sysadmin user::rwx group::r_x # effective:r_x mask:r_x other:r_x default:user:rwx default:user:usera:rwx default:group:r_x default:mask:r_x default:other:r_x
Effect of Default ACLs on New Subdirectories
When a directory contains a default ACL, the permissions granted to the user, group, and other categories for the directory represent the intersection of mode 777, which is the UNIX default for directories without umask influence.
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# ufsdump 0uf /dev/rmt/0 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s7
Remote Backups
To perform remote backups across the network, the system with tape drive must have an
entry in its /.rhosts file for every system that uses the tape drive
# ufsdump 0uf host2:/dev/rmt/0 /export/home
Module – 16 ���� Performing File System restores
The ufsrestore command copies files to the disk, relative to the current working directory
from backup tapes that were created by the ufsdump command.
Options for the ufsrestore Command
t Lists the table of the backup media
r Restores the entire FS from the backup media
x file1 file2 Restores only the files named on the command line
i Invokes an interactive restore
v Specifies verbose mode. Displays details of the restore operation on the screen
f device Specifies the tape drive name
restoresymtable � System creates this file when you restore an entire FS. The ufsrestore
command uses this file for check=printing or passing information between incremental
restores. You can remove this file when the restore is complete.
Restoring the /opt FS
# newfa /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s5
# mount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s5 /opt
# cd /opt
# ufsrestore rf /dev/rmt/0
# rm restoresymtable
# cd /
# umount /opt
# fsck /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s5
# ufsdump 0uf /dev/rmt/0 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s5
Always restore a FS by starting with the level 0 backup tape, continue with the next lower
level tape and continue through the highest level tape.
Restoring /usr FS
ok boot cdrom –s
# newfs /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s6
# mount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s6 /a
# cd /a
# ufsrestore rf /dev/rmt/0
# rm restoresymtable
# cd /
# umount /a
# fsck /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s6
# ufsdump 0uf /dev/rmt/0 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s6
# init 6
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Performing a special case Recovery of the /(root) FS
ok boot cdrom -s
# newfs /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0
# mount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 /a
# cd /a
# ufsrestore rf /dev/rmt/0
# rm restoresymtable
# cd /usr/platform/’uname –m’/lib/fs/ufs
# installboot bookblk /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0
# cd /
# umount /a
# fsck /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0
# ufsdump 0uf /dev/rmt/0 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0
# init 6
Invoking an Interactive Restore
# cd /var/tmp
# ufsrestore ivf /dev/rmt/0
ufsrestore> ls � Display the contents of the directory structure on the backup tape
ufsrestore> cd directory1
ufsrestore> ls
ufsrestore> add file1 file2 � Add the files you want to be restore to the extraction list
ufsrestore> delete file1 � to delete a file from the extraction list
ufsrestore> marked � To view the marked extraction files
ufsrestore> extract � To restore the selected files from the backup tape
The ufsrestore command has to find the selected files. If you used more than one type for the
backup, first insert the tape with the highest volume number and type the appropriate number
at this point.
Set directory mde, owner, and times
Set owner/mode for ‘.’?[yn] n � Answering y sets ownership and permission of the temp
directory to those of the directory structure on the tape
ufsrestore> quit
Move/copy the restored files to their original or permanent directory and delete from the temp
directory
Performing an Incremental Restore
Always start with the last volume and towards the first. The system uses info in the
restoresymtable file to restore incremental backups on top of the latest full backup.
# more /etc/dumpdates | grep c0t0d0s7
# newfs /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s7
# mount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s7 /export/home
# cd /export/home
# ufsrestore rvf /dev/rmt/0
Load the next lower level tape into the tape drive and issue the following command
# ufsrestore rvf /dev/rmt/0
Alternate Steps (5 & 6)
ACCEL FRONTLINE LTD., 39
user::rw_ group::r__ # effective:r__ mask:r__ other:r__
$ getfacl file2 � Custom ACLentry present file : file2 owner : userc group : sysadmin user::rw_ user::usera:rwx # effective:r__ group::r__ # effective:r__ mask:r__ other:r__
The effective permission shows which permissions are allowed. When you compute the intersection (a Boolean logical AND operation) of the ACL entry and the ACL mask.
