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PREFACE

Malaysian Studies is a book in the visual mind maps series that combinesvisual maps and diagrams in one book and makes learning more fun. The attractive

and colourful presentation helps students to memorise and understand the factseffectively. It is specially designed to help students to excel in the subject aswell as in the examination.

Malaysian Studies is prepared based on the syllabus formulated bythe Malaysian Qualifications Agency (MQA). This book also presents attractiveillustrations, pictures and maps to generate and stimulate the students interestto learn. Acronyms and acrostics are also provided to help students memorisethe important facts easily.

This book is very unique compared to other books in the market. Itpresents various learning methods which cannot be found in any other books.Students can use visual maps to memorise the facts easily and will not feelbored studying the subject. Futhermore, this book provides various types ofquestions which help to enhance students understanding of the subject.

As a publisher, we always understand the students problems. Thisbook provides maximum satisfaction for students to understand and memorisefacts easily. We are confident students will obtain excellent grades through thisbook.

strive for Excellence and Success through Malaysian Studies Visual MindMaps book.

The Publisher

-

-

1

PNI Neuron (M) Sdn. Bhd. (554690-H)

No.1, Wisma Neuron, Jalan TPP 6/6, Taman Perindustrian Puchong, 47100 Puchong, Selangor Darul Ehsan.

Tel: 03 8062 6229 (8 talian) Faks: 03 8062 6289 E-mel: [email protected] Laman web: www.pnineuron.com

PNI Neuron (M) Sdn.Bhd. (554690-H)

All rights reserved. No part of this book will be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any

means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of

PNI Neuron (M) Sdn. Bhd. (554690-H).

ISBN 978-967-351-444-1

Visual Mind Maps Malaysian Studies

First Print 2012

Printed by:

Kim Guan Enterprise Sdn. Bhd.

No. 100, Jalan PBS 14/4, Taman Perindustrian Bukit Serdang,

43300 Seri Kembangan, Selangor Darul Ehsan.

PNI Neuron (M) Sdn Bhd (554690-H)


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Pre-historical Ages of Malay Archipelago 3

Early Kingdoms in the Malay Archipelago 4-8

The Malacca Sultanate 9-15

The Colonial Era - Portuguese Colonization 16

The Colonial Era - Dutch Colonization 17The Colonial Era - British Colonization of Penang, Singapore and Malacca 18-19

Direct Intervention - British Intervention in the Malay States 20-24

The Federated Malay States 25

The Non-Federated Malay States 26

The Japanese Occupation 27-30

The Era of Emergency 31-33

The Struggle for Independence - Malayan Union 34-37

The Struggle for Independence - Federation of Malaya 38-40

Effects of the Formation of the Federation of Malaya 41Towards Independence 42-43

Formation of Political Parties in Malaya (1945-1957) 44

Negotiations For Independence 45-47

The Formation of Malaysia 48-52

Structure of National Administration 53-54

The Democratic System in Malaysia 55

Parliament 56

The Legislative Body 57

Elections 58

Administrative System 59

The Local Government 60

Society and Unity 65-72

Society and Culture 73-85

Unity and National Integration 86-96

Culture and Heritage 97-98

National Development 99

National Development Plans and Policies 100-110

Foreign Policies 111-118

Environmental Issues 119-120

EXERCISE 121-127

ANSWERS 128

The Supremacy of the Constitution 61-64

CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 2

CHAPTER 3

CHAPTER 5

CHAPTER 6

CHAPTER 7

CHAPTER 4

2 PNI Neuron (M) Sdn Bhd (554690-H)

FORMATION OF MALAYSIA

FORMATION OF GOVERNMENT IN MALAYSIA

SOCIETY AND UNITY

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

ISSUES OF NATIONAL CONCERN

THE SUPREMACY OF THE CONSTITUTION

EARLY HISTORY

CONTENTS


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3

PRE-HISTORICAL

AGES

SETTLEMENT ACTIVITIES BELIEFS

PALEOLITHIC AGE

(EARLY STONE AGE)

1NomadicLived in caves

Collected forest productsand hunted wild animals

Began usingstone tools

Tools were

simple andcrude

Collected forestproducts

Hunted wild animals

Began farming

Used more refinedtools

Able to makeearthenware

AnimismPractised specialfuneral rites andburial customs.

AnimismWorshipped the spiritsof ancestors

Lived in caves and alongrivers and lakes

MESOLITHIC AGE

(MIDDLE STONE AGE/

HOABINHIAN AGE)

2

NEOLITHIC AGE

(NEW STONE AGE)

METAL/BRONZEAND IRON AGE

3

4

Lived in caves andnearby rivers

The communitylived in small tribes

Division of labourexisted

Developed permanentresidential areasnear rivers andcaves

Practised social customs

Had beliefs and principles

Carried out the burial usingpieces of stones

Began rearing livestock

Began making goods andaccessories

Used more sophisticatedstone tools

Began communicating withcommunities in other places

Created pottery

Collected sea products

Involved in trade

AnimismBelieved all thingspossessed spirits.

Involved in farming andhunting activities

Practised barter system

Produced metal productssuch as bronze and steel


5/129 PNI Neuron (M) Sdn Bhd (554690-H) 4

EARLY KINGDOMS IN THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO

SOUTH CHINA

SEA

FUNAN KINGDOM

CHAMPA

VYADHAPURA

MALAYPENINSULA

MALAYPENINSULA

SUMATRA

SOUTH CHINASEA

OC EO

CHENLA

UNDERCHINA

KEDAH

ANNAM

FUNAN

LANGKASUKA (Patani)

(i) It was a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom founded in

the 2nd century A.D.

(ii) It was located in the Malay Peninsula.

(iii) In 515 A.D. King Bhagadatta first established

relations with China and further emissaries

were sent in 523, 531 and 568 A.D.

(iv) Langkasuka reached its greatest economic

success in the 6th and 7th centuries.

(v) It became an important trade centre as it

drew trade from Chinese, Indian and local

traders.

(vi) In the 11th century, Langkasuka was invaded

and became tributary to the Srivijaya empire.

(vii) Langkasuka declined as a major trade centre

following the invasion of Rajendra Chola in

the 11th century.

(viii) It was replaced by the Patani Kingdom

around the 15th century.

Did you know?

In the Sanskrit language,langkha means resplendentland and sukha means bliss.

Did you know?

Funan became rich and powerful because itdominated the Isthmus of Kra, the narrow portionof the Malay Peninsula where traders transportedtrade goods between China and India.

LANGKASUKA, PATANI

(i) An ancientIndianized kingdomlocated around the Mekong Delta.

(ii) Founded in the 1st century A.D. by an

Indian Prince, Kaundiya.

(iii) Funans territory includes present day Cambodia,Southern Vietnam, parts of Laos, Thailand,Myanmar and the Malay Peninsula.

(iv) Reached its greatest extent under the rule ofFan-Shih-Man in the early 3rd century A.D.

(v) The kingdom became rich through maritimetrade and agriculture.

(vi) It dominated an important trade route and was able tobe the meeting place for traders from many parts ofthe world.

(vii) The main trading port was Oc Eo.

(viii) Archaelogical discoveries such as a large canalsystem linking various settlements within thekingdom reveals a highly organized society with ahigh population density and advanced technology.

(x) Water storage and irrigation system were built foragriculture.

(xi) The Funan Kingdom was strongly influenced byIndian culture and had adopted many elements ofthe Indian tradition such as the use of the SanskritLanguage in the high courts, legal system, astronomy,Hindu and Buddhist religions and literature.

FUNAN EMPIRE

Rajendra Chola



SOUTH CHINA

SEA

SOUTH CHINA

SEA

INDIAN OCEAN

SOUTH CHINA

SEA


TUN-SUN, ISTHMUS OF KRA (SEGENTING KRA)

GANGGA NEGARA, PERAK

TAN-TAN, TERENGGANU

Did you know?

Gangga Negara means a cityon the Ganges in Sanskrit.

Did you know?

Tun-Sun, Gangga Negaraand Tan-Tan were someof the earlier kingdomsestablished in the MalayPeninsula.

Isthmusof Kra

GanggaNegara

Tan-Tan

(i) Tun-Sun was a trading centre in the Isthmus of Kra.

(ii) The Isthmus of Kra is the narrow land bridge whichconnects the Malay Peninsula with the mainland ofAsia.

(iii) Merchants from east and west traded in all sorts of goods.

(iv) The ruling system was influenced by Hinduism.

(v) The King of Tun-Sun ruled over five smaller kings whoalso paid tribute to Funan.

(vi) There were five hundred families of Indian merchantsin addition to the Buddhist and Brahmin priests.

(v) According to the Chinese records, the kingdomexisted in the Malay Peninsula around the Tapi Riverin present day Surat Thani province. Futhermore, it wasstated that the kingdom was a supply and trading port

for ancient mariners, between India and Indochina andthe kingdom was Hindu.

(i) Gangga Negara is believed to be a lost semi-legendary

Hindu kingdom mentioned in the Malay Annals.

(ii) The kingdom covered present-day Beruas, Dinding

and Manjung in the state of Perak, Malaysia.

(iii) The kingdom was believed to be founded by Raja Ganjil

Sarjuna of Kedah or the Khmer royalties around the

2nd century A.D.

(iv) Raja Gangga Shah Johan was among the kings who

ruled the kingdom.

(v) The kingdom was based at Beruas and it collapsed

after an attack by King Rajendra Chola Ibetween

1025 and 1026.

