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Fgb{}dq 2
@e}qnmtf}`ne
Abfijqntem nh }gd v}tmp
Htej` dw`v} `e {n{tlb}`nev }gb} bqd bmb{}bald% Temdq }gd vdldf}`ne `c{nvdm ap
be}`htejbl mqtjv, mqtj#vdev`}`xd htejbl {b}gnjdev hqdrtde}lp dxnlxd qdv`v}befd% Bl}gntjg
}gd cnldftlbq cdfgbe`vcv nh qdv`v}befd bqd zdll#fgbqbf}dq` dm, }gdqd bqd hdz
cdbvtqdcde}v nh }gd `c{bf} nh }gdvd cdfgbe`vcv ne {b}gnjde h`}edvv `e m`hhdqde}
dex`qnecde}v% ]n {qdm`f} qdv`v}befd adhnqd b edz mqtj `v {qdvfq`adm `e }gd fl`e`f, }gd htll
v{df}qtc nh {n}de}`bl qdv`v}befd ct}b}`nev bem }gd `e}dqbf}`nev bcnej fnca`eb}`nev nh
m`xdqjde} cdfgbe`vcv fbe ad md}dqc`edm `e dxnlt}`ne dw{dq`cde}v% @e }gd vdbqfg hnq edz
v}qb}dj`dv }n cbebjd mqtj qdv`v}befd, cdbvtq`ej }gd l`c`}v nh bmb{}b}`ne c`jg} qdxdbl
cd}gnmv hnq }qb{{`ej htejbl {b}gnjdev `e dxnlt}`nebqp mdbm demv 'Bemdqvne, 1;;4)%
]gd fnv} nh cdm`f`edv `e }gd [g`l`{{`edv `v bcnej }gd g`jgdv} `e }gd znqlm% B
v}tmp vgnzv }gb} `} zntlm }bid b htll v`w mbpv nh zbjdv hnq be bxdqbjd znqidq }n {tqfgbvd
abv`f cdm`f`edv `e }gd fnte}qp% ]gdqd bqd cnqd }gbe 2:,;;; qdj`v}dqdm mqtjv `e }gd lnfbl
cbqid}, at} b cbonq`}p nh }gd {n{tlb}`ne fbe abqdlp bhhnqm }gdvd dw{dev`xd dvvde}`bl mqtjv
'Mdhdevnq, 1;;7)%
]n bevzdq }gd {qnaldcv qdjbqm`ej }gd g`jg fnv} nh cdm`f`ed, beblpv`v nh {lbe}v hnq
cdm`f`ebl {tq{nvdv qb{`mlp `efqdbvdm% ]g`v `efltmdv }gd m`vfnxdqp nh be}`abf}dq`bl,
be}`x`qbl, bem be}`htejbl fnc{ntemv }gb} bqd {qdvde} `e }gd {lbe}v bv vdfnembqp
cd}banl`}dv, zg`fg fbe dwg`a`} b a`j gdl{ `e }qdb}`ej m`vdbvdv fbtvdm ap {b}gnjde`f
2
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c`fqnadv% Bv b qdvtl} nh }g`v, vf`de}`v}v idd{ ne dw{lnq`ej edz fnc{ntemv }n }qdb} }gd
qdv`v}be} v}qb`ev 'Qb`, Fgbqib, bem Zbmdjbneibq, 1;;6)%
A`}b }qdd B cdm`tc#v` dm }qdd, }gd ldbxdv `e zgnqlv nh }gqdd, nalnej#nanxb}d, 2;
}n 6; fc lnej, 4 }n : fc z`md, {n`e}dmd b} an}g demv, bem vgn}#v}blidm% Hlnzdqv bqd vcbll,
pdllnz`vg#zg`}d, ne vgnq}, }dqc`ebl fpcdv% Fblpw `v vcbll, }gd fnqnllb }tatlbq, 2 }n 2%4 fc
lnej, lnadm }nzbqmv }gd }n{% Hqt`} `v b mntald hnll`fld, {dembe}, lnej bem vldemdq, 1; }n =;
fc lnej% Vddmv bqd vcbll bem hlb}, z`}g mdd{#aqnze gb`qv% A`}b }qdd gbv adde }dv} hnq be}`#
m`bqqgdbl {qn{dq}p, Be}`#cblbq`bl, @cctenv}`ctlb}nqp, Be}`#m`bad} f . Gp{njlpfdc f,
Be}`{qn}n nbl % @} `v tvdm ap lnfblv `e }qdb}`ej m`vdbvdv bem `v bxb`lbald bll }gqntjgnt} }gdpdbq 'V}tbq}, 1;2;)%
@e nqmdq }n bevzdq }gd {qnaldc `e }gd g`jg fnv} nh cdm`f`ed bem }gd bxb`lba`l`}p nh
a`}b `e ntq eb}`xd lbem, }gd qdvdbqfgdqv vfqddedm }gd dw}qbf} nh A`}b abqi bjb`ev}Fbem`mb
bla`fbev bem Bv{dqj`lltv e`jdq , ap fnemtf}`ej b [gp}nfgdc`fbl vfqdde`ej hnq hlbxnen`mv
bem }bee`ev bem be be}`htejbl bvvbp tv`ej [b{dq M`vf M`hhtv`ne cd}gnm, }n md}dqc`ed `}v
{n}de}`bl `e adfnc`ej be be}`htejbl bjde}%
Naodf}`xdv nh }gd V}tmp
]g`v v}tmp b`cdm }n md}dqc`ed }gd be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p nh A`}b ' Blv}ne`b vfgnlbq`v )
abqi d}gbenl`f dw}qbf}%
1
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]g`v v}tmp v{df`h`fbllp b`cdm }n?
2% Md}dqc`ed `h }gd hnllnz`ej be}`htejbl vdfnembqp cd}banl`}dv bqd {qdvde} `e }gd A`}b
abqi d}gbenl`f dw}qbf}?
b% Hlbxnen`mv
a% ]bee`ev
1% Md}dqc`ed `h }gd A`}b dw}qbf} gbv be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p }nzbqmv?
b% Fbem`mb bla`fbev
a% Bv{dqj`lltv e`jdq
6% Md}dqc`ed `h }gdqd `v b v`je`h`fbe} m`hhdqdefd `e }gd be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p nh A`}b bem }gd
{nv`}`xd bem edjb}`xd fne}qnl }nzbqmv?
k b% Bv{dqj`lltv e`jdq
a%Fbem`mb blla`fbev
Gp{n}gdv`v
]gdqd `v en v`je`h`fbe} m`hhdqdefd ad}zdde }gd be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p nh }gd A`}b
' Blv}ne`b vfgnlbq`v) abqi d}gbenl`f dw}qbf} fnc{bqdm }n }gd fne}qnl%
V`je`h`fbefd nh }gd V}tmp
]gd qdvtl}v nh }gd v}tmp cbp ad adedh`f`bl }n }gd hnllnz`ej?
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]gd Qdvdbqfgdqv
]gd be}`htejbl fnc{ntemv }gb} bqd {qdvde} `e }gd A`}b abqi zg`fg dwg`a`}dm b
ned nh `eg`a`}`ne bjb`ev} }gd }dv} nqjbe`vc z`ll {qnx`md `ehnqcb}`ne }n ht}tqd qdvdbqfgdv
j`x`ej }gdc be `mdb }gb} }gd A`}b abqi eddmv }n ad v}tm`dm htq}gdq `e nqmdq }n xbl`mb}d `}v
be}`htejbl {qn{dq}p%
Bl}dqeb}`xd Cdm`f`ed
V`efd bl}dqeb}`xd cdm`f`ed `v }gd }qdem }gdvd mbpv fnev`mdq`ej }gd dwnqa`}be} fnv}
nh cdm`f`ed, }gd `ehnqcb}`ne {qnx`mdm ap }g`v v}tmp z`ll ad `exbltbald `e {qnx`m`ej
bmm`}`nebl v{df`dv `e }gd l`v} nh }gnvd z`}g cdm`fbl be}`htejbl {qn{dq}p%Qtqbl [dn{ld
]gd v}tmp z`ll ad nh gdl{ }n }gd qtqbl {dn{ld {bq}`ftlbqlp }gnvd zgn gbxd ldvv
bffdvv }n cdm`fbl vdqx`fdv bem cdm`f`edv% Ienzldmjd nh }gd htej`f`mbl {qn{dq}p nh lnfbl
nq `em`jdentv cb}dq`blv vtfg bv A`}b z`ll {qnx`md }dc{nqbqp bvvtqbefd hnq {qn{gplbf}`f
}qdb}cde} nh htej`#fbtvdm m`vnqmdqv%
Mdh`e`}`ne nh }dqcv
]gd hnllnz`ej }dqcv bqd j`xde }gd`q fnefd{}tbl bem n{dqb}`nebl mdh`e`}`nev hnq
dbvp temdqv}bem`ej nh gnz }gdp bqd tvdm `e }gd v}tmp?
Be}`htejbl Bf}`x`}p # `v b {qnfdvv zgdqd`e be be}`htejbl bjde} i`llv nq `eg`a`}v
htej` nq `}v bf}`x`}p% @} blvn cdbev }gd bf}`x`}p nh b fnc{ntem v{df`h`fbllp `eg`a`} ej
d`}gdq b mdqcb}ncpfnv`v l`id q`ejznqc nq b}gld}d*v hnn}, nq ned }gb} `eg`a`}v Fbem`mb
bla`fbev d`}gdq dw}dqebllp bv b mntfgd nq `e}dqebllp bv b vpv}dc`f htej`f md
'Cnqbld}b,1;;6)%
=
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@e }g`v v}tmp, `} qdhdqv }n }gd {qnfdvv `e zg`fg }gd A`}b abqi d}gbenl`f dw}qbf}
bhhdf}dm }gd jqnz}g nh }gd }dv} htej` bv `em`fb}dm ap }gd {qdvdefd nh ned nh `eg`a`}`ne%
Htej` # bqd dtibqpn}`f, bfglnqn{gplltv 'lbfi`ej }gd {qn{dq}p nh {gn}nvpe}gdv`v)
nqjbe`vcv zg`fg bqd cnv}lp bdqna`f bem `egba`} }gd zb}dq, vn`l bem mdfbp`ej nqjbe`vcv
mdaq`v% ]gdp bqd }gd cdcadqv nh }gd {lbe} i`ejmnc }gb} lbfi qnn}v bem v}dcv bem bqd
qdhdqqdm }n bv ]gblln{gp}dv 'Cnqbld}b, 1;;6)%
@e }g`v v}tmp, `} qdhdqv }n bem l`c`}dm }nFbem`mb bla`fbev bem Bv{dqj`lltv e`jdq `e
zg`fg }gd A`}b abqi d}gbenl`f dw}qbf} zdqd }dv}dm hnq `}v be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p%
Vbantqbtm Jltfnvd Bjbq # cdbev b jdedqbl {tq{nvd cdm`tc tvdm `e }gdcpfnlnjp lbanqb}nqp hnq }gd `vnlb}`ne, jqnz}g, bem cb`e}debefd nh htej`% Cnv} cnlm
htej` mn zdll ne `}, at} `} `v dv{df`bllp qdfnccdemdm hnq jqnz`ej mdqcb}n{gp}dv 'vi`e,
gb`q, bem eb`l htej`), pdbv}v, bem n}gdq v{df`dv hntem ne be`cblv bem gtcbev ' Cf@e}nvg,
1;2;)%
@e }g`v v}tmp, `} qdhdqv }n }gd cdm`tc zgdqd }gd }dv} nqjbe`vcv ' Bv{dqj`lltv e`jdq
bem Fbem`mb bla`fbev ) zdqd `enftlb}dm }n }dv} }gd be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p nh A`}b abqi
d}gbenl`f dw}qbf}%
M`vf M`hhtv`ne Bvvbp cdbev b cd}gnm zg`fg tvdv be}`a`n}`f#`c{qdjeb}dm
zbhdqv }n }dv} }gd qdbf}`ne nh b {bq} ftlbq c`fqnnqjbe`vc }n }gd }dv} {lbe}v bem v{df`h f
be}`a`n}`f% B ienze rtbe}`}p nh htej` z`ll ad jqnze ne bjbq {lb}dv `e }gd {qdvdefd nh }g`e
zbhdqv fne}b`e`ej }gd }dv} vtav}befd 'Qb{gbdl, 2076)%
@e }g`v v}tmp, `} qdhdqv }n }gd cd}gnm tvdm }n }dv} }gd be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p nh }gd
d}gbenl`f dw}qbf} nh a`}b abqi%
4
http://www.suite101.com/profile.cfm/ndpmcintoshhttp://www.suite101.com/profile.cfm/ndpmcintoshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agarhttp://www.suite101.com/profile.cfm/ndpmcintoshhttp://www.suite101.com/profile.cfm/ndpmcintoshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar8/6/2019 Softcopy of Manuscript
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Vfn{d bem L`c`}b}`nev
]g`v v}tmp b`cdm }n md}dqc`ed }gd be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p nh A`}b ' Blv}ne`b vfgnlbq`v)
abqi d}gbenl`f dw}qbf} bjb`ev} Bv{dqj`lltv e`jdq bem Fbem`mb bla`fbev ap fnemtf}`ej b
{gp}nfgdc`fbl vfqdde`ej bem be be}`htejbl bvvbp%
@e [gp}nfgdc`fbl vfqdde`ej Ab}d Vc`}g bem Cd}fblh bem Z`lv}b}}dq ]dv}
zdqd tvdm }n md}df} }gd {qdvdefd nh hlbxnen`mv zg`ld Hdqq`f fglnq`md }dv} zbv tvdm }n
md}df} }gd {qdvdefd nh ]bee`ev%
@e }gd Be}`htejbl Bvvbp, [b{dq M`vf M`hhtv`ne Cd}gnm zbv tvdm bv }gd vfqdde`ej
cd}gnm }n md}dqc`ed `h }gd {lbe} dw}qbf} gbv be be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p%
8
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Fgb{}dq @@
Qdx`dz nh Qdlb}dm L`}dqb}tqd
I`ejmnc Htej` `efltmdv vncd nh }gd cnv} `c{nq}be} nqjbe`vcv `e }dqcv nh }gd`q
