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USAID POWER THE FUTURE REGIONAL PROGRAM
JANUARY 20-21, 2020
BISHKEK, KYRGYZSTAN
SOLAR PV & WIND.
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING & DEVELOPMENT
APPROACH & METHODOLOGY
• Cumulative & interlaced knowledge acquisition
• Application and results oriented knowledge delivery
• Project development cycle
• Integration of additional knowledge required by market
• Continuous cumulative exercises and practical examples
• Practical application of tools
• Engineering decision making
• Fully interactive classroom
• Team building
• Workgroups and presentations
• Peer to peer review of results
• Integration of holistic knowledge
GRID
OFF GRID
MINIGRID
MINI GRIDS VS GRIDS. INTRODUCTION
=
~
~
Mini Grid
“Full” Grid
~
=
MINI GRIDS VS GRIDS. INTRODUCTION
=
~
~=
=
=
~
~=
=
– Mesh Interconnected Clustered
– Mini Grid.
– Interconnections are below 66 kV to
avoid the cost of substations.
– All generation and all consumption is
shared over the whole integrated grid
providing a self balanced operation.
MINI GRIDS / CLUSTERS WITH DER ARCHITECTURE
1. Solar PV Plant
2. Inverter Grid Forming
3. Inverter/Charger & Controller
4. Storage
5. Diesel genset as backup.
6. Wind generation and/or others.
TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
1
2
34
5
6
78
9
10
11
1. Solar PV Field
2. Inverter.
3. Storage Bank
4. Genset
5. Wind Turbine
12
13
6. Consumer/s & Metering
7. Transformer (Up/Down)
8. Grid (Transmission/Distribution)
9. Protections (DC)
10. Protections (AC)
11. Protections (HV) & Metering
12. Telecommunications
13. Remote Management (SCADA)
SOLAR /
WIND
GENERATION
SOLAR PV. SOLAR GENERATION SIDE
A solar panel is a combination of multiple smaller panels, called Cells or Wafers, each of them is
formed by various layers of different semiconducting materials, which trap the electrons as they hit
the surface and convert them into electricity, which is delivered by the cells’s back layer. The cells
or wafers are connected in series (to add up volts) and the series into parallels (to add up amps).
On commercial projects, the warranties and bankability prevails over technical characteristics.
SOLAR PV. SOLAR GENERATION SIDE. MARKET AVAILABLE
PANEL TECHNOLOGIES.
c-SI or Crystalline
Type
1. Mono Crystalline
2. Poly Crystalline.c-SI Mono c-SI Poly CdTe
Advantages
Good efficiency with
clear sky.
Low degradation
mismatch.
Good efficiency with turbid
sky.
Long cleaning cycles.
Steady market availability.
Same panel cost as c-SI Poly.
Best efficiency in turbid skies
and/in hot weather.
Disadvantages
Uneven market
availability.
Shorter cleaning
intervals.
Industry average degradation
mismatch.
Uneven market availability.
Delicate logistics.
Higher Total project costs.
High degradation mismatch.
Shorter cleaning intervals.
Notes
Performance below
optimal in typical
equatorial turbid sky
The balance between Total
Project’s cost vs Performance
vs OM costs vs
standardization and availability,
makes this to be
recommended technology.
Even having the best
performance for the local
environment these are over-
weighted by the shortcomings
Thin Film Type
1. Cadmium Telluride
2. Other non-commercial
Crystalline technology dominates the world industry with more than 150 GW of manufacturing capacity. Poly type is the most widely available.
There is only 1 big manufacturer of CdTe and has very limited supply capacity, most of it devoted to self-developed large utility scale projects of
more than 100 MWp.
SOLAR PV. SOLAR GENERATION SIDE. STRINGS & TABLES
Strings are organized in “tables” and tables into “arrays”.
Cables between panels shall never jump between tables.
There are many possible configurations of tables, according to how many panels are in vertical order,
normally it varies between 1 and 4.
The panels can be oriented either in vertical position or horizontal position, as by where their long side is
oriented.
Here are some examples of tables: Strings must follow the
table
Strings can be routed on
the table to reduce
cable to reach the
combiner of inverter.
Multiple strings can be
routed on the table in
different shapes to
reduce cable to reach
the combiner of
inverter.
WIND
GENERATION
WIND. GENERATION SIDE
A Wind turbine is an electromechanical generation unit, where an inductive (spinning) generator is
actuated by the effect of the wind against the blades of the rotor. Depending on the technology of
the spinning generator. Today, the small units with less than 300 kW are no longer considered
financially viable and the usual platform starts with 2 WM. The domestic types (< 50 kW) either
generate DC or AC in freespin and must be associated with a battery bank due to the extreme
variability of their output and their lack of controls.
WIND. GENERATION SIDE
WIND. GENERATION SIDE
Micro Turbines Utility Scale
0 to 10 kW 800 kW to 12 MWALMOST EMPTY
No mainstream products in the
market
10 kW to 800 kW
Do It Yourself
approach.
Available even in
department stores.
Manufacturers
Vertical Integration.
Financial product
approach.
WIND. GENERATION SIDE. MARKET AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES.
Horizontal type
1. Domestic or
Utility
2. DC or AC Output
Horizontal Vertical
Advantages
High availability.
Proven design.
Available in any scale.
More units per area.
No mechanical stress.
Very low noise.
Disadvantages
Difficult OM.
High mechanical stress.
Complex foundations & EPC.
Only available for domestic scale.
More expensive.
