Soil Water Temperature Soil Water Biological Performance (abundance, growth, survival) Temperature Soil Water Light Low High 100% 75% 50% 25% 0 % Growth

Soil Water

Tem

pe

ratu

re

Soil Water

Bio

log

ica

l Pe

rfo

rma

nce

(abu

ndan

ce, g

row

th, s

urvi

val)

Tem

pe

ratu

re

Soil Water

Light

Low

High

100%

75%

50%25%

0 %

Growth

Figure 20.1Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Oak Northern Pine Spruce

27

24

21

181512

96

3

0500 1000 1500 2000 500500 1000 10001500 1500 20002000

Annual Precipitation (mm) Annual Precipitation (mm)Annual Precipitation (mm)

July

Te

mp

era

ture

(oC

)

3040

0 10

3020

0

10

20

30

20

10

30

0

10

20

20

30

40

20

10

30

0010

0


600 1000 1400 1800 2200

Annual Precipitation (mm)

3

5

7

9

11

13

15

17

An

nu

al M

ea

n T

em

pe

ratu

re (C

)0.01

0.1

0.7 0.8

0.1 0.01

Probability Of Occurrence


Shade ToleranceHigh Low

Dro

ught

Tol

eran

ce

High

Low

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9

10 11 12

13 14

15

Shade ToleranceHigh Low

Dro

ught

Tol

eran

ce

High

Low

Decreasing MaximumGrowth Rate

Bio

mas

sLow

High

Soil MoistureWet Dry

1

6

10

1315

Bio

mas

s

Low

High

Soil MoistureWet Dry

1

6

10

1315


0

5

10

15

20

25

01-O

ct-6

3

31-O

ct-6

3

30-N

ov-6

3

30-D

ec-6

3

29-J

an-6

4

28-F

eb-6

4

29-M

ar-6

4

28-A

pr-6

4

28-M

ay-6

4

27-J

un-6

4

27-J

ul-6

4

Num

ber

Of M

ain

Roo

ts

Wheatgrass

Cheatgrass

0

510

1520

25

3035

40

Sparse Moderate Dense

Density Of Cheatgrass

Num

ber

Of S

urvi

vors

(pe

r m

2 )

Hei

ght (

cm)

Density - June

Density - October

Height - June

0

510

1520

25

3035

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Max

imum

Roo

t Len

gth

(cm

)

Whe

atgr

ass

273

Che

atgr

ass

Whe

atgr

ass

49 224

Che

atgr

ass

Whe

atgr

ass

136

136

Che

atgr

ass

Whe

atgr

ass

224 49

Che

atgr

ass

273

Number Of Plants


0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Field B

Field C

Litt

er

C:N

Ra

tio

10

20

30

40

50

60

Nitrogen Addition (g m-2 yr-1)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

5

10

15

20

30

25

Ne

t C

arb

on

Sto

rag

e (

g C

g N

-1)

Fields B, C


0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Field B

Field C

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

C4

Bio

ma

ss (

%)


0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Field B

Field C

Sp

eci

es

Ric

hn

ess

10

0

5

15

20



0

20

40

60

80

400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Elevation (m)

Per

cent

Of S

tand

American beech

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Elevation (m)

Per

cent

Of S

tand

Yellow poplar Yellow birch Mountain silverbell

Sugar maple White basswood Yellow buckeye


Figure 20.8

0

20

40

60

80

400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Elevation (m)

Per

cent

Of S

tand

Blackjack oak Virginia pine

Pitch pine

Scarlet oak

Table mountain pineChestnut oak

Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

F

B

SFROC

CF

P

OH

ROC ROC

OCF

OCF

OCF

OCFOCH

P

B, beech forest

Xeric

Dry

Moderately dry

Mesic

Cold

Moderately wetCF, cove forest

F, Fraser fir forest

HB GB

OCH, chestnut oak-chestnut (dead) heath

OH, oak-hickory forest

P, pine forest and heath

ROC, red oak-chestnut (dead) forest

SF, spruce-fir forest

OCF, chestnut oak-chestnut (dead) forest

GB, grassy bald

HB, heath bald

H, hemlock forest

OCH

OCH

H

H

H

OH

OH

SF

1981 m (6500 ft)

