SOFTCOPY - California State Polytechnic University, Pomonahturner/ce427/single_model.pdfIn this exercise, you will learn how to setup a softcopy photogrammetric project. This will

Softcopy Training Manual – Single Model

1 Copyright Howard Turner 1998

SOFTCOPY PHOTOGRAMMETRY

LABORATORY MANUAL

INSTRUCTOR DR. HOWARD TURNER P.L.S.

MAPPING SCIENCES CENTER OF EXCELLENCE CALIFORNIA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY, POMONA

3801 W. TEMPLE AVENUE POMONA CA 91768



Exercise 1 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC PROJECT MANAGER In this exercise, you will learn how to setup a softcopy photogrammetric project. This will include adding camera data, control data, photo and model data to the project. You will be supplied with two softcopy photogrammetry images of the Cal Poly campus scanned at 22.5 microns. The camera data from the camera calibration report is given in a table. The control data from a filed map is also given in a table. OBJECTIVES Upon completion of the exercise you will be able to perform the following functions; ♦ = Create a new project ♦ = Add camera data to the project ♦ = Add photo data to the project ♦ = Add model data to the project ♦ = Add control data to the project

GATHERING PROJECT DATA For this lab, your instructor will provide you with the data you need. Later, when you are working on your own jobs, you will need to enter similar data. This process will go much faster if you begin by gathering all the project data you will need. For your future reference, this includes the following: • = Project information

• = Project name • = Approximate size of the project • = Coordinate system (geographic or cartesian), linear and angular units • = Average flying height and average ground elevation • = Coordinate refinement settings (atmospheric refraction on/off, earth curvature on/off)

• = Camera data (normally from a camera calibration report) • = Name of camera • = Focal length, principal point of best symmetry, principal point of auto collimation • = Fiducial coordinates; reseau coordinates if applicable • = Lens distortion data: by table of distortions or by coefficients; linear or angular

distortions; average or by quadrants. • = Strip data (a flight map will be useful here)

• = Strip, photo and model naming schemes (much of this can be automated with ISPM) • = Raw image file names and epipolar image file names • = Camera name(s) and camera orientations per strip • = Approximate EO for each strip (if available)

• = Average flying height, average ground elevation • = Coordinates for the first photo in the strip • = Either the coordinates for the last photo in the strip or the azimuth and percent

overlap for the strip. • = Control point coordinates and standard deviations, preferably in an ascii data file.



1. On the NT desktop, click Start > Programs >

ImageStation Photogrammetric Manager. The ImageStation Photogrammetric Manager Dialog Box is opened.



2. Select File>New Project.

The new project window opens. 3. Enter the Project Name as calpoly. Press TAB. Enter the Location as C:\calpoly. Press Next.



4. Set the Linear Units to Feet (ft). Set the Angular Unit to Degrees (deg). Press Next.

5. Set the Flying Height (AMSL) to 4200 ft above mean sea level (AMSL). Set the Ground Elevation (AMSL) to 600 feet. Press Next.



6. Set Acceptable IO Limits to default. Set Acceptable RO Limits to default. Set Acceptable AO/Bundle Adjustment Limits to Default. Press Next.

ACCEPTABLE IO LIMITS Max Sigmo Max Residual

Default Values 10 10 ACCEPTABLE RO LIMITS Max Sigma Max Y-Parallax

Default Values 10 10 ACCEPTABLE AO/BUNDLE ADJUSTMENT LEVEL

X (ft) Y (ft) Z (ft) Max RMS 0.001 0.001 0.001 Max Residual 0.001 0.001 0.001 Max Sigma 10 µm



7. Leave the Default User Points form blank. Press Finish.

8. The New Project Wizard Form Displays. Press Yes.

The system responds with the following form.



9. Select Camera Wizard from the Edit pulldown menu.

The Camera Wizard Form appears.

10. Enter Camera Name as calpoly_class. Press Next.



CAMERA DATA

focal_length: 152.7827 principal point of Autocollimation 0 0 principal point of best symmetry 0 0 fiducial: 1 -106 -106.002 fiducial: 2 106.016 105.99 fiducial: 3 -105.982 105.997 fiducial: 4 106.001 -106.002 distortion_spacing: 0 7.5 15 22.7 30 37.5 45 distortions: 0 2 1 -1 1 1 -1 11 Enter the Focal Length as 152.7827 mm. Enter the Principal Point of Best Symmetry as –0.003 for X and –0.003 for Y. Enter the Principal Point of Auto Collimation as 0.000 for X and 0.000 for Y. Enter Film Width as 230 mm, and Film Length as 230 mm. Press Next.



12. Complete the Fiducial Coordinate form using the data from the camera table above. Enter the ID, X and Y values and then press Add. When all the data has been entered press Next.



13. Check off Enable Lens Distortion. Set the Distortion Value Format to Table. Set the Distortion Value to Angular. Set the Distortion Mode to Average. Press Next.



14. Enter the distortion values from the camera table above. Enter the Angle (deg) value, and then the Distortion (µµµµm) and press Add. When the table is complete press Finish.

15. The New Camera Wizard Form displays. Press Yes.



16 In the ImageStation Photogrammetric Manager window select Edit>Camera and double-click.

The following window opens. Go to Camera Data and check that the entered data is correct. Check the data associated with each of the other headings. Click OK to exit.



17. In the ImageStation Photogrammetric Manager window select Edit>Photo and double-click.

18. The following window opens. In Strip ID enter 1. In Photo ID enter 3. Turn Composite Image off. For the Image File, enter the path C:\calpoly\images\cal1_3.cot. For Exterior Orientation Information, set the View Geometry to Vertical, and leave Camera Station Position and Camera Station Attitude off. The Camera Name should be calpoly_class, and the Camera Orientation should be zero. Click Apply.