Limited market availability.
Notes
Utility scale presents a high inertia,
allowing for smooth grid
integration.
The balance between cost and power has
limited his development towards utility
scale type.
Vertical type:
1. Domestic Application
2. DC or AC Output
Horizontal technology dominates the market in all sizes. Verticals are mostly considered for aesthetical reasons.
Platform Average Power Civil Works Turbine Total costCost per
kW
Endurance E-3120 55 kW 176,400 327,600 504,000 9,164
Enercon E53/48/44 800 kW 686,000 1,274,000 1,960,000 2,450
EWT DW61 900 kW 735,000 1,365,000 2,100,000 2,333
GE 1.5sle 1.5 MW 1,421,000 2,639,000 4,060,000 2,707
Enercon E82 2 – 3 MW 1,519,000 2,821,000 4,340,000 2,170
WIND. GENERATION SIDE. MARKET AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
WIND. GENERATION SIDE. PLANT LAYOUT
T 1 T 2 T 3 T 4
> Diam x 10
T 5 T 5
> Diam x 10
GENERATION SIDE. INVERTERS
The inverter processes the DC energy received
the PV Field to deliver usable AC energy
GENERATION SIDE. INVERTERSThey convert DC power into AC power.There are various types:
• On Grid or Grid tied.They synchronize his output to the voltage and frequency of the hosting grid.
• Grid dependent.
• Anti-islanding protection prevails. No grid, no power.
• Grid forming.
• Anti-islanding can be cancelled or programmed. No grid, power output if desired.VRTH capabilities.
• Off Grid or Isolated.They serve facilities not connected to the grid.They are not grid compatible.
• DC to AC.
• They create a standard power AC power in pure sinewave. Storage should be added.
• Inverter-Charger or DC to AC to DC.
• They can have multiple DC and AC inputs and include the battery charger function.
• DC to DC.
• They create a stable DC output from various DC sources to supply an Off Grid or Grid Ties
inverter. The main application is large storage with multiple large DC generation sources and
multiple storage banks of different technologies.
• Hybrids.
• Multiple DC and multiple AC inputs, like an Inverter-Charger, but with smart power management
capabilities. Output can be Off grid or Grid tie, but not both.
PROTECTIONS
GENERATION SIDE. PROTECTIONS- DC.
- Fuses, ultra-rapid type.
- Breakers 4 pole loop.
- AC & HV.
- Fuses, slow type.
- Thermal breakers.
- Differential breakers.
- Surge arresters & grounding.
Type DCSingle Phase
AC
Three Phase
ACHV Surge Lightning
Fuses >1 V/<1,000 A 240 V / < 16 A 400 V / > 20 A >1 kV/<100 A > 1 kV / >10 A > 1 kV
Breakers < 1 kV/<100 A 240 V / < 16 A 400 V / > 20 A Program N/A N/A
Grounding* < 100 Oh < 100 Oh < 100 Oh < 100 Oh < 100 Oh < 100 Oh
GENERATION SIDE. PROTECTIONS
Type DCSingle Phase
AC
Three Phase
ACHV Surge Lightning
Fuses >1 V/<1,000 A 240 V / < 16 A 400 V / > 20 A >1 kV/<100 A > 1 kV / >10 A > 1 kV
Breakers < 1 kV/<100 A 240 V / < 16 A 400 V / > 20 A Program N/A N/A
~ D DT T
T
T
Section
Protection
& Insulation
Section
Protection
& Insulation
CABLES
GENERATION SIDE. CABLING
Cables are an utmost critical component of every system, often overlooked.
His correct selection, sizing and installation methods are key for the system performance.
Cutting corners or being cheap on cables has dramatic financial impacts in the long term.
GENERATION SIDE. CABLE INSULATION
Material Advantages Disadvantages
PVC
• Cheap• Durable• Widely available
• Highest dielectric losses • Melts at high temperatures • Contains halogens• Not suitable for MV/ HV cables
PE• Lowest dielectric losses • High initial dielectric strength
• Highly sensitive to water treeing • Material breaks down at high
temperatures
XLPE
• Low dielectric losses• Improved material properties al high
temperatures • Does not melt but thermal expansion
occurs
• Medium sensitivity to water treeing
(although some XLPE polymers are water
resistant)
EPR
• Increased flexibility• Reduced thermal expansion (relative to
XLPE) • Low sensitivity to water treeing
• Medium-High dielectric losses • Requires inorganic filler/ additive
Paper/ Oil
• Low-Medium dielectric losses • Not harmed by DC testing • Known history of reliability
• High weight & High cost• Requires hydraulic pressure/ pumps for
insulating fluid • Difficult to repair• Degrades with moisture
GENERATION SIDE. CABLE CAPACITY
No.
1
Cross-Sectional
Area
2
Construction
3
Insulation
Thickness
4
Overall
Diameter
5
Weight
Appr.