dfnlnj`fbl bem dfnenc`f qnldv% ]gdvd nqjbe`vcv aqdbi mnze mdbm nqjbe`f cb}dq`blv
fne}`et`ej }gd fpfld nh et}q`de}v `e }gd dfnvpv}dc% Adv`mdv `}v tvdhtledvv `e ntq
dex`qnecde} }gdvd nqjbe`vcv fbe blvn fbtvd b etcadq nh m`vdbvdv `e gtcbev bhhdf}`ej
nqjbev nh }gd anmp, mbcbj`ej `} bem dembejdq`ej }gd l`hd nh b {dqvne% Htej` bqd
fgdc fbllp bem jded}`fbllp v`c`lbq }n be`cblv fnc{bqdm }n n}gdq nqjbe`vcv cbi ejhtejbl m`vdbvdv m`hh`ftl} }n ftqd 'Zbjjnedq bem V{ddq, 1;;8)%
Pdbv}
Pdbv}v bqd te`fdlltlbq htej` % Ned nh }gd zdll ienze fgbqbf}dq`v}`fv `v }gd ba`l`}p }n
hdqcde} vtjbqv hnq }gd {qnmtf}`ne nh d}gbenl% ]gdp bqd fgbqbf}dq` dm ap b z`md m`v{dqv`ne
nh eb}tqbl gba`}b}v, {qdvde} `e {lbe} ldbxdv bem hlnzdqv, vn`l bem vbl} zb}dq% Pdbv} `v blvn
hntem ne }gd vi`e vtqhbfdv bem `e }gd `e}dv}`ebl }qbf}v nh zbqc#alnnmdm be`cblv, zgdqd
}gdp cbp l`xd vpca`n}`fbllp nq bv {bqbv`}dv% ]gd fnccne !pdbv} `ehdf}`ne! `v }p{`fbllp
Fbem`m`bv`vzg`fg `v fbtvdm ap }gd pdbv}#l`id htejtv Fbem`mb bla`fbev %
]gdp ctl}`{lp bv v`ejld fdllv }gb} m`x`md ap atmm`ej nq m`qdf} m`x`v`ne, nq }gdp
cbp jqnz bv v`c{ld `qqdjtlbq h`lbcde}v 'Pdbv}jdencd, 1;2;)%
Fbem`mb bla`fbev
Fbem`mb bla`fbev `v b pdbv} }gb} `v bvvnf`b}dm z`}g b vpv}dc`f `ehdf}`ne zg`fg
lb}dq ne fbe adfncd dw}qdcdlp }debf`ntv% ]gdqd bqd cbep cdm`fb}`nev hnq }gd }qdb}cde}
:
http://www.yeastgenome.org/cgi-bin/redirect.pl?source=VL-what_are_yeast&url=http://www.doctorfungus.org/http://www.yeastgenome.org/cgi-bin/redirect.pl?source=VL-what_are_yeast&url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/candidiasis.htmlhttp://www.yeastgenome.org/cgi-bin/redirect.pl?source=VL-what_are_yeast&url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=5476&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlockhttp://www.answers.com/sarsasapogenin%20meaning#cite_note-3http://www.yeastgenome.org/cgi-bin/redirect.pl?source=VL-what_are_yeast&url=http://www.doctorfungus.org/http://www.yeastgenome.org/cgi-bin/redirect.pl?source=VL-what_are_yeast&url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/candidiasis.htmlhttp://www.yeastgenome.org/cgi-bin/redirect.pl?source=VL-what_are_yeast&url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=5476&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlockhttp://www.answers.com/sarsasapogenin%20meaning#cite_note-38/6/2019 Softcopy of Manuscript
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nh }gqtvg% Cbep }n{ dw{dq}v vtjjdv} m`d} `e nqmdq }n jd} q`m nh }gd htej`%Nh}de }gd adv}
}qdb}cde} `v }n fnca`ed bf}`xd fldbevd dldcde}v z`}g hnnm `e nqmdq }n jd} q`m nh pdbv}
`ehdf}`ne 'Ctqbe, 1;2;)%
Fbem`mb bla`fbev `v b m`{ln`m htejtv 'b hnqc nh pdbv}) bem b fbtvbl bjde} nh
n{{nq}te`v}`f nqbl bemjde`}bl `ehdf}`nev `e gtcbev 'Qpbe bem Qbp 1;2;)%
H`lbcde}ntv htej`
H`lbcde}ntv htej` bqd htej` }gb} jqnz `e }gd hnqc nh ctl}`fdlltlbq h`lbcde}v,
fblldm gp{gbd % B fneedf}dm ed}znqi nh }gdvd }tatlbq aqbefg`ej gp{gbd gbv ctl}`{ld,jded}`fbllp `mde}`fbl etfld` bem `v fnev`mdqdm b v`ejld nqjbe`vc, qdhdqqdm }n bv bfnlnep nq
`e cnqd }dfge`fbl }dqcv b cpfdl`tc%
]g`v htej` mn en} hnqc b v{df`h`f }bwnenc`f nq {gplnjded}`f jqnt{`ej, at} fbe ad
hntem `e }gd m`x`v`nev _pjncpfn}b , Mdt}dqncpfn}b bem Bvfncpfn}b % Bl}gntjg vncd nh
}gdc fbtvd m`vdbvdv nq hnnm v{n`lbjd, n}gdqv bqd tvdhtl hnq }gd`q qnld `ea`nmdjqbmb}`nenq
`e }gd {qnmtf}`ne nh xbq`ntv hnnmv, adxdqbjdv, be}`a`n}`fv bem de pcdv % Ned nh }gd cnv}
fnccne h`lbcde}ntv htej` `v }gd Bv{dqj`lltv v{{ % 'Cbm`jbe bem Cbq}`ein, 1;;4)%
Q`vi }n Gtcbev bem Be`cblv
Qd{nq}v bvvnf`b}`ej B% e`jdq z`}g `ehdf}`ntv m`vdbvdv `e gdbl}gp `em`x`mtblv bqd
tefnccne, bl}gntjg B% e`jdq v b qdfnje` dm n{{nq}te`v}`f {b}gnjde% J`xde }gd qdlb}`xd
`ehqdrtdefp nh bedfmn}bl qd{nq}v bem }gd hqdrtdefp z`}g zg`fg bll gtcbev bqd dw{nvdm }n
B% e`jdq , an}g ap `ejdv}`ne bem `egblb}`ne, }gd {qnaba`l }p nh fnlne` b}`ne `e
`cctenfnc{d}de} `em`x`mtblv ctv} ad rt`}d vcbll% ]gd {qnaba`l`}p nh fnlne` b}`ne `e
7
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diploidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunistic_infectionhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicellular_organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myceliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomycotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomycotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuteromycotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascomycotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diploidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunistic_infectionhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicellular_organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myceliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomycotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuteromycotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascomycotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme8/6/2019 Softcopy of Manuscript
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`cctenvt{{qdvvdm {dn{ld, gnzdxdq, `v qdlb}`xdlp g jg% Edxdq}gdldvv, j`xde }gd
ta`rt`}ntv {qdvdefd nh B% e`jdq , }gd `efqdbvdm dex`qnecde}bl atqmde nh B% e`jdq mtd }n
qdldbvd hqnc fnccdqf`bl hbf`l`}`dv temdq fnem`}`nev `c{nvdm ap dwdc{}`ne fq`}dq`b `v
{qnabalp edjl`j`ald% ]gtv, `} cbp ad fnefltmdm }gb} }gd tvd nh B% e`jdq e hdqcde}b}`ne
hbf`l`}`dv `v tel`idlp }n `efqdbvd }gd abvdl`ed q`vi nh `ehdf}`ne ap B% e`jdq %
]gd {q`cbqp gb bqm }n gtcbev bem be`cblv b{{dbqv }n ad }nw`f`}p bvvnf`b}dm z`}g
}gd {qnmtf}`ne nh cpfn}nw`ev ienze bv cblhnqc`ev% Fnefdqe `v qdmtfdm mtd }n bxb`lbald
`ehnqcb}`ne ne }gd qdldxbe} }nw`ev% ]gd g`jgdq xbltdv nh }nw`f`}p hnq cblhnqc`ev B bem F
zdqd md}dqc edm ap `e}qb{dq }nedbl `eodf}`ne, b qnt}d en} fnev`mdqdm }n addex`qnecde}bllp qdldxbe}% Htq}gdqcnqd, mb}b hnq }nw`f`}p x`b `ejdv}`ne `em`fb}d }gb} }gd
}nw`f`}p `v ctfg lnzdq ap }g`v qnt}d% ]g`v lnzdq }nw`f`}p cbp ad mtd }n }gd mdv}qtf}`ne nh
}gd cblhnqc`ev, zg`fg bqd fpfl`f {de}b{d{}`mdv, `e }gd jbv}qn`e}dv}`ebl }qbf} 'Pnvg` bzb,
20:4)%
Bl}dqeb}`xd Cdm`f`ed
Bl}dqeb}`xd cdm`f`ed `v bep gdbl`ej {qbf}`fd !}gb} mndv en} hbll z`}g`e }gd qdblc nh
fnexde}`nebl cdm`f`ed 'V}dxde, 200:) nq !}gb} zg`fg gbv en} adde vgnze fnev`v}de}lp }n
ad dhhdf}`xd% @} `v nh}de n{{nvdm }ndx`mdefd abvdm cdm`f`ed bem defnc{bvvdv }gdqb{`dv
z`}g b g`v}nq`fbl nq ftl}tqbl, qb}gdq }gbe b vf`de}`h`f, abv`v% Fnccnelp f`}dm dwbc{ldv
`efltmd eb}tqn{b}gp, fg`qn{qbf}`f, gdqabl`vc, }qbm }`nebl Fg`edvd cdm`f ed, Tebe` ,
Bptqxdmb, cdm`}b}`ne, pnjb , a`nhddmabfi , gp{env`v, gncdn{b}gp , bft{tef}tqd, bem
et}q`}`nebl#abvdm }gdqb{`dv, `e bmm`}`ne }n b qbejd nh n}gdq {qbf}`fdv'Cdm`f`edEd},1;;= )%
@} `v hqdrtde}lp jqnt{dm z`}g fnc{ldcde}bqp cdm`f ed, zg`fg jdedqbllp qdhdqv }n }gd
0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_based_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiropractichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unanihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurvedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofeedbackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acupuncturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutritionalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_based_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiropractichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unanihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurvedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofeedbackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acupuncturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutritional8/6/2019 Softcopy of Manuscript
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vbcd `e}dqxde}`nev zgde tvdm `e fneotef}`ne z`}g cb`ev}qdbc }dfge`rtdv, 'Zg`}d Gntvd
Fncc`vv`ne ne Fnc{ldcde}bqp bem Bl}dqeb}`xd Cdm`f`ed [nl fp, 1;;1) temdq }gd
tcaqdllb }dqc fnc{ldcde}bqp bem bl}dqeb}`xd cdm`f`ed, nq FBC %
Bl}dqeb}`xd cdm`f`ed {qbf} fdv bqd bv m`xdqvd `e }gd`q hntemb}`nev bv `e }gd`q
cd}gnmnlnj`dv% [qbf}`fdv cbp `efnq{nqb}d nq abvd }gdcvdlxdv ne }qbm`}`nebl cdm`f`ed,
hnli ienzldmjd , v{`q`}tbl adl`dhv, nq edzlp fnefd`xdm b{{qnbfgdv }n gdbl`ej 'Bevgt bem