The Edit Photo window appears. Click Yes.

19. The following window appears. In Strip ID enter 1. In Photo ID enter 4. Turn Composite Image off. For the Image File, enter the path C:\calpoly\images\cal1_4.cot. For Exterior Orientation Information, set the View Geometry to Vertical, and leave Camera Station Position and Camera Station Attitude off. The Camera Name should be calpoly_class, and the Camera Orientation should be zero. Click OK. Also click OK on the other forms that appear.



20. In the ImageStation Photogrammetric Manager window select Edit>Model and double-click.

21. The following window appears. In Left Photo enter 1 for Strip and 4 for ID. In

Right Photo, enter 1 for Strip and 3 for ID. Press Generate Model ID from Photo Ids.



22. The Model ID 1~4+1~3 is automatically generated. In Left Epipolar Image, enter the path to the left image file ( for example C:\calpoly\images\cal1_4.cot). In the Right Epipolar Image, enter the path to the right image file (for example C:\calpoly\images\cal1_3.cot). Press Apply.

The following form appears. Press OK.



23. In the ImageStation Photogrammetric Manager window, select Edit>Control Points. Double-click.

24. The following window appears. Enter the control data from the table. After entry of each line, press Add.

ID TYPE CLASS X Y Z 2 Control Full 14527.250 45609.330 931.750 3587 Control Full 15861.020 44637.060 758.590 21 Control Full 14417.830 42383.520 865.260 22 Control Full 15938.720 42583.520 721.350 23 Control Full 16620.420 43130.610 720.410



25. Exit from ImageStation Photogrammetric Manager.



Exercise 2 MODEL SET-UP, INNER ORIENTATION In this exercise, you will learn how to setup part of a softcopy photogrammetric model. This will include interior (inner) orientation. You have set-up a project file with camera data, control data, photo and model data. You have been supplied with two softcopy photogrammetry images of the Cal Poly campus scanned at 22.5 microns. The camera data from the camera calibration report is given in a table in exercise 1. The control data from a filed map is also given in a table in exercise 1. OBJECTIVES Upon completion of the exercise you will be able to perform the following functions. ♦ = View images in different arrangements, such as overview, and detail. ♦ = Enhance images in real-time on the screen. ♦ = Complete Inner Orientation. ♦ = Assess the results of Inner Orientation

3. On the NT desktop, click

Start > Programs > ImageStation Model Setup.

The ImageStation Photogrammetric Manager Dialog Box is opened.



4. Select File>Open Project.

3. Select the Project Name as calpoly. Press Open.



4. Select Orientations>Interior. Double-click.

The Select Photos form displays.

5. Select Strip 1, Photo 3. Press OK.



The following image displays on the screen.

6. The windows arrangement may not look exactly as above. Select Window New Arrangement to activate the New Arrangement dialog box: The following dialog box appears.

7. Select the number of levels you want displayed for each photograph. Selecting 1 level will display only the detail windows; selecting 2 levels will display the overview and the detail windows; selecting 3 levels will display the overview, intermediate and detail windows. Select the Number of Levels to be 3. Press OK. All exercises in these laboratory manuals will use the three-window arrangement.



8. Once you have an arrangement you like, you can select Window Save Arrangement… If you don’t do this, when you leave the orientation your arrangement will be given the unimaginative name “New.” Note that these arrangements are saved per orientation. In other words, IO, RO, AO and Resection all have separate sets of window arrangements.

9. If you don’t like the arrangement. Select Window Restore Arrangement. The Restore Arrangement window appears as follows.

overview

intermediate

detail

interior orientation orrelative orientation orabsolute orientation



10. Choose the one you want. You will find a number of built in window arrangements to choose from, many of them corresponding to screen resolutions. You can review or change your screen resolution by selecting Start Settings Control Panel Display Settings tab Desktop Area. 11 Select View Enhance or the icon. The following form appears. To adjust the brightness of the image, drag the cross hairs to the appropriate position.



12 The first fiducial is located in the southwest corner of the overview. Use the cursor to locate the first fiducial on the overview. The cursor is different in the photogrammetry software. It appears as a diagonal cross.



13. When the cursor is located in the vicinity of the fiducial, click on the fiducial in the overview with the data button. The fiducial. then appears in the intermediate window and the detail view.



14. Click on the fiducial with the data button in the intermediate view. Then measure it

precisely on the detail window.

Measurements are taken only in the detail view (this is true of all orientations). It is not necessary to precisely measure in the overview or intermediate view. They are used only to center the detail view for measurement

The measurement records in the inner orientation window.



15 The second fiducial mark is located in the northeast corner of the overview. Click in its vicinity with the data button and the fiducial mark will appear in the intermediate and detail views.

16 After this, the system should display the remaining fiducials accurately enough that you

will not need to use the overview or intermediate windows any more. Measure the remaining six fiducial marks. Upon completion the interior orientation window should look as follows.

17 If the system cannot find the third fiducial for you, then you probably misidentified one

of the first two. If the system finds the third fiducial but it seems to be misplaced a little bit, then check your camera orientation in ImageStation Project Manager. Your fiducials may be rotated to the wrong positions

18. Once you have measured all fiducials, sigma should be less than 5 microns and the

system will tell you that you have a good solution. If the solution is satisfactory, move the cursor over an image window and select Next Photo from the shortcut menu (right mouse button). Your measurements and results will automatically be saved. If this was the last photo selected, select Apply to apply the results to a solution, then select Close. If the solution is not satisfactory go to step 19.