(i) The kingdom of Tan-Tan was one of the early

kingdoms in the Malay Archipelago.

(i) The kingdom of Tan-Tan was located in Terengganu.

(ii) The kingdom was established in the 6th century.

(iii) The kingdom was influenced by Chinese culture.

(iv) The kingdom had strong relationship with China, a

major power at that time.

(v) The kingdom sent tributes to China and received

Chinese protection in return.

MEMORY TEST

According to Hikayat1.Merong Mahawangsa,who was the founder ofGangga Negara?

MEMORY TEST

When was the kingdom ofTan-Tan established?

VYADHAPURATUN-SUN

BORNEO

FUNAN

MALAY

PENINSULA

MALAY

PENINSULA

MALAY

PENINSULA

SUMATR

A

SUMATR

A

SUM

ATRA

A 6th century statue of theBuddha and a 9th centurystatue of a Hindu priestfound in Perak.




KINGDOM OF CHIH-TU

JAVA

BORNEO

SUMATR

A

SUM

ATRA

Mataram

Chih-Tu

(i) A Hindu - Buddhist kingdom that

flourished between the 8th and

10th centuries.

(ii) Based in Central Java and later in

East Java.

(iii) Established by King Sanjaya.

(iv) The kingdom was ruled by the

Sailendra and Sanjaya families.

(v) The ruling system was influenced by

Hindu culture.

(vi) The king has the highest power and

authority.

(vii) The kingdom left behind several

temples and monuments. The most

famous ones are Prambanan, Sewu

and the Plaosan temple compound.

MATARAM, JAVA

Did you know?

According to Chinese records, Chih Tu was built bykit mow people who sailed from the coast of Funan(Cambodia). It was named Red Earth Kingdom asthe terrain was red.

(i) Chih-Tu means Red earth land.

(Malay: Tanah Merah)

(ii) According to I-Ching, the kingdom of Chih-Tu

or also known as Red Earth Kingdom waslocated in Kelantan.

(iii) The Sui Dynasty annals described Chih Tu as

an advanced kingdom.

(iv) The kingdom was founded by King Guatama

in the 6th century.

(v) The ruling system was influenced by Hindu

culture.

(vi) The king had absolute authority.

(vii) King Guatama was assisted by 3 ministers

in the running of the administration.

(viii) Had strong relationship with China.

(x) Chih Tu was an early important trade

centre in the Malay Peninsula.

(xi) The merchants would get the local porters

to transport goods using rafts, elephants

along the early transpeninsular routeway

and part of the ancient Spice Route.

MEMORY TEST

Who was the founder of1.the Chih-Tu Kingdom?

MEMORY TEST

Who was the founder of1.Mataram Kingdom?

MALAY

PENINSULA

MALAY

PENINSULA

SOUTH CHINA

SEA

SOUTH CHINA

SEA

INDIANOCEAN

ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM

KING

The King had absolute power. The Ministers wereresponsible for the governance and administration.They were the Kings aides.

Minister 2Minister 1 Minister 3

Did you know?

The King was regarded as the paramountruler. The King, the royal family and thekingdoms ofcials had the authorityto launch temple constructions andirrigation works.

Borobudur TempleIllustration of Sailendra Dynastyduring the construction of

Borobudur Temple.

Temples and monuments built during the Mataram Kingdom.




SOUTH CHINA

SEA

Ligor

Samudera

Kampar

MelayuJambi

PalembangTulangBawang

STRAITSO

FMALA

CCA

SundaJAVA

Bangka

SUMATRA

Langkasuka

Kedah

STRAIT

OF

SUND

A

MALAY

PENINSULA

Kingdom of Srivijaya

(i) The earliest kingdom in the Malay Peninsula.

(ii) Known as Kataha/Cheh-cha.

(iii) Established in the 5th century.

(iv) Main ports were Sungai Mas and Lembah

Bujang.

(v) Influenced by Hinduism and Buddhism.

(vi) The ruins of candi (temple) which were

discovered in Bujang Valley indicated the

establishment of an ancient Hindu-Buddhist

kingdom in Bujang Valley.

(vii) Gunung Jerai was used by traders and

seafarers to guide them to Sungai Mas and

Lembah Bujang.

(viii) An important trade centre/entrepot.

(i) Established in the 7th century.

(ii) It was based in Palembang,Sumatra.

(iii) The King had the highest authority.

(iv) Had strong relationship with India and China.

(v) The minister functions as the intermediatebetween the King and the citizens.

(vi) The important port was Palembang.

(vii) The administration system was divided into 3 parts:

Royal administration

Military administration

District administration

(vii) A well-known trade centre and centre of Buddhismand Sanskrit language.

(viii) Conquered Straits of Malacca, Straits of Sundaand Java to control the maritime trade in theMalay Archipelago.

Srivijayavassal states

Kingdom of Old Kedah

Did you know?

In Sanskrit, sri meansshining or radiont andvijaya means victoryor excellence.

Did you know?

Candi Gumpung, a Buddhisttemple at Muaro Jambi ofMelayu Kingdom was oneof Srivijayas importanturban centre.

Did you know?

Bujang valley is the oldest entrepotin Malay Peninsula, preceeding the

Port of Malacca.

Old

Kedah

MALAY

PENINSULA

SOUTH CHINASEA

SG.MERBOK

Sg.Muda

Sg.Bujang Sg. MerbokKechil

KEDAH

PEAK

Gunung Jerai

SWAMP

GunungJerai

Candi Gumpung

Ancient artefacts discoveredin Bujang Valley

Gunung Jerai

Candi Bukit Batu Pahatin Bujang Valley

MEMORY TEST

Name two main ports of1.Old Kedah?

When was the kingdom of2. Old Kedah established?

SUM

ATRA




Founded by Raden Wijaya, a prince of Singhasari who was

influenced by Hinduism and Buddhism.

The administrative system was based on the Law of Manu.

The King was assisted by the Prime Minister and four ministers.

The King held the highest political authority and legitimacy.

Based in eastern Java.

Existed between the 13th and 16th centuries.

The last Indianized kingdom in Indonesia.

Became a major trading centre in the 15th century.

(i)

THE KINGDOM OF MAJAPAHIT

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

(vii)

(viii)

(x)

SOUTH CHINA

SEA

INDIAN OCEAN

OldKedah

Temasik

Palembang

BorobudurMataram

Majapahit

SinghasariSingharaja

JAVA

SUMATR

A

CELEBES

BORNEO

The areas claimed authorityby the Majapahit Kingdom

Vassal states of Majapahit

Reached its peak of glory under the reign of King Hayam Wuruk

and his Prime Minister, Patih Gajah Mada.

Visits were made by merchants from South East Asia, China,

India, and the Middle East.

Did you know?

The King was considered as theuniversal ruler and believedto be the representive of Godon earth.

Did you know?

When was the kingdom ofMajapahit established?

Did you know?

According to the Nagarakretagama,Majapahit was an empire of 98 tributaries,stretching from Sumatra to New Guineaconsisting of present-day Indonesia,

Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei, SouthernThailand, the Philippines and East Timor.However, there is no evidence regardingthe matter.

MEMORY TEST

State the characteristics ofthe kingdom of Majapahit.

MEMORY TEST

Srivijaya - S

Tan-Tan - T

Tun-Sun - T

Funan -F

Acrostic: Singer Tina Turners Friends Go Cycling

On Late Monday Morning.

Gangga Negara -G Chih-Tu -C Old Kedah -O

Langkasuka -L Mataram -M Majapahit -M

A C R O S T I C

What was the basis ofthe formation of theadministrative system by thekingdom of Majapahit?


10/129

9

2

Malacca

Temasik

Palembang

(a) Parameswara Temasik in 139

(b) The ruler of TeParameswara

(c) Parameswara Temagi, the reof Ayuthia (Sia

(d) Parameswara Temasik.

(e) However, he warmy five yearsMuar.

(f) Although he wnorth to SeningMalacca, whic

MEMORY TEST

Who was the founderof Malacca?

ESTABLISHMENT OF MALACCA

4Geographical Factors That Contributed to theEstablishment of Malacca

(a) Water supply was easily available.

(b) Strategic position the centre of trade routesbetween east and west.

(c) Harbour protected from the Southwest Monsoonand Northeast Monsoon.

(d) Natural and strategic harbour the deep sea ofStraits of Malacca.

1(a) Parameswara founded Malacca in

1400.

(b) Parameswara was a Prince fromPalembang.

(c) Palembang was situated at the east ofSumatra.

(d) Palembang was under the rule of theMajapahit empire.

(e) When the Majapahit empire became

weak and disintegrated, Parameswaratook the opportunity to releasePalembang from the Majapahit empire.

(f) However, Parameswara failed in hismission. He was attacked by theMajapahit army.

(g) Parameswara and his associates fledfrom Palembang to Temasik.

Ancient Malacca Port

MEMORYTEST

Why didParameswarakill Temagi?

3(a) Parameswar

the mouth of(b) He found tha

located for talong the traChina.

(c) Parameswar(name of a tr



2

THE MALACCA SULTANATE

FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO THE GOLDEN AGE OF MALACCA

KING / SULTAN

Four Ministers

Eight Senior Officials

Sixteen Junior Officials

Thirty-two Government Officers

(a) Sultan

THE STRUCTURE OF THE MALACCA GOVERNMENT

Sistem Pembesar Empat Lipatan

Malacca had a structured and

systematic administration.