$ setfacl –m u:userb:7 file2 � Set special permission to userb(username) $ getfacl file2 file : file2 owner : userc group : sysadmin user::rw_ user::usera:rwx # effective:r__ user:userb:rwx # effective:r__ group::r__ # effective:r__ mask:r__ other:r__
$ setfacl –d u:usera file2 � Removing special permissions $ getfacl file2 file : file2 owner : userc group : sysadmin user::rw_ user:userb:rwx # effective:r__ group::r__ # effective:r__ mask:r__ other:r__
setfacl –s u::perm,g::perm,o:perm,m:perm,[u:UID:perm],[g:GID:perm] filename $ setfacl –s u::rwx,g::rw_,o:r__,m:rw_,u:usera:rwx file1 $ getfacl file1 file : file1 owner : userc group : sysadmin user::rwx user:usera:rwx # effective:rw_ group::rw_ # effective:rw_ mask:rw_ other:r__
$ setfacl –s u::7,g::6,0:4,m:6,u:usera:7 file2
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# ls –l /dev/dsk/c1t0d0s4 Record the path that follows the /devices directory: /pci@if,0/pci@1/scsi@4......................
ok nvalias backup_root /pci@if,0/pci@1/scsi@4,1/disk@2,0:b ok printenv boot-device boot-device=disk net ok setenv boot-device disk backup_root net boot-device=disk backup_root net
ok boot backup_root � To test the secondary submirror Unmirroring the Root (/) File System
# metastat d10 � To verify that status of the mirror # metadetach d10 d1 � To make a one-way mirror d10: submirror d1 is detached # metaroot /de/dsk/c0t0d0s0 � To change entries in /etc/vfstab and /etc/system # init 6 # metaclear –r d10 � To clear the mirror and submirror. The –r deletes metadevices d10: Mirror is cleared d0: Concat/Stripe is cleared # metaclear d1 d1: Concat/Stripe is cleared
Module - 10 ���� ACL
entry-type:[UID or GID]:perm
Introducing ACL Commands
getfacl [-a] [-d] filename(s) � Displays ACL entries for files -a � Displays the filename, file owner, file group, and ACL entries for the specified file -d � Displays the filename, file owner, file group, and default ACL entries setfacl –m acl_entries filename � Creats or modify ACL entries on files setfacl –s acl_entries filename � Substitute new ACL entries for old ACL entries setfacl –d acl_entries filename � Deletes one or more ACL entries on files setfacl –f acl_file filename � Specifies an ACL configuration file that contain ACL entries to set on other files setfacl –r filename � Recalculate the ACL mask baed on the ACL entries. When used with –m or –s option $ ls –l _rw_r__r__+ 1 userc staf 0 Jan 2 13:40 file2 � A plus sign appears for files contains ACL permission
There are no effective permission listed for a file’s owner or “others’ users. However, the file’s group and any other specific users or groups present in the ACL list have effective permissions. When no ACL mask is specifically set o a file or directory, the ACL mask has the same permissions as the group permissions for that file or directory.
$ getfacl file1 � No ACL entries present file : file1 owner : userc group : sysadmin
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# ufsrestore iv /dev/rmt/0
ufsrestore> ls
ufsrestore> add *
ufsrestore> extract
ufsrestore> q
Load the next tape and perform the below operation
# ufsrestore iv
ufsrestore> ls
ufsrestore> add*
ufsrestore> extract
ufsrestore> q
Module – 17 ���� Backup up a Mounted FS with a UFS Snapshot
/usr/sbin/fssnap –F FsType –V –o special-options(s) mount-point | special
Options for the fssnap command
-d Deletes the snapshots associated with the given FS. If –o unlink option was used
when you built the snapshot, the backing store file is deleted together otherwise it has
to be deleted manually
-F FsType Specifies the FS type to be used
-i Displays the state of an FSType snapshot
-v Echos the complete command line, but does not execute the command
-o Enables you to use special options. Such as the location & size of bs file
# fssnap –F ufs –o bs=backing_store_path /file_system
# fssnap –F ufs –o bs=/var/tmp /export/home
/dev/fssnap/0
backing store file � The snapshot subsystem saves FS data in this file. The fssnap
command creates the backing-store file and two read-only virtual devices. The block virtual
device, /dev/fssnap/0, can be mounted as a read-only FS. The raw virtual device,
/dev/rfssnap/0.