19. If your sigma is greater than 5 microns, you will need to remeasure the points with high residuals, or correct the blunders. First try remeasuring all the points that have a residual greater than 5 microns, and observe if the residuals in the solution get smaller.

20. To find blunders in your IO measurements, click on the More button on the Interior

Orientation results dialog to bring up the Additional Interior Orientation Parameters dialog box. Select Conformal, Affine and Projective from the pulldown list. Observe the residuals from each transformation. Notice if one transformation works better than others, and reduces the sigma below 5 microns. If one of the transformations reduces the sigma below 5 microns, press Close, and exit the Additional Interior Orientation Parameters dialog box. On the Interior Orientation dialog box, press Apply and then Close. If a problem still exists go to step 21.

21 On the Additional Interior Orientation Parameters dialog box, there are Withhold,

Reinstate and Delete buttons. Find the measurement with the largest residual and withhold it. Observe the other residuals, and the sigma. If their value drops, the measurement you have withheld is bad. Continue withholding points until you obtain the required accuracy. A conformal transformation requires 4 points. An Affine transformation requires 6 points. A projective transformation requires eight points. . If withholding points reduces the sigma below 5 microns, press Close, and exit the Additional Interior Orientation Parameters dialog box. On the Interior Orientation dialog box, press Apply and then Close. If a problem still exists go to step 22

22. The residuals that you get from running IO should reflect your pointing accuracy. The

Sigma value should be less than 5 microns. If your residuals are still too high, and everything else has failed. The problem maybe that your calibrated fiducial coordinate are entered wrong. Check them. It is also possible that you have not accounted for camera orientation when identifying the first two fiducials. Remember that if your camera orientation is not 0°, your fiducial positions will appear to be rotated. The fiducials must be measured with regard to the calibration report for the camera, no matter how the image is displayed on the screen.



23. When you have reduced the sigma below 5 microns, on the Interior Orientation dialog box, press Apply and then Close. The Select Photos form appears. It shows the results obtained from Interior Orientation on Strip_id 1, Photo_id 3.

24. Select Strip_id 1, Photo_id 4 from the Select Photos form. Press OK. Complete the inner orientation for the second photograph. The system should automatically drive to the fiducial marks. A result of less than 5 microns is desired.



Exercise 3 MODEL SET-UP, RELATIVE ORIENTATION In this exercise, you will learn how to setup part of a softcopy photogrammetric model. This will include interior relative orientation. You have set-up a project file with camera data, control data, photo and model data. You have been supplied with two softcopy photogrammetry images of the Cal Poly campus scanned at 22.5 microns. The camera data from the camera calibration report is given in a table in exercise 1. The control data from a filed map is also given in a table in exercise 1. The inner orientation was completed in exercise 2. OBJECTIVES Upon completion of the exercise you will be able to perform the following functions. ♦ = View images in different arrangements, such as overview, and detail. ♦ = Enhance images in real-time on the screen. ♦ = Complete Relative Orientation ♦ = Learn how to measure model points. ♦ = Assess the results of Relative Orientation



The ImageStation Model SetupDialog Box is opened.







4. Select Orientations>Relative. Double-click.


5. Select ModelId 1~4+1~3. Press OK.










overview

intermediate

detail







12. Point distribution is critical in RO. The system will solve with six or more points. The operator must ensure that the points measured are in the correct locations. The operator must cover the photogrammetric model with the measured points. When you have developed skills, the easiest way to ensure this is to set up user points for your project (Edit>Project>User Points). ♦ � The following configuration should be used to measure points

By covering the model with parallax points, you also ensure that some of these points will fall in the overlap areas between models (pass points) and in the sidelap areas between strips (where they are referred to as tie points). Six points are minimum that you should measure. You need at least 9 points to ensure that you have cleared y-parallax. Y-Parallax is the separation of the left and right measuring marks in the y-direction. The following diagram illustrates the concept of y-parallax.

1 2

3 4

5 6

y-parallax



13. The first relative orientation point is located at position 1 shown in the diagram above.

Set it Id on the relative orientation form to be 1. In the left overview, select a point with the cursor in the left overview located approximately in position 1. . The cursor is different in the photogrammetry software. It appears as a diagonal cross. Click with a data point in the left overview. The location appears in the left intermediate view. Click the middle mouse button in the left middle view and the view enters roam mode. Roam until you find a good detail point to measure. A good detail point is one with a lot of contrast (i.e. the end of the line marking a parking space). Click on the detail point in the left intermediate view. The point appears in the detail view. Measure the point by clicking the data button in the left detail view.

A letter M will appear in the relative orientation window under the left column.

14. In the right overview, select a point with the cursor in the right overview located

approximately in position 1. Click with a data point in the right overview. The location appears in the right intermediate view. Click the middle mouse button in the right intermediate view and the view enters roam mode. Roam until you find a good detail point to measure. A good detail point is one with a lot of contrast (i.e. the end of the line marking a parking space). Click on the detail point in the right intermediate view. The point appears in the detail view. Measure the point by clicking the data button in the right detail view.

A letter M will appear in the relative orientation window under the right column as shown below.



15. The second relative orientation point is located at position 2 shown in the diagram above. Set it Id on the relative orientation form to be 2. In the left overview, select a point with the cursor in the left overview located approximately in position 2. . The cursor is different in the photogrammetry software. It appears as a diagonal cross. Click with a data point in the left overview. The location appears in the left intermediate view. Click the middle mouse button in the left middle view and the view enters roam mode. Roam until you find a good detail point to measure. A good detail point is one with a lot of contrast (i.e. the end of the line marking a parking space). Click on the detail point in the left intermediate view. The point appears in the detail view. Measure the point by clicking the data button in the left detail view.