The King/Sultan was assisted by an

organization that was structured

with a hierarchy and their respectivefunctions.

The system was called Sistem

Pembesar Empat Lipatan.

(i) Head of state

(ii) Chief of the armed forces

(iii) Monitors and coordinates the economy of

the state/government

(iv) Symbol of diplomatic unity

(v) Head of diplomatic relations

The head of highlyorganized municipal

government

(a)

THE GOVERNMENT OF MALACCA(SISTEM PEMBESAR EMPAT LIPATAN)1

(i) Treasurer who controlled

the state treasury(ii) Head of all the treasurers

(iii) Collected taxes and revenue

(iv) Secretariat General of thepalace

(c) Penghulu Bendahari(b) Bendahara

(i) A position similar to that of a Prime Minister

(ii) Chief minister

(iii) An adviser to the Sultan

(iv) Controlled the military, defence,

royal customs and traditions

(v) Acts as a substitute (Pemangku) in the

absence of the Sultan

(i) Chief of Police(ii) Head of the protocol and

customs

(iii) Controlled internal affairsrelating to peace andorder

(i) An admiral who was responsible for the state

and the Sultans security

(ii) A commander in the war, especially at sea

(iii) Responsible for bringing the governments

envoy

(d) Temenggung (e) Laksamana

The Council of 4 Ministers

(i) Bendahara

(ii) Penghulu Bendahari

(iii) Temenggung

(iv) Laksamana

(b)

THE ROLE OF THE SULTAN AND THE MINISTERS IN THE ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM

The Council of 4 Ministers.

Bendahara - B Temenggung - T Penghulu Bendahari - P Laksamana - L

Acrostic: Bendahara Tun PeraksLeadership.

A C R O S T I C

MEMORY TEST

What was the role of1.

the Sultan as the headof the state?What was the2.responsibility of thePenghulu Bendahari?Give an outline of the3.Malacca GovernmentSystem.

MEMORY TEST

Who was the head of1.defence of Malacca?

Who was responsible to2.carry out the protocolof the palace?

MEMORY

TESTList out the duties1.of the Bendahara.Who represents2.the Sultan duringhis absence?




THE ROLE OF SYAHBANDAR (HARBOUR MASTER)

Each Syahbandar was given the responsibility to

supervise and cater to the needs of the merchants

who traded in the city.

Supervised the merchants

from Gujerat.


from Kalingga, Pegu,

Benggala and Parsi.

Supervised the

merchants from Ryukyu,

China and Champa.


from the Island of Java,

Maluku, Banda, Kalimantan,

Borneo, Pasai and the

Philippines.

THE GROWTH OF MALACCA AS A PORT

(a) Syahbandar I(Harbour Master 1)

(b) Syahbandar II(Harbour Master II)

(c) Syahbandar III(Harbour Master III)

(d) Syahbandar IV(Harbour Master IV)

The Syahbandars wereresponsible for mattersof trade and ports.

(d) Malacca lay at the natural meeting

place of the monsoons. The monsoon

winds enabled Arab and Indian traders fromthe west to travel to China in the east and vice

versa.

Had a favourable position in relation to the

spice areas of South-East Asia.

(b) The deep seaof the Straits of Malaccamade Malacca a natural and

strategic harbour. The port could handle ocean-going

vessels from all over the world.

(c) The harbour was sheltered from

the winds of the Southwest monsoon

and Northeast monsoon.

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION1

CENTRE OF TRADE

1

(a) Situated midway

along the trade routes

between India and

China. Situated at one of the

narrowest points between the

Malay Peninsula and Sumatra.

Malacca was in the position to

control the traffic that passed

through the straits.

(a) Port officer

(b) Organized

Malaccas Port

(c) Duties:




(a) Provided warehouses to the traders to store their goods.

(b) Provided accommodation to the merchants.

(c) Offered ships, boats, junks and workers to transportgoods to the warehouses.

(d) The damaged ships can be repaired.

(e) Offered food and drinks.

(a) The Malay Language became a lingua franca(medium of communication) in trade affairs inMalacca.

(b) Foreign traders use the Malay language while dealing with the officers and other traders in

Malacca.

(c) The Malay Language was easy to understand

and it was the main language of this community.(d) The Malay Language became the language for

administration, missionary activities and learning.

THE GROWTH OF MALACCA AS A PORT

THE ROLE OF LAKSAMANA AND ORANG LAUT

PORT FACILITIES

THE MALAY LANGUAGE AS LINGUA FRANCA

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT

2

3

4

5

The foreign traders felt safe

trading in Malacca as the

Laksamana and Orang Laut

had carried out their duties

in ensuring the safety and

security of the Straits of

Malacca.

Malacca had a well-defined government with a set of laws.

The formal legal text of traditional Malacca consisted of

the Undang-Undang Melaka (Laws of Malacca) which was

also called the Hukum Kanun Melaka, Risalat Hukum Kanunand the Undang-Undang Laut Melaka (the Maritime Laws

of Malacca)

The port was governed based on the Maritime Laws of

Malacca.The ships were considered nations complete with their ownadministration at sea. The captain of the ship was as theSultan, the navigator as Bendahara (Chief Minister), thediscipline officer as Temenggung (Police Chief) and thecrew as the people. The crew would be fined by the captainif they did not perform their duties well.

The laws of Malacca and the

Maritime Laws of Malacca

ensured the trading activities

to run fairly and smoothly.

A lot of merchants came

to Malacca as they were

attracted by the port

facilities and the security

that it offered.

Malacca became the most

important port in the East,

between the Mediterranean

Sea and China and over 80

languages were spoken there.

However, the Malay language

became the medium of

communication between thetraders.

Laksamana The Admiral who controlled the fleet.

Responsible for the safety of the Straits of Malacca. The Malacca fleet comprising 40 to 100 ships guaranteed the

safety of the merchants and their goods.

Orang Laut Carried out the duties of safeguarding the

waters of Malacca.




(i) Diplomatic relations were established through the marriage of theSultan of Malacca, Megat Iskandar Shah with the Princess of Pasai.

(ii) Diplomatic relations were also established through the exchange of

views on issues related to Islamic Law.(iii) Position of both the governments was equivalent.

(iv) Malacca had offered help to Pasai during war.

(v) Malacca received black pepper, gold and ricesupplements from Pasai.

RE

GIONAL

RE

LATIONS

(a) China (b) Siam

(c) Ryukyu (Japan)

(d) Gujerat

(e) Arab

GOOD RELATIONS WITH REGIONAL COUNTRIES

1 (a)

(b)

(c)

Pasai

Java

Siakand

Kampar

INTERNATIONAL

RELATIONS

2

Supplied rice, food and spices to

Malacca.

(i) Supplied gold to the government of Malacca.

(ii) Established ties with the conquest of Malacca.

(iii) Malacca wanted to dominate the tradingcommodities of Siak and Kampar.

(iv) Accepted Malaccas suzerainty.

(v) Kampar and Siak paid tributes (money/goods)to the government of Malacca.

(i) Began in 1404, when Admiral YinChing visited Malacca.

(ii) Had strong diplomatic and traderelations with China.

(iii) China recognized the government ofMalacca as sovereign.

(i) Had trade and diplomatic relations

with Japan.

(ii) Sultan Mansor Shah had sent a

letter to the King of Ryukyu informing

the behaviour of traders from Ryukyu

who violated the Law of Malacca.

(iii) The King of Ryukyus reply to Sultan

Mansor Shah through

a letter,

showed

that he

appreciatedit.

(i) Relationship with Siam was establishedafter Malacca sent a diplomatic missionrepresented by Tun Telanai and JanaPutera to Siam.

(ii) Supplied teak, rice and foodproducts to Malacca.

(i) The traders from Arab bought goldand spices of South East Asia and tea

from China. (ii) The Arab traders helped to spread Islam

in Malacca.

(i) Had good trade ties with Gujerat.

(ii) The merchants from Gujerat suppliedcotton fabrics, incense, medicinal wood

to Malacca and in return they brought backwith them the gold, tin, spices, cloves andsandalwood of South East Asia as well assilk, tea, and ornamental works fromChina and Japan.

(ii) Traders from Gujerat helped to spreadIslam in Malacca.


15/129

1 4

SOUTH CHINA SEA

INDIANOCEAN

BRUNEI

CELEBES

MO

SUMATR

A

13th & 14th

Centuries :

15th

16th

17th & 18th

19th & 20th

ACHEH

PEDIR

PASAI

PERLAK

KEDAH

PATANI

MALACCA

JAVA

DEMAK

TUBAN

GRESIK

PALEMBANG

BORNEO

BALI

PALAWAN

MINDANA

THE COMING OF ISLAM IN MALACCA - MALACCA AS THE CENTRE OF DEV

Early evidence of the

(i) The discovery of

Inggeris, Kedah

(ii) The discovery of

Bersurat) in Kua

thirteenth centu

(iii) Islam was estabfifteenth century

embraced Islam

(iv) Kedah and Teren

the Malay Penins

Arab traders brought Islam toMalacca (Image courtesy of

the Malacca Historic CityCouncil)

Map showing the spread of Islam in South East Asia

Arab missionaries spread theteachings of Islam in Malacca.

Parameswara married the daughterof the Muslim ruler of Pasai. Heembraced Islam and changed hisname to Megat Iskandar Shah. After

Parameswara became a Muslim,Malacca became the centre fromwhich Islam spread to other parts

of South East Asia.