6
Max Conductor
Resistance @ 20°c
7
Min Insulation
Resistance @ 70°C
8
Ampacity in
Free Air
mm2 No. mm mm mm kg/km Oh/km MOh/km A
1 1,5 30,0 0,3 0,7 3,1 20,9 13,3 0,0 21,0
2 2,5 49,0 0,3 0,8 3,7 32,5 8,0 0,0 28,0
3 4,0 56,0 0,3 0,8 4,3 48,6 5,0 0,0 38,0
4 6,0 84,0 0,3 0,8 5,2 70,6 3,3 0,0 48,0
5 10,0 77,0 0,4 1,0 6,7 123,0 1,9 0,0 69,0
6 16,0 119,0 0,4 1,0 7,8 176,0 1,2 0,0 92,0
7 25,0 189,0 0,4 1,2 9,7 272,0 0,8 0,0 123,0
8 35,0 264,0 0,4 1,2 11,3 375,0 0,6 0,0 154,0
9 50,0 378,0 0,4 1,4 13,1 534,0 0,4 0,0 196,0
10 70,0 336,0 0,5 1,4 15,6 739,0 0,3 0,0 247,0
11 95,0 456,0 0,5 1,6 17,6 970,0 0,2 0,0 296,0
12 120,0 576,0 0,5 1,6 19,3 1186,0 0,2 0,0 350,0
13 150,0 720,0 0,5 1,8 22,8 1509,0 0,1 0,0 405,0
14 185,0 888,0 0,5 2,0 24,3 1862,0 0,1 0,0 461,0
15 240,01184,
00,5 2,2 26,6 2373,0 0,1 0,0 554,0
GENERATION SIDE. CABLE LOSES
c.s.a in mm2
Single-phase
circuit
Balanced three-
phase circuit
Motor power
Lighting
Motor power
LightingNormal
serviceStart-up Normal service Start-up
Cu Al cos q:, = 0.8 cos q:, = 0.35 cos q:, = 1 cos q:, = 0.8cos q:, =
0.35cos q:, = 1
1,5 - 24,00 10,60 30,00 20,00 9,40 25,00
2,5 - 14,40 6,40 18,00 12,00 5,70 15,00
4 - 9,10 4,10 11,20 8,00 3,60 9,50
6 10 6,10 2,90 7,50 5,30 2,50 6,20
10 16 3,70 1,70 4,50 3,20 1,50 3,60
16 25 2,36 1,15 2,80 2,05 1,00 2,40
25 35 1,50 0,75 1,80 1,30 0,65 1,50
35 50 1,15 0,60 1,29 1,00 0,52 1,10
50 70 0,86 0,47 0,95 0,75 0,41 0,77
70 120 0,64 0,37 0,64 0,56 0,32 0,55
95 150 0,48 0,30 0,47 0,42 0,26 0,40
120 185 0,39 0,26 0,37 0,34 0,23 0,31
150 240 0,33 0,24 0,30 0,29 0,21 0,27
185 300 0,29 0,22 0,24 0,25 0,19 0,20
240 400 0,24 0,20 0,19 0,21 0,17 0,16
300 500 0,21 0,19 0,15 0,18 0,16 0,13
GENERATION SIDE. CABLE LOSES:Input Data Sheet: :Calculation:
Electrical Load 25,00 Kw Total Electrical Load 25,00 KW
Motor Load 0,00 Kw Total Electrical Load in KVA 25,00 KVA
Total Load 25,00 Kw Total Full Load Curent 36,09 Amp
Type of Supply System Three Phase Electrical Load Starting Current 36,09 Amp
System Voltage V(L-L) 400,00 Volt Electrical Motor Starting Current 0,00 Amp
System Voltage V(L-N) 231 Volt Total Starting Current 36,09 Amp
Demand Factor 1,00 Starting CosØ 0,00
Power Factor 1,00 Starting SinØ 1,00
Short circuit Current(If You Know) K.Amp Runing CosØ 1,00
Allowable voltage drop at Running 5% Runing SinØ 0,00
Allowable voltage drop at Starting 5% Cable Derating Factor:
Motor Lock Rotor Current (If You Know): Amp Cable Installation Media Ground
Motor Lock Rotor Current: 0,00 X Full Load Current Ground Temp. Correction Factor (K1) 0,89
Motor Starting Power Factor: 0 Group Factor for Ground (K4) 0,75
Cable Detail: Cable Laying Depth Factor (K3) 0,96
Type of Cable: LT XLPE (Up to 1.1 KV) Soil Correction Factor for Air (K2) 0,86
Cable Conductor: CU Total Derating Factor 0,55
Size of Cable: 4cX 25 Cable Calculation
No of Parallel Run of Cable 1 No's Conductor Resistance. 0,93 Ohm / km
Cable Length (Distance) 300 Meter Conductor Reactance 0,08 Mho/km
Cable Laying Method: Cable Current Capacity 120 Amp
Cable Installation Media Ground 2 Derating Current 66 Amp
Ground Temperature (K2) 35 °C Min.Required No of Runs of Cable 1,00 Nos
Cable Laying Arrangement Single Tire Horizontal Voltage Drop Calculation:
Distance Between each Cable 0.25 mt Receving end Voltage 383 Volt
No's of Cable in Trench 4 Allowable voltage drop at Running 20 Volt
1 Allowable voltage drop at Starting 20 Volt
Cable Laying on The Depth of 1,5 Meter S.C Capacity of Selected Cable 3.58 K.Amp
Soil Thermal Resistiivty Not Known Km/Watt Voltage Drop at Starting 4,4%
Nature of Soil (k3) Very Dry Soil Voltage Drop at Running 4,4%
N.B: Enter Your Data in White Background Cell
Formula For % Voltage Drop:=
(1.732 X (Full Load Current)X(RCosØ+j SinØ)XLengthX100) / Line
VoltageXNo of RunX1000
GENERATION SIDE. CABLE LOSES
Cable Route Cable Length Cable Details Load DetailStarting
Condition
Runni
ng
Cond
ition
From toLeng
th
(Mt)
No.
of
Cabl
e /
Run
Total
Lengt
h
(Mt)
Size of Cables
Type
of
Cond
.