A letter M will appear in the relative orientation window under the left column for point 2.

16. In the right overview, select a point with the cursor in the right overview located

approximately in position 2. Click with a data point in the right overview. The location appears in the right intermediate view. Click the middle mouse button in the right intermediate view and the view enters roam mode. Roam until you find a good detail point to measure. A good detail point is one with a lot of contrast (i.e. the end of the line marking a parking space). Click on the detail point in the right intermediate view. The point appears in the detail view. Measure the point by clicking the data button in the right detail view.

A letter M will appear in the relative orientation window under the right column for point 2 (shown as PointId).



17. Repeat steps 13 and 14 until points 1 to 6 have been measured. A letter M will appear in the relative orientation window under the left and right columns for points 1 to 6. When 6 points have been measure the software computes a solution. Most of the time, this solution will look pretty good. Don’t believe it. Six points are not enough to statistically assess an RO solution. You need at least nine points.

A close-up of the relative orientation window is seen below

18. Measure three additional points. These points can be randomly distributed in the model.



19 Every relative orientation solution generates a statistics report, starting with y-parallax for every point and an overall pointing accuracy, sigma. The system will compare these to the project limits you previously set up in Photogrammetric Project Manager and will indicate a warning if the solution exceeds either limit. If you have a good solution, these statistics will be small. However, the converse is not always true: having great statistics doesn’t mean you have a good solution. The proof is in the y-parallax observed: Drive around the model, especially the edges, and spot-check your parallax in the stereo views wearing the stereo glasses. More statistics are shown on the Additional Relative Orientation Parameters dialog box (available by clicking on the More button on the Relative Orientation dialog box).

♦ = 20. Check that you have a good relative orientation solution, and that there is no parallax in the model. Various problems can occur with relative orientation �

� Bad Statistics

� Revisit the points you’ve measured. Sometimes a fresh look will reveal parallax or a mismeasurement that you didn’t see before.

� If you have used buddy points, look at the residuals on buddy pairs. If the residuals in a buddy pair are similar, then there are probably systematic errors affecting your solution. Without systematic errors, the residuals will look much more random.

� Bad statistics but RO points look good

� This is a little unusual, but it can happen. First of all, measure at least nine points. The parallax values from a weak RO solution really don’t tell you anything. But even with plenty of measurements, a bad point may not have the largest parallax if it is at the edge of the model. This means that the obvious strategy of remeasuring those points with the highest parallax simply won’t work. The way to find the bad point is to withhold points, one by one, reinstating each before withholding the next, until the solution suddenly improves. The point you just withheld will now have a much larger parallax than the others.



� After this, if all your points look good yet you still have poor statistics, there may be a problem with your IO, fiducial coordinates, principal point coordinates or image corrections.

� Good statistics but the model still has parallax

� If you haven’t measured at least nine points, do so. Measure extra points in the areas where you see parallax.

21. The average operator can obtain an average parallax measurement of 5 microns. Re-measure, withhold and delete your measurements until you have a solution with sigma less than 5 microns with at least 9 points measured, The system will state Good Solution.

22. When satisfied with the solution, press Apply on the Relative Orientation window.



23. Press Close on the Relative Orientation window. The Select Model window appears with the solution of the relative orientation entered.

24. Enter Cancel and return to the Model Setup main window.



Exercise 4 MODEL SET-UP, ABSOLUTE ORIENTATION In this exercise, you will learn how to setup part of a softcopy photogrammetric model. This will include absolute orientation. You have set-up a project file with camera data, control data, photo and model data. You have been supplied with two softcopy photogrammetry images of the Cal Poly campus scanned at 22.5 microns. The camera data from the camera calibration report is given in a table in exercise 1. The control data from a filed map is also given in a table in exercise 1. The inner orientation was completed in exercise 2. The relative orientation was performed in exercise 3. The purpose of absolute orientation is to register the stereo-model to the ground. You will do this by measuring at least three control points. The system uses these points to level and scale the model. The result will be a scaled and leveled stereo-model from which you can collect data. On analog stereo-plotters, three vertical points are used to level the model and two planimetric points are used to apply a scale and to orient the stereo-model to the mapsheet. In analytical photogrammetry, even if you use more points, the same principles apply. This means that, even if you have a multitude of points, at least three of them need to be have Z coordinates and two of them need to have X and Y coordinates. In addition, these points should be well distributed over the model (and not all in one corner or in a straight line). OBJECTIVES Upon completion of the exercise you will be able to perform the following functions. ♦ = View images in different arrangements, such as overview, and detail. ♦ = Enhance images in real-time on the screen. ♦ = Complete Absolute Orientation ♦ = Learn how to measure model points. ♦ = Assess the results of Absolute Orientation



The ImageStation Model Setup Dialog Box is opened.







4. Select Orientations>Absolute. Double-click.




5. Select ModelId 1~4+1~3. Press OK.










overview

intermediate

detail







14. Point distribution is critical in Absolute Orientation. The system will solve with three or more full control points. Seven measurements are needed to solve an absolute orientaion. Theoretically and practically, it could be solved with two full control points and an additional height point. However there would be no redundancy in the system. The operator must ensure that the points are measured in the correct locations. The operator must cover the photogrammetric model with the measured points. When you have developed skills, the easiest way to ensure this is to set up user points for your project (Edit>Project>User Points).

♦ � The following configuration should be used to measure absolute orientation points.

Each point should be fully control to obtain redundancy. Normally this information will be obtained in the aerial triangulation process.

