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SUN Free SoftwarePCNFS installierenInstallation Solaris mit Openwindows (Grafikkarte)How to Backup a SystemPackages (Software die installiert wurde)Monitor Mode (OK Prompt)

Kernel AnalyseDefaults einstellenWichtige KonfigurationsfilesAdmin Kommandos

LAN konfigurierenIP-Routing konfigurierenDNS konfigurieren

Anonymous FTP aufsetzenNFS-Client KonfigurationNFS-Server KonfigurationAutomounter

Modem konfigurieren

SCSI-Harddisk an SUN Hardware anschliessenList Solaris Hardware Configuration

Show Swap Space currently installedShow Operating System Patch LevelHow to install a Sun Solaris Jumbo Patch ?Tracing System Calls

Troubleshooting Solaris Device FilesShort Tips to maintain Sun SolarisIP-Aliasing for SUN SolarisSolaris automounter installs filesystems by default in /net

Solaris keyboard utilityMonitoring Performance

Enable file system journaling on Solaris 7 and 8Solaris Syslog Daemon DebuggingDoes each Oracle Process use more than 100M memory ?Sizing up Solaris Memory with the RMCmem PackageUsing Sun Solaris Manuals directly from CD-ROM

Why is the Sun Solaris System Corefile helpful ?DLT-TAPE UNIT INSTALLATION on Solaris 7/8/9Reconfigure Devices on Solaris

OpenBoot DiagnosticsWhy doesn't my .forward file workSimple Shell Script to backup your Files

SUN Free Software

Unter http://www.sunfreeware.com findet man "ready to use" Software fr SUN Solaris, wie beispielswGCC, GDB etc. Download via FTP von: ftp://nce.sun.ch/pub/freeware/sparc/7

PCNFS installieren

CD-ROM Solaris Intranet Extension (siehe auch Solaris Server Intranet Extension Installation)

$ su

$ cd /cdrom/cdrom0/nfsc/sparc

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%20SUN%20Solarishttp://www.akadia.com/services/solaris_tips.html#Short%20Tips%20to%20maintain%20Sun%20Solarishttp://www.akadia.com/services/solaris_tips.html#Troubleshooting%20Solaris%20Device%20Fileshttp://www.akadia.com/services/solaris_tips.html#Tracing%20System%20Callshttp://www.akadia.com/services/solaris_tips.html#How%20to%20install%20a%20Sun%20Solaris%20Jumbo%20Patchhttp://www.akadia.com/services/solaris_tips.html#Show%20Operating%20System%20Patch%20Levelhttp://www.akadia.com/services/solaris_tips.html#Show%20Swap%20Space%20currently%20installedhttp://www.akadia.com/services/solaris_tips.html#List%20Solaris%20Hardware%20Configurationhttp://www.akadia.com/services/solaris_tips.html#SCSI-Harddisk%20an%20SUN%20Hardware%20anschliessenhttp://www.akadia.com/services/solaris_tips.html#Modem%20konfigurierenhttp://www.akadia.com/services/solaris_tips.html#Automounterhttp://www.akadia.com/services/solaris_tips.html#NFS-Server%20Konfigurationhttp://www.akadia.com/services/solaris_tips.html#NFS-Client%20Konfigurationhttp://www.akadia.com/services/solaris_tips.html#Anonymous%20FTP%20aufsetzenhttp://www.akadia.com/services/solaris_tips.html#DNS%20konfigurierenhttp://www.akadia.com/services/solaris_tips.html#IP-Routing%20konfigurierenhttp://www.akadia.com/services/solaris_tips.html#LAN%20konfigurierenhttp://www.akadia.com/services/solaris_tips.html#Admin%20Kommandoshttp://www.akadia.com/services/solaris_tips.html#Wichtige%20Konfigurationsfileshttp://www.akadia.com/services/solaris_tips.html#Defaults%20einstellenhttp://www.akadia.com/services/solaris_tips.html#Kernel%20Analysehttp://www.akadia.com/services/solaris_tips.html#Monitor%20Mode%20(OK%20Prompt)http://www.akadia.com/services/solaris_tips.html#Packages%20(Software%20die%20installiert%20wurde)http://www.akadia.com/services/solaris_tips.html#How%20to%20Backup%20a%20Systemhttp://www.akadia.com/services/solaris_tips.html#Installation%20Solaris%20mit%20Openwindows%20(Grafikkarte)http://www.akadia.com/services/solaris_tips.html#PCNFS%20installierenhttp://www.akadia.com/services/solaris_tips.html#SUN%20Free%20Software

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$pkgadd -d `pwd`

Installation Solaris mit Openwindows (Grafikkarte)

o Hostname

$ uname -u

o Network Interface

$ ifconfig -a

o /etc/hosts, /etc/netmasks definieren

o Static IP-routes definieren

/etc/rc2.d/S79staticroutes

o CD-ROM rausnehmen

$ eject cdrom

o Disklayout kontrollieren

$prtvtoc /dev/rdsk/....

o Automounter konfigurieren

/etc/auto_master, /etc/auto_home

o Device File fr DAT

/dev/rmt/0l (tar cvf /dev/rmt/0l)

o /etc/system definieren konfigurieren (Prestoserve, Oracle, Transtec)

o Logfile der Installation: /var/sadm/system/logs/install_log

o Installation ber serielles Terminal an Nullmodem Kabel

OKboot cdrom - w (Terminal an ttya)

How to Backup a System

$ init 0OKboot -s$ fsck -m /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 (und brige Filesysteme)$ tar cvf /dev/rmt/0l

Packages (Software die installiert wurde)

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Anzeige der installierten Packages

$pkginfo

Check ob Package SUNWpcnfd correct installiert ist

$pkgchk -v SUNWpcnfd

Package installieren (Path ist meistens /cdrom/cdrom0/....)

$pkgadd -d SUNWpcnfd

Das Package SUNWpcnfd entfernen

$pkgrm SUNWpcnfd

Monitor Mode (OK Prompt)In single user mode booten

OKboot -s

Kernel zwingen /devices neu aufzubauen nach dem Anschluss von neuer Hardware

OKboot -r

Detaillierter Bootvorgang

OKboot -v

Vom CD-ROM aus booten: Notboot !

OKboot cdrom

Angeschlossene SCSI-Gerte testen

OKprobe-scsi

List System Devices, e.g. SUNW,hme = Sun Fast Ethernet PCI Adapter

OK show-devs

List Network Devices

OK show-nets

Monitoring Network Activity

OK apply watch-net

Monitor Variablen ndern, anzeigen

OK eeprom

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OK eeprom ttya-mode=38400,8,n,1,h

Kernel Analyse

Welche Kernel-Module sind geladen ?