Bfgbqpb, 1;;7)%
Gdqabl`vc
Gdqabl`vc `v b }qbm`}`nebl nq hnli cdm`f`ed {qbf}`fd abvdm ne }gd tvd nh {lbe}v bem
{lbe} dw}qbf}v% @} `v blvn ienze bv an}be fbl cdm`f`ed, cdm`fbl gdqabl vc, gdqabl
cdm`f`ed, gdqanlnjp, bem {gp}n}gdqb{p% ]gd vfn{d nh gdqabl cdm`f`ed `v vncd}`cdv
dw}demdm }n `efltmdhtejbl bem add {qnmtf}v, bv zdll bv c`edqblv, vgdllv bem fdq}b`e
be`cbl {bq}v 'Bqfgbpb bem Bevgt, 1;;7)%
Be}gqn{nlnjp nh Gdqabl`vc
[dn{ld bll nxdq }gd znqlm gbxd tvdm gtemqdmv nh }gntvbemv nh `em`jdentv {lbe}v
hnq }qdb}cde} nh b`lcde}v v`efd {qdg`v}nq`f }`cdv% Cdm`f`ebl gdqav zdqd hntem `e }gd
{dqvnebl dhhdf}v nh be !`fd cbe!, zgnvd anmp zbv hqn de `e }gd Vz`vv Bl{v hnq cnqd }gbe
4,6;; pdbqv% ]gdvd gdqav b{{dbq }n gbxd adde tvdm }n }qdb} }gd {bqbv`}dv hntem `e g`v
`e}dv}`edv% ]gtv, be}gqn{nlnj`v}v }gdnq` d }gb} be be`cbl }demv }n vddi nt} a`}}dq {lbe}
{bq}v `e qdv{nevd }n `lledvv 'Gthhcbe, 1;;6)%
2;
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_remedyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_extracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytotherapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_shellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_remedyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_extracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytotherapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_shell8/6/2019 Softcopy of Manuscript
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]gd tvd nh gdqav bem v{`fdv `e ft`v`ed mdxdln{dm `e {bq} bv b qdv{nevd }n }gd }gqdb}
nh hnnm#anqed {b}gnjdev% V}tm`dv vgnz }gb} `e }qn{`fbl fl`cb}dv zgdqd {b}gnjdev bqd
batembe}, qdf`{dv bqd g`jglp v{`fdm% Htq}gdq, }gd v{`fdv z`}g }gd cnv} {n}de} be}`c`fqna`bl
bf}`x`}p }dem }n ad vdldf}dm% @e bll ftl}tqdv xdjd}baldv bqd v{`fdm ldvv }gbe cdb},
{qdvtcbalp, adfbtvd }gdp bqd cnqd qdv`v}be} }n v{n`lbjd 'A`ll`ej bem Vgdqcbe, 2007)%
@c{nq}befd nh [lbe}v `e Cdm`f`ed
Bll {lbe}v {qnmtfd fgdc`fbl fnc{ntemv bv {bq} nh }gd`q enqcbl cd}banl`f
bf}`x`}`dv% ]gdvd bqd m`x`mdm `e}n {q`cbqp cd}banl`}dv, vtfg bvvtjbqv bem hb}v zg`fg bqdhntem `e bll {lbe}v bem vdfnembqp cd}banl`}dv, nq fnc{ntemv en} dvvde}`bl hnq }gd {lbe}v
abv`f htef}`ne, bem bqd hntem `e vcblldq qbejd fnc{bqdm }n `}v {q`cbqp cd}banl`}dv%
Gnzdxdq, dxde `h }gdvd cd}banl`}dv bqd {qdvde} `e vcbll bcnte}, }gdp fbe dwg`a`} b a`j
gdl{ }n gtcbev 'V}d{{ bem Cndqcbe, 1;;2)%
]gd htef}`nev nh b vdfnembqp cd}banl`}d bqd xbq`dm% Vncd vdfnembqp cd}banl`}dv
bqd}nw`ev, n}gdqv bqd {gdqncnedv tvdm }n b}}qbf} `evdf}v hnq {nll`eb}`ne , bem {gp}nbldw`ev,
zg`fg {qn}df}v bjb`ev} abf}dq`bl bem htejbl b}}bfiv%
Cbep {lbe}v vpe}gdv` d vtav}befdv }gb} bqd tvdhtl `e }gd cb`e}debefd nh gdbl}g
bcnej gtcbev bem n}gdq be`cblv% ]gdvd `efltmd bqncb}`f vtav}befdv, cnv} nh zg`fg bqd
{gdenlv nq }gd`q nwpjde#vtav}`}t}dm mdq`xb}`xdv vtfg bv}bee`ev% Cbep bqd vdfnembqp
cd}banl`}dv, nh zg`fg, b} ldbv} 21,;;; gbxd adde `vnlb}dm b etcadq dv}`cb}dm }n ad ldvv
}gbe 2;$ nh }gd }n}bl% @e cbep fbvdv, vtav}befdv vtfg bv blibln`mv vdqxd bv {lbe} mdhdevd
cdfgbe`vcv bjb`ev} {qdmb}`ne ap c`fqnnqjbe`vcv, `evdf}v, bem gdqa`xnqdv% Cbep nh }gd
22
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheromonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheromonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheromonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanninshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_metabolitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_metabolitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheromonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanninshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_metabolitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_metabolitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivore8/6/2019 Softcopy of Manuscript
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gdqav bem v{`fdv tvdm ap gtcbev hnq hnnm {qd{bqb}`ne fne}b`e tvdhtl cdm`f`ebl
fnc{ntemv 'Lb`, 1;;= bem ]b{vdll, 1;;8)%
[lbe}v qdjtlb}d bem mnze qdjtlb}d }gd`q a`nfgdc`fbl {b}gv `e qdv{nevd }n }gd lnfbl
c`w nh gdqa`xnqdv, {nll`eb}nqv bem c`fqnnqjbe`vcv% ]gd fgdc`fbl {qnh`ld nh b v`ejld {lbe}
cbp xbqp nxdq }`cd bv `} qdbf}v }n fgbej`ej fnem`}`nev% Nelp }gd vdfnembqp cd}banl`}dv
bem {`jcde}v gbxd }gdqb{dt}`f bf}`nev `e gtcbev bem fbe ad qdh`edm }n {qnmtfd mqtjv%
[lbe}v vpe}gdv` d b adz`lmdq`ej xbq`d}p nh {gp}nfgdc`fblv at} cnv} bqd mdq`xb}`xdv nh b
hdz a`nfgdc`fbl cn}`hv ']b` bem _d`jdq, 1;;8)%
Qdfde}lp, bant} 4;;,;;; bmm`}`nebl {lbe} v{df`dv zdqd mnftcde}dm `e }gd zgnldznqlm, vncd nh zg`fg bqd dembejdqdm nh dw} ef}`ne% Bv {bq} nh }gd {lbe}v vtqx`xbl, }gdp
ctv} {qnmtfd {n}de} be}`htejbl fnc{ntemv }n {qn}df} }gdcvdlxdv hqnc htej` zg`fg dw`v}
`e }gd vn`l% Nh bll }gd m`hhdqde} {lbe} }p{dv }gb} dw`v}, nelp b hdz gbxd adde dwbc`edm hnq
}gd {qdvdefd nh be}`htejbl fnc{ntemv% Gnzdxdq, }gnvd }gb} gbxd adde {tq`h`dm bem
v}tm`dm bqd d`}gdq {qn}d`e nq ene {qn}d e fnc{ntemv {qdxde}`ej htejbl jqnz}g ap
m`hhdqde} cnmdv nh bf}`ne% Vncd lpvdv }gd fdll zg`ld n}gdqv alnfi }gd {qn}d`e vpe}gdv`v nh
}gd vtvfd{}`ald htej`% ]gntjg vncd nh }gdvd fnc{ntemv bqd xdqp {n}de}, ened nh }gdc
gbxd adde vtffdvvhtllp mdxdln{dm `e}n fnccdqf`bl {qnmtf}v 'Md Ltffb, Fldxdlbem, bem
Zdmjd, 1;;4)%
[lbe}v bv be Be}`c`fqna`bl bjde}
Bv }`cd jndv ap, beblpv`v nh {lbe}v hnq cdm`f`ebl {tq{nvdv qb{`mlp `efqdbvdm% ]g`v
`efltmdv }gd m`vfnxdqp nh be}`abf}dq`bl, be}`x`qbl, bem be}`htejbl fnc{ntemv }gb} bqd
{qdvde} `e }gd {lbe}v bv vdfnembqp cd}banl`}dv, zg`fg fbe dwg`a`} b a`j gdl{ `e }qdb}`ej
21
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m`vdbvdv fbtvdm ap {b}gnjde`f c`fqnadv% At} }gde, mtd }n {qnlnejdm `e}bid nh }gd mqtj
vncd nqjbe`vcv }dem }n mdxdln{ qdv`v}befd }n `} cbi`ej }gd mqtj edhhdf}`xd% Bv b qdvtl}
nh }g`v, vf`de}`v}v idd{ ne dw{lnq`ej edz fnc{ntemv }n }qdb} }gd qdv`v}be} v}qb`ev 'Qb`,
Fgbqib, bem Zbmdjbneibq, 1;;6)%
A`}b ]qdd ' Blv}ne`b vfgnlbq`v)
A`}b }qdd gbv b htqqnzdm }qtei bem gbv fb{`ntv lde}`fdllb}d aqbefgld}v 'Aqnze bem
L`eebdtv, 1;2;)% @} fbe jqnz t{ }n d`jg}p hdd} g`jg% ]gd abqi `v blcnv} nmnqldvv bem xdqp
a`}}dq, tvtbllp hntem `e `qqdjtlbq hqbjcde}v nh 2.7 }n `efg }g`fi z`}g b v{nejp }dw}tqd%
]gd nt}dq lbpdq nh }gd abqi `v qntjg, tedxde bem h`vvtqdm aqnze`vg jqbp nq vncd}`cdv
albfi vg v{n}v, zg`ld }gd `eedq lbpdq `v aq`jg} athh% ]qbevxdqvd vdf}`ne nh }gd `eedq {bq}
vgnzv b etcadq nh vcbll cdmtllbq qbpv% ]gd }qdd gbv be nalnej v}blidm ldbxdv zg`fg `v
v`w `efgdv lnej bem hntq `efgdv z`md, m`v{dqvdm `e hntq }n v`w zgnqlv bqntem dbfg v}dc% @}v
t{{dq {bq} `v jlnvvp zg`ld }gd an}}nc vtqhbfd `v zg`}d% Ldbh xd`ev qte b} q`jg} bejldv }n
}gd c`mq`a 'Jq`dxd, 1;2;)%
]gd Abqi
]gd abqi `v bant} `efg }g`fi, 2#1 `efgdv z`md bem 6#8 `efgdv lnej% Dw}dqebllp, `}
gbv b cn}}ldm {`ei`vg nq aqnze`vg bem zg`}d fnlnq% @} `v vcnn}g at} cbqidm ap vgbllnz
h`vvtqdv zg`fg bqd qb`vdm t{ne }gd dmjdv bem vfbqfdlp dw}demdm }gqntjg }gd fnqip lbpdq%
]gd fnqi, b xdqp }g`e lbpdq qd{qdvde}dm ap b mbqi dmjd, `v aqnze% @e}dqebllp }gd fnlnq nh
}gd abqi `v l`jg}% ]gd }dw}tqd `v tvtbllp jqbetlbq bem aq`}}ld% @}v }bv}d `v vl jg}lp a`}}dq, hqdd
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hqnc bv}q`ejdefp, {ldbvbe} bem cbp ad fnc{bqdm }n }gd bh}dq}bv}d nh b z`lm fgdqqp abqi
'Hdl}dq bem Llnpm, 1;2;)%
An}be`fbl Vntqfd
]gd }qdd `v tvtbllp vdde `e Bv`b# v{df`h`fbllp `e fnte}q`dv l`id Fg`eb, @em`b, Ed{bl,
Vq` Lbeib, Fbcanm`b, Cpbecbq, ]gb`lbem, X`d}ebc, @emnedv`b, Cblbpv`b, [b{tb Edz
Jt`edb bem [g`l`{{`edv# bem Btv}qbl`b 'BQV Vpv}dcb}`f An}be`v}v, 2007)%
Fgdc`fbl Fnc{nede}v]gd }qdd fne}b`ev }gqdd blibln`mv 'M`}bc`ed, Dfg`}bc`ed nq M`}b`ed bem
Dfg`}de`edv), vdxdqbl hb}}p bf`mv bem qdv`entv vtav}befdv, }gd vdfnem v}qnejdv} abvd
'Jq`dxd, 1;2;)%
]gd fg`dh fnev}`}tde}v nh }gd abqi nh Blv}ne`b vfgnlbq`v bqd }gd blibln`mv m`}bc`ed,
dfg`}de`ed, bem dfg`}bc ed% M`}bc ed, bqd {qdvde} b} bant} ;%;= {dq fde} fnefde}qb}`ne%
@} blvn gbv }gd fnc{nv`}`ne F28G20EN 1, zg`fg gbv adde na}b`edm bv b a`}}dq fqpv}bll`ed
{nzmdq 'cdl}`ej#{n e}, :4)9 dfg`}de`ed, F 1; G1:EN = 'cdl}`ej#{n e}, 21;), `v be
bcnq{gntv a`}}dq {nzmdq9 dfg`}bc`ed nq m`}b`ed, F11G 17 E 1N=, G 1N, `v b zg`}d {nzmdq,