THE FALL OF THE MALACC A SULTANATE

(a) The appointment of Tun Mutahir as Bendahara caused uneasiness among

the Malays (Raja Mendeliar and Laksamana Khoja Hassan). They accused

Tun Mutahir of conspiring a plot to overthrow Sultan Mahmud. The Sultanimmediately ordered the execution of Tun Mutahir and his family

with the exception of Tun Fatimah.

(b) This caused disunity among the people.

WEAK LEADERSHIP1

DISUNITY2

3

THE ARRIVAL OF THE PORTUGUESE4

Reasons for the Portuguese to go East:

(i) Control the spice trade.

(ii) Control the important trade route to the east.

(iii) Discovery of the sea route to the east through

Cape of Good Hope.

(a) Tun Mutahir replaced Tun Perak as the Bendahara of Malacca.

(b) Bendahara Tun Perak was biased during his administration.(c) Jealousy arose between the chiefs. In addition, there was defamation against Tun Mutahir stating

that he was trying to conspire a plot to overthrow Sultan Mahmud.

(d) Sultan Mahmud Shah was angry and immediately ordered the

execution of Tun Mutahir and his family. family.

(e) Upon realising his mistake, Sultan Mahmud Shah handed over his

reign to Raja Ahmad. Raja Ahmad Shah was weak and inefficient.

(f) Tun Mutahirs successor, Tun Perpatih Putih was very old and ill.

(g) Defamation and corruption were rife.

(h) The current taxation system was not carried out.

Traders were not happy with the high tax rates

and started to divert their attention to other ports.

A C R O N Y M

Factors that contributed to theFall of the Malacca Sultanate.

Weak Leadership - L Disunity - D Weakness of Malaccas

Defence - D

The Arrival of thePortuguese -P

Acronym: LDDP.

THE WEAKNESS OF MALACCAS DEFENCE

Alfonso de Albuquerque

(a) The Malacca soldiers used traditional weapons meanwhile the

Portuguese soldiers used modern weapons.

(b) Portuguese soldiers were well-trained and

better equipped than their opponents.

(c) Mercenary soldiers from Java fled when

Malacca was attacked by the Portuguese.


17/129

1 6

Lopez de Sequeira was defRivalry between local MalaSultan Mahmud executed TThe Chinese and the Javantreatment and high customIn 1511, the Viceroy of Indorganized an expedition to

Albuquerque captured Malsuperior artillery.Sultan Mahmud Shah retredied in Kampar, Sumatra.Portuguese settlers marrieA fortress, A Famosa, was Malacca from any attacksFall of Malacca signied dand inuence and inefcierendered the country weakMalaccas fall gave Portugtrade routes.The Portuguese introduced

political and economic posPosts of Bendahara, Temeretained but with limitedPortuguese mercantile polTraders had to pay high taobtain special permit befo

AFRICA

PORTUGAL

PHILIPPINES

MALACCACameroon

Malindi

CalicutCochin

SpiceIslands

Mombasa

DelagoaBay

Cape of GoodHope

Durban

Baghdad

Mozambique

MALACCA

SOUTH CHINA SEA

INDIAN

OCEAN

BORNEO

JAVA

CELEBES

Batavia

Acheh to

Chin

afromIndia

Macassar

SPICE

ISLANDS

SUMATRA

Controlled the

spice trade.

Controlledimportanttrade routeto the east.

Possessedsuperiorsea powerand navalexpertise

Discoveredthe sea routeto the eastthrough Capeof Good Hope.

REASONS WHY PORTUGUESE GO EASTTHE CHRONOLOGY OF

OF

1

2

3

4

A Famosa

Portuguese Invasion of Malacca

Map Showing Portuguese route to the East

Portuguese route to the Spice Islands

In their greed traders were tto other portsTripartite strutrade sufferedMissionary woJohore and Acwere threaten

With assistanPortuguese.After 130 yeathe Dutch in 1

Malacca 1630


18/129

1 7

THE CHRONOLOGY OF DUTCH

MALACCA

SOUTH CHINA SEA

INDIAN

OCEAN

BORNEO

JAVA

CELEBES

Batavia

Bantam

Acheh

Macassar SPICE ISLANDS

SUMATR

A

fromCape

ofGoo

dHop

e

INDIANOCEAN

AFRICA

PORTUGAL

PHILIPPINES

MALACCA SPICEISLANDS

SUMATRA

Goa

Cape of

Good Hope

NETHERLANDS

INDIA

CHINA

JAVA

The Dutch were successful in esta

Indies and Spice Islands.

Started trading in the 17th century

1602 Dutch East India Company (

tin mining.

They too wanted to dominate comm

Dutch defeated Portuguese with th

Johore at that time was under the r

1639 Signed a treaty granted theJohore free access to trade in the M

1650 Dutch, attempted to monop

Perak foiled by opposition from th

1650 Dutch had to give up their d

monopoly following an attack by Pa

1795 During the Napoleonic wars

surrendered Malacca to the British

1818 After the wars, under the Tr

Malacca was restored to the Dutch

Johore Dutch friendship was seve

commercial rivalry between the tw

1782 Situation reached its peak

siege to Riau. Meanwhile in Selangor, Sultan Ibra

wanting to sell the tin and for favor

Sultan Ibrahim (with help from Rem

Dutch.

1786 Attack failed conflict betw

Dutch tried its best to stifle Johore

Sultan Mahmud (the third) was forc

The Sultans disenchantment was

a Resident to Riau.

1787 Johore launched a military a

later Dutch recaptured Riau in th

Jan Pieterzoon LoonGovernor-General ofthe Dutch East Indies

Dutch East IndiesTrading Company Ship

Batavia

Dutch route to the East

Dutch route to the Spice Islands

The ruins of Dutch Fort inPangkor Island.

Stadhuys wadministrative bu

the Dutch Col



THE COLONIAL ERA -BRITISH COLONIZATION OF PENANG

SINGAPORE AND MALACCA

Became interested in Malay Archipelago after trade with China became not verysuccessful and wanted to find a pirate-free port.

Britains colonization of Penang was achieved through deception and aggressivenessby Francis Light.

Penang was considered strategically located to serve as a military as well as commercial base.

Sultan Muhammad Jiwa offered British to set up settlements for protection - in case of an attack.

Offer was not taken - reoffered by Sultan Abdullah (due to threats in the palace and external

factors).

Francis Light signed the agreement without obtaining permission from his superiors in India.

Later, British East India Company turned down Kedahs conditions to safeguard theirinterests with Siam and Selangor.

British in Penang had difficulty in obtaining food supplies asPenang depended for the supply of food.

Kedah tried to obstruct the supply of food to Penang.

Being weak, it was impossible for Kedah to resist British pressure.

Sultan Abdullah ordered the British to leave Penang.

The situation became tensed when the British refused to leave.

British attacked Seberang Perai before Kedah could take any action.Serious defeat on Kedah.

Sultan was forced to accept Britishs conditions imposed by the British.

Sultan Muhammad Jiwa laid out several conditions:

Britishs conditions:

British would protect the waters of Kedah.

Enemies of Kedah considered enemies of British too.Expenses incurred in war would be borne by East India Company.

Ships could trade freely in Kedah or Penang.Compensation of $30 000 peso would be paid to the Sultan.

British would protect Kedah from enemy attacks.

Acknowledging Britishs right to occupy Penang with

annual payment of $6000 peso as compensation.With this agreement, British colonial rule of Penang began.

Handling over Seberang Perai in 1802.Under this agreement, Sultan would receive annual compensation of $10 000 peso.

No indication of protection given for Kedah.

Penang was part of the territory of Kedah.

Back then, Kedah was facing threats from Siam and Burma.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(g)

(h)

(j)

(k)

(p)

(q)

(r)

(l)

(m)

(n)

(i)

(o)

(s)

(e)

(f)

1600

1791

BRITISH IN PENANGThe StraitsSettlements

Flag

Established British East India Company in 1600 to facilitate trade with China.

Captain Francis Light

Artistsimpressionof Early

Penang.

Old Penang Port

Fort Cornwallis, Penang.

Artists impression of the Britishraising Union Jack in Penang.


20/129

1 9

British realized that

Penangs geographical

position was too far to

the north.

Began to look for a new base

elsewhere in the region close

to the Straits of Malacca.

Task was given

to Stamford

Raffles.

Stamford Raffles was the founder of

Singapore and he considered it

suitable.

Raffles found out that there was

a succession dispute between

two sons of the Johore ruler

Sultan Mahmud III.

Raffles recognized Tengku Husin

(the elder son) as the Sultan of

Johore.

British would protect Tengku Husin

Annual compensation of $3000 paid.

Stipulated not to have relationship

with any other European powers.

Territorie

Malacca

Those to

Straits ca

Dutch ha

in exchan

Conditions of the agreement:

A number o

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(i)

( j)

BRITISH IN SINGAPORE

(k)

With this e

in the Mala

and Malac

the British

(l)

(h)

In gratitude of Raffles support,

Tengku Husin allowed the

British to set up a settlement in

Singapore through an agreement

signed in 1819.

MEMORY TEST

List the lessons1.that we learnt fromcolonization.State mistakes made2.by our people thatresulted in foreigncolonization.

In 1826 th

known as

The Anglo-

on 17 Marc

ending all

the Dutch.