You can limit the size of the backing-store file by using the –o maxsize=n option.
If the backing-store file runs out of disk space, the system automatically deleted the ufs
snapshot.
# fssnap –F ufs –o bs=/var/tmp,maxsize=500m /export/home
# fssnap –I � Displays a list of all the current UFS snapshots on the system
0 /export/home
1 /usr
2 /database
# /usr/lib/fs/ufs/fssnap –I /export/home � Shows the details for the /export/home snapshot
Performing a backup of a UFS Snapshot
# mkdir –p /backups/home.bkp � Creating an empty directory
# mount –F ufs –o ro /dev/fssnap/0 /backups/home.bkp � Mounting the block virtual
device
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# cd /backups/home.bkp
# tar cvf /dev/rmt/0
(or)
# ufsdump 0uf /dev/rmt/0 /dev/rfssnap/0
# ufsrestore tf /dev/rmt/0 � To verify
Performing an Incremental Backup of a UFS Snapshot
Use ufsdump with the N option to create an incremental UFS snapshot. Which writes the
name of the device being backed up, rather than the name of the snapshot device to the
/etc/dumpdates file
# ufsdump 1ufN /dev/rmt/0 /dev/rdsk/c1t0d0s0 /dev/rfssnap/0
# ufsrestore tf /dev/rmt/0 � To verify
# fssnap –d /extra(Source FS) � To remove a snapshot
# rm /var/tmp/snapshot0
Restoring Data from a UFS Snapshot Backup
The backup created from a virtual device is a backup of the original FS when the UFS
snapshot was taken. You can restore a UFS snapshot from a backup tape in the same manner
as you would the backup of an original FS
# cd /usr
# ufsrestore if /dev/rmt/0
ufsrestore> add demo
ufsrestore> extract
ufsrestore> quit
Deleting a UFS Snapshot
# umount /dev/fssnap/0
# fssnap 0d /export/home
# rm /backing_store_file
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Building a Mirror of the Root (/) File System
metainit –f concat/stripe numstipes width components……
# metainit –f d0 1 1 c0t0d0s0
d0 concat/stripe is setup
# metainit d1 1 1 c0t1d0s0
d1 concat/stripe is setup
metainit mirror –m submirror [read_options] [write_options] [pass_num]
read_options
-g � Enables the geometric read option, which results in faster performance on sequential
reads
-r � Directs all reads to th first submirror. Use this option, when the devices that comprise
the first submirror are substantially faster than those of the second mirror.
You cannot use –r option with the –g option. If neither the –g nor –r options are specified,
reads are made in a round-robin order from all submirros in the mirror. This process enables
load balancing across the submirros.
write_options
S � Performs serial write to mirrors. The default setting for this option is parallel write
Pass_num � A number (0-9) at the end of an entry defining a mirror that determines the
order in which that mirror is resynchronized during a reboot. The default is 1. If 0 used
resync is skipped.
# metainit d10 –m d0
d10 : Mirror is setup
# metaroot d10 � Updates /etc/system file also /etc/vfstab
# grep md /etc/vfstab
/dev/md/dsk/d10 /dev/md/rdsk/d10 / ufs 1 no -
The metaroot command also updates the /etc/system file to contain the forceload statement
that loads the kernel modules that support the logical volumes.
# tail /etc/system
forceload : misc/md_hotspares
forceload : misc/md_sp
forceload : misc/md_stripe
forceload : misc/md_mirro
forceload : drv/pcipsy
.
.
.
rootdev:/pseudo /[email protected]
You must reboot the system before attaching the secondary submirror
# init 6
# metattach d10 d1
d10: Submirror d1 is attached
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Module – 8 & 9 ���� Solaris volume Mangement
metadb –a [-f] [-c n] [-l nnnn] disk_slice
-a Adds a stale database replica
-f Force the creation of the initial replica, even if no replica exist.