$ modinfo

Kernel Konfiguration

/etc/system

Logfile von syslog

/var/adm/messages

Konfiguration des syslog Daemon

/etc/syslog.conf

Defaults einstellen

Directory mit Default files

/etc/default

Remote root logins erlauben

/etc/default/login

Timezone setzen

/etc/default/init

Wichtige Konfigurationsfiles

Master-File beim Booten

/etc/inittab

Run-Level Start/Stop Files

/etc/rc?.d

Scripts fr Run-Levels

/etc/init.d

Admin Kommandos

$ shutdown -g0 -i0

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$ reboot (entspricht init 6)

LAN konfigurieren

Konfiguration der LAN-Interfaces

$ ifconfig -a

o Netmask setzen: siehe /etc/netmaskso Jedes LAN-Interface hat /etc/hostname.le0 mit Hostnameno LAN-Setup: /etc/rcS.d/S30rootusr.sh (Interfaces konfigurieren)

/etc/rc2.d/S72inetsvc (LAN konfigurieren)

Phys Addressen nachschauen

$ arp -a

Net to Media Table

Device IP Address Mask Flags Phys Addr------ -------------------- --------------- ----- ---------------le0 rabbit 255.255.255.255 00:60:08:57:17:86le0 quorum 255.255.255.255 SP 08:00:20:89:27:03le0 arkum 255.255.255.255 00:a0:24:4b:60:1c

IP-Routing konfigurieren

Alle hosts im Netz 193.72.239.0 werden ber den Router 193.72.194.201 erreicht.

$ route add net 193.72.239.0 193.72.194.201 1

Der host 146.228.14.10 wird ber den Router 193.72.194.100 erreicht. Siehe File /etc/rc2.d/S79staticr

$ route add host 146.228.14.10 193.72.194.100 1

Routing Tabelle kontrollieren

$ netstat -nr

DNS konfigurieren

Angabe des DNS Nameservers

/etc/resolv.conf

Reihenfolge definieren

/etc/nsswitch.conf

Anonymous FTP aufsetzen

Siehe Solris2 Administration Seite 103 und ff

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NFS-Client Konfiguration

/etc/vfstab (Soll) --> /etc/mnttab (Ist)mount -F nfs -o bg,ro,soft gondwana:/usr/software /software

NFS-Server wird in /etc/init.d/nfs.client start gestartet.

Anzeige welche Directories gondwana zum mounten freigegeben hat

dfshares gondwana

RESOURCE SERVER ACCESS TRANSPORTgondwana:/export/home/zahn gondwana - -gondwana:/export/home/steiner gondwana - -

NFS-Server Konfiguration

/etc/dfs/dfstab (Soll) --> /etc/dfs/sharetab

Directory read-only freigeben

$ share -o ro /usr/software

Alle Directories in /etc/dfs/dfstab freigeben

$ shareall

Alle Directories in /etc/dfs/dfstab zurcknehmen

$ unshareall

NFS-Server wird gestartet in

/etc/init.d/nfs.server

Anzeige der freigegbenen lokalen Direcories

$ share

Anzeige welche Clients nutzen welche Directories eines NFS-Servers

$ dfmounts -F nfs gondwana

RESOURCE SERVER PATHNAME CLIENTSgondwana /export/home/zahn paragon.glue.ch,rabbit.glue.ch

Automounter

- /etc/auto_master (Master Map konfigurieren)

- /etc/auto_home (Home Direcories verwalten)- autofs ist ein spezielles Filesystem

- automount -v (Nach einer Aenderung an einer Map ausfhren)

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Modem konfigurieren

Siehe spezielles Dokument

SCSI-Harddisk an SUN Hardware anschliessenBeispiel: SCSI-Disk Seagate ST150176L, 50MB an SUN Ultra Enterprise 1

o Eintrag in /etc/format.dat vornehmen (Angaben von Lieferanten)

disk_type = "Seagate ST150176L" \: ctlr = "SCSI" \: ncyl = 12022 : acyl = 2 : pcyl = 12024 : nhead = 22 : nsect = 369 \: rpm = 7200 : bpt = 188928

o Eintrag /etc/system fr Solaris-2 Kernel, System booten

** SCSI-Disc Konfiguration*set scsi_options=0x20

o Disk anschliessen, SCSI-Adresse kontrollieren, Terminierung

Unbedingt kontrolieren, dass eine SCSI-Adresse nicht mehrfach belegt ist. Dazu kann meGert ein Tippschalter eingestellt werden. Man beacht, dass in der Regel das letzte Gert

muss.o Disk formatieren (nur wenn notwendig !)

In der Regel muss eine Disk nicht neu formatiert werden, ist dies jedoch notwendig so stUtility format zur Verfgung.

format

AVAILABLE DISK SELECTIONS:

0. c0t0d0 /sbus@1f,0/espdma@e,8400000/esp@e,8800000/sd@0,0

1. c0t1d0 /sbus@1f,0/espdma@e,8400000/esp@e,8800000/sd@1,0

2. c0t2d0

/sbus@1f,0/espdma@e,8400000/esp@e,8800000/sd@2,03. c0t4d0

/sbus@1f,0/espdma@e,8400000/esp@e,8800000/sd@4,04. c0t5d0

/sbus@1f,0/espdma@e,8400000/esp@e,8800000/sd@5,0

Specify disk (enter its number): 4

format> type

AVAILABLE DRIVE TYPES:0. Auto configure1. DDRS-39130

2. Seagate ST1182733. Seagate ST150176L

http://www.akadia.com/services/modem_setup.htmlhttp://www.akadia.com/services/modem_setup.html

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4. Quantum ProDrive 80S5. Quantum ProDrive 105S6. CDC Wren IV 94171-3447. SUN01048. SUN02079. SUN0327

10. SUN034011. SUN042412. SUN053513. SUN066914. SUN1.0G15. SUN1.0516. SUN1.3G17. SUN2.1G18. SUN2.9G19. IBM-DDRS-39130-S71D20. SEAGATE-ST118273N-576421. SEAGATE-ST150176LW-000222. other

Specify disk type (enter its number)[21]: 21

format> format (confirm with "yes")

o Disk partitionieren

Dadurch wird die Disk in logische Teile unterteilt. Jeder teil enthlt ein eigenes Filesystem.

format>part

Nun die Partitionierungsdaten eingeben, zB

partition> print

Current partition table (original):Total disk cylinders available: 2733 + 2 (reserved cylinders)

Part Tag Flag Cylinders Size Blocks0 root wm 0 - 204 152.15MB (205/0/0) 3116001 swap wu 205 - 377 128.40MB (173/0/0) 2629602 backup wm 0 - 2732 1.98GB (2733/0/0) 41541603 home wm 378 - 1017 475.00MB (640/0/0) 9728004 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 05 unassigned wm 1018 - 1928 676.13MB (911/0/0) 13847206 usr wm 1929 - 2732 596.72MB (804/0/0) 1222080

7 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0

o Label erzeugen (aktuelle Partitionierung speichern)

partition> labelpartition> ypartition> quitformat> quit

o Filesystem erstellen

newfs -v -m 0 /dev/rdsk/c0t5d0s0

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Damit wird ein Filesystem mit 0 % Min-Free auf der Partition 0 der Disk an der SCSI-Adresse 5 erstellt.

o Filesystem mounten

Dazu den folgenden Eintrag in /etc/vfstab vornehmen

#device device mount FS fsck mount mount#to mount to fsck point type pass at boot options

/dev/dsk/c0t5d0s0 /dev/rdsk/c0t5d0s0 /u02 ufs 6 yes -

List Solaris Hardware Configuration

$ /usr/sbin/prtconf

Show Swap Space currently installed

Multiply the Blocks column by 512

$ swap -l

swapfile dev swaplo blocks free/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s1 32,1 16 262944 262944

262944 * 512 = 134 MB

Show Operating System Patch Level

$ showrev -p

Patch: 105181-16

Note, that Patchlevel 105181-15 is minimal needed for Oracle 8.1.6

How to install a Sun Solaris Jumbo Patch ?