Res.of
Cable
(R)
(Ω/Km
)
Rea.of
Cable
(X)
(Ω/Km
)
Supp
ly
Volta
ge
Start
ing
P.F
Running
P.F
Light
ing
Load
(Kw)
Moto
r
Load
(Kw)
Total
Load
(Kw)
Motor
Lock
Rotor
Curre
nt
Starting
Current
of Ltg
Load
Starting
Current
of
Motor
Load
Total
Startin
g
Curre
nt
Full
Load
Curre
nt
(Amp)
Volta
ge
drop
(Volt)
%
Regul
aton
Volta
ge
drop
(Volt)
USS Panel-A50 2
1003cX 300 Sq.mm LT
XLPE (Up to 1.1KV)ALU
0,13 0,071433
0,60,9 126 126 3 0,0
560,0 560,0186,68
3,270,75% 1,20
Panel-A Panel-B 100 2 2003.5X300Sq.mm LT
XLPE (Up to 1.1KV)ALU
0,13 0,071433 0,7 0,9 126 126 3 240,0
0,0 240,0186,68
2,950,68% 2,39
Panel-B Panel-C 50 1 504cX16 Sq.mm LT
XLPE (Up to 1.1KV)ALU
2,45 0,08415 0,6 0,75 25 25 2 58,0
0,0 58,046,37
7,701,86% 7,59
0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00
0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00
0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00
0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00
0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00
0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00
0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00
0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00
0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00
0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00
0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00
0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00
0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00
0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00
0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00
0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00
0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00
0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00
0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00
0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00
COFFEE
BREAK
LOAD
ASSESSMENT
AND
FORECAST
DIMENSIONING AND DESIGN OF OFF-GRID / MINIGRID
FACILITIES
The combination of generation means and storage
is managed by the inverter/charger to deliver stable
power to the user facilities.
DIMENSIONING AND DESIGN OF OFF-GRID SINGLE USER
FACILITIES. LOAD PROFILE
Load & Sizing
Periods Hours% Main
loadMain Load kW
Main Load
kWh day
Main Load kWh
Storage 3 days
Gross Generation
kWh/Year*
Parameters 32 3
06.00 to 11.59 6.00 30 10 58 173
12.00 to 16.59 5.00 60 19 96 288
17.00 to 19.59 3.00 70 22 67 202
20.00 to 06.00 10.00 10 3 32 96
Totals 24.00 54 253 758 183,270
(*) Formula : (253 * 365 + (758 * (365 / 3))) = 183,270 kWh per year
LOAD FORECAST. PRINCIPLESThere are many ways and theoretical approaches to develop a load growth forecast. They can be divided into two main
groups.
Historical, uses the information accumulated over decades from alike environments and evaluates the load growth in
relation with multiple socio-economic parameters. Is the usual approach, but requires accurate and detailed information of
all the data involved.
Statistical, starting from a present value assumption, applies a variety of theoretical stochastic algorithms and itinerances to
anticipate the load growth and his location. There are thousands of theories but they have proven of little application in the
real world.
In consistency with the practical approach, we will use a simplified historical approach.
Data Period Detail What for
Total load profile 10 years Hour Overall growth
Critical loads 10 years Aggregated year Constant service
Economic loads 10 years Hour Wealth growth
Infrastructure loads 10 years Hour Desired services
Per Capita Rent 10 years Year Check kWh/$
LCoE per technology 10 years Year Generation mix
Population 10 years Year Check kWh/$/Users
Housing 10 years Year Density & Location
Cars 10 years Year Check value
RE
RESOURCE
ASSESSMENT
DIMENSIONING AND DESIGN OF OFF-GRID SINGLE USER
FACILITIES
SOLAR PV. DIMENSIONING AND DESIGN OF OFF-GRID SINGLE USER
FACILITIES
LOCATION
AND WIND
RESOURCES
DIMENSIONING AND DESIGN OF OFF-GRID SINGLE USER
FACILITIES
DIMENSIONING AND DESIGN OF OFF-GRID SINGLE USER
FACILITIES
DIMENSIONING AND DESIGN OF OFF-GRID SINGLE USER
FACILITIES
DIMENSIONING AND DESIGN OF OFF-GRID SINGLE
USER FACILITIES
DIMENSIONING AND DESIGN OF OFF-GRID SINGLE USER
FACILITIES
WIND. DIMENSIONING AND DESIGN OF OFF-GRID
SINGLE USER FACILITIES
DESIGN AND
DIMENSIONING
CRITERIA
DIMENSIONING AND DESIGN OF OFF-GRID SINGLE USER
FACILITIES. LOAD PROFILE.