-c n Specifies the number of replicas to add to the slice
-l nnnn Specifies the size of the new replica in blocks
disk_slice Specifies the name of the disk_slice that will hold the replica
# metadb –a –f c0t0d0s4 c0t0d0s5 c1t0d0s0 c1t0d0s1 � To create metadb
# metadb � Reports the status of all replicas
RAID 0 Config
# metainit d10(name d0-dn) 3(total disk/slice) 1 c0t1d0s0 1 c0t1d0s1 1 c0t1d0s3
# newfs /dev/md/rdsk/d10
# metaclear d10 � Delete the volume
# metainit d0(partition name) –p d10(volume name) 1000m � Creating partition
# metattach d0 999m � To increase partition size
# growfs –M /m1(mount point) /dev/md/rdsk/d0 � To create FS for extra space added
# metattach d10(volume) c0t1d0s4 � To increase space for volume
RAID 5 Config
# metainit d20 –r(raid 5 option) c0t1d0s0 c0t1d0s1 c0t1d0s3
# metadb –d –f c0t1d0s7 � To delete metadb
RAID 1 Config
# metainit d10 –m d0 � To create mirror
Then reboot
# metattach d10 d1 � Attaching another disk to mirror
# metastat � To check the status of mirror disk
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Module – 1 ���� Describing Interface Configuration
To know MAC Address of NIC Card
ok banner
# ifconfig –a
8:0:20:93:c9…. � Sun manufacturing NIC card
Hme0 qfe0 eri0 leo0 Sun NIC card types
# ifconfig hme0 down � To down the NIC
# ifconfig hme0 up � To up the NIC
# ping –s 140.40.0.123 � Continuous pinging
# snoop � To display incoming & outgoing packets. Press Ctrl+c to stop the snoop utility
# snoop IP1 IP2 � To capture communication between two systems
# snoop –a dhcp � To turn on audible clicks for all network traffic related to a dhcp boot
# snoop –V � Summary verbose output
# snoop –v � Detailed verbose output
# snoop –o filename � Redirects the snoop utility output to filename in summary mode
# snoop –i filename � Displays packets that were previously captured in filename
/etc/hosts � Link file to /etc/inet/hosts
/etc/inet/hosts � Should contain IP & hostname
� 32 virtual interdace is possible
� Hme0:1 hmeo:2 ….. hme0:32
Configuring IPv4 Interfaces at Boot Time
/etc/rcS.d/S30network.sh - file
# cat /etc/hostname.hme0
Sys41 (or) 192.168.30.41
# cat /etc/inet/hosts
192.168.30.41 sys41
plumb � To sync the IP and the config files
Changing the System Hostname
/etc/nodename � File to change hostname
/etc/hostname.xxn
/etc/inet/hosts
/etc/net/tictls/hosts
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/etc/net/ticots/hosts
/etc/net/ticotsord/hosts
The /etc/net/tic* directories contains a host file. These files contain config info for transport
independent network services. If these files become corrupted, unpredictable results can
occur.
# sys-unconfig � For total reconfiguration
Module – 2 ���� Describing the Client Server Model
inetd � (Internet Service Daemon) Responsible for On-Demand services eg. Telnetd, ftpd
/etc/inetd.conf � Config file for inetd daemon
To turn-off a service, add a symbol to the beginning of the corresponding to that service in
the /etc/inet.conf file, and send a HUP request.
# pkill –HUP inetd � Restarting the inetd services
/etc/inet/services � Services file
/etc/inet/protocols � Registered protocols are listed here
Network Ports � Well-known ports & ephemeral (short-lived) ports
Port Assignment � Central Authority (Well-known) & Dynamic Binding (ephemeral)
Central Authority Ports � 0 – 1024
Dynamic Binding � 1024 – 65000
Starting Services that use a Well-Known Port
1. Services that start by default at system boot time (eg. Sendmail)
2. Services start on-demand (eg. telnet)
Starting RPC Services
1. Services that start by default at system boot time
2. Services start on-demand
The rpcbind process (Daemon) associates RPC program numbers with port numbers.
/etc/rc2.d/S71rpc script initializes the rpcbind service (port 111)
rpcbind - 111 port number - Resposible for rpc services
/etc/rpc � Config file for rpc services
# grep rpcbind /etc/services
sunrpc 111/udp rpcbind
sunrpc 111/tcp rpcbind
# rpcinfo –p � rpcbind information
Prog No Version Protocol Port Service Name
# rpcinfo –d 1002(Prog No) 1(Version) � Deleting RPC service registration
Module – 3 ���� Customizing the SMC
# /etc/init.d/init.wbem status (or) stop (or) start � SMC Service (port 898)
# smc � Starting the console
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# cat /etc/auto_master
.