- Download the Patch from: http://sunsolve.sun.com- Read the README File included in the Patch- Usually the only thing you have to do is:

$ cd $ ./install_custer$ cat /var/sadm/install_data/_log$ showrev -p

Reboot the system

Tracing System Calls

You can trace system calls with truss on Solaris an strace on Linux

http://sunsolve.sun.com/http://sunsolve.sun.com/

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$ truss svrmgrl

Troubleshooting Solaris Device Files

If you suspect troubles with your Solaris device files, e.g. system doesn't boot after a filesystem check,

solaris system using the following commands.

Halt the system immediately with the keys STOP-A, you will now see the boot prompt: OK

STOP-A

Reset the machine with

OK reset

Boot the machine with

OKboot -r

The command boot -r will rebuild all devices files according to your attached hardware. If you cannot bcan try the following commands: drvconfig, disks, tapes

drvconfig - configure the /devices directory

The default operation of drvconfig is to create the /devices directory tree that describes, in the filesystehardware layout of a particular machine. Hardware devices present on the machine and powered on as

drivers are represented under /devices. Normally this command is run automatically after a new driver(with add_drv(1M)) and the system has been rebooted.

disks - creates /dev entries for hard disks attached to the system

Disks creates symbolic links in the /dev/dsk and /dev/rdsk directories pointing to the actual disk devicethe /devices directory tree.

tapes - creates /dev entries for tape drives attached to the system

Tapes creates symbolic links in the /dev/rmt directory to the actual tape device special files under the /tree. Tapes searches the kernel device tree to see what tape devices are attached to the system.

Short Tips to maintain Sun SolarisHere are some short tips for common tasks on SUN Solaris 2.6, 7 and 8

Important SUN Solaris Commands

$who -r # Show Run Level$ /usr/sbin/prtconf # Print the complete system configuration$ /sbin/mountall -l # Mount all local filesystems.$ /sbin/init S # Changing to single user mode

Show currently mounted filesystems

# /etc/mnttab: Contains information about devices that

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# are currently mounted. If there are mounted filesystems# with quotas enabled, display them

if /usr/bin/cut -f 4 /etc/mnttab | \/usr/bin/egrep '^quota|,quota' >/dev/null 2>&1; thenecho 'There are mounted filesystems with quotas enabled'

fi

How to enable system activity data gathering

# You will also need to uncomment the sa entries in# the system crontab /var/spool/cron/crontabs/sys.# Refer to the sar(1) and sadc(1m) man pages# for more information.

$ /usr/bin/su sys -c "/usr/lib/sa/sadc /var/adm/sa/sa`date +%d`"

How a new, unused Solaris system is setup ?

# sysidtool is a suite of five programs that configure a new# system, or one that has been unconfigured with sys-# unconfig(1M). The sysidtool programs run automatically at# system installation, or during the first boot after a# machine has been successfully unconfigured.## These programs have no effect except at such times, and# should never be run manually.

# System Files are

cat /etc/nodenamecat /etc/hostname.*cat /etc/default/initcat /etc/defaultdomaincat /etc/inet/hostscat /etc/inet/netmasks

How to configure Asynchronous PPP ?

Configure /etc/asppp.cf for the aspppd daemon

$ /usr/sbin/aspppd -d 1

How to get and set TCP/IP driver configuration parameters ?

# Getting Parameters Supported By The TCP Driver# To see which parameters are supported by the TCP driver,# use the following command:

$ ndd /dev/tcp \?

# The following command sets the value of the parameter# ip_forwarding in the IP driver to zero. This disables IP# packet forwarding.

Disable IP Forwarding

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$ /usr/sbin/ndd -set /dev/ip ip_forwarding 0

Enable IP Forwarding (Machine acting as a Router)

$ /usr/sbin/ndd -set /dev/ip ip_forwarding 1

How to set Default Route on Solaris ?

# Configure default routers using the local "/etc/defaultrouter"# configuration file. The file can contain the hostnames or IP# addresses of one or more default routers.## The default routes listed in the "/etc/defaultrouter" file will# replace those added by the kernel during diskless booting. An# empty "/etc/defaultrouter" file will cause the default route# added by the kernel to be deleted.## Note that the default router file is ignored if we received routes

# from a DHCP server. Our policy is to always trust DHCP over local# administration.

# Set Default Route

$ route -n add default

# Show Default Route

$ /usr/sbin/route -fndefault 128.128.128.11 done

How to set NIS domainname if locally configured ?

if [ -f /etc/defaultdomain ]; then/usr/bin/domainname `cat /etc/defaultdomain`echo "NIS domainname is `/usr/bin/domainname`"

fi

RPC (Remote Procedure Call) Configuration

# rpcbind- universal addresses to RPC program number mapper# rpcinfo - report RPC information

Solaris Keyserv Daemon

# keyserv is a daemon that is used for storing the private# encryption keys of each user logged into the system. These# encryption keys are used for accessing secure network ser-# vices such as secure NFS and NIS+.

$ /usr/sbin/keyserv

How to start the Solaris DNS server "in.named"

# If this machine is configured to be an Internet# Domain Name System (DNS) server, run the name daemon.

# Start named prior to: route add net host,# to avoid dns gethostbyname timout delay for

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# nameserver during boot.

if [ -f /usr/sbin/in.named -a -f /etc/named.conf ]; thenecho 'starting internet domain name server.'/usr/sbin/in.named &

fi

Where to find syslogd messages ?

Configuration File: /etc/syslog.confMessage File: /var/adm/messages

IP-Aliasing for SUN Solaris

# How to setup IP-Alias on SUN Solaris

1. Setup File /etc/hostname.hme0:1 for the second IP-Address

cat /etc/hostname.hme0:1

ldap

2. Insert IP-Address in /etc/hosts

## Internet host table#128.128.128.11 ux-portal1 # IP-address on hme0:0128.128.128.20 ldap # IP-alias on hme0:1

3. Start alias IP-Address on Interface in /etc/rc2.d

S99ipalias -> ../init.d/ipalias

#!/bin/sh# Akadia AG, Arvenweg 4, CH-3604 Thun# ----------------------------------------------------------------------# File: ipalias## Autor: Martin Zahn / 10.05.2000## Purpose: Setup second IP address on hme0:1

# ----------------------------------------------------------------------

if [ -f /etc/hostname.hme0:1 ]thencase "$1" in

'start') # Start second IP address on hme0:1

echo "Start multi-homed server for UX-ALIAS1 on hme0:1"ifconfig hme0:1 128.128.128.20 up;;

'stop') # Stop second IP address on hme0:1

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echo "Stop multi-homed server for UX-ALIAS1 on hme0:1"ifconfig hme0:1 128.128.128.20 down;;

esacfi

4. Check IP-Address on second Interface

ifconfig -a

Solaris automounter installs filesystems by default in /net

The Solaris automount utility installs autofs mount points and associates an automount map with each

The autofs file system monitors attempts to access directories within it and notifies the automountdda

uses the map to locate a file system, which it then mounts at the point of reference within the autofs f

assign a map to an autofs mount using an entry in the /etc/auto_master map or a direct map in /et

the file system is not accessed within an appropriate interval (five minutes by default), the automountd

the file system.