Load & Sizing
Periods Hours% Main
loadMain Load kW
Main Load
kWh day
Main Load kWh
Storage 3 days
Gross Generation
kWh/Year*
Parameters 32 3
06.00 to 11.59 6.00 30 10 58 173
12.00 to 16.59 5.00 60 19 96 288
17.00 to 19.59 3.00 70 22 67 202
20.00 to 06.00 10.00 10 3 32 96
Totals 24.00 54 253 758 183,270
(*) Formula : (253 * 365 + (758 * (365 / 3))) = 183,270 kWh per year
DIMENSIONING AND DESIGN CRITERIACost approach
USD/kWp Calculated Size kWp Lifespan years
PV System 66 25,00
Panels 400,00 26 400
Mounting 350,00 23 100
Inverters 500,00 33 000
BoS & EPC 437,50 28 875
CAPEX 1 687,50 111 375
OPEX 15,00 990
Lifespan kWh
GeneratedCAPEX Lifespan OPEX CoE USD/kWh
CoE Calculation 2 310 000 111 375 990 0,05
USD/kWh Calculated kWh Total Lifespan Years
Storage (Li-Ion) 350,00 25,00
CAPEX 265 440
OPEX 3,00 2 275
Lifespan kWh
DeliveredCAPEX Lifespan OPEX CoE USD/kWh
CoE Calculation 2 306 800 265 440 2 275 0,12
DIMENSIONING AND DESIGN CRITERIAUSD/kWp Calculated Size kWp Lifespan years
PV System 66 25,00
Panels 400,00 26 400
Mounting 350,00 23 100
Inverters 500,00 33 000
BoS & EPC 437,50 28 875
CAPEX 1 687,50 111 375
OPEX 15,00 990
Lifespan kWh
GeneratedCAPEX Lifespan OPEX CoE USD/kWh
CoE Calculation 2 310 000 111 375 990 0,05
kW USD/kWhCalculated kWh
TotalLifespan Years Lifesapan Hours
Generator 115 150,00 2,44 16 000,00
CAPEX 17 280 1 536 000
OPEX 3,00 48 000
Fuel 0,99 0,25 380 160
Lifespan kWh
DeliveredCAPEX Lifespan OPEX CoE USD/kWh
CoE Calculation 1 536 000 17 280 428 160 0,29
Total CoE USD/kWh 0,34
LUNCH
BREAK
STORAGE
Power (front end, capacity, inverter, PCS)
• Measured in kW or kVA.
• Represents the instantaneous output limit of the storage system, which could be anything from 1 W to the total power.
• Every technology has a specific combination of Power and Energy capability
BATTERY FUNDAMENTALS: POWER VS ENERGY
Energy (back end, modules, racks, batteries)
• Measured in kWh.
• Represents the total amount of energy in the storage
medium.
Size of the Pipe Size of the Reservoir
52
The actual commercial number system used by the reference BNEF (Bloomberg New Finance)
uses has become the world standard.
Usable Energy, prorated including degradation, adjusted for the warrantied number of cycles and
the number of times the unit is delivering energy every hour.
Example: 20/80, means the maximum power will not exceed 20 EU’s while the BESS has a total
usable energy capacity equal to 4 times the Max Power, which is 80 EU’s, therefore the BESS, at
maximum, can serve a load of 20 EU, during 1 hour, 4 times per each cycle of 24 hours.
STORAGE TYPES
There are many forms of storage, either direct or indirect. In our industry, direct storage
of energy in the form of batteries and storage banks is the most usual approach.
GENERATION SIDE. STORAGE TYPES
Technology characteristics, application and dimensioning of batteries and storage banks
- Electro-chemical.
- Lead-acid gel, like OPZ type.
- Lithium-Ion.
- Flow.
- Fuel Cells (Hydrogen).
- Capacitors
- Electro-mechanical.
- Pumped hydro.
- Compressed air.
- Flywheels.
POWER VS ENERGY: C-RATE
2MW/4 hours
2MW/2 hours
2MW/1 hours
2MW/.5 hour
1MW/4 hours
1MW/2 hours
1MW/1 hours
1MW/.5 hour
C Rate
Power divided by Energy
– 1MWh battery can deliver
1MW for 1 hour (1C)
– 1MWh battery can deliver
2MW for 30 min (2C) with
recharge.
– 1MWh battery can deliver
500kW for 2 hours (0.5C)
Slide 55
56
KEY STRUCTURE
Source: Chernyakhovskiy, Principles of Energy
Storage, NREL, 2019 USAID workshop
BESS STRUCTURE
Cells
Modules BESS
Racks
Slide 57
• Factory Pre Assembled
• Ready to use – No field work
• Automatic control and integration of
– Climate control
– Inverters and protections
– Lightning protection
– Remote management
APPLICATION SPECIFIC SELECTION
Image by NREL, Batteries 101 Series: Use cases and value streams for energy storage58
SERVICES PROVIDED BY ENERGY STORAGE
Energy Discharge Time/Cycles (axis not to scale)
Source: ABB / Energy Storage: Moving toward Commercialization 59
STORAGE APPLICATION
Source: 2019 Utility Energy Storage Market Snapshot, SEPA https://sepapower.org/resource/2019-utility-energy-storage-market-snapshot/60
Ancillary Services - apply in Seconds to Minutes timeframe, and include Spinning Reserves, Frequency Regulation, Black Start.
Ramping Support - applies in the single to 30 minute timeframe; required to address rapid changes in supply and demand, often from renewable
intermittency.
Smoothing – used to address intermittency of renewable energy for grid integration, typically 1-4 hours, reducing impact on conventional generators &
other equipment.
Peaking, or Time Shifting – By supplying extra power during times of high demand, reduces demand on generators and entire system, typically 2-4 hours.
Baseload Generation – Supply power over extended period of time to meet baseload demand on system, typically 6 or more hours
61
BATTERY METRICS & MATCHING PERFORMANCE WITH
NEEDS
Source: Energy Storage 101, Joyce McLaren, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, March 2017
GENERATION SIDE. STORAGE DIMENSIONING
TypeSingle
User/House
Single User
Commercial
MiniGrid
DER
On-Grid
Solar PV
Plant
Distribution
Grid
Transmission
Grid
OPZ Average Average NO NO NO NO
Li-Ion OK OK OKCompensate
Variability
Small scale
(< 50 MWh)NO
Flow NOGrid Cost
(> 1 MWh)
24 h Supply
(> 1 MWh)
24h Supply
(> 5 MWh)
Flexibility
(> 50 MWh)Yes
Fuel Cells NO NO Average Average Average NO
Capacitors NOUser Power
QualityNO Average
Grid Power
Quality
Grid Power
Quality
- Electro-chemical.