.
/- auto_direct -ro
The /- mount point is a pointer that informs the automount facility that the full path names are
defined in the file specified by map-name(the /etc/auto_direct file in this example)
# cat /etc/auto_direct
# Super User created direct map for automounter
/apps/frame -ro,soft server1:/export/framemaker
/opt/local -ro,soft server2:/export/unbundled
/usr/share/man -ro,soft server3,server4:/usr/share/man
Indirect Map
The /home entry defines a mount point for an indirect map. The map auto_home list relative
path names only. The Solaris 2.6 through Solaris 9 OE support browsing of indirect maps and
special maps with the –browse option. The –nobrowse option disables the browsing of
indirect maps. The default option is –browse
# cat /etc/auto_home
+auto_home
steven hosts5:/export/home/steven
mary mars:/export/home/marry
Reducing the auto_home map to a single line
* server1:/export/home/&
The client remotely mont the /export/home/loginID directory from the NFS server server1
onto the local mount point /home/loginID. Wildcard character(*) to match any key. The
substitution character (&) at the end of the location is replaced with the matched key field.
Run the automount command when making changes to the master map or creating a direct
map to make the changes effective. You do not have to stop and restart the automountd
daemon after making changes to existing entries in a direct map.
Automount [-t duration] [-v]
-t Specifies a time in seconds, the FS remains mounted when not in use. Default is 600 sec.
When to run the automount command
Automount Map Run if entry is added/deleted Run if entry is modified
Master map yes yes
Direct map yes no
Indirect map no no
# cat /etc/mnttab
-hosts /net autofs indirect,nosuid,ignore,nobrowse dev=4300001|1008255810
auto_home ………….
-xfn ………….
# /etc/init.d/autofs start (or) stop
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Module – 7 ���� Configuring AutoFS
The automount facility contains three components
The AutoFS FS
The automountd daemon
The automount command
The AutoFs map types
Master Map The auto_master map associates a directory, also called a mount point, with a
map.
Direct Map Lists the mount points as absolute path names. This map explicitly indicates
the mount point on the client.
Indirect Map Lists the mount points as relative path names. This map uses a relative path to
establish the mount point on the client.
Special Provides access to NFS servers by using their host names
# cat /etc/auto_master
+auto_master
/net -hosts -nosuid,nobrowse
/home auto_home -nobrowse
/xfn -xfn
Syntax
Mount point map name(direct or indirect map) mount options(similar to standard mount
options. But nobrowse option is an AutoFS specific mount option
The plus(+) symbol at th beginning of the +auto_maser line directs the automountd daemon
to look at the NIS, NIS+, or LDAP databases before it reads the rest of the map. If this line is
commented out, only the local files are searched unless the /etc/nsswitch.conf file specifies
that NIS, NIS+, or LDAP should be searched.
The two mount points for special maps are –hosts map & -xfn map
The –hosts map Provide access to all resources shared by NFS servers. The resources being
shared by a server are mounted below the /net/hostname directory, or if only the server’s IP
address is known below the /net/IPaddress directory. The server doesn’t have to be listed in
the hosts database for this mechanism to work.
The –xfn map Provides access to resources acailable through the Federated Naming Service
(FNS). Resources associated with FNS mount below the /xfn directory
Direct Map
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# smc edit � Starting the toolbox editor
http://hostname:898/toolboxes/smc/smc.tbx
Module – 4 ���� Managing swap configuration
Virtual Memory = RAM + Disk Space
Swap Slice | Swap File | RAM } Swap Space
# swap –s � Summary of virtual swap space
# swap –l � Lists the details of systems physical swap (eg. Swap file)
Adding Swap Space
# vi /etc/vfstab
/dev/dsk/c1t0d0s3 - - swap - no -
# swap –a /dev/dsk/c1t0d0s3 � To add swap space from HDD slice.
Adding Swap File
# mkfile 20m /export/data/swapfile � Swap file allocation
# swap –a /export.data.swapfile
# swap –l � To list the details of the modified system swap space
# swap –s � List a summary of the modified system swap space
# vi /etc/vfstab
/export/data/swapfile - - swap - no -
Removing Swap Space
# swap –d /dev/dsk/c1t0d0s3 � Also remove entry from vfstab
Removing Swap File
# swap –d /export/data/swapfile
# rm /export/data/swapfile � Also remove entry from vfstab
Module – 5 ���� Managing Crash Dumps & Core Files
When an OS has a fatal error, it generates a crash dump file (crash dump). When a process
has a fatal error, it generates a core file.