1676 m (5500 ft)


1

10

100

0 5 10 15 20

Species Rank

Pe

rce

nt

Of

Sta

nd

Beech forest

Cove forest

Yellow buckeye

Beech

Mountain silverbell

White basswood

Sugar maple

Yellow birch

Hemlock

Yellow buckeye

Sweet birch

Yellow birch

Mtn

silv

erbe

ll

White ashStriped mapleRed mapleChestnut (dead)


Re

d O

ak-

Pig

nut H

icko

ryF

ore

st

White Basswood

Pitch Pine Heath

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

5500

6000

6500

VirginiaPine

Forest

Table Mountain

Pine Heath

Gra

ssy

Ba

ld

Wh

ite O

ak-

Ch

estn

ut F

ore

st

Ch

estn

ut O

ak-

Ch

estn

ut H

eath

Ch

estn

ut O

ak-

Ch

estn

ut F

ore

st

Re

d O

ak-

Pig

nut H

icko

ryF

ore

stCov

e F

ores

ts

Hem

lock

Fore

st

Beech Forest

Mesic TypeSedge Type

Coves Flats Draws ShelteredSlopes

Open Slopes Ridges AndPeaksCanyons Ravines

Mesic Xeric

Ele

vatio

n (f

eet)

HeathBald

Red

Oak

-Che

stnu

t For

est

20

10

1

Chestnut Oak

Pitch Pine Heath

VirginiaPine

Forest

Table Mountain

Pine Heath

Gra

ssy

Ba

ld

Wh

ite O

ak-

Ch

estn

ut F

ore

st

Ch

estn

ut O

ak-

Ch

estn

ut H

eath

Ch

estn

ut O

ak-

Ch

estn

ut F

ore

st

Re

d O

ak-

Pig

nut H

icko

ryF

ore

st

Cov

e F

ores

ts

Hem

lock

For

est

Beech Forest




457

610

762

914

1067

1219

1372

1524

1676

1829

1981

Mesic Xeric

Ele

vatio

n (m

eter

s)

HeathBald

Red

Oak

- C

hest

nut F

ores

t

1

5

5

1

10

20

10

Eastern Hemlock

Pitch Pine Heath

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

5500

6000

6500

VirginiaPine

Forest

Table Mountain

Pine Heath

Gra

ssy

Ba

ld

Wh

ite O

ak-

Ch

estn

ut F

ore

st

Ch

estn

ut O

ak-

Ch

estn

ut H

eath

Hem

lock

For

est

Beech Forest

Sedge Type



Mesic Xeric

Ele

vatio

n (f

eet)

HeathBald

Red

Oak

-Che

stnu

t For

est

0.5

1

1

10

1020

Pitch Pine Heath

VirginiaPine

Forest

Table Mountain

Pine Heath

Gra

ssy

Ba

ld

Wh

ite O

ak-

Ch

estn

ut F

ore

st

Ch

estn

ut O

ak-

Ch

estn

ut H

eath

Ch

estn

ut O

ak-

Ch

estn

ut F

ore

st

Re

d O

ak-

Pig

nut H

icko

ryF

ore

st

Cov

e F

ores

ts

Hem

lock

For

est

Beech Forest




457

610

762

914

1067

1219

1372

1524

1676

1829

1981

Mesic Xeric

Ele

vatio

n (m

eter

s)

HeathBald

Red

Oak

-Che

stnu

t For

est

Red Maple

10

5

5

20 10

5

50

1

Ch

estn

ut O

ak-

Ch

estn

ut F

ore

st

Cov

e F

ores

ts

Mesic Type

Figure 20.11

Eco

logi

cal C

limat

olog

y ©

200

8 G

. Bon

an

Documents

Soil Water Temperature Soil Water Biological Performance (abundance, growth, survival) Temperature Soil Water Light Low High 100% 75% 50% 25% 0 % Growth