- Lead-acid gel, OPZ type.
- Lithium-Ion.
- Flow.
- Fuel Cells (Hydrogen).
- Capacitors.
CONTROL OBJECTIVE INFORMS STORAGE DIMENSIONS
ms
hrs
Shifting: Load leveling
Stabilizing: Frequency regulation
Shaving: Peak lopping
Smoothing: Capacity firming
STATCOM: Power quality
Standalone: Island mode
Time (Energy)
Po
wer
Spinning Reserve
ms
Lazard LCoS V50 Dec 2019 Slide 64
COST OF BEES
TECHNO-
FINANCIAL
DESIGN
PRINCIPLES
DIMENSIONING AND DESIGN OF OFF-GRID SINGLE USER
FACILITIES.DETAILED FINANCIAL MODEL
All projects shall be financially viable, both on the
initial cost and during the whole lifetime. If a project
is not financially viable, there is no project, just a waist
of time and effort.
DIMENSIONING AND DESIGN. FINANCIAL MODEL SAM
DIMENSIONING AND DESIGN. FINANCIAL MODEL SAM
DIMENSIONING AND DESIGN. FINANCIAL MODEL SAM
System Minimum Selling Price:
621,853 USD
Electricity Minimum Selling
Price: 0.24 USD kWh
Client / Offtaker
Accepts and signs contract ?
E P C
Starts
Only 10
mins
Wasted
COFFEE BREAK
EPC
DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION
EPC. DESIGN, ENGINEERING, PROCUREMENT AND CONSTRUCTION
Design &
Engineering
Contracting
Procurement
Logistics
Construction
Commissioning
EPC.SITE DESIGN
EPC.SITE DESIGN
EPC.SITE DESIGN
SOLAR PV. EPC. DESIGN
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
1
2
3
4
2 mt
1 mt
EPC
PROCUREMENT
LOGISTICS
EPC. PROCUREMENT
Sourcing
Suppliers &
Quotes
Payment
Schedule
Construction
Program
Contract for goods
or services
EPC. SIMULTANEOUS ENGINEERING
Sourcing
Suppliers
SpecsBoM &
Quote
Payment
Schedule
Construction
Program
Contract for
goods or
services
COFFEE
BREAK
HEALTH
& SAFETY
EPC. HEALTH & SAFETY
Health and Safety
• Personal protection gear is mandatory inside the works area
for ALL people. You and visitors included.
• HiVis vests are mandatory for ALL people while on-site, either
in works area or not.
Mandatory H&S gear for works area:
• Hi Vis vest.
• Safety boots or shoes.
• Helmet.
• Safety Glasses or Googles.
• Work gloves.
Additionally,
• Ear covers or earbuds when close to noisy areas.
• Electric insulation Gloves when works near life wires.
• Electric insulating footwear when near life equipment.
• Back & waist protection band when lifting weights.
• Safety Knee pads when working involves kneeing.
WEARING THE H&S GEAR IS MANDATORY FOR EVERYONE.
IMMEDIATE FIRE ANYONE FAILING TO DO SO.
EPC. HEALTH & SAFETY
Health and Safety
• DAILY SAFETY BRIEFING BEFORE WORK START IS
MANDATORY FOR ALL PERSONNEL.
• SAFETY BRIEFING IS MANDATORY FOR ALL VISITORS PRIOR
ENTERING THE SITE AND THE WORKS AREAS.
• THE DAILY SAFETY BRIEFING MUST INCLUDE UPDATE OF
ALL WORKS BEING CARRIED ON THAT DAY IN EVERY AREA
AND THE STATUS OF ANY HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENT IN
ANY AREA OF THE SITE.
• ALL PEOPLE MUST SIGN THE ENTRY AND EXIT FROM THE
SITE.
• ALL PEOPLE MUST SIGN THE H&S LOG AFTER THE BRIEFING
AND BEFORE ENTERING THE SITE AND THE WORKS AREA.
• ALL MACHINERY MUST BE CHECKED FOR FULL SAFETY
OPERATION EVERY DAY BEFORE BEING USED.
• INCOMPLIANCE WITH H&S RULES MEANS EXPULSION.
EPC
CONSTRUCTION
EPC. CONSTRUCTION
EPC. CONSTRUCTION
EPC
CONSTRUCTION
GROUNDWORKS
GENERATION SIDE.CABLE INSTALLATION
SOLAR PV. EPC.CONSTRUCTION
SOLAR PV. EPC.CONSTRUCTION
SOLAR PV. EPC.CONSTRUCTION
WIND. EPC. CONSTRUCTION
EPC
CONSTRUCTION
MECHANICAL
SOLAR PV. EPC.CONSTRUCTION
SOLAR PV. EPC.CONSTRUCTION
WIND. EPC.CONSTRUCTION
WIND. EPC. CONSTRUCTION
EPC
CONSTRUCTION
ELECTRO-
MECHANICAL
SOLAR PV. EPC.CONSTRUCTION
Panel installation is a critical and
delicate process.