}gd fqpv}blv gbx`ej }gd hnqctlb F11G 17 E 1N=, =G 1N% ]gd hnllnz`ej fnev}`}tde}v gbxd blvn
adde dw}qbf}dm hqnc }gd abqi?Dfg`fdq`e, b fqpv}bll ed ene#e`}qnjdentv anmp9
dfg`fbnt}fg`e, be bcnq{gntv vtav}befd qdvdcal`ej fbnt}fgntf9 dfg`}`e bem dfg`}d`e, an}g
nh zg`fg bqd fqpv}bll`ed, bem dfg`qd}`e, zg`fg `v bcnq{gntv% Bll }gdvd fnev}`}tde}v b{{dbq
}n ad mdxn`m nh cbqidm }gdqb{dt}`f {qn{dq}`dv 'Iqdvv, 1;2;)%
2=
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Cdm`f`ebl Tvdv
]gd abqi `v tvdm `e {b}`de}v z`}g gncdn{b}gp hnq `}v }ne`f a`}}dq bem bv}q`ejde}
{qn{dq}`dv% @} `v nh}de tvdhtl, bv }qdb}cde} bjb`ev} m`bqqgdb bem mpvde}dqp 'Jq`dxd, 1;2;)%
N}gdq }gbe }gb}, `} gbv blvn adde dhh`fbf`ntvlp dc{lnpdm `e {b}`de}v gbx`ej cblbq`bl hdxdq
'Hdl}dq bem Llnpm, 1;2;)% An}g abqi bem ldbxdv bqd tvdm }n }qdb} gdbmbfgd, `ehltde b,
aqnefg`}`v bem {edtcne`b 'Aqnze bem L`eebdtv, 1;2;)%
]gntjg Blv}ne`b, fnccnelp ienze bv A`}b, `v tvdm `e @em`b bem Dbv}dqe Fnlne`dv
hnq cblbq`bl fnem`}`nev, `}v dhh`fbfp `e }g`v qdv{df} `v en} }n ad fnc{bqdm z`}g f`efgneb
abqi, }gntjg `} mndv en} {qnmtfd }gd abm dhhdf}v f`efgneb mndv% @} `v blvn dc{lnpdm bv b a`}}dq }ne`f, xdqc`htjd, bem bv b ftqd hnq fgqne f m`bqqgdb bem anzdl fnc{lb`e}v 'Iqdvv,
1;2;)%
Fnccne Ebcdv
Dxdqp fnte}qp gbv b m`hhdqde} eb}`xd znqm }n }g`v }qdd% ]gd ebcdv nh }gd {lbe}v }gb}
`v fnccnelp tvdm ap {dn{ld bqntem }gd znqlm bqd Albfianbqm }qdd, Mdx`l }qdd, M`}b Abqi,
C`liznnm#{`ed, Zg`}d Fgddvdznnm, bem [tlb` 'BQV Vpv}dcb}`f An}be`v}v, 2007)%
Epv}b}`e ' Cpfnv}b}`e Q)
Epv}b}`e 'Cpfnv}b}`e Q) `v be be}`a`n}`f }gb} `v dhhdf}`xd bjb`ev}Fbem`mb v{{%bem
Bv{dqj`lltv v{{% , Qg`zn{tv bem Ctfnq htejbl `ehdf}`nev% @} `v {bld pdllnz bem vnltald `e
zb}dq% Epv}b}`e 'Cpfnv}b}`e Q) `v be be}`htejbl be}`a`n}`f }gb} fbcd hqnc V}qd{}ncpfdv
entqdv` ']tvidjdd Te`xdqv`}p, 1;2;)%
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B {nlpded be}`htejbl mqtj }n zg`fg cbep cnlmv bem pdbv} `ehdf}`nev bqd
vdev`}`xd, `efltm`ej Fbem`mb v{{% Mtd }n `}v}nw`f`}p {qnh`ld, }gdqd bqd ftqqde}lp en
`eodf}bald hnqctlb}`nev nh }g`v mqtj ne }gd cbqid} 'Gbge, 1;;7)%
Cdfgbe`vc nh Epv}b}`e
Epv}b}`e 'Cpfnv}b}`fQ), l`id bc{gn}dq`f`e A bem eb}bcpf`e , a`emv }ndqjnv}dqnl, b
cbonq fnc{nede} nh }gd htejbl fdll cdcaqbed % Zgde {qdvde} `e vthh`f`de} fnefde}qb}`nev,
`} hnqcv {nqdv `e }gd cdcaqbed }gb} ldbm }n I ldbibjd bem mdb}g nh }gd htejtv%
Dqjnv}dqnl `v hb`qlp te`rtd }n htej`, vn }gd mqtj mndv en} gbxd vtfg fb}bv}qn{g`f dhhdf}v ne
be`cblv 'Dv{`edl, 1;;6)%
Qdlb}dm V}tm`dv
]g`v {bq} {qdvde}v vncd nh vdxdqbl v}tm`dv bant} }gd abqiv dwg`a`}`ej be be}`htejbl
bf}`x`}p bjb`ev} vdldf}dm pdbv} bem h`lbcde}ntv htej`% Blvn, qdvtl}v nh [gp}nfgdc fbl
beblpv`v vgnz`ej vdfnembqp cd}banl`}dv gbx`ej be}`htejbl {qn{dq}`dv% B v}tmp zbv fbqq`dm nt} z`}g be naodf}`xd }n `exdv}`jb}d }gd be}`htejbl {n}de}`bl
nh Abqi nh Ancabw cblbabq`ftc% ]gd be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p nh }gd dw#}qbf}v zbv dxbltb}dm
ne }zn fnccne {b}gnjde`f htej` Bv{dqj`lltv e`jdq bem Fbem`mb bla`fbev % ]gd }dv}`ej
zbv mned ap }gd bjbq m`hhtv`ne cd}gnm% _nedv nh `eg`a`}`ne nh dw}qbf}v zdqd fnc{bqdm
z`}g }gb} nh v}bembqm Id}nfneb nld hnq be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p% ]gd dw}qbf}v vgnzdm be}`#
htejbl bf}`x`}`dv fnc{bqbald z`}g }gb} nh v}bembqm bjb`ev} }gd nqjbe`vcv }dv}dm% ]gd
qdvtl}v vgnzdm }gb} }gd [d}qnldtc d}gdq bem fglnqnhnqc dw}qbf}v vgnzdm en bf}`x`}p zg`ld
}gd blfngnl`f dw}qbf} vgnzdm cnqd bf}`x`}p }gbe }gd bfd}ned bem brtdntv dw}qbf}v 'J`q`ob
d} bl, 1;2;)%
28
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyene_antimycotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifungalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast_infectionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_(genus)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_(genus)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphotericin_Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natamycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergosterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyene_antimycotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifungalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast_infectionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_(genus)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphotericin_Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natamycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergosterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium8/6/2019 Softcopy of Manuscript
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]gd be}`htejbl {qn{dq}`dv nh brtdntv bem d}gbenl dw}qbf}v nh Hte}tc`b dlbv}`fb
bemCblln}tv n{{nv`}`hnl`tv zdqd fbqq`dm nt} tv`ej }gd m`vf m`hhtv`ne bjbq bvvbp% ]gd
fqtmd dw}qbf}v dwg`a`}dm mdh`e`}d v`je`h`fbe} be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p ne cnv} nh }gd htej`%
[qdl`c`ebqp {gp}nfgdc`fbl v}tm`dv nh H% dlbv}`fbbemC% n{{nv`}`hnl`tvdw}qbf}v
qdxdbldm }gb} }gdp fne}b`e hlbxnen`mv bem }bee`ev 'Bmditeld, 1;;8)%
V}tm`dv vgnzdm be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p nh H`ftv vpfncnqtv Gdwbed, [d}qnldtc D}gdq
bem Fglnqnhnqc abqi dw}qbf} bjb`ev} C`fqnv{nqtc jp{vdtc , Bv{dqj lltv e`jdq ,
Bv{dqj`lltv hlbxtv bem Fbem`mb bla`fbev % Hqbf}`nev nh }gd dw}qbf} qdxdbldm {qdvdefd nh
fnemdevdm }bee`ev, V}dqn`mv bem Vb{ne`e 'Gbvvbe, 1;;:)%@exdv}`jb}`ne nh }gd [gp}nfgdc`fbl fnev}`}tde}v bem }gd be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p nh }gd
v}dc abqi dw}qbf}v Ld{}bmde`b lbef`hnl`b zdqd fbqq`dm nt} tv`ej xbq`ntv vnlxde}v 'zb}dq,
bfd}ned bem cd}gbenl)% [gp}nfgdc`fbl beblpv`v vgnzdm }gd {qdvdefd nh }bee`ev% ]gd
dw}qbf}v zdqd dhhdf}`xd bjb`ev} Bv{dqj`lltv hlbxtv , Bv{dqj`lltv htcjb}tv , Fqp{}nfnfftv
ednhnqcbev bemFbem`mb bla`fbev 'Mntjgbq` d}% bl%,1;;7)%
[gp}nfgdc`fbl vfqdde ej qdvtl}v vgnzdm }gb} }gd m`hhdqde} vnlxde} dw}qbf}v
vgnzdm }gd {qdvdefd nh blibln`mv, {gdenl`fv, vb{ne`ev bem }bee`ev `e Blv}ne`b vfgnlbq`v%
V}tm`dv gbxd vgnze }gb} }bee`ev }gb} bqd {qdvde} `e }gd abqi vgnzdm be}`htejbl
bf}`x`}p bjb`ev} b z`md xbq`d}p nh htej` 'Cbgctm d} bl%, 1;;0)%
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Vtccbqp nh Qdx`dz nh Qdlb}dm L`}dqb}tqd
Htej` bqd ned nh }gd cnv} `c{nq}be} nqjbe`vcv `e }dqcv nh }gd`q dfnlnj`fbl bem
dfnenc`f qnldv% Gnzdxdq, `} fbe blvn fbtvd b etcadq nh m`vdbvdv `e gtcbev bhhdf}`ej
nqjbev nh }gd anmp, mbcbj`ej `} bem dembejdq`ej }gd l`hd nh b {dqvne%
Ne }gd n}gdq gbem, bl}dqeb}`xd cdm`f`ed `v bep gdbl`ej {qbf}`fd }gb} mndv en} hbll
z`}g`e }gd qdblc nh fnexde}`nebl cdm`f`ed% ]gdqdhnqd {qbf}`fdv mned temdq }g`v h`dlm
eddmv }n ad fneh`qcdm ap vf`defd }n {qnxd bem dw{lb`e }gd qdbvnev adg`em }gd dhhdf} nh }gd
{lbe} tvdm bv }qdb}cde}%
V`efd htejbl `ehdf}`nev bqd {qdvde}, vf`de}`v} }demv }n beblp d cnqd {lbe}v `enqmdq }n md}df} `h `} gbv b htej`f`mbl dhhdf} bjb`ev} {b}gnjde`f htej`% Vt{{nq}`ej }gd`q v}tmp
qdjbqm`ej }gd be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p bem {gp}nfgdc`fbl vfqdde`ej, vf`de}`v}v }dem }n fgnnvd
}gd abqi adfbtvd nh }gd v}tm`dv vgnz`ej }gb} cnv} nh }gd vdfnembqp cd}banl`}dv bqd v}nqdm
`e }gd abqi nh }qddv%
A`}b `v b }qdd z`}g b h`qcdm }qtei bem b fn{`ntv lde}`fdllb}d aqbfgld}v% @} fbe jqnz
t{ }n 7; hdd} g`jg% ]gd abqi `v nmnqldvv bem a`}}dq adfbtvd nh `}v {n}de}`bl }qdb}cde},
gdqabl`v} tvd `} bv }qdb}cde} bjb`ev} m`bqqgdb, mpvde}dqp, gdbmbfgd, `ehltde b, aqnefg`}`v,
`ehdf}`ne bem cblbq`b%
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Fgb{}dq @@@
Cb}dq`blv bem Cd}gnmv
Qdvdbqfg mdv`je
]g`v v}tmp tvdm be dw{dq`cde}bl qdvdbqfg cd}gnm, v{df`h`fbllp }gd Fnc{ld}dlp
Qbemnc` dm Mdv`je 'FQM)% ]g`v dw{dq`cde}bl qdvdbqfg cd}gnm hnllnzdm }gd v}bembqm
{qn}nfnlv bem zbv fnemtf}dm temdq v}q`f} lbanqb}nqp fnem`}`nev% ]gd qdvdbqfgdqv tvdm b
v}bembqm {qn}nfnl hnq pdbv} bem h`lbcde}ntv htej`%
Epv}b}`e zbv tvdm bv {nv`}`xd fne}qnl% ]gd be}`htejbl bvvbp zbv {dqhnqcdm tv`ej[b{dq M`vf M`hhtv`ne%
Mb}b Jb}gdq`ej [qnfdmtqd
]g`v vdf}`ne `efltmdv }gd cd}gnmv hnq }gd dw{dq`cde}bl qdvdbqfg v}tmp% ]gd
v}bembqm {qn}nfnl zbv }bide hqnc B Jt`mdanni hnq [lbe} Vfqdde`ej ap TV]#QFEV,
1;;=% ]gd dw{dq`cde}bl qdvdbqfg v}tmp fnxdqdm?