Stamford Rafes

Artists impression of the Singapore port in the 19th century. Artists imp



DIRECT INTERVENTION- BRITISH INTERVENTION IN

THE MALAY STATES

BRITISH INTERVENTION IN THE MALAY STATES

THE MALAY STATES WERE

RICH IN RAW MATERIALS INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

(a) The Malay States were rich in raw

materials like tin, steel and coal.

(b) The British wanted to dominate the

states of Perak, Pahang, Selangor

and Negeri Sembilan.

(a) Britain was in need of new markets and new

sources of raw materials, such as tin.

(b) The number of factories in Britain was increasing,

and new outlets were required for British

manufactured products. At the same time, tin was

one of the raw materials which Britains factories

needed.(c) The easiest way for Britain to obtain markets and

raw materials was to increase the territory under

her control.

(d) Thus in 1873 it was felt, there was

every reason for the British to

intervene in the Malay States and

establish her protection over them.

FEAR OF THE INTERVENTION

OF OTHER WESTERN POWERS

(a) British feared the intervention of otherEuropean powers such as the Spanish, the

Dutch and the French.

(b) These European powers had grabbed a

certain section of South East Asia for its

own.

(c) The Spanish were getting involved with the

Sultan of Sulu, the French were actively

involved in spreading their influence in

Indo-China, the Dutch were already

invading the east coast of Sumatra.

THE CHAOTIC CONDITIONS IN

THE MALAY STATES

(a) The opening of the Suez Canal

in 1869 created a new and easy

trade route between Europe

and Asia.

(b) At the same time, the Industrial

Revolution was spreading

throughout Europe and

European nations were all

searching for new markets

for their goods.(c) These two factors produced

great competition for the

markets of Asia.

(d) The best way was by

extending the control in

Malaya.

THE OPENING OF THESUEZ CANAL

(a) Britain had a great deal to gain

from intervening to restore orderin the Malay States. But the

Liberal Government of Gladstone,

which came into power in England

in 1868, was reluctant to act.

(b) It was Gladstones government

which forced Sir Harry Ord to

keep to the old policy of non-

intervention.

(c) In 1874 Gladstone resigned, and

a new Conservative government

was formed by Benjamin Disraeli.(d) Disraeli favoured the overseas

expansion of Britain.

THE CHANGE OF

GOVERNMENT IN BRITAIN

21

3

4

5

THE CAUSES

OF

BRITISH

INTERVENTION

6

From 1824 1873, the British

in Malaya had tried to refrain

from interfering in the affairsof the Malay states.

When the Straits Settlements were

transferred from the control of the

Indian government to the Colonial Officein 1867, the Straits community thought

that there would be intervention.

In September 1873, Lord

Kimberley, Secretary of the

colonial office, inaugurateda policy of intervention in the

affairs of the Malay States.

(a) Conditions in the Malay States became more and more

chaotic between 1867 and 1873.

(b) Civil disorders were especially serious in Perak, Selangor,

Pahang and parts of Negeri Sembilan.

(c) Sir Harry Ord failed to take effective

action to restore order. As a result of

the chaotic conditions, the production

of tin was interrupted.

(d) Chinese traders of the Straits Settlements

then pressed the British to intervene so

that they could trade peacefully.

Suez Canal




THE MALAY STATES

THE RESIDENTIAL SYSTEM IN THE MALAY STATES1

During the last three decades of thenineteenth century, Britain becameincreasingly involved in the internalaffairs of the Malay States.

The Chinese leaders andMalay chiefs were to meet him on

Pangkor Island. The meeting took place onJanuary 17th 1874, on board a British

ship off Pangkor Island. Raja Abdullah,the Menteri of Larut and several

Chinese leaders attended, butneither Raja Ismail norRaja Yusof put in an

appearance.

Three days lateron January 20th.a settlement wasagreed by theChinese leaders andthe Malay chiefs.

Thus because of the interventionof Andrew Clarke, Perak cameunder the protection of the British.J.W.W. Birch was appointed as the

first Resident in Perak.

This lettergave Clarke the

opportunity he hadbeen waiting for. He

sent his Chinese AffairsOfficer, W.A. Pickering, to

contact the Chinese leaders,and Frank Swettenham to

contact the Malay chiefs.

At the end ofDecember,1873, Clarke

received a letter fromRaja Abdullah, one of the

claimants of the throne. RajaAbdullah requested Clarke to

investigate the situation inPerak and to place the state

under British protection.

Raja Yusof had little support,but Raja Abdullah collected an army andprepared to challenge Ismails position.As a result, Perak was plunged into civilwar. At the same time, warfare began in

the tin mines at Larut between the twoChinese Secret Societies, the

Ghee Hin and the Hai San.

In Perak, Selangor, NegeriSembilan and Pahang, theSultans accepted Britishofficials to help them rule.

BRITISH

INTERVENTION

IN PERAK

1

a b

c

d

ef

g

h

2

Sir Andrew Clarke

J.W.W Birch Raja Abdullah

Penang

STRAITS OF

MALACCA

PANGKOR TREATY 1874

The main terms of this Pangkor Agreement were:

Raja Abdullah was recognised by the Britishas the rightful Sultan of Perak. Sultan Ismailwas given a pension of $1,000 a month.

Abdullah agreed to accept a British Resident.The Resident was also to control the collectionof revenue and to supervise the generaladministration.

The Menteri of Larut was given an AssistantResident and he was allowed to remain incontrol of Larut.

The Chinese leaders signed an agreementto disarm and keep the peace. A BritishCommission which was made up of ColonelDunlop, Swettenhem and Pickering was tosupervise the disarmment.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Perak (16th century)

Actually thethrone should go

to Abdullah but since hewas not present at the

funeral of his father, theposition was given to Raja Ismail.

Raja Ismail was able to secure the throne withthe support of the wealthy and powerful

Menteri of Larut, who controlled Peraks

richest tin mines

These officials were called Residents,and the system of governing withassistance from a Resident was knownas the Residential system.

3

W.A. Pickering

A succession dispute began after thedeath of Sultan Ali in 1871. The Malaychief of Perak appointed the Bendahara,Raja Ismail, to be Alis successor, but

the throne was also claimed byRaja Abdullah and the Raja

di-Hilir, Raja Yusof.Raja Yusof



SELANGOR CIVIL WAR

Abdul Samad became Sultan in1864. The reign of Abdul Samadsaw the beginning of a long civilwar which lasted from 1866 to1873. Abdul Samad was too weakto keep control of rich tin districtssuch as Klang and Lukut.

Raja Abdullah broughtin Chinese miners and intime, he collected a richincome from the tin thatwas brought down fromthe Klang River.

To avoid trouble, Raja Abdullahagreed to pay Raja Mahadi a monthlyallowance. But instead of beingsatisfied with this arrangement, RajaMahadi started looking for supportto help him to press his claim.

In 1866, Raja Mahadi captured Klang.Sultan Abdul Samad gave way whenRaja Mahadi promised to pay himRM500 a month. However, quarrelbetween Raja Mahadi and the Sultanerupted when the former stoppedpaying the monthly tribute.

Raja Mahadi, son ofRaja Sulaiman wasdissatisfied and put

forward his claimto the Klangarea.

In Klang, Raja Ismail,

son of the deposedRaja Abdullah took upthe fight against RajaMahadi with the helpof another MalaccanChinese.

Tengku Kudin was alsosupported by a famous Chineseleader, Yap Ah Loy. However, hewas still not powerful enoughto keep the peace and insteaddisorder continued to spread.

The Sultan and the Viceroy took actionagainst the pirates. The Sultan alsorequested that a British adviser be sent

to Selangor to advise him.

J.G Davidson was appointed as theSultans adviser (British Resident)and made Frank Swettenham as hisassistant (Assistant Resident).

Therefore, Tengku Kudin,the Viceroy of Selangorasked for British help torestore order in the state.

This gave Clarkethe opportunityto intervene inSelangor.

In 1868, SultanAbdul Samad calledin his son-in-law,Tengku Kudin ofKedah to help himrestore order.

The cause ofthe trouble wasthe revenuecollected from

the tin tradepassing alongthe Klang River.

Initially, Sultan Muhammadhad given charge of the KlangRiver district to his eldest son,Raja Sulaiman. However, the

Sultan revoked the grant in1853 and gave it to one of hissons-in-law, Raja Abdullah.

In November 1873, a group of piratesattacked a trading boat from Malaccaat Kuala Langat.

In January 1874, the pirates attackedthe lighthouse at Cape Rachado.

In February 1874, Clarke arrived offthe Selangor coast with Sir CharlesShadwell of the China fleet, to demandthat the pirates be tried and executed.

Areas under the

Klang District

Tin mining areas

Selangor (19th century) J. G Davidson Frank SwettenhamYap Ah Loy

Tengku Kudin

Sultan Abdul Samad


THE MALAY STATES

1 2 3

45

6

7 8 9

101112

1314

15

16

17


24/129



BRITISH INTERVENTION IN PAHANG

a

b

d

ef

g

h

i

Pahang was the lastMalay State whichaccepted BritishResident. Wan Ahmad

strived to protectPahang from being

colonized as he did not want Pahang to lose sovereignty as

the other Malay States such asPerak, Selangor and

Negeri Sembilan. He emulated the

state of Johore. Herestricted British influence intoPahang by developing thestate. He brought in investors

from other Europeancountries to develop

Pahang.British was notcomfortable with his action.They felt insecure of their

position. Therefore, they triedtheir best to extend their

influence into Pahang.

When

Frank Swettenham

visited Pahang in

1885 he advised Wan

Ahmad to have a

British Agent

to help him.