If the Solaris OE kernel encounters a problem or when an unexpected hardware fault occurs,
the panic routine is executed. Where memory contents are copied to a disk partition defined
as a dump device.
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When an OS crashes, the savecore command is automatically executed during a boot. The
savecore command retrieves the crash dump from the dump device and the writes the crash
dump to a pair of files in your FS.
It places kernel core info in the /var/crash/nodename/vmcore.X file
It places name list info & table info in the /var/crash/nodename/unix.X file
By default, the dump device is a swap partition. The swap partition contains temp data,
therefore permanent data is overwritten by the crash dump.
# dumpadm � To view the current dump configuration
Dump Content : Kernel pages (or) Application Pages (or) All
Dump device : /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s1 (swap)
Savecore directory : /var/crash/host1
Savecore enabled : yes
# cat /etc/dumpadm.conf � Content of dumpadm command
Changing the Crash Dump configuration
/usr/sbin/dumpadm [-nuy] [-c content-type] [-d dump-device] [-m mink | minm \ min%] [-r
root-dir] [-s savecore-dir]
-n Modifies the dump config so it does not run the savecore command automatically on
reboot
-u Forcibly updates the kernel dump config based on the contents of /etc/dumpadm.conf
-y Modifies the dump config so that the savecore command is run automatically on
reboot. This is default
-c content-type The content type can be kernel, all, or curproc. The curproc includes
the kernel, memoty pages and the memory page of the currently
executing process
-d dump-device The dump device cab be an absolute path of swap
-m mink | minm | min% Creates a minfree file in the current savecore-dir
-r root-dir Specifies an alternative root directory relative to which dumpadm
command should create files. The default root dir “/” is used.
-s savecore-dir To mention savefiles dir. The default is /var/crash/hostname
Managing Core File Behavior
A core file is a point-in-time copy (snapshot) of the RAM allocated to a process. The copy is
written to a more permanent medium, such as a HDD. A core file is useful in analyzing why a
particular program crashed.
When a core file occurs, the OS generated two possible copies of the core files, one copy
known as the global core file and the other copy known as per process core file. All depends
on options in effect. Global core file is created in mode 600 and is owned by the superuser.
Ordinary per-process core files are created in mode 600 under the credentials of the process.
# coreadm � Displays the currnet core file config
global core file pattern : � Identifies the name to use for core files placed in global directory
init core file pattern : core � Identified the default name that per-process core files must use
global core dumps : disabled � Indicates global core files are disabled
per-process core dumps : enabled
global setid core dumps : disabled
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intr | nointr Enables or disabled the use of KB interrupts to kill aprocess that hangs on a
hard-mounted FS. The default is intr.
suid | nosuid Indicates whether to enable setuid execution. Default is setuid execution
timeo=n Sets the timeout to n tenth of a second. The default timemout is 11, measures
in one-tenth of a second for UDP and 600 tenths of a second for TCP.
retry=n Sets the no of times to retry the mount operation. Default is 10,000 times
retrans=n Sets the number of NFS retransmission to n. The default is 5 for UDP.
Enabling the NFS Server Logging
nfslogd daemon responsible for NFS logging
The /etc/nfs/nfslog.conf file defines the path, file names, and type of logging that the nfslogd
daemon must use. There is a taq corresponding to each definition.
Eg. Of nfslog.conf file
# NFS server log configuration file
global defaultdir=/var/nfs \
log=nfslog fhtable=fhtable buffer=nfslog_workbuffer
defaultdir=dir_path � Specifies the default parent directory
log=logfile_pat � Specifies relative or absolute path and the filename for the ASCII log file
fhtable=table_path � Specifies path and the filename for the file-handle-to-path DB file
buffer=buffer_path � Specifies path and the filename for the raw buffer file
log format=basic | extended � Specifies the format when creating user-redable log files
To easily identify the log files for different shared resources, place them in separate dir. For
eg.
