SOFC DEVELOPMENTby Tokyo Gas, Kyocera, Rinnai and Gastar

○○○○ Tadaaki Ishikawa, Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd.Shoji Yamashita, Kyocera CorporationTsutomu Sobue, Rinnai Co., Ltd.Koji Hase, Gastar Co., Ltd.

6 june 2006

A table of contents

1. Background of Development

2. SOFC Development approach of TG

3. SOFC Development by 4-Companies

4. Progress of Development

5. Conclusions

6 june 2006

A table of contents

1. Background of Development

2. SOFC Development approach of TG

3. SOFC Development by 4-Companies

4. Progress of Development

5. Conclusions

6 june 2006

FY1973 FY1990FY2003

Industrial

Household& Commercial

■ Contribution to the Global Environment・Japan declared Reduction Greenhouse Gas Emissions 6%

decrease of 1990 level in 2008～2012

Background of Development

Contribution to the Global Environment

→ to promote energy saving, to develop on-site co-generation system with higher efficiency

■Transition of Energy Consumption in JAPAN

100 96 103

100 170 228

6 june 2006

■ Changes of Gas Business circumstances in Japan・Electrical grid efficiency improvement・Electric driven heat pumps COP improvement

(Turbo Chiller, EHP, CO2 Refrigerant Heat Pump Water Heater)

→ Natural gas advantages for environment might be small.→ to improve value of natural gas,

to develop on-site co-generation system with higher efficiency

Background of Development

Changes of Gas Business circumstances in Japan

We Accelerate Development of SOFC!

6 june 2006

A table of contents

1. Background of Development

2. SOFC Development approach of TG

3. SOFC Development by 4-Companies

4. Progress of Development

5. Conclusions

6 june 2006

High efficiency,Low cost

manufacturing

High efficiency,Large scale

Practical use stageEasy start-up,

Practical use stage

Specifications

NOT necessaryNOT necessaryNecessaryNecessaryReformer for Methane Fuel

AvailableAvailableNot availableNot availableTurbine Combined

System

CGS、Power Station1kW～MW

CGS、Power

StationCGSAutomobile、

Residential CGS

Applications

～ 50%＋α～ 50%＋α～ 36%～ 35%Efficiency （ＨＨＶ）

H2、COH2、COH2H2Fuel

O2-CO32-H+H+Charge Carrier

up to 1,000℃750℃200℃Room Temp. to 100℃Operating Temp.

Oxide Ceramics (Zirconia)

Molten alkaline

carbonate

Phosphoric acidProton exchange

membrane

Electrolyte

Solid OxideFuel Cell （SOFC）

Molten CarbonateFuel Cell （MCFC）

Phosphoric Acid

Fuel Cell (PAFC)

Polymer Electrolyte

Fuel Cell (PEFC)

SOFC Development approach of TG

Characteristic comparison of various fuel cells

6 june 2006

FY1989 ～FY 2000 (TG)・Planar-type SOFC operable at high temperature (1,000℃)

・Electrolyte-self-supporting type cell・Generated over 1kWe by internal reforming of methane.

FY1998 ～FY2005 (TG)・Development of Planar-type SOFCoperable at intermediate temperature (750℃)

・anode-supported cell ---partly supported by NEDO (from FY2001 to FY2004)

FY2004～present (TG, Kyocera, Rinnai, and Gastar)

・「Flat-tubular segmented-in-series type SOFC」at intermediate temperature (740℃)

SOFC Development approach of TG

Transition of SOFC Development

6 june 2006

A table of contents

1. Background of Development

2. SOFC Development approach of TG

3. SOFC Development by 4-Companies

4. Progress of Development

5. Conclusions

6 june 2006

Cells-Stack, Bundle

TG/Kyocera

System

TG/Rinnai/Gastar/

Kyocera

SOFC Development by 4-Companies

Formation of Development

6 june 2006

・・・・ High Voltage/Low Current

・・・・ Compact

・・・・ Lower Manufacturing Cost

・・・・ Modifications of Inter-connect →→→→ intermediate temperature operation

Substrate

9 Paths of Fuel

Single Cell

SOFC Development by 4-Companies

Features of Flat Tubular Segmented-in-Series Type Cells-Stack of SOFC

See here

6 june 2006

Inter-connect

Cathode

Electrolyte

Anode

Air

Fuel－＋

See here

SOFC Development by 4-Companies

Current Flow on/through a Cells-stack

Fuel

Inter-connect

Cathode（PLUS）

Anode (MINUS）

Electrolyte

See here

Current Flow

To Next Cells-stack

Flat Tubular Cells-stack

Cf. Typical Planar Type Cells-stack

Air

Air

Current Flow

6 june 2006

Single Cell

Cells-Stack （（（（10We)(14 Cells on Both Sides)

a Bundle (210We））））(21 Cells-Stacks)