In 1887, a British Agentwas sent to Pahang to watch

over the interests of Britishsubjects in that state.

The agent wasHugh Clifford.

In February1888, a ChineseBritish subject wasmurdered near the Sultans palace.

The first British Resident sentto Pahang was J.P. Rodgerwith Hugh Clifford as theassistant.

The British intervention in Pahangwas not favoured by the Malay chiefswho tried to revolt against British rule,

but the rebellions were allsuppressed by the British

by 1895.

The Governor of the Straits Settlementstook this opportunity to visit Wan Ahmadin Pekan.After consulting his chiefs, the Sultanaccepted a British Residentin August 1888.

BRITISH EFFORTS TO EXPAND ITS INFLUENCE INTO PAHANG

c

(a)(c)

(b)

(d)

CONTROLLED THE

ADMINISTRATION

INTERFERED IN THE MALAY

TRADITIONAL CUSTOMS

FORCED TO RECEIVE ADVICE

IN CHARGE OF THE COLLECTION

The Sultan and the chiefs

lost their power as the

British Resident took over

the state administration.

The Residents action

to eliminate slavery was

considered beyond their

jurisdiction. According to

the Sultan and the

chiefs, slavery is an

ancestral custom in

the traditional Malaysociety.

The Resident advises the Sultan in all

matters except for the Islam religion

and Malay customs. The advice from the

Resident should

be followed and

implemented.

The Resident took over the authority

to collect taxes from the Sultan and

the chiefs.

The Revenue collector officers were in

charge of collecting taxes.

J.W.W Birch

Martin Lister

J.P. Rodger

J.W.WBirch withthe MalayChiefs.

Wan AhmadHugh Clifford


THE MALAY STATES

In 1887,Sultan Ahmad

accepted theConsular Agent

under pressurefrom the Maharajaof Johore(Sultan Abu Bakar)



The Resident-General was responsible to

the High Commissioner in Singapore.

The rst Resident-General was Frank Swettenham.

3

THE FEDERATED MALAY STATES

Headed by a Resident-General based in Kuala Lumpur.

The role of the Resident-General was to advise on all

aspects of government except on issues

relating to Islam and Malay customs.

2

to address Pahangs nancial problems.

to standardize the administration (lead

to efciency)

(a) Efcient administration

stable government

peace and

order

(b) Economic progress

improved communications increase in population

Reasons for setting up FMS.

Merits of FMS:

THE FEDERATED MALAY STATES (FMS)

9

10

to ensure security

to check the

Residents power

development of tin and

rubber industries growth of towns

increase in revenue

Pahang

Selangor

Perak

SIAM

NegeriSembilan

SOUTH CHINASEA

SUMATR

A The Federated Malay States

The FederatedMalay States Flag

Sultan Idris

Raja Chulan

Durbar in Kuala Lumpur, 1903.

Through the Federation Agreement (1896) the

Federated Malay States were formed.

The Federated Malay States, consisted of Selangor,

Perak, Pahang and Negeri Sembilan.

1

Federal Council, 1895, acting like a Cabinet was set up inKuala Lumpur.

The aim was to increase the power of the rulers and the

residents in the states concerned.

4

High Commissioner (President).

Resident General.

4 Sultans

The Federal Council consisted:5

4 Residents

4 unofcial members

(3 Europeans and 1 Chinese)

This became very clear when the Sultan became only an ordinary member

with no decision-making power.

Laws were signed and passed by the High Commissioner and not the Sultan.

7

Obvious effect of the establishment of the council was the gradual

weakening of the power of the Sultan and the State Executive Council.

6

To create a better relationship between the rulers and the British ofcers, a

conference of the Malay Rulers known as Durbar was introduced.

Durbar Conference, 1897, meeting of the four rulers, to discuss customary

practices, Islam and Malay welfare.

DURBAR8

Frank Swettenham, thefrst Resident General.

Sultans at the First Malayan Durbar, 1897. heads of departments set up

System of justice, police and

army were created



NON-FEDERATED MALAY STATES

NON-FEDERATED MALAY STATES

Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah and Perlis were

under the protection of Siam.

Bangkok Treaty of 1909 was a treaty betweenthe United Kingdom and Thailand signed on

March 10 1909 in Bangkok. The Siamese

agreed to hand over these states to the British.

British Advisers were appointed. For example,

J.S. Mason was the Adviser for Kelantan in 1910.

The British made it difcult for other Western

powers to penetrate into the Northern States.

Distribution of power implemented by

British was based on economic and

political motives.

British had intention of ruling the whole of

Malaya under one administration entity,

Malayan Union.

However, this distribution of power was not

successful because the Japanese invaded

Malaya in 1941.

1919 - The four states were combined as the

Non-Federated Malay States.

Having successfully expanded into the

Unfederated Malay States,

the British effectively

controlled the

whole of the Peninsula.

DECENTRALIZATION OF POWER

FACTORS FOR DECENTRALIZATIONDEFINITION

CONCLUSION

Decline of world

economy in the

1920s.

Dissatisfaction among the

Sultans concerning their

decision-making power, unlike

the rulers in Non-Federated

where they had greater powerover their own state.

Decentralization means that the important

powers relating to administration of nance

and services, such as the railway, customs

and postal services that were once under

central control, would be distributed to the

states concerned.

The struggle of power between

the Resident-General and High

Commissioner.

Loss of power of the

Sultans and State

Councils.

Only a few Malayswere in the

administration.

British intention

to combine the

FMS and NFMS.

MEMORY TEST

What do you understand by the policy of1.decentralization? Why was this policy necessary?Trace the main steps in the policy of2.decentralization till 1932.

Pahang

KelantanTerengganu

Johore

Perlis

Kedah

Penang

Malacca

Negeri

Sembilan

Selangor

Perak

Singapore

SIAM

SOUTH CHINASEA

SUMATR

A

The Federated Malay States

The Non-Federated Malay States

1

2

3

4

Settlement and proclamation of thetransfer of the northern Kedah-

Malay states (northern Malaya)from the Kingdom of Siam under the

Siam-British Treaty of 1909.

1 4

5

6

2

3

MEMORY TEST

Comment on the meritsand the demerits of theFederation.

MEMORY TEST

What were the reasons which led to the federation

of the four states of Perak, Selangor, NegeriSembilan and Pahang in 1896?



THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION

1

JAPANESE OCCUPATION

(a) In the period up to 1941, Japan emerged as a major power

strong enough to challenge the United States.

(b) The growth of Japanese power was demonstrated in the

Russian-Japanese War between 19041905.

(c) During World War One, Japans power was further increased.

(d) Although Japan developed rapidly as an industrialized nation,

its people faced many problems.

(e) Population was growing rice production could not keep up with this increase.

(f) No raw materials valuable commodities such as oil, rubber

and iron had to be imported.

(g) World went into economic recession after 1929.

(h) Japan needed more land and more raw materials. Therefore,in 1931, Japan went to war.

(a) In 1938, Japan devised a plan for establishing a New Order

in Asia (Greater East Asia Co. Prosperity Sphere).

(b) This involved setting up an organization under Japans

leadership to provide economic growth and political

independence.

(c) In reality, it meant Japan gaining control of Asia andexploiting Asias raw material for its own use.

(a) The Japanese propagated Greater East Asia Co.Prosperity Sphere and Asia

for the Asians to gain support from the Asian people.

(b) The Japanese promised to declare independence in

certain South East Asian countries.

(c) To get raw materials (tin).

(d) To get new places to accommodate Japans

increasing population.

(e) To drive out the Europeans.

2

3

4

The Russian-Japanese War

The soldiers of the ImperialJapanese Army in World War II

Japanese troops in Kuala Lumpur

Greater East Asia Conference

Victorious Japanese troops marching through theFullerton Square, Singapore in February 1942.

THE RISE OF JAPAN

JAPANS PLAN FOR A NEW ORDER


REASONS FOR JAPANESE INVASION OF MALAYA

(a) The Japanese occupation was an important event in the

history of Malaya.

(b) Although the occupation was short, they had a great impact

on the country.

(c) The conquest of the whole of Malaya was fast and effective.

(d) The whole of Malaya and Singapore were defeated in only

70 days.

British surrender at Singapore on15 February 1942



Patani

(8 December 1941)

Singgora (3 Dec)

Jitra(12 Dec)

Alor Setar(13 Dec)

Penang(17 Dec 1941)

Kuala Kangsar(24 Dec)

Port Swettenham(1 Jan)

Kuala Selangor (1 Jan)

Teluk Anson(2 Jan 1942)

Taiping

Morib

Port Dickson

Japanese invasion fromthe seaJapanese invasion from the land

British Military Fort

SerembanGemas

Segamat

Kluang

MalaccaMuar

(16 Jan)

Batu Pahat(21 Jan)

Singapore (15 Feb)

Kuala Lumpur(11 Jan)

Johore Bahru(31 Jan)

Ipoh(26 Dec)

Keroh(14 Dec)

Kota Bharu

(8 December 1941)

Kuala Terengganu(8 Dec)

Kuantan(31 Dec 1941)

Mersing(28 Jan 1942)

Slim River(7 Jan 1942)

SARAWAK

From CamRanh SABAH

BRUNEI

Kuching(25 December 1941)

Sibu(27 December 1941)

Miri(16 December 1941)

Labuan(1 Jan)

Kudat(1 Feb)

Sandakan(19 January 1942)

Lahad Datu(27 January 1942)

Tawau(24 January 1942)

Jesselton(Kota Kinabalu)

(9 Jan)

Japanese invasion from theland

Japanese invasion from thesea


THE JAPANESE INVASION OF MALAYA

THE JAPANESE INVASION OF SARAWAK AND SABAH

Japanese Battleships

Japanese troops advancing throughMalaya during World War II.