Teams of 2 to 4 people are needed.
On 3rd and 4th panel part of the
team will have to stand in a small
scaffolding structure.
The lower panel always goes first and
has to be perfectly fitted and aligned.
The bolting is done ONLY with
power tools with torque settable
drivers. The panel manufacturer will
provide the right number of Nm
torque.
Any broken panel must be put aside
to avoid stumbling on it and injuries.
WIND. EPC. CONSTRUCTION
WEATHER
STATION
SOLAR PV. EPC. MONITORING
CONSTRUCTION
ELECTRICAL
SOLAR PV. EPC. ELECTRICAL WORKS
EPC. ELECTRICAL WORKS. (CONT.)
SOLAR EPC.TESTING & COMMISSIONING
WIND. TESTING & COMMISSIONING
SOLAR O&M. OPERATION AND MANAGEMENT
WIND O&M. OPERATION AND MANAGEMENT
GRIDS
MINI GRIDS
CLUSTERED
DER
MINI GRIDS VS GRIDS. INTRODUCTION
=
~
~
Mini Grid
“Full” Grid
~
=
MINI GRIDS VS GRIDS. INTRODUCTION
=
~
~=
=
=
~
~=
=
Mesh Interconnected Clustered
Mini Grid.
Interconnections are below 66 kV to avoid the
cost of substations.
All generation and all consumption is shared
over the whole integrated grid providing a self
balanced operation.
MINI GRIDS / CLUSTERS WITH DER ARCHITECTURE
1. Solar PV Plant
2. Inverter Grid Forming
3. Inverter/Charger & Controller
4. Storage
5. Diesel genset as backup.
6. Wind generation and/or others.
MINI GRIDS / CLUSTERS WITH DER ARCHITECTURE. N-2
=~
=
=~
=
=~
=
METERING
COLLECTIONS
MINI UTILITY
METERING AND COLLECTIONS
Examples of Pre-Pay meters, one with
card, the other with code.
They are available in single and 3 phase.
• Example of Pre-Pay meters by charged
by phone app.
• User re-charges by app or sms and
receives a code which is dialed into
the meter.
METERING AND COLLECTIONS
Growing number of prosumer schemes allow for real-time crossed charges and collections using
blockchain and net metering.
UTILITY
SCALE
PLANTS
SOLAR PV. UTILITY SCALE PLANTS
SOLAR PV. UTILITY SCALE PLANTS. KEY DIFFERENCES
WIND.UTILITY SCALE PLANTS
WIND.UTILITY SCALE PLANTS. KEY DIFFERENCES
LUNCH BREAK
FORMS OF
CONTRACT
POWER PLANTS. FORMS OF CONTRACTS
POWER PLANTS. FORMS OF CONTRACTS
There are three basic forms of contract, which then have many different variations.
BTT = Build To Transfer. Normally is referred as a simple EPC contract or “Turn key”, where the owner hires the
services of a contractor to perform all the tasks related to the design, engineering, procurement and construction and,
commissioning and warranty provision of the power plant. This includes all permitting of any kind. The payments for the
services are done according to pre-agreed milestones; on anything else than a domestic plant, there will be an external
Owners Engineering or “OE” who will inspect the works and, if satisfactory and according to plan and specifications,
will authorize the payment.
BOO = Build Own Operate. This form goes together with IPP and PPA. Here the owner also hires an EPC or has the
EPC “in house”, but he will get paid based on the generation of the power plant, therefore, the EPC will be required to
provide bank warranties for the each milestone completion and for the production of the whole power plant during, at
least, 10 years. In these cases the EPC will be supervised by one or various OE’s, one from the owner, one from the
lenders (banks) and one from the offtaker (who will buy the electricity from the plant); sometimes there is just OE who
serves all third parties. In this type of plants the testing and commissioning will be also supervised and witnessed by a
certification agency (TUV Reinland, BV, SGS, DNV, etc). Large payments to the EPC will also be retained until the
certification agency provides the acceptance and the offtaker is satisfied with the plat operation.
BOOT = same as BOO but at the end of the PPA (Power Purchase Agreement) the plant will be transferred to the
offtaker.
BOT = Build Own and Transfer; here the owner will build and own the plant, normally only a part of it and the offtaker
will Operate and own another part of the plant, and the plant will be fully transferred to the offtaker at the end of the
PPA.
POWER PLANTS. FORMS OF CONTRACTS
SPV : Special Purpose Vehicle. This is “Schell” or “containing” company created on purpose of a particular project by the
developer of an IPP, precisely to have the ownership of that particular power plant and be able to adapt to the various forms
of ownership and operation without having any modifications of interferences in the “mother” company, who will possibly
have as many SPV’s as power plants.
IPP : Independent Power Producer. That is the legal name that receives the SPV of a power plant owned by someone
different from the one who buys or uses the electricity. For example, all power plants not owned by the Utility but which
provide power to the Utility are IPP’s.
PPA : Power Purchase Agreement. Is the contract by which the owner (SPV) agrees to sell the electricity to the offtaker at a
certain price per kWh during a certain period of time, normally 20 to 35 years. The PPA’s can be with an Utility or a private
buyer, like a factory, who signs a PPA with an SPV/IPP who will install a plant in his roof or land and will sell the electricity to
the factory to reduce the bills from the utility.
Power Leasing : Same as a Private PPA but with fixed payments which are balanced over the years average generation and
usage. At the end of the year a liquidation balance is crossed and either the SPV/IPP pays the excess to the Offtaker or the
Offtaker pays the excess to the SPV/IPP.