Default Mapping under /net

The mount point /net is by default the location, where automountd mounts NFS filesystems, which are

machines. Lets suppose, that you have the filesystem /home exported on the NFS server saphir, then t

client with an active automounter will automatically mount this NFS filesystem under/net/saphir/.

Mapping using /etc/auto_direct

You probably doesn't want this default behavior. If you insert the following entry in /etc/auto_direct

/opt/local -rw remote_machine:/local

.... then, the directory /local on the remote machine "remote_machine" will be mounted on the local

under /opt/local.

Solaris keyboard utility

The Solaris utility kbdmanipulates the state of the keyboard or display the type of keyboard or change

keyboard abort sequence effect. Suppose, that you do not want that everybody can halt the the systthe default value. We also noticed, that the Solaris machines attached to a switch box, using a characte

line, may halt when you switch from one machine to the other.

SYNOPSIS

kbd [ -r ] [ -t ] [ -c on|off ][ -a enable|disable ] [ -d keyboard device ]

kbd -i [ -d keyboard device ]

DESCRIPTION

kbd manipulates the state of the keyboard, or displays the keyboard type or allows the default keyboar

effect to be changed. The default keyboard device being set is /dev/kbd.

The -i option reads and processes default values for the keyclick and keyboard abort settings from the

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file, /etc/default/kbd . Only keyboards that support a clicker respond to the -c option. If you want to

default, add or change the current value of the KEYCLICK variable to the value on in the keyboard defafile, /etc/default/kbd, as shown here.

KEYCLICK=on

Then, run the command 'kbd -i' to change the current setting. Valid settings for this variable are the

Other values are ignored. If the variable is not specified in the default file, the setting is unchanged.

The keyboard abort sequence (L1-A or STOP-A) on the keyboard and BREAK on the serial console in

systems) effect may only be changed by the superuser, using the-a option. On most systems, the default effect of the keyboard abort sequence is to suspend the operatthe debugger or the monitor.

If you want to permanently change the software default effect of the keyboard abort sequence, you cancurrent value of the KEYBOARD_ABORT variable to the

value disable in the keyboard default file, /etc/default/kbd, as shown here.

KEYBOARD_ABORT=disable

Then, run the command 'kbd -i' to change the current setting. Valid settings for this value are the va

disable. Other values are ignored. If the variable is not specified in the default file, the setting is uncha

OPTIONS

-i Set keyboard defaults from the keyboard default file. This option is mutually exclusive withoptions except for the -d keyboard device option. This option instructs the keyboard comma

read and process keyclick and keyboard abort default values from the/etc/default/kbd file

option can only be used by the superuser.-r Reset the keyboard as if power-up.-t Return the type of the keyboard being used.-c On/Off state Turn the clicking of the keyboard on or off.-a Enable/Disable state; Enable or disable the keyboard abort sequence effect.

Monitoring Performance

This chapter describes procedures for monitoring system performance by using the vmstat, iostat,

andsar commands. This is a list of the step-by-step instructions in this chapter.

How to Display Virtual Memory Statistics (vmstat)

The following example shows the vmstat display of statistics gathered at five-second intervals.

$ vmstat 5

procs memory page disk faults cpur b w swap free re mf pi po fr de sr f0 s3 -- -- in sy cs us sy id0 0 8 28312 668 0 9 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 10 61 82 1 2 970 0 3 31940 248 0 10 20 0 26 0 27 0 4 0 0 53 189 191 6 6 880 0 3 32080 288 3 19 49 6 26 0 15 0 9 0 0 75 415 277 6 15 790 0 3 32080 256 0 26 20 6 21 0 12 1 6 0 0 163 110 138 1 3 960 1 3 32060 256 3 45 52 28 61 0 27 5 12 0 0 195 191 223 7 11 820 0 3 32056 260 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 52 84 0 1 99

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Category FieldName

Description

procs Reports the following states:

r The number of kernel threads in the dispatch queue

b Blocked kernel threads waiting for resources

w Swapped out LWPs waiting for processing resources to finish

memory Reports on usage of real and virtual memory:

swap Available swap space

free Size of the free list

page Reports on page faults and paging activity, in units per second:

re Pages reclaimed

mf Minor and major faults

pi Kbytes paged in

po Kbytes paged out

fr Kbytes freed

de Anticipated memory needed by recently swapped-in processes

sr Pages scanned by page daemon (not currently in use). If sr does not equal zero,page daemon has been running.

disk Reports the number of disk operations per second, showing data on up to four di

faults Reports the trap/interrupt rates (per second):

in Interrupts per second

sy System calls per second

cs CPU context switch rate

cpu Reports on the use of CPU time:

us User time

sy System time

id Idle time

How to Display System Event Information

Run vmstat -s to show the total of various system events that have taken place since the system was

0 swap ins0 swap outs0 pages swapped in0 pages swapped out

409376480 total address trans. faults taken3075036 page ins2601555 page outs3812452 pages paged in6525552 pages paged out11007609 total reclaims10927650 reclaims from free list

0 micro (hat) faults

409376480 minor (as) faults2957386 major faults

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102738273 copy-on-write faults61711047 zero fill page faults

1002562077 pages examined by the clock daemon7881 revolutions of the clock hand

16716370 pages freed by the clock daemon4999048 forks

1138206 vforks5747009 execs

741660225 cpu context switches736047593 device interrupts528054538 traps2496638575 system calls430283487 total name lookups (cache hits 95%)

81727 toolong10484677 user cpu9528364 system cpu

443762786 idle cpu16281790 wait cpu

How to Display Swapping Statistics

Run vmstat -S to show swapping statistics.

procs memory page disk faults cpur b w swap free si so pi po fr de sr m1 m3 m4 m5 in sy cs us sy id0 0 0 8512 888 0 0 12 21 55 0 417 1 0 0 0 206 1040 308 2 2 96

si = Average number of LWPs swapped in per secondso = Number of whole processes swapped out

How to Display Disk Utilization Information (iostat)

You can display disk activity information by using the iostat command with a time interval. The followi

disk statistics gathered every five seconds.

iostat 5

tty md1 md3 md4 md5 cputin tout kps tps serv kps tps serv kps tps serv kps tps serv us sy wt id