Japanese Aircrafts

Japanese armoured units advancing into Malaya.

The landing of Japanese troops in Kota Bharu.

Japanese troops riding on bicycles.

General Hedeki, Tajo, PrimeMinister of Japan at Kuching

airfeld on July 7 1943.

The Japanese ImperialArmy invaded and occupied

Labuan in January 1942.

The soldiers from CamranhBay, Vietnam landed in Miri.

Japanese troops land off the WestCoast of British North Borneo.

MEMORY TEST

In a matter of only nineweeks, Malaya fell to theJapanese. What were themain causes which led tothis catastrophe?

MEMORY TEST

Describe the mainfeatures of the JapaneseOccupation of Malayabetween 1942-1945.




a

b

c

d

e

f

g

FACTORS FOR THE JAPANESE VICTORY

They conquered Malaya quite easily although the British

military was equipped with better firearms and were greater

in number than the Japanese. The Japanese had a

comprehensive plan network of spies in Malaya.

The Japanese placed Malaya under a Military Administration headed by a President

or Gunseikan, with his headquarters in Singapore.

Malaya was changed to New Malai. The Japanese ruled

Malaya and Sumatra as a single unit.

Singapore was renamed Syonan (Light of the South), separate

administration from Malaya.

Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan and Terengganu were restored to Siam for

allowing Japanese to invade Malaya through the Thai territory.

The rest of the country (the Straits Settlements, the Federated

Malay States and the Unfederated Malay States) was divided

into eight provinces, each headed by a Japanese Governor.

The Sultans were confirmed as Heads of their respective states and the Bureaux of

Religious Affairs which were set up in each state.

Implemented a policy of Japanization using the education

system, mass media and the economic system.

Promises of Asia for Asians and Greater East Asia

Co-Prosperity Sphere remained slogans.

The British were not prepared for the war. Japanese

soldiers were in excellent form due to intensive training.

They did not anticipate that the Japanese would attack

from land/north. The Imperial Japanese Army was led by

capable and experienced leaders Yamashita and Tsuji.

They were enthusiastic and inspired to fight for the

importance and supremacy of Japan.

The Japanese Army had practical war tactics. For example,

using bicycles even in jungles and villages.

The British soldiers lacked the spirit of war especially

after the first round of attacks.

British soldiers were young and inexperienced.

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

THE JAPANESE ADMINISTRATION

Japanese invasion of Malaya and Singapore.

Prince of Wales and Repulse under Japanese airattack, 10 December 1941.

The British represented by Lieutenant-General A.E Percival signs the

surrender at Singapore.

Japanese troops advancing on bicycles in Malaya.

During the Japanese Occupation,Fullerton Building was the headquartersof the Japanese Military Administration.

The Japanese set up schools toteach the people the Japanese

language.

BananaMoney wasissued duringthe JapaneseOccupation.

A Japanese stamp depicting theapproximate extension of the Greater

East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.




THE EFFECT S OF THE JA PANESE O CCUPATION

ECONOMIC EFFECT POLITICAL ASPECT SOCIAL CONDITIONS

Malaya was in complete

confusion.

Infrastructure was destroyed

and economic activities were

disrupted.

Worsened the lives of people.

Shortage of food

Life under the Japanese

administration was terribly

difficult.

There

was

shortage of

of water,electricity, gas, food

and other basic essentials.

Rubber

trees

were cut

down to

grow

subsistence

crops for the

Japanese

(mainly tapioca,

millet andmaize.)

Inflation

escalated

The Japanese

printed as

much money

as they liked.

These dollar notes were

known as the banana and

coconut notes.

Due to over-printing, the

value of these notes were

very small in many cases,

trade was reduced to

barter.

The Japanese administration was aperiod of misery.

This bad experience raised politicalawareness.

The Malays were attracted to the sloganAsia for Asians which stirred them tobuild their own government.

The Malays were employed to run theadministration. This gave themexperience and self-confidence andmade them prepared to stand againstBritish rule after the war.

Malays were also employed in themilitary and police force to hunt downanti-Japanese insurgents who were

mainly Chinese. This therefore led toa worsening of the Sino-Malayrelationship.

Futhermore the Japanese authoritiestried to get the collaboration of theMalay nationalist leaders.

Before the war, the Malay left-wingparty, the Kesatuan Melayu Muda (KMM)had been bannedby the British andthese leaders,Ibrahim Yaacoband Ishakbin Haji Mohammadwere arrested. Theywere released whenthe Japanesearrived.

The Chineseestablished the MPAJAto fight against theJapanese.

The Chinesestrengthened theCommunist Party ofMalaya (MCP).

The Japanese used the police force

(mainly Malays) to fight against theMPAJA (consisting mainly Chinese)thus caused racial friction.

Hence the Chinese suffered most underthe Japanese rule.

They were arrested and executed at theslightest excuse.

When the Japanese surrended afterWorld War II, the MPAJA took advantageto terrorize and take revenge on theMalays.

This experience hadleft lastingnegative racialsentiment betweenthe two communities.

Food and health

The inadequate food supply led to poor health

amongthepeople.Manydied

fromdiseases suchas beri-beri, tuberculosisand malaria.

Medicine and medicalequipment were seizedand sent to Japan while

preventive measuresagainst diseases werenot carried out.

Education and JapaneseIndoctrination

All had to sing Kamigayo

every morning whileraising the Japanese flag.

Japanese instructorswere employed to teachrespect for the JapaneseEmperor and contempt

for the British.

Only Japanese and otherAsian films were allowedin cinemas.

English films wereforbidden.

They also took over control

of the newspaper andradio stations, andbroadcast mainlyJapanese propagandaand cultural programmes.

Inadequate food supply

Poor health conditions

Shortage of Food

Ibrahim Yaacob

MPAJA

Ishak Haji Mohammad

Ration card

A scene of destructionafter Japanese aircrafts

bombed Singapore.

Houses and schoolswere destroyed

Death Railway - Some of the Prisonersof War were sent to Thailand to constructa railroad. They were forced to work longhours and were not given enough food.



(e)

(f)

On 6 Oct 1951, Sir Henry Gurney, the

High Commissioner was shot dead.

His death spurred the British into action

to eradicate the communists and their activities.

The MCP employed guerilla war tactics to cripplethe economy by conquering big cities(form headquarters) and eventually drivethe British out of Malaya.

For the Malays, communism was against

Islamic teachings as it denied the

existence of God.

Besides, the MCP was dominated by the Chinese

and created suspicions among the Malays.

However, there were many among the Chinese

who were not interested in joining MCP.

Republic - royal institution would be abolished.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

The majority of the population did not

support the communist ideology.

THE ERA OF EMERGENCY

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)


(a) (a)

(b)

(c)

COMMUNISM

1

2

One of the most important period in the Malaysian history.

This period is closely related to the development and activities of theMalayan Communist Party (MCP).

Communism crept into Malaya in the 1920s through a branch of Kuomintang party in China.

It was therefore no surprise that the majority of the MCP members were Chinese.

The primary objective of MCP was to overthrow the British government andestablish the Communist Republic of Malaya.

After the World War II, MCP guerillas prepared a strategy to take over thecontrolling power before the British resumed their rule of Malaya.

The MCP formed the Malayan Races Liberation Army (MRLA), better knownas the Three Stars (Bintang Tiga - symbolizing the three main races inMalaya) to fight for the establishment of the Communist Republic of Malaya.

The MCP also set up a supply and public spy unit known as Min Yuen. Min Yuen had two main functions:

(a) Get food and medical supplies. (b) Obtain information on British activities.

COMMUNISM UPRISING

AND TERRORISM

MCP had been an underground movement except during the years 1945 to 1948.

The Asian Communist Youth Congress held in

Calcutta in Feb 1948 greatly influenced the MCP.

Following the Calcutta Resolution, the MCP

launched attacks on rubber estates and tin mines

causing many deaths and loss of means of livelihood.

In June 1948, the MCP launched

an armed uprising in Malaya.

NO SUPPORT FOR

COMMUNISM IDEOLOGY

(d)

Malayan Communist Party (MCP)

Malayan CommunistParty (MCP)

Malayan Races LiberationArmy (MRLA)

Min Yuen armed units An overturned train: One of thesabotages done by the MCP.

Funeral, Sir Henry Gurney

Chin Peng-Leaderof the MCP

Training camp of thecommunist bandits

Sir Henry Gurney

Malayan Communist Party




STEPS TO ERADICATE COMMUNISTS

THE BRIGGS PLAN2

(a) On 16 June 1948, Sir Edward Gent, a

British Commissioner, declared Perak and

Johor emergency areas.

(b) On 17 June 1948, emergency was declared on

the whole of Malaya following the killing of 3

European estate managers in Perak.

(c) On 23 July 1948, the MCP was officially outlawed.

(d) The Emergency Law of 1948 gave powers to the

police and soldiers to arrest and detain

communist suspects without trial.

(e) Imposed road blocks and curfew where

communists activities were rife.

(f) The registration system was also introduced

where citizens aged 12 years

and above must register and

own an identification card

known as identity card (IC).