PPP : Public Private Partnership. Here a government body or agency, provides certain “public” benefits to the SPV/IPP, like
land for free, an area Utility license, permits or finance in very special terms. Normally the government entity has a small
share of the SPV/ IPP or has the right to participate in the administrative and financial management of the SPV/IPP. These
types are done for project which have a high interest for the government, and normally are fully transferred to the
government at the end of the PPA or PPP period.
POWER PLANTS. FORMS OF CONTRACTS
Wheeling : Here the SPV/IPP has a PPA with an offtaker (public or private) who does not have the power
plant inside his facilities, but both, the SPV/IPP and the Offtaker are connected to the same grid (normally the
national grid); in this case a Wheeling agreement is signed with the Utility for the usage of the grid and the
compensation by the offtaker is done by differential metering.
Differential Metering : The generation plant has an export meter (like any power plant) and the Offtaker has
also his usual consumer meter; difference between the two meters is what the offtaker has to pay to the
Utility and the reading from the generation plant is what the Offtaker has to pay to the SPV/IPP power plant.
Obviously, loses and other charges by the Wheeling Utility are deducted. This formula helps large consumers
with little or no space available to also benefit from the more competitive tariffs of the RE.
Additional readings:
http://fidic.org/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_purchase_agreement
COFFEE BREAK
VARIABLE
GENERATION
IN POWER
FACTORY
VARIABLE GENERATORS. POWER FACTORY
Concepts for the integration of VRE (Variable Renewable Energy).
The 4 key components have to be considered as whole:
- The network, both transmission and distribution, including substations and switching stations.
- The actual generation mix. What are the capabilities in terms of flexible operation.
- The nature, type, profile and location of the loads.
- The VRE in generation size, delivery profile and, grid interaction capabilities.
Below the 50% of the adequate flexible response capacity of the generation mix, VRE don’t require any
special treatment, because they don’t provide more power, they reduce the load in the grid.
Flexible response: The ramping rate of the generation units, ideally > 50% / minute. How quickly and in how
much they can change the power delivered into the grid to compensate for sudden and unexpected changes
in the load.
The main issue is not on the modeling. Power Factory has extensive libraries which allow to model the
behavior of any VRE unit.
The problem reside in the combination of 4 elements:
- Detail of load, frequency and voltage profile, ideally below 1 minute.
- Location of loads and effective capacity of infrastructure.
- Load variability induced by the VRE.
- Power Factory’s semi-dynamic modeling.
VARIABLE GENERATORS. POWER FACTORY
Grid Behavior
Load Profile
Load Response
VRE’sNetwork Structure
Power Flow
From the generation mix units:
- Ramp Rates
- Hot & Cold start
- Governing capacity
- Effective dispatchability
From the load profile:
- Type & location
- Ramping per minute
- Manageability
From the network:
- Effective capacity
- Auto-switching units
- Power flow
- Power ripple/latency
From the VRE’s
- Normal profile
- Extreme profile
- Grid supporting capacities
VARIABLE GENERATORS. POWER FACTORY
Concepts for the integration of VRE (Variable Renewable Energy).
The 4 key components have to be considered as whole:
- The network, both transmission and distribution, including substations and switching stations.
- The actual generation mix. What are the capabilities in terms of flexible operation.
- The nature, type, profile and location of the loads.
- The VRE in generation size, delivery profile and, grid interaction capabilities.
Below the 50% of the adequate flexible response capacity of the generation mix, VRE don’t require any
special treatment, because they don’t provide more power, they reduce the load in the grid.
Flexible response: The ramping rate of the generation units, ideally > 50% / minute. How quickly and in how
much they can change the power delivered into the grid to compensate for sudden and unexpected changes
in the load.
The main issue is not on the modeling. Power Factory has extensive libraries which allow to model the
behavior of any VRE unit.
The problem reside in the combination of 4 elements:
- Detail of load, frequency and voltage profile, ideally below 1 minute.
- Location of loads and effective capacity of infrastructure.
- Load variability induced by the VRE.
- Power Factory’s semi-dynamic modeling.
VARIABLE GENERATORS. POWER FACTORY
For accurate integration of VRE’s into the
model we have to move towards detailed
modeling of both the loads and generators.
Variations in load, frequency and voltage are
in the transient events and small signal
stability type but on an “amplified” range.
A detailed dynamic model of load, generation
and network is desirable, but not always
possible to obtain.
A viable alternative is to model the
combination of maximum and minimum
instantaneous or static scenarios and their
possible combinations to obtain a range of
scenarios and validate the adequacy of our
systems.
VARIABLE GENERATORS. POWER FACTORY
Load model types
and attributes or
“pros and con’s.
VARIABLE GENERATORS. POWER FACTORY
Recommended studies:
https://e-cigre.org/publication/727-modelling-of-inverter-based-generation-for-power-system-
dynamic-studies
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7917348
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321803580_Impact_of_load_models_on_the_static_
and_dynamic_performances_of_grid-connected_wind_power_plants_a_comparative_analysis
Some models in DS/PF:
https://www.digsilent.de/en/faq-powerfactory/tags/photovoltaic.html
You have more than 10 examples of various models ready to use.
Pho
to: C
reat
ive C
om
mo
ns
1/20/2020 137
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MARKUS STRASLICKA, EXPERT
6 SARYARKA AVENUE, OFFICE 1430
ASTANA, KAZAKHSTAN 010000
WWW.PTFCAR.ORG
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