0 2 10 1 28 2 0 22 0 0 0 1 0 10 2 2 3 920 47 58 7 39 16 2 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 19 780 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 980 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 99

0 16 2 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 1 950 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 98

For Each ... Field Name Description

Terminal

tin Number of characters in the terminal input queue

tout Number of characters in the terminal output queue

Disk

bps Blocks per second

tps Transactions per secondserv Average service time, in milliseconds

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CPU

us In user mode

sy In system mode

wt Waiting for I/O

id Idle

How to Display Extended Disk Statistics

Run iostat -xtc to get extended disk statistics. This command displays a line of output for each disk.

extended device statistics tty cpudevice r/s w/s kr/s kw/s wait actv svc_t %w %b tin tout us sy wt idmd1 0.4 0.9 3.6 6.9 0.0 0.0 27.7 1 1 0 2 2 2 3 92md3 0.1 0.2 1.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 21.7 0 0md4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

md5 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.9 0 0md8 0.8 0.3 6.7 14.2 0.0 0.0 13.1 0 1md10 0.2 0.9 1.8 6.8 0.0 0.0 15.5 0 1md11 0.2 0.9 1.8 6.8 0.0 0.0 14.8 0 1md30 0.0 0.2 0.5 1.3 0.0 0.0 11.4 0 0md31 0.0 0.2 0.5 1.3 0.0 0.0 10.2 0 0md40 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0md41 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0md50 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.4 0 0md51 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.3 0 0md80 0.4 0.3 3.3 14.2 0.0 0.0 10.3 0 0md81 0.4 0.3 3.3 14.2 0.0 0.0 11.7 0 1sd0 0.6 2.1 6.0 22.8 0.0 0.0 16.3 0 3sd1 0.6 2.1 6.0 22.8 0.0 0.0 15.2 0 2

Field Name Description

r/s Reads per second

w/s Writes per second

Kr/s Kbytes read per second

Kw/s Kbytes written per second

wait Average number of transactions waiting for service (queue length)

actv Average number of transactions actively being serviced

svc_t Average service time, in milliseconds%w Percentage of time the queue is not empty

%b Percentage of time the disk is busy

How to Check CPU Utilization (sar)

Display CPU utilization with the sar -u command. (The sar command without any options is equivalent tgiven moment, the processor is either busy or idle. When busy, the processor is in either user or systethe processor is either waiting for I/O completion or "sitting still" with no work to do.

Measure CPU utilization during 5 secs one time.

sar -u 5 1

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there's sufficient data in the log to complete the operation, it's completed. Otherwise, the changes madthe underlying file system.

People familiar with database operation will recognize the similarity between database transaction procactivities here. The end result is that the underlying file system is consistent, and no thorough consiste

needed. That operation completes in a few seconds per file system.

Using logging

Starting with Solaris 7, there's a new logging option to the mount command and in the /etc/vfstab syfile. Logging only appears in a couple other places within Solaris. The mount command shows which paand lists logging in the options fields for each partition on which logging is enabled. Finally, at system bphase reports per partition whether each is stable, logging, or being checked. There are no other statusto determine the state of logging.

A = Device to mountB = Device to fsck

C = Mount pointD = Filesystem TypeE = Fsck pass (unimportatnt with logging)F = Mount at bootG = Mount options

# ------------------------------------------------------------------# A B C D E F G# ------------------------------------------------------------------fd - /dev/fd fd - no -/proc - /proc proc - no -/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s3 - - swap - no -/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0 / ufs 1 no logging

/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s6 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s6 /usr ufs 2 no logging/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s1 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s1 /var ufs 3 no logging/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s7 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s7 /home ufs 4 yes logging/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s5 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s5 /opt ufs 5 yes logging/dev/dsk/c0t8d0s0 /dev/rdsk/c0t8d0s0 /u01 ufs 6 yes logging/dev/dsk/c0t9d0s0 /dev/rdsk/c0t9d0s0 /u02 ufs 7 yes logging/dev/dsk/c0t10d0s0 /dev/rdsk/c0t10d0s0 /u03 ufs 8 yes logging/dev/dsk/c0t11d0s0 /dev/rdsk/c0t11d0s0 /u04 ufs 9 yes logging/dev/dsk/c0t12d0s0 /dev/rdsk/c0t12d0s0 /u05 ufs 10 yes logging/dev/dsk/c1t13d0s0 /dev/rdsk/c1t13d0s0 /app ufs 11 yes logging/dev/dsk/c1t14d0s0 /dev/rdsk/c1t14d0s0 /users ufs 12 yes loggingswap - /tmp tmpfs - yes -

Logging increases performance, decreases fsck time, removes the risk of a file system corruption, canpartitions (including root), and is free.

Solaris Syslog Daemon Debugging

The log system messages daemon syslogd reads and forwards system messages to the appropriate lodepending upon the priority of a message and the system facility from which it originates. The configurfile /etc/syslog.confcontrols where messages are forwarded. The syslogd daemon ignores any faulty

/etc/syslog.conf, specially spaces instead of tabs are not recognized by syslogd. Therefore always chec/etc/syslog.conf in the debugging mode of syslogd.

How to check /etc/syslog.conf

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# /etc/init.d/syslog stop# /usr/sbin/syslogd -d

getnets() found 1 addresses, they are: 0.0.0.0.2.2amiloghost() testing 193.247.121.196.2.2cfline(*.err;kern.notice;auth.notice /dev/sysmsg)

cfline(*.err;kern.debug;daemon.notice /var/adm/messages)cfline(mail.info;mail.debug /var/log/maillog)

syslogd: line 14: unknown priority name "debug /var/log/maillog"

cfline(*.alert;kern.err;daemon.err operator)cfline(*.alert root)cfline(*.emerg *)cfline(user.err /dev/sysmsg)cfline(user.err /var/adm/messages)cfline(user.alert root, operator)cfline(user.emerg *)

syslogd: version 1.70Started: Sat Jan 6 10:11:47 2001Input message count: system 0, network 0# Outputs: 10

5 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 X CONSOLE: /dev/sysmsg7 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 X FILE: /var/adm/messagesX X 6 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X UNUSED:3 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 X USERS: operator1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 X USERS: root0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X WALL:X 3 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X CONSOLE: /dev/sysmsg

X 3 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X FILE: /var/adm/messagesX 1 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X USERS: root, operatorX 0 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X WALL:

Per File StatisticsFile Tot Dups Nofwd Errs---- --- ---- ----- ----/dev/sysmsg 0 0 0 0/var/adm/messages 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0operator 0 0 0 0root 0 0 0 0WALL 0 0 0 0

/dev/sysmsg 0 0 0 0/var/adm/messages 0 0 0 0root,operator 0 0 0 0WALL 0 0 0 0

syslogd: restartedoff & running....sys_poll blocking, init_cnt=0

# ^D# /etc/init.d/syslog start

Line 14 in /etc/syslog.conf are filled up with spaces instead of tabs. Replace the spaces with tabs and snew entry in Line 14.

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Does each Oracle Process use more than 100M memory ?