(a) Sir Harold Briggs introduced the

plan by relocating the squatterareas from the forest to a new village.

(b) Towards February 1952, more than 400,000

Chinese squatters were relocated to

approximately 400 new villages.

(c) Launched starvation movement.

(d) Aimed at restricting the Chinese from

supplying food, medicine and information

to the communists.

(e) This plan was effective

because it weakened

Min Yuen activities and

forced the communists

out of the jungles.

(a) Among them were making conditions easier

for non-Malays to obtain citizenship.

(b) Pardoning MCP members who surrendered.

(c) Rewarding people who provided information

on communists terrorists.

(d) Giving out pamphlets calling the communists

to give up their fight.(e) Introduced the White and Black Areas.

Introduced curfews where soldiers were

hunting for the communists.

Imposed road blocks to prevent communist

activities.

PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE

(THE TEMPLER PLAN)4

Steps to eradicate communists

Declaration of Emergency - D Briggs Plan - B

Military Measures - M Psychological Warfare -P

Acrostic: David Beckham Makes Pizza.

A C R O S T I C

DECLARATION OF

EMERGENCY1

MILITARY MEASURES3

Police road blocks to prevent themovements of the communist.

British soldiers on junglepatrol in Malaya.

Rural Chinese being movedinto new village settlementsby the British

The new village 1948-1960

Residents of new village

queuing up for their daily rationof food given out by the British.

Sir Edward Gent

Sir Harold Briggs

Sir Gerald Templer

(a) Sir Gerald Templer, a military

general, replaced Sir Henry Gurney

in 1952.

(b) He used firm military force to fight

the communists.

(c) Among others, he used 13 battalions of

British soldiers, Gurkhas and Malays.

(d) Formed home guard system

with 210,000 soldiers.

(e) The strength of the military

team enabled to launch more

aggressive attacks on the

communists and ensured

food was not smuggled

out for the guerilla

communists.




(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

T

H

E

I

M

P

A

C

T

O

F

E

M

E

R

G

E

N

C

Y

1

After experiencing a decline, the MCP decided to negotiate with

the government of Malaya.

The MCP rejected the governments counter offer and refused to lay down their arms.

(a) Gradually the influence and activities

of the MCP declined.

(c) MCP failed due to:

Their offensive acts against the

Malayan Union government.

Lack of support from Malayan

citizens, especially from the Malays.

Lack of protection from China and

Russia.

(b) On 31 July 1960, Tunku proclaimed the

end of emergency.

(d) However, the emergency period that lasted

12 years left many negative results.

(f) Loss of lives, the destruction of property

and the crippling of the economy.

(h) Communist movement were mainly Chinese

while the police and army forces being

Malays only made the racial issue worse.

(j) The unity among the citizens of Malaya

that convinced the British to grant

independence (Social

Contract

Pakatan

Murni)

(g) New villages with public facilities were

developed unlike in traditional Malay

villages. widened social gap.

(e) The number of people killed

included 9,581 MCP members,2,461 ordinary citizens and 1,851

members of the security force.

The MCP asked to be legally recognized but was turned down.

Tunku Abdul Rahman, David Marshall and Tun Tan Cheng Lock

represented the government while Chin Peng, Chen Tien and

Rashid Maidin represented the MCP.

Held in Baling, Kedah on 28-29 December 1955.

(i) Challenge for the people to work

together to defeat the communist

terrorists.

The Malayan Communist Partyrepresentatives, from left: Rashid

Maidin, Chin Peng and Chen Tien.

The Baling Negotiation was held inSekolah Kebangsaan Tunku Putra.

(e)

The MCP representatives were escortedto attend the Baling Negotiation.

Scenes at the Baling Negotiation 1955.

The failure of theBaling Negotiation.

The Baling Negotiation,

December 1955.From left: Sir Tan Cheng Lock,YTM Tunku Abdul Rahmanand David Marshall representingthe Malayan government.

Baling Negotiation on 28 and29 December 1955.

THE BALING NEGOTIATION (DECEMBER 1955)



1

THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE MALAYAN UNION

(a)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)(f)

(g)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

The Malayan Union plan was based on the Atlantic Charter signed by the

British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill and Roosevelt, in August 1941.

The Atlantic Charter announced the principles of independent government for

colonised territories.

Based on the principles of the Atlantic Charter, the Colonial Territories Office along with WarOffice initiated plans for a political revision in the Malay Peninsula after the Second World Warin February 1943.

In Julai 1943, the Colonial Territories Office in London formed a Malayan Planning Unit to

structure a new administration for the Malay Peninsula.

George Hall, Secretary of Colonial Territories, announced the Malayan Union plan on 10th

October 1945.

Subsequently, Sir Harold MacMicheal was appointed Special Representative of theBritish government to the Malay Peninsula to obtain the Sultans consent.

Soon after the Japanese occupation, the British came back to Malaya and introduced

temporary military government or BMA (British Military Administration).

On 1April 1946, the British replaced BMA with the Malayan Union.

The unification

was to assist

administration

and save

expenditure.

In 1904, the Malay

Peninsula produced

51, 733 tonnes of tin orewhich was half of the

worlds production.

In addition, the Malay

Peninsula produced

196,000 tonnes of rubber in 1920,

the largest annual output in

the world.

In view of these

positions, the British

wanted to ensure that their

economic investment and interests

in this country remained under

control.

Assuring economic

development and

political stability would be

important because these

would promote foreign

investment.

Malayan Union

was proclaimedon 1 April 1946.

To accomplish

social development plans,

the Malay Peninsula needed to

have a firm economy.

To enforce defence and

boost economic recovery andprogress.

The British realised the need to

increase efforts to

develop the Malay

Peninsula.

WHY BRITISH INTRODUCED MALAYAN UNION?

MALAYAN UNION

2

Edward Gent became

the Governor of the

Malayan Union.(h) To combine all scatteredadministration into one ruling

system (Malayan Union).

Winston Churchill

Sir HaroldMacMichael

Sir EdwardGent

The British Military Administration wasformed after the Japanese Army surrendered

To prepare for the

locals for own

government.

British were indebted to

the Chinese and the Indians

who helped them in

fighting against

the Japanese.




OPPOSITION AGAINST THE MALAYAN UNION

1. Harold MacMicheal succeeded in

getting the rulers signatures throughintimidation.

The Sultan of Kedah, for example was

threatened with loss of power and

throne, if he refused to sign.

3. The easy granting of citizenship to

the non-Malays.

Could-adversely affect the economic

and political situation of the Malays

since at that time, the total number

of non-Malay inhabitants exceed theMalays.

2. Erosion of Malay rulers power andsovereignty.

Among the Malays, the Malay rulerswere the supreme head and has thepower to protect them.

The rulers loss of power meant theloss of Malay power.

FEATURES OF THE M ALAYAN UNI ON

(a)

(b)

(f)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(i)

(h)

(j)

(k)

(l)

Except for Singapore, all the Malay States were united under one central governmenti.e. Malayan Union.

A British Governor would be appointed in due course with the help of the GovernmentCouncil and the Judiciary Council.

Malayan citizenship was obtained if

The foreigner was 18 and above and had resided inMalaya for 10 out of 15 years before 15 February 1946.

A person who was born in Malaya after the forming of the Malayan Union.

Rulers sovereignty would be abolished - they would only have the authority inIslamic affairs and customs.

The state council would be under the central government.

All races would be given equal rights - Jus Soli Principle.

Equal rights for all citizens regardless of race or origin.

The Malayan Union did not involve Singapore.

This includes the entry into government services and the right to vote in the generalelection.

Singapore would remain as British colonial territory under the rule of the British Governor

General.

Harold MacMicheal was vested with the responsibility of getting the agreement of all theMalay rulers.

In January 1946, the Constitution of the Malayan Union was passed and on 1 April 1946

the Malayan Union was officially proclaimed, with Edward Gent as the first Governor.

4. Opposition against theMalayan Union also came

from the former Britishofficers in Malaya such asFrank Swettenham,R.O Winstedt, George

Maxwell and CecilClementi Smith.

MEMORY TESTMEMORY TEST

Describe the main featuresof the Malayan Union.

1

3

2

4

George Maxwell

R.O WinstedtSir Cecil

Clementi Smith

The Malay Rulers

Why was there so much Malayopposition to the MalayanUnion proposals?




OPPOSITION AGAINST THE MALAYAN UNION

(i) Frank Swettenhem

He voiced his objection through the press in London urging the

British to protect the interests and special rights of the Malays.

(iii) Malayan Union Demonstration

The Malay rulers were advised not to attend the appointment ceremony of

Edward Gent as the first Governor of the Malayan Union.

In March 1946, the Malayan Malay Congress chaired by Dato Onn met in Kuala

Lumpur, attended by 41 organisations, opposed the formation of the Malayan

Union, held demonstrations at major towns, established the United Malays

National Organisation (UMNO) to protect the interests of the Malays. Umno slogan at that time was Hidup Melayu and Hidup Bangsa Melayu (Long

Live Malays and Long Live the Malay Race) which then changed to Merdeka

(Independent).

The strong fight against the Malayan Union by the Malays caused the Malayan

Union to be abolished.

The non-Malays were not so interested in the Malayan Union, accusing it of being

colonial and undemocratic.

They lost interest because of the British decision to postpone the enforcement

of the citizenship rights.

Futhermore, they had no capable leaders and were not aware of the politics of

Malaya.

Th

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