[lbe} Cb}dq`bl
Fnlldf}`ne bem Xdq`h`fb}`ne
]gd {lbe} cb}dq`bl zbv jb}gdqdm b} Abqbejbp Vbe C`jtdl, Vbe C`jtdl @ln`ln% ]gd
{lbe} zbv {qdvvdm tv`ej b v}bembqm {qdvv bv mdvfq`adm ap }gd Te`xdqv`}p nh Vbe}n ]ncbv#
Qdvdbqfg Fde}dq hnq }gd Eb}tqbl Vf`defd '1;;=)% ]gd {qdvvdm {lbe} zbv ldh} `e }gd vgbmd
hnq }zn zddiv bem {qdvde}dm bv gdqabq`tc v{df`cde hnq `mde}`h`fb}`ne ap be dw{dq} hqnc
}gd Te`xdqv`}p nh }gd [g`l`{{`edv `e }gd X`vbpbv, C`bjbn @ln`ln%
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]dv} Nqjbe`vc @mde}`h`fb}`ne
]gd }dv} nqjbe`vcv, zg`fg bqd B% e`jdq bem F% bla`fbev, zdqd xdq`h`dm ap b
cpfnlnj`v} hqnc }gd Te`xdqv`}p nh }gd [g`l`{{`edv `e }gd X`vbpbv, C`bjbn, @ln`ln%
[lbe} Dw}qbf}`ne
Ned gtemqdm jqbcv nh jqntem hqdvg {lbe} cb}dq`bl zbv {lbfdm `e be Dqldecdpdq
hlbvi bem }qdb}dm z`}g vthh`f`de} 04$ d}gpl blfngnl }n fnc{ld}dlp vtacdqjd }gd cb}dq`bl%
]gd xnltcd nh }gd blfngnl tvdm zbv en}dm% ]gd hlbvi zbv v}n{{dqdm bem }gd cb}dq`bl zbv
id{} vnbidm hnq =7 gntqv% ]gd c`w}tqd zbv h`l}dqdm z`}g }gd tvd nh b jlbvv hteedl% [lbe}qdv`mtd zbv m`vfbqmdm% ]gd h l}qb}d zbv }gde fnefde}qb}dm temdq xbftn 'Qn}bqp
dxb{nqb}nq) b} }dc{dqb}tqdv adlnz 4; n F% 'TV]#QFEV, 1;;=)%
[gp}nfgdc`fbl Vfqdde`ej
]dv} hnq {qdvdefd nh Hlbxnen`mv
Ab}dv#Vc`}g bem Cd}fblh cd}gnm? ]dv} hnq Ldtfnbe}gnfpbe`ev ' TV]# QFEV, 1;;=)
]gqdd cl nh }gd blfngnl h`l}qb}d zbv }qdb}dm z`}g }gqdd mqn{v nh 21C gpmqnfglnq`f
bf`m bem navdqxdm hnq bep fnlnq fgbejd% ]gd }qdb}dm h`l}qb}d zbv zbqcdm tv`ej b zb}dq
ab}g% Htq}gdq fnlnq fgbejd zbv navdqxdm z`}g`e be gntq%
Hnq {nv`}`xd qdvtl}, b v}qnej qdm nq x`nld} fnlnq `em`fb}dm }gd {qdvdefd nh
ldtfnbe}gnfpbe`m`ev%
Z`lv}b}}dq fpbe`m`e }dv}? ]dv} hnq #adezn{pqned etfldtv ' TV]# QFEV, 1;;=)
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]gqdd cl nh }gd blfngnl h`l}qb}d zbv }qdb}dm z`}g }gqdd mqn{v nh 21C gpmqnfglnq`f
bf`m% ]gqdd cbjedv`tc }tqe`ejv zdqd bmmdm% Bep fnlnq fgbejd zbv navdqxdm z`}g`e 2;
c`ev% ]gd c`w}tqd zbv gdb}dm z`}g }gd b`m nh b zb}dq ab}g%
Hnq {nv`}`xd qdvtl}v, fnlnqv qbej`ej hqnc nqbejd }n qdm, }n fq`cvne }n cbjde}b, bem
nffbv`nebllp }n jqdde nq altd zdqd navdqxdm%
]dv} hnq }gd [qdvdefd nh ]bee`ev
Hdqq`f Fglnq`md ]dv} 'TV]# QFEV, 1;;=)
Ned cl nh }gd blfngnl`f h`l}qb}d zbv }qdb}dm z`}g }gqdd mqn{v nh 4 $ hdqq`f fglnq`md
qdbjde}%
]gd b{{dbqbefd nh jqdde }n albfi {qdf`{`}b}d `em`fb}dv }gd {qdvdefd nh }bee`ev%
Be}`a`n}`f [qd{bqb}`ne
B {qd{bqdm Epv}b}`e }bald} zbv tvdm `e }gd v}tmp, }gde }gd nt}dq vgdll zbv
qdcnxdm, bem `eedq {nq}`ne zbv {nzmdq` dm z`}g }gd tvdm nh cnq}bq bem {dv}ld% 4;; cj
nh {nzmdq` dm Epv}b}`e zbv c`wdm z`}g 4 cl v}dq`ld m`v}`lldm zb}dq bem zbv {ntqdm }n b
v}dq`ld bcadq an}}ld bem qdhq`jdqb}dm% ]gd fnefde}qb}`ne nh }gd be}`a`n}`f tvdm zbv
2;;cj.cl%
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Be}`htejbl bvvbp
B% [b{dq M`vf M`hhtv`ne
[qd{bqb}`ne nh }gd @enftltc
Pdbv}
B lnn{htl nh nqjbe`vc hqnc ftl}tqd vlbe}v nh Fbem`mb bla`fbev zbv `enftlb}dm `e
4 cl nh Vbantqbtm jltfnvd aqn}g cdm`tc hnllnzdm ap `eftab}`ne hnq 27 gntqv b} qnnc
}dc{dqb}tqd% Bh}dq `eftab}`ne, bmotv}cde} nh pdbv} fdll vtv{dev`ne `v hnllnzdm tv`ej ;%4
CfHbqlbem v}bembqm% ]g`v vdqxdv bv }gd enftltc hnq vzbaa`ej 'TV]#QFEV, 1;;=)%
H`lbcde}ntv htej`
B fnlnep nh Bv{dqj`lltv e`jdq zbv `enftlb}dm }n [n}b}n Mdw}qnvd Bjbq {lb}d% ]gd
{lb}d zbv `eftab}dm b} qnnc }dc{dqb}tqd, bllnz`ej `} }n jqnz zdll% Nefd }gd fne`m`b gbxd
ltwtq`be}lp mdxdln{dm, vfqb{{`ej nhh nh h`xd lnn{htlv nh fne`m`b zbv mned% ]gde }gd
fne`m`b zdqd `ccdqvdm `e b 4cl v}dq`ld `vn}ne`f vbl`ed#]zdde 7; vnlt}`ne fne}b`edm `e b
vfqdz fb{{dm }tad% ]gd fb{ zbv qd{lbfdm bem }gd fne}de}v zdqd vgbide hnq 2 c`et}d%
Bh}dq vgbi`ej, }gd fnefde}qb}`ne nh }gd v{nqd vtv{dev`ne zbv fnc{bqdm }n ;%4 CfHbqlbem
v}bembqm, bmotv}cde}v zbv mned `e nqmdq }n bfg`dxd be `mde}`fbl }tqa`m`}p nh ;%4cl nh }gd
v{nqd vtv{dev`ne% ]g`v vdqxdv bv }gd `enftltc hnq vzbaa`ej 'TV]#QFEV, 1;;=)%
[qd{bqb}`ne nh }gd bvvbp {lb}dv
]zde}p cl nh cdl}dm [n}b}n Mdw}qnvd Bjbq zbv {ntqdm `e b mqp bem v}dq`ld {d}q`
m`vg hnllnzdm ap vnl`m`h`fb}`ne nh }gd bjbq% ]gd vtqhbfd nh }gd bjbq zbv v}qdbidm }gqdd
}`cdv, qn}b}`ej }gd {lb}d b{{qnw`cb}dlp 8; mdjqddv bh}dq dbfg b{{l`fb}`ne }n devtqd be
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dxde m`v}q`at}`ne nh }gd `enftltc, z`}g }gd tvd nh b v}dq`ld fn}}ne vzba m`{{dm `e }gd }dv}
nqjbe`vc vtv{dev`ne% ]gd {lb}d zbv bllnzdm }n v}bem hnq h`xd c`et}dv 'TV]#QFEV,
1;;=)%
[lbf`ej nh {b{dq M`vf
Hnllnz`ej }gd bvd{}`f }dfge`rtdv, }gd v}dq`ld hnqfd{v zbv tvdm }n {`fi bem lbp ne
}gd bjbq vtqhbfd }gd {b{dq m`vf }gb} gbv adde `ccdqvdm `e {lbe} dw}qbf}v, Epv}b}`e
'{nv`}`xd fne}qnl) bem m`v}`lldm zb}dq 'edjb}`xd fne}qnl) 'TV]#QFEV, 1;;=)%
Qdbm`ej }gd Bvvbp [lb}dv bem Mnftcde}`ej }gd Qdvtl}
B gbln nq fldbq`ej, fblldm ned nh `eg`a`}`ne zbv navdqxdm bqntem dbfg m`vf% ]g`v
ned zbv cdbvtqdm, `e c`ll`cd}qdv, tv`ej }gd qtldq% ]gd qdvtl}v zbv dw{qdvvdm bv
`ebf}`xd, {bq}`bllp bf}`xd, bf}`xd, bem xdqp bf}`xd zgde }gd cdbe ned nh
`eg`a`}`ne }gb} zbv navdqxdm `v
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D}g`fbl Fnev`mdqb}`ne
Bll }gd tvdm bjbq bem aqn}g ftl}tqdv zdqd m`v{nvdm `e }gd }n ad bt}nflbxdm a`e%
]gde ftl}tqdv zdqd mdfne}bc`eb}dm `ccdm`b}dlp ap bt}nflbx`ej adhnqd fldbe`ej }gd
jlbvvzbqd bem m`v{nv`ej `ccdm`b}dlp }gd v{de} bjbq bem aqn}g cdm`b 'TV]#QFEV,
1;;=)% Bll }gd b{{bqb}tv tvdm, zdqd bt}nflbxdm }n bvvtqd }gb} bll c`fqnnqjbe`vcv bqd
i`lldm% ]gd ftl}tqd zbv gbemldm z`}g fbt}`ne% Zdbq`ej nh }gd {dqvnebl {qn}df}`xd
'fln}g`ej) nq jdbq zbv `c{nvdm mtq`ej }gd dw{dq`cde} {qn{dq }n bxn`m `ehdf}`ne%
Mb}b Beblpv`v [qnfdmtqd
Cdbe
Cdbe ned nh `eg`a`}`ne zbv fnc{t}dm hnq dbfg }qdb}cde} abvdm ne }gd xbltdv hnq
}gd }gqdd }q`blv%
Beblpv`v nh Xbq`befd 'Ned#Zbp BENXB) hnq FQM
]g`v zbv tvdm }n md}dqc`ed `h }gdqd `v b v`je`h`fbe} m`hhdqdefd `e }gd be}`htejbl
bf}`x`}p nh A`}b abqi fnc{bqdm }n Epv}b}`e bem zbv xbl`mb}dm ap }gd edjb}`xd fne}qnl%
Ldbv} V`je`h`fbe} M`hhdqdefd
]gd ldbv} v`je`h`fbe} m`hhdqdefd 'LVM) zbv tvdm }n md}dqc`ed }gd v`je`h`fbe}
m`hhdqdefd ad}zdde }gd be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p nh }gd {lbe} dw}qbf} bjb`ev} }gd {nv`}`xd bem
edjb}`xd fne}qnl%
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Fgb{}dq @X
Qdvtl}v bem M`vftvv`ne
[gp}nfgdc`fblv [qdvde} `e }gd [lbe} Dw}qbf}v nh A`}b Abqi
[gp}nfgdc fbl vfqdde`ej zbv fnemtf}dm }n md}dqc`ed }gd {qdvdefd nh vdfnembqp
cd}banl`}dv gbx`ej htej`f`mbl fnc{nede}% V{df`h`fbllp, }gd {gp}nfgdc`fbl vfqdde`ej zbv
`e}demdm }n md}df} }gd {qdvdefd nh hlbxnen`mv bem }bee`ev% ]g`v zbv mned tv`ej v}bembqm
{qnfdmtqdv%
[gp}nfgdc`fbl vfqdde`ej nh }gd {lbe} dw}qbf} vgnzdm {qdvdefd nh }bee`ev bembavdefd nh hlbxnen`mv `e }gd {lbe} dw}qbf}v%
]g`v `c{l`dv }gb} A`}b, zg fg `v {nv`}`xd hnq }bee`ev, gbv }gd {n}de}`bl bv b
htej`f`md adfbtvd `} fne}b`ev }gd }bee`e hntem bcnej {lbe}v }gb} dwg a`} be}`htejbl
bf}`x`}p%
H`jtqd 2% Qdvtl}v nh Hlbxnen`m Vfqdde`ej 'B) Ab}d#Vc`}g bem Cd}fblh Cd}gnm bem 'A)