If you check the oracle process with the OS comand "pmap" or "top", you can see that each oracle pro100M memory. Is this a problem on the Oracle installation or something else? It seems that pmap counthe private memory segment of each oracle process, but we believe the SGA size should be shared.

Output from "top" on our Solaris System with Orcale 8.1.7.0

PID USERNAME THR PRI NICE SIZE RES STATE TIME CPU COMMAND-----------------------------------------------------------------361 oracle 258 59 0 124M 88M sleep 0:01 0.00% oracle373 oracle 11 59 0 122M 88M sleep 41:50 0.00% oracle363 oracle 11 59 0 119M 88M sleep 0:01 0.00% oracle365 oracle 11 58 0 119M 88M sleep 0:17 0.02% oracle359 oracle 1 59 0 119M 89M sleep 0:00 0.00% oracle377 oracle 1 59 0 119M 88M sleep 0:00 0.00% oracle375 oracle 1 58 0 119M 88M sleep 0:00 0.00% oracle367 oracle 1 58 0 118M 89M sleep 0:00 0.00% oracle371 oracle 1 58 0 118M 89M sleep 0:00 0.00% oracle369 oracle 1 58 0 118M 88M sleep 0:00 0.00% oracle

Memory Allocation for Oracle Processes

On many UNIX platforms and specially on Sun platforms, the text of the Oracle binary and shared libra

shared between background processes if these instances share the same ORACLE_HOME. So you needshared text of the oracle binary and the shared libraries in the result of the OS commands.

Even pmap and pmen utilities make mistakes between these memory divisions, and sometimes SGA anoften added incorrectly.

Determine the memory used by each Oracle background process on a Solaris

This can be used by anyone who has privleges for the pmap, which can be found in/usr/proc/bin/. Firsthe process id (PID) of the Oracle background process you wish to determine the memory size for. Thithe following command:

#ps -u oracle -f

UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMDoracle 359 1 0 12:26:17 ? 0:00 ora_pmon_DIA3oracle 361 1 0 12:26:17 ? 0:01 ora_dbw0_DIA3oracle 363 1 0 12:26:17 ? 0:01 ora_lgwr_DIA3oracle 365 1 0 12:26:17 ? 0:18 ora_ckpt_DIA3oracle 367 1 0 12:26:17 ? 0:01 ora_smon_DIA3oracle 369 1 0 12:26:17 ? 0:00 ora_reco_DIA3oracle 371 1 0 12:26:17 ? 0:00 ora_snp0_DIA3oracle 373 1 0 12:26:17 ? 41:50 ora_s000_DIA3oracle 375 1 0 12:26:17 ? 0:00 ora_d000_DIA3oracle 377 1 0 12:26:18 ? 0:00 ora_d001_DIA3

Second, you then enter the following commands for the DB Writer process (ora_dbw0_DIA3) with procexample.

# /usr/proc/bin/pmap 361 | grep "shmid"

80000000 82992K read/write/exec/shared [ shmid=0x2 ]

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# /usr/proc/bin/pmap 361 | grep "total"total 124232K

Then you take the total size: 124232K and subtract the SGA size which the line marked with "shmid="is 82992K. So, 124232K minus 82992K is 41240K. So, the DBWR background process is approximatethis steps for all the background processes.

Sizing up Solaris Memory with the RMCmem Package

How much memory is needed on SUN Solaris? Explaining memory in Solaris by reviewing the different tintroducing a set of tools, the RMCmem package.

Install RMCmem Package

Download the RMCmem tools available from ftp://playground.sun.com/pub/memtool. The package inclthat provides extra instrumentation.

# cd /tmp# zcat RMCmem3.8.2.tar.gz | tar xvf -#pkgadd -d .

The package is installed in/opt/RMCmem (see README in this directory)

Virtual / Physical Memory Usage

Solaris is a virtual memory system. The total amount of memory that you can use is increased by addinsystem. If you ever see "out of memory" messages, adding swap space is the usual fix. Performance ofdependent on how much physical memory (RAM) you have. If you don't have enough RAM to run your

performance degrades rapidly.

Physical memory usage can be classified into four groups:

o Kernel memory mapped into kernel address space

o Process memory is mapped into a process address spaceo Filesystem cache memory that is not mapped into any address spaceo Free memory that is not mapped into any address space

RMCmem includes a simple command to summarize this:

# /opt/RMCmem/bin/prtmem

Total memory: 989 MegabytesKernel Memory: 60 MegabytesApplication: 110 MegabytesExecutable & libs: 42 MegabytesFile Cache: 757 MegabytesFree, file cache: 11 MegabytesFree, free: 6 Megabytes

Total physical memory

The total physical memory can be seen using prtconf. Memory is allocated in units called pages, and yo

'pagesize' command to see the size in bytes per page:

ftp://playground.sun.com/pub/memtoolftp://playground.sun.com/pub/memtool

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# /usr/sbin/prtconf | grep MemoryMemory size: 1024 Megabytes

# /usr/bin/pagesize8192

Kernel memory

Kernel memory is allocated to hold the initial kernel code at boot time, then grows dynamically as newkernel modules are used. Kernel tables also grow dynamically, unlike some older versions of Unix. As yprocesses to a system, the kernel will grow. In particular, to keep track of all the memory in a system,page table structure.

If you have several gigabytes of RAM this table gets quite large. The dynamic kernel memory allocatorlarge "slabs," then allocates smaller blocks more efficiently. This means that the kernel tends to grab athan it's really using. If there is a severe memory shortage, the kernel unloads unused kernel modulesfrees unused slabs. The simplest summary of kernel memory usage comes from sar. To show the kerne

(KMA) activities use (see man sarfor more details).

# sar -k 1

SunOS diamond 5.7 Generic_106541-12 sun4u 04/28/01

sml_mem alloc fail lg_mem alloc fail ovsz_alloc fail6873088 6044236 0 44818432 43761720 0 11231232 0

Application process memory

Application processes consist of an address space divided into segments, where each segment maps eit

anonymous memory (the swap space), System V shared memory, or a memory mapped device. The mthe code and initialized data for the command and all its shared libraries.

What we really want to know, is the amount of RAM used by each segment. This is shown by thepmemRMCmem package.

# /opt/RMCmem/bin/pmem 361

361: ora_dbw0_DIA3Kbytes Resident Shared Private Permissions Mapped File82992 82992 82992 - read/write/exec [shmid=0x2]

16 16 8 8 read/exec libc_psr.so.1

16 16 8 8 read/exec libmp.so.28 8 8 - read/write/exec libmp.so.2........ .. .. . ............... ...........

112 80 72 8 read/exec libelf.so.18 8 8 - read/write/exec libelf.so.116 16 8 8 read/exec libkvm.so.18 8 8 - read/write/exec libkvm.so.1

-------- ------ ------ ------ ------124232 93040 92728 312

Now we can see that the process address space size is 124232 kilobytes; 93040 kilobytes of that are cmain memory, wherein 92728 kilobytes are shared with other processes while 312 kilobytes arecommand started only the 312 kilobytes of private memory were taken from the free list.