15. Ideal positions for absolute control points are rarely encountered. The first absolute

orientation point is located at position 1 shown in the diagram above. It is labeled point 21 in your control list. The instructor will show you the location of this point. In the left overview, select a point 21 with the cursor. Click with a data point in the left overview on point 21. The location appears in the left intermediate view. Click on point 21 in the left intermediate view. The point appears in the detail view. Measure the point by clicking the data button in the left detail view.

A letter M will appear in the absolute orientation window under the left column.

17. In the right overview, select point 21 with the cursor. Click with a data point in the right

overview. The location appears in the right intermediate view. Click on point 21 in the right intermediate view. The point appears in the detail view. Measure the point by clicking the data button in the right detail view.

A letter M will appear in the relative orientation window under the right column as shown below.

1 2

3 4



15 Measure points 3587 and 2 in the manner described in sections 13 and 14. Ask the instructor to show you the locations of these points. There approximate location is shown in the picture below.

16. Select More, and the form shown below appears. Review the solution. It will probably exceed tolerance.



17. Apply the absolute orientation, and Close the Absolute Orientation form. Select Edit>Project Settings. The following form appears. Change the Max RMS to 0.1 for X, Y and Z. Change the Max Residual to 0.2 for X, Y, and Z. Select OK.

18 Select Edit>Control Points. The following form appears.



19. Three points are not sufficient to assess the overall precision of the absolute orientation. Add the following control values to the list of control points.

ID TYPE CLASS X Y Z

TP1 Control Full 15677.872 43378.891 829.5 TP2 Check Full 15835.612 43699.1 765.0 TP3 Control Full 15518.571 44021.096 837.9 20 Return to absolute orientation. Measure points TP1, TP2, and TP3 in absolute orientation. The results you obtain should now meet the tolerances. Continue re-measuring until the tolerances for sigma is met.



21. Select Apply on the Absolute Orientation form to save the results and apply them to the solution. Click Close to return to Model Setup. The following form appears. It shows the results of all the orientations. Select Cancel and Exit Model Setup.



Exercise 5 IMAGE STEREO-DISPLY SYSTEM, BASIC In this exercise, you will learn how to setup part of a softcopy photogrammetric model. in stereo. This will include the ISSD software. You have set-up a project file with camera data, control data, photo and model data. You have been supplied with two softcopy photogrammetry images of the Cal Poly campus scanned at 22.5 microns. The camera data from the camera calibration report is given in a table in exercise 1. The control data from a filed map is also given in a table in exercise 1. The inner orientation was completed in exercise 2. The relative orientation was performed in exercise 3. The absolute orientation was performed in exercise 4. This laboratory exercise attempts to clearly and concisely convey the information necessary to display and manipulate stereo images for use with the Intergraph ImageStation family of photogrammetric applications. This laboratory does not attempt to cover every tool in the software, but rather discusses the steps necessary to get the images displayed in stereo, with the ultimate goal of performing stereo feature/DTM extraction. OBJECTIVES Upon completion of the exercise you will be able to perform the following functions. ♦ = View images in stereo-mode. ♦ = Learn the difference between cursor-mode and stereo-mode. ♦ = Learn how to view images in roam mode. ♦ = Learn how to measure points in stereo-mode ♦ =



1. Start MicroStation by either choosing the MicroStation icon in Start>Programs>MicroStation95.

The MicroStation Manager Dialog Box appears.

2. In the

MicroStation Manager dialog box, change the working directory and select lab.dgn as the design file.



3. Select File>New and click on New.

The following form appears.

4. Press the Select button under Seed File. The following form appears. Select the file

seed3d.dgn and press OK.



The follow form appears.

5. Enter a filename (e.g. atest) and make sure the directory path is set to the location where you are keeping the data. Click OK.






5. Place a fence around the cube in the top view, and delete the cube with the fence

6. In MicroStation, select Settings>Design File>Working Units. The following form

appears. Make the Master Units ft, Sub Units th, 10 su per ft, and 1000 Pos Units Per su. Press OK



The follow warning will display. Press OK.

7. In the MicroStation keyin field, type WT=5. Select Place Active Point as shown in the following diagram. A dynamic point attaches to the cursor.



8. In the MicroStation Keyin window type xy=14527.25,44134.032,766.49. Press enter. A point is place in the MicroStation top view.

9. Select Fit from the View Control palette. Place a data point in the top view. The point appears in the center of the view.



10 In the Microstation keyin field, type File. Press Enter. The file settings are saved.

11 Select Start>Programs>Photogrammetry>ImageStation Stereo Display.



The following form is displayed

12. With the browser button to the right of the Project field, select the project. The Model ID will update automatically. With the browser button to the right of Design File field, select the design file created in the previous step. ISSD will check the project directory for a “dgn” subdirectory by default and list any design files found there. If no such directory exists, any design files found in the project directory will be displayed. If no design files are in the project directory either, use the DESIGN FILE: browser to locate a 3D design file. Press OK. 13. The stereo images will load. If they do not appear in the top view, select Image>Fit. Place a data point in the top view. There are numerous reasons why the stereo images will not load. If they do not load seek help from the instructor.



14. When the images load the top view should look similar to the picture below. You will now need stereo-glasses to view the model in 3-D.

15. The main ISSD palette will appear in the stereo view. Each of the palettes has a small arrow pointing to the right. This means that there is some additional information on each palette. Point to the first icon and hold the data button down. The palett will expand. Drag the palatte off the main menu. Repeat this for each icon.



The screen view should be as follows.

Each icon in the palettes represents an item in the pull-down menus. 16. On the ISSD main pull-down menu, select Cursor>Select. The following form will display. Select the stereo-cursor that you wish to use. Click OK.