Z`lv}b}}dq fpbe`m`e }dv} V`efd hlbxnen`mv bqd bavde} `e A`}b abqi dw}qbf} }g`v `em`fb}dv }gb} }gd {lbe}
dw}qbf}v cbp en} ad tvdhtl hnq }gdqb{dt}`f bf}`nev%
14
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H`jtqd 1% Qdvtl} nh ]bee`e Vfqdde`ej 'Hdqq`f Fglnq`md ]dv})
Be}`htejbl Bf}`x`}p nh }gd [lbe} Dw}qbf}
% ]gd qdvtl}v vgnzdm }gb} }gd A`}b abqi d}gbenl`f dw}qbf} gbxd be be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p,
v{df`h`fbllp ne Bv{dqj`lltv e`jdq at} en} ne Fbem`mb bla`fbev%]gd fne}qnl jqnt{v `e }g`v
v}tmp zdqd Epv}b}`e '{nv`}`xd fne}qnl) bem m`v}`lldm zb}dq 'edjb}`xd fne}qnl)%
]bald 2 Dhhdf} nh A`}b Abqi D}gbenl`f Dw}qbf} }n ]dv} Nqjbe`vcv Abvdm ne }gd Cdbe _nednh @eg`a`}`ne
]dv} Nqjbe`vc Cdbe _ned nh @eg`a`}`ne 'cc) Epv}b}`e ' ) M`v}`lldm zb}dq '#) A`}b
Bv{dqj`lltv e`jdq
Fbem`mb bla`fbev
16%0
18%0
;
;
26%;
4%2
]bald 2 vgnzv b g`jg vdev`}`x`}p nh Fbem`mb bla`fbev bem Bv{dqj`lltv e`jdq }n
Epv}b}`e zg`fg `v }gd {nv`}`xd ' ) fne}qnl tvdm e }g`v v}tmp% Ne }gd n}gdq gbem A`}b abqi
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dw}qbf} zbv {bq} bllp qdbf}`xd bjb`ev} Bv{dqj`lltv e`jdq at} `ebf}`xd hnq Fbem`mb
bla`fbev%
H`jtqd = Qdvtl}v nh Be}`htejbl Vfqdde`ej 'D}gbenl`f dw}qbf} ne Bv{dqj`lltv e`jdq)
]bald 1% Beblpv`v nh Xbq`befd hnq B% e`jdq _ned nh @eg`a`}`ne z`}g A`}b Abqi Dw}qbf}bem Fne}qnl ]qdb}cde}v
/v`je`h`fbe} b} {
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'@) ]qdb}cde}
'O) Fne}qnlvCdbe
M`hhdqdefd '@#O) V}m% Dqqnq V`j%
A`}b [nv`}`xd #2;%7888:/ 2%;40:; %;;;
Edjb}`xd 26%;;;;; / 2%;40:; %;;;/v`je`h`fbe} b} }gd ;%;4 ldxdl
Beblpv`v nh xbq`befd hnq FQM vgnzdm v`je`h`fbe} m`hhdqdefdv `e }gd be}`htejbl
bf}`x`}p nh m`hhdqde} }qdb}cde}v bjb`ev} Bv{dqj lltv e`jdq ']bald 1)% ]gd H xbltd zbv
14=%107 b} %;;; ldxdl nh v`je`h`fbefd% Fnc{bq`vne nh }gd ned nh `eg`a`}`ne nh B% e`jdq
ad}zdde A`}b abqi d}gbenl f dw}qbf} bem Epv}b}`e ' fne}qnl) vgnzdm v`je`h`fbe}lp z`mdq
ned nh `eg`a`}`ne hnq }gd fne}qnl fnc{bqdm z`}g A`}b abqi dw}qbf}% Ne }gd n}gdq gbem,
}gd ned nh `eg`a`}`ne nh B% e`jdq zbv v`je`h`fbe}lp z`mdq hnq A`}b d}gbenl`f dw}qbf}
fnc{bqdm z`}g }gd edjb}`xd fne}qnl% ]gdqdhnqd, A`}b fbe ad tvdm bv }qdb}cde} bjb`ev}
m`vdbvdv fbtvd ap B% e`jdq #`e }gd bavdefd nh Epv}b}`e # fnc{bqdm }n en }qdb}cde} b} bll%
]gd mb}b `v j`xde `e ]bald 6%
H`jtqd =% Qdvtl}v nh Be}`htejbl Vfqdde`ej 'D}gbenl`f dw}qbf} ne Fbem`mb bla`fbev)
]bald =% Beblpv`v nh Xbq`befd hnq Fbem`mb bla`fbev _ned nh @eg`a`}`ne z`}g A`}b Abqi Dw}qbf} bem Fne}qnl ]qdb}cde}v
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Vntqfd nh Xbq`befd
Vtc nh Vrtbqdv Mh Cdbe Vrtbqd H V`j%
Ad}zdde jqnt{v 211=%78; 1 821%=6; 21:%2=7 %;;;Z`}g`e jqnt{v 17%0;; 8 =%72:]n}bl 2146%:8; 7/v`je`h`fbe} b} ;%;4 ldxdl nh v`je`h`fbefd
]bald = `v }gd qdvtl} nh }gd beblpv`v nh xbq`befd ne }gd ned nh `eg`a`}`ne nh
Fbem`mb bla`fbev }qdb}dm z`}g A`}b abqi d}gbenl f dw}qbf}% ]gdqd zdqd v`je`h`fbe}
m`hhdqdefdv `e }gd ned nh `eg`a`}`ne nh F% bla`fbev zgde jqnze `e Epv}b}`e ' fne}qnl)
fne}b e`ej cdm`tc, A`}b abqi d}gbenl`f dw}qbf}, bem m`v}`lldm zb}dq '# fne}qnl)% ]gd H
xbltd zbv 21:%2=7 b} %;;; ldxdl nh v`je`h`fbefd %
]bald 4% LVM Fnc{bq`vne nh _ned nh @eg`a`} ne hnq Fbem`mb bla fbev
'@) ]qdb}cde} 'O) Fne}qnlv
Cdbe
M`hhdqdefd '@#O) V}m% Dqqnq V`j%A`}b [nv`}`xd #12%7;;;; / 2%:0208 %;;;
Edjb}`xd 4%2;;;; / 2%:0208 %;10/v`je`h`fbe} b} ;%;4 ldxdl nh v`je`h`fbefd
]gd fnc{bq`vne nh ned nh `eg`a`}`ne nh F% bla`fbev tv`ej }gd LVM `v j`xde `e
]bald 4% ]gd qdvtl}v vgnzdm }gb} ned nh `eg`a`}`ne zbv v`je`h fbe}lp z`mdq zgde
Epv}b}`e zbv tvdm fnc{bqdm z`}g A`}b abqi d}gbenl f dw}qbf}% Htq}gdqcnqd, ned nh
`eg`a`}`ne nh F% bla`fbev }qdb}dm z`}g A`}b abqi d}gbenl`f dw}qbf} zbv v`je`h`fbe}lp a`jjdq
nxdq }gd edjb}`xd fne}qnl%
]gd qdvtl}v {qdvde}dm `em`fb}d }gb} Epv}b}`e `v }gd adv} }qdb}cde} hnq an}g
Bv{dqj`lltv e`jdq bem Fbem`mb bla`fbev % @e }gd bavdefd nh Epv}b}`e, a`}b abqi d}gbenl f
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dw}qbf} fntlm vdqxd }gd {tq{nvd {bq}`ftlbqlp hnq }qdb}`ej `ehdf}`nev fbtvdm ap Bv{dqj`lltv
e`jdq %
]gd qdvtl} nh }gd be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p nh }gd abqi dw}qbf} vgnzdm be dhhdf} ne }gd
nqjbe`vcv }dv}dm% ]g`v `v mtd }n }gd {qdvdefd nh }bee`ev }gb} bqd hntem `e }gd abqi% Blvn, `}
gbv adde mdcnev}qb}dm }gb} }bee`ev gbxd b {nzdqhtl be}`#htejbl bem bv}q`ejde} bf}`ne `e b
ctl}`}tmd nh fl`e`fbl v}tm`dv '_bgntqi, 1;;:)% V}tm`dv gbxd vgnze }gb} }bee`ev }gb} bqd
{qdvde} `e }gd abqi vgnzdm be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p bjb`ev} b z`md xbq`d}p nh htej` 'Cbgctm d}
bl%, 1;;0)%
Fgb{}dq X
Vtccbqp, Fnefltv`nev bem Qdfnccdemb}`nev
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Vtccbqp
]g`v v}tmp zbv mned }n md}dqc`ed }gd be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p nh a`}b abqi dw}qbf}
bjb`ev} Fbem`mb bla`fbev bem Bv{dqj`lltv e`jdq ap fnemtf}`ej b {gp}nfgdc`fbl vfqdde`ej
bem be}`htejbl bvvbp% V}bembqm {qnfdmtqdv hnq {gp}nfgdc`fbl vfqdde`ej zdqd tvdm }n
vfqdde hnq }gd {qdvdefd nh vdfnembqp cd}banl }dv hlbxnen`mv bem }bee`ev% ]gd v{df`h`f
{qnfdmtqdv tvdm zdqd }gd Ab}d Vc`}g bem Cd}fblh Cd}gnm bem Z`lv}b}}dq fpbe`m`ej }dv}
hnq }gd {qdvdefd nh hlbxnen`mv% Hdqq`f fglnq`md }dv} zbv tvdm }n md}dqc`ed }gd {qdvdefd nh
}bee`ev%
Be}`htejbl bvvbp zbv fnemtf}dm }n md}dqc`ed }gd be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p nh }gd A`}b abqi d}gbenl`f dw}qbf}% H lbcde}ntv htej` ' Bv{dqj lltv e`jdq) bem pdbv} 'Fbem`mb
bla`fbev ) zdqd tvdm bv }dv} nqjbe`vcv hnq }gd v}tmp% [b{dq M`vf M`hhtv`ne Cd}gnm zbv
tvdm hnq }gd be}`htejbl bvvbp% Epv}b}`e zbv tvdm bv }gd {nv`}`xd fne}qnl hnq an}g B% e`jdq
bem F% bla`fbev zg ld m`v} lldm zb}dq zbv tvdm bv }gd edjb}`xd fne}qnl% ]gd cdbe,
beblpv`v nh xbq`befd hnq FQM, bem LVM zdqd }gd v}b}`v}`fbl }nnlv tvdm% ]gd h`em`ejv
m`vflnvdm }gd bavdefd nh hlbxnen`mv ne A`}b abqi dw}qbf} zg`ld }bee`ev zdqd {nv`}`xdlp
md}df}dm% B{{bqde}lp, }bee`ev bqd qdv{nev`ald hnq }gd htej`f`mbl {qn{dq}p nh }gd a`}b abqi
dw}qbf} bv `em`fb}dm `e xbq`ntv l`}dqb}tdv% ]gd ned nh `eg`a }`ne nh an}gFbem`mb
bla`fbev bem Bv{dqj`lltv e`jdq zbv v`je`h`fbe}lp vcblldq fnc{bqdm }n }gd {nv`}`xd fne}qnl
'Epv}b}`e), `em`fb}`ej }gb} Epv}b}`e `v xdqp bf}`xd fnc{bqdm z`}g }gd A`}b abqi d}gbenl`f
dw}qbf} zg`fg `v vl`jg}lp bf}`xd% An}g }gd Beblpv`v nh Xbq`befd `e FQM bem }gd LVM
vgnzdm }gb} }gdqd `v b v`je`h`fbe} m`hhdqdefd ne }gd be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p nh }gd {lbe} dw}qbf}
fnc{bqdm }n }gd {nv`}`xd fne}qnl 'Epv}b}`e)%]gdqdhnqd, }gd {lbe} dw}qbf} `v en} bv dhhdf}`xd
bv }gd {nv`}`xd fne}qnl `e }dqcv nh }qdb}cde} nh htejbl `ehdf}`nev%
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Fnefltv`nev
Hqnc }gd h`em`ejv {qdvde}dm, }gd qdvdbqfgdqv fnefltmd }gb} A`}b abqi gbv be
be}`htejbl {qn{dq}p, abvdm ne }gd ned nh `eg`a`}`ne en}dm hnq Bv{dqj lltv e`jdq %
]gdqdhnqd, `} fbe ad b {n}de}`bl be}`htejbl bjde} `e }qdb}`ej m`vdbvdv fbtvdm ap Bv{dqj`lltv
e`jdq %
Qdfnccdemb}`nev
Abvdm ne }gd h`em`ejv {qdvde}dm, }gd hnllnz`ej bqd qdfnccdemdm?