If we now go through all the processes on the system, add up how much private memory they use, and

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shared memory for each mapped file, we'll know how much application memory is in use. This summarbyprtmem as we saw in the beginning, and the detail is listed by the memps command in RMCmem.

# /opt/RMCmem/bin/memps

PID Size Resident Shared Private Process... ....... ...... ...... .... .............359 118904k 93608k 92800k 808k ora_pmon_DIA3367 118184k 93152k 92704k 448k ora_smon_DIA3369 117928k 93120k 92704k 416k ora_reco_DIA3371 118040k 93136k 92720k 416k ora_snp0_DIA3365 119040k 93120k 92712k 408k ora_ckpt_DIA3377 118344k 93080k 92720k 360k ora_d001_DIA3363 119088k 93056k 92720k 336k ora_lgwr_DIA3375 118344k 93048k 92720k 328k ora_d000_DIA3361 124232k 93040k 92728k 312k ora_dbw0_DIA3373 121608k 93032k 92728k 304k ora_s000_DIA3

Filesystem cache memory

This is the part of memory that is most confusing, as it is invisible. You can only tell it's there if you acctwice and it is quicker the second time.

The RMCmem package adds kernel instrumentation that counts up all the pages for each cached file. Tm command lists the files that are cached in order of the amount of memory they're consuming.

One problem is that within the kernel, the file is only known by its inode number and filesystem mountpathname for the file may not be known.

The RMCmem package tries to solve this problem by catching file names as files are opened (by interpo

open code) and making an inode-to-name lookup cache in the kernel. This cache size is limited (to 819and the file may have been opened before the kernel module was loaded, so it can't always find the na

#memps -m

Size InUse E/F Filename

21064k 21064k F /usr (inode 540488)8184k 824k F /usr (inode 260922)7752k 7752k F /usr (inode 540429)7480k 7480k F /usr (inode 540428)7480k 7480k F /usr (inode 540427)

6896k 6896k F /usr (inode 540450).... .... . .... ...... ......

... and so on down to lots of files ...

# cd /usr# find . -inum 540488./local/jdbc/ora817/old/libserver8.a

More infos about the RMCmem package can be foundhere as PDF

Using Sun Solaris Manuals directly from CD-ROM

http://www.akadia.com/download/documents/memtool.pdfhttp://www.akadia.com/download/documents/memtool.pdfhttp://www.akadia.com/download/documents/memtool.pdfhttp://www.akadia.com/download/documents/memtool.pdf

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Solaris 8:

cd /cdrom/sol_8_doc./ab2cd (Start)http://quorum:8888 (Using the Doc online)./ab2cd stop (Stop)

Solaris 7:

cd /cdrom/sol_7_1199_doc./ab2cd (Start)http://diamond:8888 (Using the Doc online)./ab2cd stop (Stop)

DLT-TAPE UNIT INSTALLATION on Solaris 7/8/9

Installation Instructions will cover the installation of the DLT tape peripheral hardware and configuratio

communicate with the DLT tape peripheral. In this example we use a QUANTUM DLT7000.

The Solaris system must have the appropriate SCSI interface for DLT drive to attached to, a SCSI singlcan be attached only to a SCSI single-ended interface. The same is true for SCSI differential attachmendriver to efficiently communicate with SCSI tape drives, such as the DLT tape peripheral.

Perform the installation as follows:

Shut down your Sun workstation/server and power off the machine and all scsi-devices. Connect the Dusing good cables and make sure the bus is terminated correctly. Set the scsi-id; id 4 or 5 are the most

If possible use a separate or underutilized SCSI bus for the DLT. Running the tape drive on the same bwill never let you achieve any good throughput. You bought the DLT because of performance didn't you

1. STOP-A (L1-A) Power on the devices/machine again and halt the boot pwith.

(or press the BREAK key if you have an ASCII con

2. probe-scsi-all Verify that the drive is connected properly.

Note: output from probe-scsi will not always be correct

enter the PROM monitor by breaking the boot process!

3.boot -rv

Boot the system and log in as root. When booting you sha message similar to these: "st1: ".

4. cd /kernel/drv Change directory to /kernel/drv.

Edit the st.conf file by adding the following:

tape-config-list="QUANTUM DLT7000","Quantum DLT7000","DLT7-data";DLT7-data = 1,0x38,0,0x8639,4,0x82,0x83,0x84,0x85,3;

tape-config-list="","",""

o tape-config-list is a variable defined by a series of tape configuration parameters list

o is the vendor and product ID string for the DLT device.

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Depending on the DLT tape peripheral you are installing, you must insert the appropriat

ID for as described in the following table:

DLT Tape Product DLT7000 QUANTUM DLT7000 (Total string character cou

including spaces, must equal 15).

o is a name you select that the system will use to identify the DLT

reference does not change the DLT product ID. When the system boots, the reference na

in the list of peripheral devices recognized by the system.

o is a variable containing a series of additional DLT device configuration inform

name in place of the string. You will continue editing the st.conf file by defini

selected for . The definition depends on the DLT tape peripheral you are insta

aDLT7000 series unit add the following line:

1,0x38,0,0x8639,4,0x82,0x83,0x84,0x85,3;

contains 10 parameters and are described following:

1 The first parameter, is the version number and should not change.

0x38 The second parameter, designates the DLT tape type as defined in/usr/include/sys/mtio

#define MT_ISOTHER 0x36 /* generic other type of tape drive */#define MT_ISDLT 0x38/* sun: SCSI DLT tape drive */

0 The third parameter is the block size. Since the DLT tape drive uses variable block size, thivalue should be zero.

0x8639 The fourth parameter, 0x8639, is a summation of values that represent selected deviceoptions. The table below lists the options and the corresponding value:

Option Value

ST_VARIABLE 0x0001ST_BSF 0x0008ST_BSR 0x0010ST_LONG_ERASE 0x0020ST_NOWS_EOD 0x0200ST_NLOADABLE 0x0400

ST_NO_RECSIZE_LIMIT 0x8000

Themanst page has more information about these and other possible device options. For

certain applications, it may be necessary to consider adding or removing one or more of th

device options.

4 The fifth parameter, 4, defines the number of densities. The maximum definable number ofdensities is 4.

0x820x830x840x85

The sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth parameter are used for system selection of tapedensities. Use these values for a DLT 7000 Tape Drive.

3 The tenth parameter defines which density the system will use as the default density. Thesixth, seventh, eighth and ninth parameters in the string are referenced by the

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system as 0, 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The 3 value for the tenth parameter selectsthe 0x85 density code as the system default density.

After editing the st.conf file, reboot the system:

5. shutdown-i0-g0boot -rv

Reboot the SystemThe -r switch in the boot command enables a kernel compile anthe creation of device special files used for communication with tdevice. The -v switch enables verbose mode display of system bWith verbose mode, the system should indicate that the DLT tapperipheral is attached by displaying the sselected.