17. On the ISSD main pull-down menu, select Utilities>Button Assignments

The following form will appear.

Perform the following operations to test the hand controls are operational.

On the Tracker Ball single click the right button - the stereo-cursor should appear single click the left button - the stereo-cursor will center in the view single click the middle button - the sensitivity of the cursor change

♦ � On the Mouse Singe click on the left button - data point Single click on the right button - reset

♦ � Double click middle button - roam mode on/off



18. On the ISSD main pull-down menu, select Cursor>Sensitivity Settings. The following form will appear. Set the values as shown. Click OK. The cursor may move too slow for you, so you may reset it later.

19. On the ISSD main pull-down menu, select Utilities>Coordinate Readout. The following form appears. When in stereo-mode the Dynamic Coordinate Readout form gives real-time X,Y,Z coordinates.



20. In stereo mode, measure the coordinates of point 3587. The correct value is given in the control point list. You should get results within 0.2 ft.



21. Measure the south corner of the top of the library, building 15. Record the coordinates.

X ________________ Y ________________ Z ________________



APPENDIX I SOFTCOPY LAB5

The Palette Menus ISSD makes use of MicroStation palette menus to help facilitate quick access to frequently used commands. When entering ISSD for the first time you should see a single ISSD palette menu that looks like this:

Notice that each icon on the menu has a small black triangle/arrow indicating that if you click and hold on the icon more icons will be displayed for command selection. If you click hold and drag the cursor far enough away from this main ISSD palette menu the row of icons will tear off, allowing you to keep separate sub-palettes up at all times for quick access. Note too that if you place the cursor over any icon that a tool-tip will display giving you the keyin equivalent of the command. The following briefly describes each command on each tear-off menu. The File Menu

ISSD Open Image (Currently not implemented) Opens an image file browser to allow the user to select an ortho rectified image for display as a backdrop for heads-up digitizing. ISSD Model Select Opens the same Select Model dialog used to start ISSD to allow users to switch projects, models and or design files without having to leave the MicroStation Environment. The Cursor Menu

ISSD Cursor Free X [Y] [Z] Clicking on either of these first three icons will free the cursor motion after it has been locked with the ISSD Cursor Freeze command(s). See next paragraph. ISSD Cursor Freeze X [Y] [Z] Use these commands to freeze the motion of the stereo cursor in the indicated axis. Freezing the Z axis is useful when stream digitizing contours to prevent the user from inadvertantly bumping the Z motion forcestick. Freezing the X axis can be usefile for users wanting to digitize profiles up and down a model without using a fixed grid system such as with ISDC. ISSD Cursor Motion Planimetric



Sets the cursor motion to move planimetrcally, that is, the elevation control moves the floating mark up and down in the Z axis at all times regardless of the orientation of the model. ISSD Cursor Motion Stereometric Sets the cursor motion back to a stereometric motion so that the elevation control moves the floating mark “in and out of the screen” such that it always tracks the depth of the view. This is the normal mode of operation. ISSD Cursor Motion User (Currently not implemented) Sets the cursor motion to an axis system as defined by the user (see next paragraph). Useful for working in many oblique or close range type models. ISSD Cursor Motion Define (Currently not implemented) Allows the user to define a custom axis system for the cursor motion. ISSD Cursor Select Allows the user to select different cursors for stereo digitizing. Note that ISSD delivers only 5 cursors by default in the product directory’s \config directory. These files must be named as shown here, but can be edited with any Windows compatable cursor editor (such as MicroAngelo).

Issdcur1.cur Issdcur2.cur Issdcur3.cur Issdcur4.cur Issdcur5.cur ISSD Cursor Sensitivity Settings Displays a dialog that allows users to more finely tune the sensitivities of the cursor motion.



Notice too that the user can use this dialog to set the motion and tracking modes, as well as the active speed, at the top of this form just as he could with the previously discussed menu items. To make an adjustment on any of the motions, simply key in a new value or drag the slider up or down for the desired motion control. Setting any of the controls to “0” has the same effect as turning off or disabling a motion. Setting a control to “100” has the effect of doubling the motion’s speed. If the user has doubled the speed of the motion(s) but would still like it to go faster, he can use the Accelerator to ramp all of the motions higher. This is sometimes necessary for close range models. ISSD Cursor Sensitivity Index Mens ISSD Cursor Sensitivity Index Low ISSD Cursor Sensitivity Index High These commands set the active sensitivity/speed for the Hand Held Controller (HHC). It is much quicker and easier to simply click the rightmost button on the HHC to toggle through these settings. ISSD Cursor Tracking Primary Left ISSD Cursor Tracking Primary Right Selecting either of these commands will put the cursor into a “mono-tracking” mode where either the left or right image becomes the primary tracking view wherein the floating mark stays fixed in that view during any Z motion changes and the opposite cursor/image is brought to the primary target. This is sometimes useful in close range models. ISSD Cursor Tracking Stereo Sets the cursor back to normal stereo tracking mode after having been set to one of the two previous primary tracking modes. ISSD Cursor On ISSD Cursor Off You guessed it, turns the cursor on or off in any selected view. The Image Menu

ISSD Image Control Displays a dialog to turn on or off images in any open windows. Note that this will leave the window in its viewing state (either stereo or mono), it simply turns off the raster imagery. This allows the user to view any vectors in stereo or mono without having the raster backdrop. ISSD Image Fit Fits the raster imagery of the model to the window. ISSD Image Enhance (Command not permitted while ROAM is active.) This command opens the Image Enhancement OCX and is the same interface for image manipulation in all Intergraph photogrammetric applications. Please refer to the Using the Image Enhancement OCX guide for more information. ISSD Image On ISSD Image Off Turns images on or off in the indicated view.