# cat /etc/nfs/nfslog.conf
global defaultdir=/var/nfs \
log=nfslog fhtable=fhtable buffer=nfslog-workbuffer
public defaultdir=/var/nfs/public \
log=nfslog fhtable=fhtable buffer=nfslog-workbuffer
Create the /var/nfs/public directory before starting NFS server logging
Specify a tag by entering the tag to use with the log=taq option in the /etc/dfs/dfstab file. Use
the log option without specifying a taq, which mean use the default global tag
share –F nfs –o ro,log /export/sys44_date
/etc/default/nfslogd � The config info file controls the logging behavior of the nfslogd
daemon.
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Managing the NFS Client
NFS Client Files
/etc/vfstab Defines FS to be mounted locally
/etc/mnttab Lists currently mounted FS including automounted directories.
/etc/dfs/fstypes Lists the default FS types for remote FS
NFS Client Daemons
The NFS client daemons are started using the /etc/rc2.d/S73nfs.client script
statd Works with the lockd daemon to provide crash recovery functions
lockd Supports record-locking operations on NFS files
/etc/init.d/nfs.client start (or) stop
NFS Client Commands
dfshares Lists available shared resources from a remote or local NFS server
mount Attach a file resource to a specified local mount point
umount Unmounts a currently mounted file resources
mountall Mounts all file resources or a specified group of file resources listed in the
/etc/vfstab file with a mount at boot value of yes
umountall Unmounts all non-critical local and remote file resources
dfmounts Displays a list of currently mounted NFS server directories
mount [-F nfs] [-o options] server:pathname mount-point
# mount sys44:/export/sys44_data /export/remote-data
# mount –o ro sys45,sys43,sys41:/multi_home_data /remote_shared_data
� When mounting a read-only remote resources, you can specify a comma separated list of
sources for the remote resources. Which are then used as a list of failover resources
# umount /export/remote-data � Unmounting remote FS from the client
# mountall –r � To limit the action of this command to remote file resources.
# umountall –r � To unmount all remote file systems
Mounting Remote Resources at Boot Time
Enter appropriate entries in the client’s /etc/vfstab file to mount the remote file resources at
boot time.
# vi /etc/vfstab
sys44:/export/sys44_data - /export/remote-data nfs - yes soft,bg
Mount Command Options
rw | ro Read/Write or read-only. The default is read/write
bg | fg Retry to mount in background or foreground. The default is to retry in the foreground
soft | hard Soft option reports an error on the request, and stop trying when retrans=n
reach. Whereas hard option prints a warning message and continue to try.
Default is hard mount
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per-process setid core dumps : disabled global core dump logging : disabled
# cat /etc/coreadm.conf � Content of coreadm command
You can enable or disable two configurable core file paths, per-process and global, separately. If a global core file path is enabled and set to /corefiles/core, for eg. Then each process that terminates abnormally produces two core files: One in the current working directory, and one in the /corefiles/core directory.
coreadm [-p pattern] [pid]………. � Users can run this command coreadm [-g pattern] [-I pattern] [-d option……] [-e option…..] � only root user can run
-i pattern Sets the per-process core file name pattern from init to pattern -e option Enables the specified core file option
global Enables core dumps by using the global core pattern processEnables core dumps by using the per-process core pattern global-setid Enables setid core dump by using the global core pattern proc-setid Enables setid core dumps by using the per-process core pattern log Generates a syslog (3) message when a user attempts to generate a
global core file -d option Disables the specified core file option. See the –e option for possible options -u Updates system-wide core file options from the config file /etc/coreadm.conf. -g pattern Sets the global core file name pattern to pattern. The pattern must start with a / -p pattern Sets the per-process core file name pattern to pattern.
Pattern options for the coreadm Command
%p PID %u EUID %g EGID %f Executable file name %n System node name (uname –n) %m Machine hardware name (uname –m) %t The time in seconds since midnight jan 1 1970 %% Literal %
# coreadm –p core.%f.%p $$ � When executed from a users $HOME/.profile (or) .login file sets the core file name pattern for all processes run during the login session. The $$ variable is the PID of the currently running shell. The per-process core file name pattern is inherited by all child processes.