6. mt -t /dev/rmt/0 status Enter the following command to verify the installation:

Vendor 'TANDBERG' Product 'DLT7000 ' tape drive:sense key(0x0)= No Additional Sense residual= 0

retries= 0 file no= 0 block no= 0

The target drive designations assigned by Solaris may take on values higher than already established i

This is not a problem but during a boot -rv, Solaris does not remove tape device files for drives that a

to the system. This can increase the effort in locating the device file for the configured drive, however,minimized by first deleting the tape device files:

rm /dev/rmt/*

then either boot the system with a:

boot -rv

or issue the following at the command line prompt:

drvconfig -i st; tapes

If the DLTtape is the only drive on the system, it's target assignment should be zero. The Solaris maninformation on drvconfig and tapes.

Reconfigure Devices on Solaris

If you remove or add a device on Solaris then the devices files must be recreated, either withboot -rv

example to renumber the logical tape drive devices do the following: Tape drives were numbered beginwith/dev/rmt/3 instead of/dev/rmt/0. The physical devices pointed to by the logical/dev/rmt/[012]deexisted, and we wanted to renumber the valid devices beginning at/dev/rmt/0.

1. Cleanup non-existent tape drive devices with devfsadm.

# devfsadm -C -c tape -v

2. Remove all/dev/rmtlogical links.

# rm -f /dev/rmt/*

3. Recreate all/dev/rmtlogical links with devfsadm

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# devfsadm -c tape -v

devfsadm

devfsadm(1M) maintains the /dev and /devices namespaces. It replaces the previous suite of devfs ad

including drvconfig(1M), disks(1M), tapes(1M), ports(1M), audlinks(1M), and devlinks(1M).

OPTIONS

The following options are supported:

-C Cleanup mode. Prompt devfsadm to cleanup dangling /dev links that are notnormally removed. If the -c option is also used, devfsadm only cleans up folisted devices' classes.

-c device_class Restrict operations to devices of class device_class. Solaris defines the follovalues for device_class: disk, tape, port, audio, and pseudo. This option

specified more than once to specify multiple device classes.

OpenBoot Diagnostics

The Solaris operating system gets the jumpstart for its booting from a hardware-level interface called tor OBP for short. OpenBoot at its heart has an interactive command interpreter with a varied set of funfirmware which is stored in the socketed startup PROM of the computer and consists of two parts, the PNVRAM.

As stated earlier while the PROM acts as the interface for access to diagnostics and drivers, the NVRAM

editable user defined parameters. Non Volatile information like the system identification information, destored in the NVRAM.The OpenBoot PROM is programmable and can be programmed based on Forth, w

programming language much like shell scripting.

The main tasks performed by the OpenBoot firmware are:

o Initializing and Testing system hardware ( POST , power on self test)o Interactive Debuggingo Management of NVRAM Parameterso Start the Operating System boot

Useful commands at OK prompt.

Dignostics : boot General

bannerthis command shows the following systemshardware informatiion : Model, architecture,processor,keyboard, openboot version, Serialno. ethernet address & host id.

test floppy - test floppy disk drivetest net - test network loopbackstest scsi - test scsi interfacetest-all test for all devices with selftestmethod

watch-clock

Show ticks of real-time clock

watch-netMonitor network broadcast packets

watch-net-all

boot - boot kernel from default device.Factory default is to bootfrom DISK if present, otherwise from NET.

boot net - boot kernel from network

boot cdrom - boot kernel from CD-ROMboot disk1:h - boot from disk1 partition hboot tape - boot default file from tapeboot disk myunix-as - boot myunix fromdisk with flags "-as"

DEVALIAS

ok>show-devsok cd /pci@1f,4000/scsi@3

ok .propertiesokls

printenvDisplay all variables and current values.

setenv Set variable to the given value.

set-default Reset the value ofvariable to the factorset-defaultsReset variable values to the factory defa

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Monitor broadcast packets on all net interfaces

probe-scsiShow attached SCSI devices

probe-scsi-allShow attached SCSI devices for all host

adapters- internal & external.

f00809d8 tapef007ecdc diskok.speedCPU Speed : 200.00MHzUPA Speed : 100.00MHzPCI Bus A : 66MhzPCI Bus B : 33Mhz

Key SequencesThese commands are disabled if the PROM security is on. Also, if your system has full security enabled, you cannot apply any of the scommands unless you have the password to get to the ok prompt.

Stop- Bypass POST. This command does not depend on security-mode. (Note: some systems bypass POST as a default; in such cases,D to start POST.)Stop-A Abort.Stop-D- Enter diagnostic mode (set diag-switch? to true).

Stop-F- Enter Forth on TTYA instead of probing. Use exit to continue with the initialization sequence. Useful if hardware is broken.

Stop-N Reset NVRAM contents to default values.

Start an OpenBoot Diagnostics

OK setenv diag-switch? trueOK setenv auto-boot? falseOK reset-all

OK test-all or obdiag

Configure Graphics Console (e.g. Sun XVR-100 Graphics Accelerator) instead of serial TTYA

OK show-displaysSelect the graphics accelerator, e.g. b

OK nvalias mydev OK setenv output-device mydevOK setenv use-nvramrc? trueOK reset-all

Why doesn't my .forward file work?

Overview

If you are having problems where you have created a $HOME/.forward file in your home directory to fo

one account to another and it just won't forward them?

Set correct Permissions

First make sure the file isn't group or world writable.

-rwxrwxr-x 1 zahn dba 0 Jan 9 12:17 .forward # wrong-rwxr-xr-x 1 zahn dba 0 Jan 9 12:17 .forward # OK

Lastly, make sure your home directory isn't group or world writable.

drwxrwxr-x 14 zahn dba 4096 Jan 9 12:20 zahn # wrongdrwxr-xr-x 14 zahn dba 4096 Jan 9 12:20 zahn # OK

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Simple Shell Script to backup your Files

Overview

A backup strategy is more complex than creating a redundant copy of disk storage and considering the

successful backup strategy must detail how the backup media are rotated, how the media are archived,be recovered, and what the backup software will do to create the backup. Although all parts of the backequally important, this tip will focus on the backup script and will detail a flexible backup script that usesoftware tools which create a reliable local backup of a Solaris machine.

Introduction

The backup script will accomplish the following goals:

o Create a backup archive that is as easy to restore a single file as it is to restore ao The backup script will run autonomously. The only human intervention will be to s

review output.o The filesystems or directories to backup can be specified in the script. Using auto

specify remote filesystems.o The script will create a detailed log of the backup.o The script will send an abbreviated email summary of the backup to the administro After a successful backup, the script will verify to some extent the contents of theo The backup script will be able to run on any Solaris 2.6 or greater machine withou

Tools used

We use the well known utilities TAR, GZIP and DD, because they are available on any Unix system. Thtested and simple to use. In case of an emergency it is important to have a simple way to restore, inde

tools and incompatible software releases.

Magnetic Tape Control

The utility MTsends commands to a tape drive. Many of these commands are familiar, but some are not. The script wicommands.

o rewind rewind the tapeo rewoffl rewind the tape and eject it (go offline)o eom space to end of recorded media on tapeo weof write count EOF marks at current position on tapeo status display current status of tape