The Utilities Menu

ISSD 2D Snap Enables ISSD to override the systems snapping properties to allow the user to snap to vectors in the X and Y axes only, leaving the elevation of the point at the elevation of the floating mark. This is useful in situations like snapping sidewalks or driveways to buildings where the user wants the element cleanly truncated with the rooflinebut also wants to keep the elevation of the element at ground level. ISSD Buttonmap Displays an outline of the TRACKER BALL AND MOUSE for quick reference to the button functions.

On the Tracker Ball single click the right button - the stereo-cursor should appear single click the left button - the stereo-cursor will center in the view single click the middle button - the sensitivity of the cursor change

♦ � On the Mouse Singe click on the left button - data point Single click on the right button - reset

♦ � Double click middle button - roam mode on/off Sens. Scroll - Scrolls through the sensitivity/speed settings of the HHC from High to Low to Mens(uration) by single-clicking. Double-clicking this button while capturing points with ISDC will allow the user to back up one point. ISSD Readout



Opens the real-time coordinate display box. ISSD Depth Indexing Opens a dialog for allowing the user to remeasure control points to let the operator reset the datum to accomodate for operator bias. Note that if used, this operation should be repeated whenever the operator zooms in or out and collects data at the new zoom factor. ISSD Stereo Normal ISSD Stereo Pseudo These two commands toggle the stereo glasses so that the stereo imagery can be viewed in either normal stereo or pseudo stereo. ISSD Stereo Bright Forces the shutters open on the stereo glasses to ease use of command selection. ISSD Stereo Autobright Automatically opens the shutters of the stereo glasses when the user toggles the cursor to mono for ease of use during command selection, and then reactivates the shutters for stereo viewing when the user toggles the cursor back to stereo. The View Menu

ISSD View Stereo Enables any MicroStation window for stereo image display. Note that this is probably the first command you will use when entering a design file for a new project for the first time. ISSD View Platform Converts a stereo view back to a “plain” MicroStation view. This is often useful for performing edit work and fence commands. ISSD View MonoL ISSD View MonoR These commands will display either the Left or Right image monoscopically. ISSD View Mono (Currently not implemented.) Use this command to designate a window for display of ortho-rectified images. To be used in conjunction with the Open Image command. ISSD Roam Yep, activates roam. Same as double-clicking the left thumb button on the HHC. ISSD RoamTVL Use this command to clear the Temporary Vector List that ISSD uses to keep track of elements. Currently, this command must be used frequently when digitizing and snapping to elements. Failure to do so will cause highlighted elements to continue to flicker to the highlight color and degrade roam performance. ISSD View Master (Command not permitted while roam is active.) Makes the indicated stereo display window the “master” view for roaming.



Workflow Tips All the previously described commands on the tear off menus can also be accessed by using the pull down menus found at the top of the MicroStation window display. Use the Applications pull down menu to select which application you want to select commands for via pull downs. Note that this is the only way to access ISDC commands. When entering ISSD for the first time you will most likely need to set one (or more) of the views to stereo with the ISSD View Stereo command, either by tool box/tear off menu, pull down menu, or key in. The real time coordinate display is not displayed by default. Use the ISSD Readout command to bring it up. ISSD will “remember” the form’s location between sessions. Don’t use MicroStation’s 2D View Control commands to window about in the stereo views. Doing so will give unexpected results. I recommend tearing the Window commands off of the ISFC main palette menu and using these instead. Unfortunately, ISFC does NOT save menu locations/configurations between sessions.



Exercise 6 IMAGE STEREO-DISPLAY SYSTEM, TERRAIN MODELING In this exercise, you will learn how to setup part of a softcopy photogrammetric model. in stereo. This will include the ISSD software. You have set-up a project file with camera data, control data, photo and model data. You have been supplied with two softcopy photogrammetry images of the Cal Poly campus scanned at 22.5 microns. The camera data from the camera calibration report is given in a table in exercise 1. The control data from a filed map is also given in a table in exercise 1. The inner orientation was completed in exercise 2. The relative orientation was performed in exercise 3. The absolute orientation was performed in exercise 4. In laboratory exercise 5, the student was introduced to stereo-image viewing, and operation of the ISSD software. This laboratory exercise attempts to clearly and concisely convey the information necessary to create and edit digital terrain models for use with the Intergraph ImageStation family of photogrammetric applications. This laboratory does not attempt to cover every tool in the software, but rather discusses the steps necessary to create a new DTM and edit an existing one. OBJECTIVES Upon completion of the exercise you will be able to perform the following functions. ♦ = View images in stereo-mode. ♦ = Learn how to collect a digital terrain model. ♦ = Learn how to view images in roam mode. ♦ = Learn how to triangulate the features ♦ = Learn how to draw contours in the photogrammetric model 1. Select Start>Programs>Photogrammetry>ImageStation Stereo Display.



The following form is displayed

2. With the browser button to the right of the Project field, select the project. The Model ID will update automatically. With the browser button to the right of Design File field, select the design file created in the previous step. ISSD will check the project directory for a “dgn” subdirectory by default and list any design files found there. If no such directory exists, any design files found in the project directory will be displayed. If no design files are in the project directory either, use the DESIGN FILE: browser to locate a 3D design file. Press OK. 3. The stereo images will load. If they do not appear in the top view, select Image>Fit. Place a data point in the top view. There are numerous reasons why the stereo images will not load. If they do not load seek help from the instructor.