2% Dv}bal vg }gd }bee`e ldxdl `e xbq`ntv {bq}v nh A`}b {lbe} }n `mde} hp }gd {lbe} {bq}v z`}g }gd g`jgdv} fnefde}qb}`ne nh }gd vtav}befd b{{bqde}lp qdv{nev`ald hnq }gd
htej`f`mbl {qn{dq}p%
1% @e bqdbv zgdqd vpe}gd} f mqtjv bqd en} bxb lbald }n }qdb} dw}dqebl cnlm
`ehdf}`ne, fne}`etntv nq\ qd{db}dm bem hqdrtde} b{{l`fb}`ne nh A`}b abqi dw}qbf} fntlm
vdqxd }gd {tq{nvd%
6% N}gdq {b}gnjde`f h`lbcde}ntv htej` cbp ad }dv}dm bv }n }gd`q vdev`}`x`}p }n
dw}qbf}v hqnc xbq`ntv {bq}v nh A`}b {lbe}%
=% Dv}bal vg }gd C`e`ctc @eg`a`}nqp Fnefde}qb}`ne nh }gd A`}b abqi d}gbenl f
dw}qbf} bjb`ev} }gd }dv} nqjbe`vcv tvdm%
4% N}gdq Be}`htejbl Bvvbp cbp ad tvdm l`id }gd Bjbq#Zdll#M`hhtv`ne Cd}gnm%
Qdhdqdefdv
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Bfgbqpb, Mdd{bi bem Bevgt, Vgq`xbv}bxb '1;;7)? @em`jdentv Gdqabl Cdm`f`edv? ]q`ablHnqctlb}`nev bem ]qbm`}`nebl Gdqabl [qbf} fdv, Bbx`vgibq [tal vgdqvM`v}q`at}nq, Ob`{tq# @em`b%@VAE 0:772:02;141: % {{ ==;
Bmditeld,, Mq% BB '1;;8) % Zdv} @em`be Cdm`fbl Ontqebl% Be}`htejbl [qn{dq}p bem
[gp}nfgdc`fbl Vfqdde ej nh }gd fqtmd dw}qbf}v nh Hte}tc`b dlbv}`fb bemCblln}tv n{{nv`}`hnl`tv % Xnltcd 44 En% = % @VVE ;;=6#62=% qd}q`xdm ne Oted10, 1;2; hqnc g}}{?.. Fbq`aadbe% Vf`dln%nqj.vf`dln%{g{%
Bemdqne, Obcdv '1;;4)% Eb}tqd Qdx`dzv C`fqna`nlnjp 6,4=:#448% Dxnlt}`ne nh Be}`htejbl Mqtj Qdv`v}befd bem Cdfgbe`vc bem [b}gnjde H`}edvv%Qd}q`dxdm Btjtv} :,1;2;
Blxbqd , Bqenlm B% '1;2;)% Bant} [g l`{{`ed Gdqabl Cdm`f`ed% [g l`{{`ed GdqablCdm`f`ed% Qd}q`xdm? B{q`l 27, 1;2; hqnc
g}}{?..zzz%{g`l`{{`edgdqablcdm`f`ed%nqj.
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A`ll`ej, Odee`hdq bem Vgdqcbe , [btl Z% '2007)% Be}`c`fqna`bl Htef}`nev nh V{`fdv? ZgpVncd L`id `} Gn}% Fg`fbjn Ontqeblv # ]gd Rtbq}dqlp Qdx`dz nh A`nlnjp%Qd}q`xdm? B{q`l 2:, 1;2; hqncg}}{?..zzz%ontqeblv%tfg`fbjn%dmt.mn`.bav.2;%2;78.=1;;47%
Aqb}cbe, CM, V}dxde '200:)% ]gd Bl}dqeb}`xd Cdm`f`ed Vntqfdanni % Lnzdll Gntvd% {% :%@VAE2484848182
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Md Ltffb @@, B%O%, Fldxdlbem, ]%D%, Zdmjd, M%D%'1;;4)% [lbe}#Mdq`xdm Be} htejblFnc{ntemv bem Ftqqde}lp Dc{lnpdm C`fqna`bl#Abvdm Bjq`ftl}tqblHtej`f`mdv % Fbebm`be Ontqebl nh C`fqna`nlnjp%Qd}q`xdm? B{q`l 2=, 1;2; hqncg}}{?..zzz%bqv%tvmb%jnx.qdvdbqfg.{tal`fb}`nev.{tal`fb}`nev%g}cl
Mntjgbq`,OG d}% bl%,'1;;7)% @e}dqeb}`nebl Ontqebl nh @e}djqb}`xd A`nlnjp% @e X`}qnBe}`htejbl Bf}`x`}p nh V}dc Abqi Dw}qbf}v nh Ld{}bmde`b lbef`hnl`b%@VVE20:1#7676 {j% 222 #22:%
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Cdm`f`edEd}%'1;;=)% Mdh`e`}`ne nh Fnc{ldcde}bqp cdm`f`ed% Qd}q`dxdm? B{q`l 2=, 1;2;
hqnc g}}{?..zzz%cdm}dqcv%fnc.vfq`{}.cb`e.bq}%bv{>bq}`fldidp362;::
Cnemnhnf}n %'1;;0)%Cnemnhnf}n% Te`}dm I`ejmnc% Qd}q`dxdm Cbqfg 14, 1;2; hqncg}}{9zzz%cnemnhnf%fnc
Cnqbld}b, Qnlbemn %'1;;6)% Qdx`dz nh C`fqna`nlnjp% Cbe lb [g`l {{`edv% {j28=%Qd}q`dxdm Cbqfg 14,1;2;%
Cf@e}nvg, [g`ll`{% '1;2;)%Qd}qq`dxdm Cbqfg 14, 1;2; hqncg}}{?..cpfnlnjp%vt`}d2;2%fnc .bq}`fld%fhc.vbantqbtm^mdw}qnvd^bjbq
Ctqbe, [btlb %'1;2;)% [bqbv`}`f Pdbv} @ehdf}`ne% T%V% Qd}q`dxdm Cbqfg 14, 1;2; hqncg}}{?..gdbl`ej%bant}%fnc.nm.fbem`mb.b.fbem`mb^ctqbe%g}cl
Qb`, C%I,Mdd{bi Bfgbqpb bem [%Zbmdjbneibq% '1;;6)% [lbe} mdq`xdm#be} cpfn}`fv?[n}de}`bl nh Bv}dqbf`nv [lbe}, @e% [lbe} mdq`xdm#be}`cpfn}`fv?Ftqqde} ]qdemvbem Ht}tqd {qnv{df}v, Gbznq}g {qdvv, E#pnqi, Lnemne, Nwhnqm, {{%284#274%
64
http://www.henriettesherbal.com/eclectic/bpc1911/alstonia.htmlhttp://www.henriettesherbal.com/eclectic/bpc1911/alstonia.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0131443291http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Centerhttp://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57001814http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=31077http://mycology.suite101.com/article.cfm/sabouraud_dextrose_agarhttp://healing.about.com/od/candida/a/candida_muran.htmhttp://www.henriettesherbal.com/eclectic/bpc1911/alstonia.htmlhttp://www.henriettesherbal.com/eclectic/bpc1911/alstonia.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0131443291http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Centerhttp://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57001814http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=31077http://mycology.suite101.com/article.cfm/sabouraud_dextrose_agarhttp://healing.about.com/od/candida/a/candida_muran.htm8/6/2019 Softcopy of Manuscript
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Qb{gbdl, V}beldp V% '2076)% Lpefgv Cdm`fbl Lbanqb}nqp ]dfgenlnjp% Hntq}g Dm`}`ne%Z%A% Vbtemdqv Fnc{bep % {j%=66#=6=%
Qdmmp, X`ebp Q%, C%M%'1;2;)%Be}`a`n}`fv, Abf}dq`b bem 'tvtbllp en}) X`qtvdv% Mq% Qdmmp*v [dm`b}q`f Nhh fd ne }gd Zda % Qd}q`xdm? B{q`l 2:, 1;2; hqnc
g}}{?..zzz%mqqdmmp % fnc.be}`aw%g}cl%
Qpbe IO, Qbp FJ '1;;=)% Vgdqq`v Cdm`fbl C`fqna`nlnjp '=}g dm%)% CfJqbz G`ll%@VAE;#7674#7410#0 % Qd}q`xdm ? B{q`l 4, 1;2;%
V{q`ej, Cbemb%'1;;7)%Zgb} `v Bv{dqj lltv e`jdq >% Be nxdqx`dz nh Bv{dqj`lltve`jdq %Qd}q`xdm? B{q`l 2:, 1;2; hqncg}}{?..zzz%aq`jg}gta%fnc.gdbl}g.}dfgenlnjp.bq}`fldv.04=6%bv{w%
V}d{{, Onge Q% bem Cndqcbe ,Mbe`dl D%%'1;;2)%]gd `c{nq}befd nh zddmv `ed}gen{gbqcbfnlnjp% Ontqebl nh D}gen{gbqcbfnlnjp % Qd}q`xdm? B{q l 2=,
1;2; hqnc g}}{?..zzz%vf`defdm`qdf}%fnc.vf defd%mn`?2;%2;28.V;6:7#7:=2';;);;674#7
]b{vdll LF '1;;8)% !Gdbl}g adedh`}v nh gdqav bem v{`fdv? }gd {bv}, }gd {qdvde}, }gd ht}tqd!%Cdm O Btv} 2% [C@M 2:;11=67
]bqlnhh, Onbe A%, [gM% '1;;:)% Blldqj`dv }n Mqtjv% Bmxdqvd Mqtj Qdbf}`nev%]gd Cdqfi Cbetblv Nel`ed Cdm fbl L`aqbqp% Qd}q`xdm? B{q`l 2:, 1;2; hqncg}}{?..zzz%cdqfi%fnc.c cgd .vdf;1.fg;24.fg;24h%g}cl%
]tvidjdd Te`xdqv`}p% '1;2;)% Epv}b}`e'Cpfqnv}b}`fQ)% Be}`htejbl mqtjv% Qd}q`xdm? B{q`l21, 1;2; hqnc g}}{?..fnc{d{`m%}tvidjdd%dmt.vpllba`.a`ncdm`fbl.[gpv`nl njp.{gpv`nln jp641.fgb{}dq 21%g}cl
Te`xdqv`}p nh Vbe}n ]gncbv#Qdvdbqfg Fde}dq hnq }gd Eb}tqbl Vf`defdv 'TV]#QFEV)%'1;;=)% Jt`mdanni }n [lbe} Vfqdde ej? [gp}nfgdc`fbl bem A`nlnj fbl%Te`xdqv`}p nh Vbe}n ]gncbv% Dv{bb% Cbe`lb% [g`l`{{`edv
Zbjnedq, Ade bem V{ddq Aqb`e% '1;;8)% Te`xdqv`}qp nh Fbl`hnqe`b% @e}qnmtf}`ne }n Htej`%Qd}q`dxdm Cbqfg 14,1;2; hqnc g}}{?..zzz%tfc{%adqidldp%dmt.htej` %
ZGFFBC[,'1;;1)%Zg`}d Gntvd Fncc`vv`ne ne Fnc{ldcde}bqp bem Bl}dqeb}`xdCdm`f`ed [nl`fp% Qd}q`dxdm? B{q`l 2=, 1;2; hqncg}}{?..zgffbc{%ggv%jnx.hq1%g}cl
Pdbv}Jdencd% '1;2;)% Zgb} bqd pdbv}> % Qd}q`xdm? B{q`l 4, 1;2; hqnc g}}{?..zzz%pdbv}jdencd%nqj .XL#zgb}^bqd^pdbv}%g}cl
68
http://www.drreddy.com/http://www.drreddy.com/http://www.drreddy/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8385-8529-9http://compepid.tuskegee.edu/syllabi/biomedical/Physiol%20ogy/physiolo%20gy352/chapter%2012.htmlhttp://compepid.tuskegee.edu/syllabi/biomedical/Physiol%20ogy/physiolo%20gy352/chapter%2012.htmlhttp://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungihttp://whccamp.hhs.gov/fr2.htmlhttp://www.drreddy.com/http://www.drreddy.com/http://www.drreddy/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8385-8529-9http://compepid.tuskegee.edu/syllabi/biomedical/Physiol%20ogy/physiolo%20gy352/chapter%2012.htmlhttp://compepid.tuskegee.edu/syllabi/biomedical/Physiol%20ogy/physiolo%20gy352/chapter%2012.htmlhttp://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungihttp://whccamp.hhs.gov/fr2.html8/6/2019 Softcopy of Manuscript
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B{{dem`fdv
B{{dem`w B
Fnccte`fb}`nev
67
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Fnlldjd nh [gbqcbfp bem Cdm`fbl ]dfgenlnjpTe`xdqv`}p nh Vbe Bjtv}`e
@ln`ln F`}p
Cbp :, 1;2;
60
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MQ% QDVTQQDF@NE A% VBMBABM`x`v`ne nh A`nlnj`fbl Vf`defdvFnlldjd nh Bq}v bem Vf`defdvTe`xdqv`}p nh }gd [g`l`{{`edv `e }gd X`vbpbv