# coreadm –p $HOME/corefiles/%n.%f.%p $$ � This command places all of the user’s core files into the corefiles subdirectory of users home directory, differentiated by the system node name.
# coreadm –g /var/core/core.%f.%p –e global � This sets system-wide parameters that add the executable filename and PID to the name of any core file that is created. # coreadm � to verify that this parameter is now part of the core file configuration
# coreadm 278 5678 � Search for the core dump file. Only the owner of a process or the superuser can query a process by using the coreadm command with a list of PIDs.
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Module – 6 ���� Configuring NFS
NFS Server Files
/etc/dfs/dfstab Lists the local resources to share at boot time
/etc/dfs/sharetab Lists the local resources currently being shared.
/etc/dfs/fstypes Lists the default FS types for remote FS
/etc/rmtab Lists FS remotely mounted by NFS clients
/etc/nfs/nfslog.conf Lists info of the location of config logs used for NFS server logging
/etc/default/nfslogd Lists config info describing the behavior of the nfslogd daemon
# cat /etc/dfs/dfstab
share –F nfs –o ro /export.sys44_data
# cat /etc/dfs/sharetab
/export/sys44_data - nfs ro
# cat /etc/dfs/fstypes
nfs NFS Utilities
autofs AUTOFS Utilities
cachefs CACHEFS Utilities
# cat /etc/rmtab
sys42:/export/sys44-data
#sys41:/usr/share/man
#sys43:/export/sys44_data � The # entries are removed by the mountd daemon during a
system startup
NFS Server Daemons
To start the NFS server daemons or to specify the number of concurrent NFS requests that
can be handled by the nfsd daemon, use the /etc/rc3.d/S15nfs.server script
mountd Handles FS mount requests from remote systems, and provides access control
nfsd Handles client FS requests
statd Works with the lockd daemon to provide crash recovery functions for the lock
manager
lockd Supports record locking operations on NFS files
nfslogd Provides operational logging
# /etc/init.d/nfs.server start � To start NFS server daemon
# /etc/init.d/nfs.server stop � To stop NFS server daemon
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NFS Server Commands
# share � To share directory and also displays the contents of the /etc/dfs/sharetab file
# unshare /test � Unshare the share
# shareall � Shares all resources listed in the /etc/dfs/dfstab file
# unshareall /export/sys44_data � Unshare currently shared file resources listed in the
/etc/dfs/sharetab file
# dfshares � Displays currently shared resources by using the NFS dameon mountd
# dfshares 140.40.40.160 � Lists available shared resources in remote system
# dfmounts � Displays a list of NFS resources that are currently mounted and client list
# dfmounts sys42 � Displays NFS resources of sys42 that are currently mounted & clients
share [-F nfs] [-o options] [-d description] [pathname]
# share –o ro /export/sys44_data � By default resources available with RW. Access
decision is based on a comparison of the UID of the client and the owner.
The Share Command Options
ro Informs clients that the server accepts only read requests
rw Allows the server to accept read and write requests from the client
root=client Informs client that the root user on the specified client system or systems can
perform superuser-privileged requests on the share resource.
ro=access-list Allows read requests from the specified access list
rw=access-list Allows RW requests from the specified access list
Access List Options
access-list=client:client Allows access based on a colon-separated list of clients
access-list=@network Allows access based on a network number (eg @192.168.100
or a network name eg. @mynet.com). The network name must
be defined in the /etc/networks file
access-list=.domain Allows access based on a DNS domain
access-list=netgroup_name Allows access based on a config net group (NIS) or (NIS+)
anon=n Sets n to be the effective user ID (EUID) of anonymous users.
By default, anonumous users are given the EUID 6001-nobody
user. If n is set to –1, access is denied.
# share –F nfs –o r0 direcctory � Restricts access to read-only access.
# share –F nfs –o r0,rw=client1 directory
� Restricts access to read-only, however, the NFS server accepts both read & write requests
from the client client1
# share –F nfs –o root=client2 directory
� Allows the root user on the client named client2 to have superuser access to the NFS
mounted resources
# share –F nfs –o ro,anon=0 directory
� By setting the option anon=0, the EUID for access to shared resources by an anonymous
user is set to 0. The access is also set to read only.
# share
- /export/sys44_data ro “”