4. When the images load the top view should look similar to the picture below. You will now need stereo-glasses to view the model in 3-D.



5. On the ISSD main pull-down menu, select Applications>ISDC. The following view appears.



6. On the ISDC main pull-down menu, select Define>Collection Boundary. Click the

Data button on the mouse.



The following window appears.

7. Select the location where you want to collect the Digital Terrain Model (DTM) and zoom out until you can see the whole area. Enter the first data point by using the stereo cursor. The cursor should be on the ground when viewed in 3-D with the stereo-glasses. When a data point is entered a dynamic line attaches to the cursor. Place data points around the polygon where you want to collect the DTM, and close back on the first point. Click the Reset button on the mouse



8. On the ISDC main pull-down menu, select Define>Pathway Parameters. Click the data button




9. Complete the Pathways Parameters form with the following information:

Active Pathway Number 1 ♦ � Point Distance Along Profile 50.00 Profile Spacing 50.00 Tolerance Off Profile 50.00

Profile Azimuth 90.00

♦ = Profile Pattern Combing Screen Mode On Screen Mode View Num View 1 Add Point Mode Off Drive Elevation From Last Elevation

10. On the ISDC main pull-down menu, select Define>Generate Pathways. Press the data button.

The Following picture appears.



11. Identify the Data collection boundary with the cursor in stereo-mode. The boundary will highlight. Press the Data button to accept the boundary. The following picture appears.



12. Place a data point inside the data collection boundary to identify the grid position. A series of yellow points will appear. These represent the locations where the software will drive to collect a DTM point. The points will appear as shown below.



13. The Point Symbology can be changed. On the ISDC main menu





Exercise 7 BASE RECTIFIER SYSTEM, ORTHOPHOTO PRODUCTION In this exercise, you will learn how to produce an orthophoto. This will include the base rectifier software. You have set-up a project file with camera data, control data, photo and model data. You have been supplied with two softcopy photogrammetry images of the Cal Poly campus scanned at 22.5 microns. The camera data from the camera calibration report is given in a table in exercise 1. The control data from a filed map is also given in a table in exercise 1. The inner orientation was completed in exercise 2. The relative orientation was performed in exercise 3. The absolute orientation was performed in exercise 4. In laboratory exercise 5, the student was introduced to stereo-image viewing, and operation of the ISSD software. In laboratory exercise 6, you learned how to collect a digital terrain model. This laboratory exercise attempts to clearly and concisely convey the information necessary to create and use an orthophoto. This laboratory does not attempt to cover every tool in the software, but rather discusses the steps necessary to create a new orthophoto and use it as a backdrop for civil and GIS display. OBJECTIVES Upon completion of the exercise you will be able to perform the following functions. ♦ = Produce an orthophoto from an existing DTM. ♦ = Learn how to view the orthophoto in monoscopic views. ♦ = Learn how to view detail in MicroStation in image products. 1. On the Z drive in a DTM folder, you will find a file called 1314.ttn. Copy this file to

your photogrammetric project directory on the C: drive. Also copy the file dtm-1~4-1~3.dgn to you photogrammetry project directory.



2.. Select Start>Programs>Photogrammetry>Base Rectifier>Base Rectifier.

The following form will appear



2. Enter the following information into the form. Project The path and name of photogrammetry project (e.g. C:\calpoly\test1\project). Photo The strip and photo id that will be used to make the orthophoto (e.g. 1~3). Input Image(s) The path and name of the image to be used to make the orthophoto

(e.g. C:\Images\calpoly\cal1~3.cot). Output Image(s) The path and name of the orthophoto imagee created

(e.g. C:\Images\calpoly\oroocal1_3.cot) Overview Options Create: Full Set, Sampling Method Average. 3. Select the Rectification and DTM Options tab at the top of the form. The following form will display.



3. Enter the following data into the form. Interpolation Options Cubic Convolution Sharpness 0.5 Spacing in Pixels 32 Registration Options Define Image Rectangle. The values are taken from the design file. Design File Enter path and file of design file that contains the dtm points (e.g. C:\calpoly\dgn\dtm-1~4-1~3.dgn).

♦ � Digital Terrain Model Options Elevation Data from GRD or TTN file. DTM The path and file name to the TTN file. Areas not covered by DTM Zero Filled. Input Zero Options Preserve Input Zeros in Output Image. 4. Select the Process Options tab on the top of the form. The following form appears.



4. Select Add Job. A job appears in the job list. Select Immediate. Press OK. The

following form appears.

5. On the desktop, Select Start>Programs>Photogrammetry>Base Rectifier>Place Control Points




6. In the Place Control Points form, enter the path and file name for the project (e.g. C:\calpoly\test1\project). In the Design File field, enter the path and name of the design file where you want the control points to appear (e.g. C:\calpoly\dgn\dtm-1~4-1~3.dgn). For Level, enter 1. For Color enter 2. For Weight enter 1. For Size enter 150. Press OK. 7. Select Start>Programs>Irasc>I_RASC.



The following form opens.

8. Select the design file that contains the DTM points. Press OK.



The design file opens. It contains the DTM points and the control points.

9. On the I/RASC C Command Window, select File>Open. The following Form appears.



10. Select the file name (e.g. C:\images\calpoly\ortocal1_3.cot) for the orthophoto you generated earlier. Click Apply. The following image will appear.



11. Window the area around control point 3587 ( the white cross target). Compare the position of the plotted control point with the target. Plot the orthophoto.

Documents

SOFTCOPY - California State Polytechnic University, Pomonahturner/ce427/single_model.pdfIn this exercise, you will learn how to setup a softcopy photogrammetric project. This will