C`bjbn, @ln`ln
Mdbq Mq% Vbmbab,
Jqdd}`ejv"
Zd, }gd }g`qm pdbq Cdm`fbl ]dfgenlnjp v}tmde}v bqd qdrt`qdm ap }gd vfgnnl }n fnemtf} b}gdv`v qdlb}dm }n ntq h`dlm% @e qdlb}`ne }n }g`v, ntq jqnt{ z`ll ad fnemtf}`ej b v}tmp }`}ldm,
Vfqdde`ej bem Be}`htejbl Bf}`x`}p nh A`}b ' Blv}ne`b vfgnlbq`v) Abqi D}gbenl`f Dw}qbf}%Z`}g }g`v, zd gtcalp bvi hnq pntq gdl{ }n xdq`hp }gd {lbe} }gb} zd bqd bant} }n tvd `e ntq
{qn{nvbl% Pntq xdq`h`fb}`ne z`ll gdl{ qdbvvtqd }gd nt}{t} nh ntq dw{dq`cde}%
Zd bqd gn{`ej hnq pntq i`em vt{{nq} bem fnev`mdqb}`ne%
]gbei pnt xdqp ctfg bem Jnm Aldvv"
V`efdqdlp pntqv,
Bfd Onge Hdl`w V% md lb FqtJqnt{ Ldbmdq
EN]DM?Cqv% Fgq`v}`ed B% X`llbetdxbQdvdbqfg Bmx`vdq
Fnlldjd nh [gbqcbfp bem Cdm`fbl ]dfgenlnjpTe`xdqv`}p nh Vbe Bjtv}`e
@ln`ln F`}p
Otlp 2, 1;2;
=;
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Mq% Jdqbqm L% [dedf`llbBvvnf`b}d M`qdf}nq ZXVT, Qdvdbqfg bem Mdxdln{cde} Fde}dq
Mdbq Mq% [dedf`llb9
Jqdd}`ejv"
Zd, }gd hntq}g pdbq Cdm`fbl ]dfgenlnjp v}tmde}v bqd qdrt`qdm ap }gd vfgnnl }n fnemtf} b}gdv`v qdlb}dm }n ntq h`dlm% @e qdlb}`ne }n }g`v, ntq jqnt{ z`ll ad fnemtf}`ej b v}tmp }`}ldm,Vfqdde`ej bem Be}`htejbl Bf}`x`}p nh A`}b ' Blv}ne`b vfgnlbq`v) Abqi D}gbenl`f Dw}qbf}%
Z`}g }g`v, zd qdv{df}htllp bvi hnq pntq gdl{ }n bvv`v} tv mtq`ej ntq {gp}nfgdc`fbl
vfqdde`ej% Bv {bq} `}, zd bqd jn`ej }n }dv} hnq }gd {qdvdefd nh Hlbxnen`mv bem ]bee`ev%Qb}gdq }gbe }gb}, zd zntlm l`id }n bvi {dqc`vv`ne `h zd fntlm tvd pntq lbanqb}nqp bemqdbjde}v `e nqmdq }n qte }gdvd }dv}% @e qd}tqe, zd bqd jn`ej }n {bp b hb`q bcnte} hnq }gdtvbjd nh }gd qdbjde}v, b{{bqb}tv, bem drt`{cde}v% Pntq bvv`v}befd bem fnn{dqb}`ne zntlmvtqdlp ad b a`j gdl{%
Zd bqd gn{`ej hnq pntq {nv`}`xd qdv{nevd%
]gbei pnt xdqp ctfg bem Jnm Aldvv"
V`efdqdlp pntqv,
Bfd Onge Hdl`w V% md lb FqtJqnt{ Ldbmdq
EN]DMCqv% Fgq`v}`ed B% X`llbetdxbQdvdbqfg Bmx`vdq
B{{dem`w A
V}bembqm [qn}nfnl
[lbe} Cb}dq`bl Fnlldf}`ne bem @mde}`h`fb}`ne
=2
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]gqntjg dw{dq}v `e {lbe}}bwnencp
[lbe} Dw}qbf}`ne
Dw}qbf}`ne ap }gd tvd nh 04$ D}gbenl
[gp}nfgdc`fbl Vfqdde`ej Md}dqc`eb}`ne nh
vdfnembqp cd}banl }dv'Hlbxnen`mv bem]bee`ev)%
]gqntjg be Dw{dq} `eCpfnlnjp
[b{dq M`vf M`hhtv`neCd}gnm
H`jtqd 4% Vfgdcb}`f M`bjqbc nh Znqihlnz
H`jtqd 4% Vfgdcb}`f M`bjqbc nh Znqihlnz
B% [qd{bqb}`ne nh }gd [lbe} Dw}qbf}v 'TV]#QFEV,1;;=)
Be}`htejbl Bvvbp
=1
A`nlnj`f Zbv}d M`v{nvbl
]dv} Nqjbe`vc Xdq`h`fb}`ne
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H`jtqd 8% Vfgdcb}`f M`bjqbc nh [lbe} Dw}qbf}`ne
A% [gp}nfgdc`fbl Vfqdde`ej 'TV]#QFEV,1;;=)
Fnlldf}`ne nh hqdvg {lbe}
Zd`jg`ej nh {lbe} {bq} '2;;j {lbe})
Ft}}`ej nh }gd abqi `e}n {`dfdv bem fqtvg`ej nh Ldbxdv bem Abqi tv`ej bcnq}bq bem {dv}ld
Vnbi`ej nh {lbe} {bq} `e 04$ D}gbenl vnlt}`ne hnq =7 gntqv b} qnnc}dc{dqb}tqd `e b cdfgbe`fbl vgbidq
=6
H`l}qb}d z`ll }gde ad fnefde}qb}dm x`b XBFTN 'qn}bqp dxb{nqb}nq) b} b}dc{dqb}tqd adlnz 4; mdjqddv
Vnlt}`nev z`ll ad `eftab}dm hnq =7 gntqv b} qnnc }dc{dqb}tqd ne b vgbidq bem h`l}dqdm%
]gd fnefde}qb}dm dw}qbf} z`ll ad tvdm `e }gd Be}`htejbl Bvvbp%
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Hlbxnen`mv? Ab}d#Vc`}g bem Cd}fblh Cd}gnm bem Z`lv}b}}dq fpbe`m`e }dv}
b% ]gqdd cl nh }gd blfngnl f h l}qb}d `v bmmdm z`}g }gqdd mnq{v nh 21C
gpmqnfglnq`f bf`m% Navdqxd hnq bep fnlnq fgbejd
a% Zbqc hnq 24 c`e `e b zb}dq ab}g bem navdqxd hnq htq}gdq fnlnq fgbejd z`}g
ned gntq%
f% ]gd n}gdq }dv} }tad, gbx`ej }gqdd cl nh }gd blfngnl f h`l}qb}d, `v bmmdm z`}g
}gqdd mqn{v nh 21C gpmqnfglnq`f bf`m% Hnllnzdm ap bmm`}`ne nh }gqdd
{`dfdv cbjedv`tc }tqe`ejv%
m% Navdqxd hnq fnlnq fgbejd z`}g`e 2; c`e%
]bee`ev? Hdqq`f fglnq`md }dv}
2% ]bid ned cl nh blfngnl h`l}qb}d bem }qbevhdq `} }n b fldbe }dv}tad%
1% ]qdb} }tad z`}g }gqdd mqn{v nh hdqq`f fglnq`md qdbjde}% Navdqxd hnq jqdde#
albfi {qdf`{`}b}d%
A% Be}`htejbl Bvvbp ? M`vf M`hhtv`ne Bvvbp ' TV]#QFEV,1;;=)
==
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H`jtqd :% Vfgdcb}`f M`bjqbc nh Be}`htejbl Bbvvbp
@enftltc {qd{bqb}`ne nh H`lbcde}ntv Htej` ' Bv{dqj`lltv e`jdq )
[qd{bqb}`ne nh }gd @enftltc nh Bv{dqj`lltv e`jdq bemFbem`mb bla`fbev
[qd{bqb}`ne nh }gd Bvvbp [lb}dv
[lbf`ej nh {b{dq m`vfv `c{qdjeb}dm z`}g }gd fne}qnl bem }gd {lbe} dw}qbf} vnlt}`ne%
=4
Qdbm`ej nh }gd qdvtl}v
@e}dq{qd}b}`ne nh }gd qdvtl}v
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2% @enftlb}`ne nh B% e`jdq fnlne`dv ne Vbantqbtm jltfnvd bjbq {lb}d
1% Qnnc }dc{dqb}tqd `eftab}`ne te}`l }gd fne`m`b ltwtq`be}lp mdxdln{v
6% Vfqb{{`ej nh 4 lnn{htlv, nh fne`m`b%
=% @ccdqv`ne nh }gd fne`m`b }n 4cl v}dq`ld vbl`ed# ]zdde 7; vnlt}`ne `e }gd vfqdz
fb{{dm }tadv
4% Vgbi`ej nh fne}de}v hnq 2 c`et}d%
8% Fnc{bq`vne nh }gd `enftltcv }tqa`m`}p z`}g }gd ;%4 CfHbqlbem v}bembqm%
@enftltc {qd{bqb}`ne nh Pdbv} ' Fbem`mb bla`fbev )
2% B lnn{htl nh F% bla`fbev z`ll ad `enftlb}dm hqnc ftl}tqd vlbe}v }n b 4;clVbantqbtmv jltfnvd aqn}g cdm`tc%
1% @eftab}d hnq 27 gntqv b} qnnc }dc{dqb}tqd%
6% Bmotv}cde} nh pdbv} fdll vtv{dev`ne z`}g }gd tvd nh ;%4 CfHbqlbem v}bembqm bv
}gd abv`v nh bmotv}cde} bem ]zdde 7; bv }gd m`ltde}, }n bmotv} }gd }tqa`m`}p%
Be}`a`n}`f {qd{bqb}`ne
B {qd{bqdm Epv}b}`e }bald} zbv tvdm `e }gd v}tmp, }gde }gd nt}dq vgdll zbv
qdcnxdm, bem `eedq {nq}`ne zbv {nzmdq` dm z`}g }gd tvdm nh cnq}bq bem {dv}ld% 4;; cj
{nzmdq` dm Epv}b}`e zbv c`w }njd}gdq z`}g m`v}`lldm zb}dq%
[qd{bqb}`ne nh }gd Bvvbp [lb}dv
2% 1; cl nh }gd [n}b}n Mdw}qnvd Bjbq z ll ad {ntqdm `e}n b mqp bem v}dq`ld [d}q`
m`vg%
1% Zb`} te}`l }gd bjbq v vnl`m`h`dm
6% Vtqhbfd nh }gd bjbq z`ll ad v}qdbidm }gqdd }`cdv, qn}b}`ej }gd {lb}d
=8
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b{{qnw`cb}dlp 8; mdjqddv bh}dq dbfg vzba, z`}g b fn}}ne vzba m`{{dm `e }gd
}dv} nqjbe`vc vtv{dev`ne%
=% Bllnz }n v}bem hnq 4 c`et}dv%
[lbf`ej nh [b{dq M`vf bem @eftab}`ne
2% Tv`ej b v}dq`ld hnqfd{v, { fi bem lbp ne }gd Bjbq vtqhbfd }gd {b{dq m`vf }gb}
gbv adde `ccdqvdm `e}n `}v qdv{df}`xd vnlt}`nev%
1% @eftab}d hnq 27# 1= gntqv b} qnnc }dc{dqb}tqd%
Qdbm`ej nh qdvtl}v
2% ]gd _ned nh `eg a`}`ne z`ll ad cdbvtqdm z`}g }gd tvd nh b qtldq 'Cdbvtqdcde}
z`ll ad c`ll`cd}qdv)%
B{{dem`w F
=:
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Mnftcde}b}`ne
{
H`jtqd 7 A`}b ' Blv}ne`b vfgnlbq`v) jb}gdqdm b} Abqbejbp Vbe C`jtdl, Vbe
C`jtdl,@ln`ln%
B% [lbe} Dw}qbf}`ne
=7
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H`jtqd 0 [lbe} {bq} tvdm `e }g`v v}tmp
H`jtqd 2; [qd{bqb}`ne nh {lbe} {bq} hnq Dw}qbf}`ne
=0
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H`jtqd 22 [qd{bqb}`ne nh [lbe} Dw}qbf}
A% [gp}nfgdc`fbl Vfqdde`ej
4;
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H`jtqd 21 [lbe} dw}qbf} hnq [gp}nfgdc`fbl vfqdde`ej nh Hlbxnen`mv bem ]bee`ev
H`jtqd 26 ]dv} hnq Hlbxnen`mv
H`jtqd 2= ]dv} hnq ]bee`ev
F% Be}`#Htejbl Bvvbp
42
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H`jtqd 24 [qd{bqb}`ne bem Lbadl`ej nh [n}b}n Mdw}qnvd [lb}dv
H`jtqd 28 V}bembqm` b}`ne nh @enftltc
41
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H`jtqd 2: Vzbaa`ej nh enftltc }n {lb}dv
H`jtqd 27 [lbe} dw}qbf} bem fne}qnl
46
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H`jtqd 20 [lbf`ej nh M`vf
H`jtqd 1; Nt}{t} nh }gd Be}`htejbl Bvvbp
4=
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B{{dem`w M
Qbz Mb}b
]q`bl' F% bla`fbev ) Fne}qnl ' ) Fne}qnl '#) A`}b2 2) 6;
1) 1:6) 27
2) ;1) ;6) ;
2) ;1) :6) 8%4
1 2) 101) 616) 17
2) ;1) ;6) ;
2) :%61) ;6) ;
6 2) 1:1) 176) 16
2) ;1) ;6) ;
2) 2;1) :%16) 7
]q`bl ' B% e`jdq ) Fne}qnl ' ) Fne}qnl '#) A`}b2 2) 11
1) 1=6) 6;
2) ;1) ;6) ;
2) 111) 276) @exbl`m
1 =) 20
4) 168) 11
2) ;
1) ;6) ;
2) 28
1) 226) 216 =) 14
4) 168) 1:
2) ;1) ;6) ;
2) 211) 266) 26
44
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48