DC Module

2.5kWe DC

SOFC Development by 4-Companies

Integration of SOFC system

Manifold

12 Bundles

SOFC

SystemDC Module

＋Inverter,

auxiliary Units,Control Unit,

Waste Heat Recovery

Present StageNow Developing

6 june 2006

High Temp. Partition

SOFCBundles(Cells-stacks））））

740℃℃℃℃

Insulation

DC power

Air

Fuel

Exhausted(Around 200～～～～300℃℃℃℃)

Pre-Reformer(especially for Propane, Butane)

Desulfurizer

Heat Exchanger

SOFC Development by 4-Companies

DC Module Diagram

SOFC System is …

・Insulation is needed

・No cooling water subsystem

・Pre-Reformer Only

・Exhausted reaches to 200～300℃

6 june 2006

SOFC Development by 4-Companies

Outlook of SOFC DC module & DC system

2.5kWe DC Module

2.5kWe DC system

SOFC

System

・Several-kW Class

・Efficiency 50%

・Co-generation

Now Developing

6 june 2006

10 100 1,,,,000 10,000

45

25

20

Generation Power （kW）

Lean-Burn GE

30

50

5550

45

44440000

35

30

25

20

ストイキストイキストイキストイキGE 熱熱熱熱電電電電可可可可変変変変GGGGTTTT

ジェネライト

GRID Efficiency（Demand Side）

Present

Plan

SOFC（SWPC）（HYBRID）

SOFC（MHI）

MCFC（FCE）

PAFC

1

家庭用家庭用家庭用家庭用PEFC

40

35

YANMAR EP350G

Fuel Cells

SOFC

PEFC

MCFC

PAFC

分散型発電システムの効率比較分散型発電システムの効率比較分散型発電システムの効率比較分散型発電システムの効率比較

Electric

al E

fficiency

（H

HV

%）

Domestic SOFC （Kyocera）SOFC（SWPC）

SOFC、、、、MCFC

Simple Cycle GT

Small size GE

Electro-thermal variable GT

Gas Engine

Gas Turbine

Stroke Smart GE

DomesticPEFC

TERGET

Ceramic GE (R&D)

Electric

al E

fficiency

（LH

V%

）

SOFC Development by 4-Companies

Map of various distributed power system

6 june 2006

A table of contents

1. Background of Development

2. SOFC Development approach of TG

3. SOFC Development by 4-Companies

4. Progress of Development

5. Conclusions

6 june 2006

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

セル

電圧

(V/c

ell)

10080604020燃料利用率 (%)

40% 50% 60%(HHV)

（CH4 Conversion）

・ Fuel Utilization Ratio Dependence

740℃Fuel: 20%H2O-H2

0.2 A/cm2

Fuel Utilization (%)

Voltage (V/cell)

Uf(%) η(%)(LHV)

70 53.6

80 60.5

85 64.0

※CH4 Conversion

Progress of Development

Performance of a Cells-stack (1)

6 june 2006

・ Durability of a Cells-Stack

Fuel: Dry H2

700℃0.2 A/cm2

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 1000 2000

Stack voltage (V)

Time (h)

Total (14 cells)

Side C (7 cells)

Side A (7 cells)

3.5%/1,000hrs

～0%/1,000hrs

Degradation rate

Manufacturing issue causes this degradation of side A.(It’s not a fatal problem)

Progress of Development

Performance of a Cells-stack(3)

6 june 2006

Fuel: Dry H2

0.2 A/cm2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Vo

ltag

e (V

)

807060504030

Fuel utilization (%)

55

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

Efficien

cy (%[H

HV

])

Uf(%) η(%)[LHV]

80 61.9

※CH4 Conversion

※CH4 Conversion

Progress of Development

Performance of a bundle

・ Fuel Utilization Ratio Dependence

6 june 2006

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Cur

rent

Cur

rent

Cur

rent

Cur

rent

（（ （（AA AA ）） ））

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Power

Power

Power

Power

（（ （（W

eW

eW

eW

e ）） ））

0 20 40 60 80 100

TIME TIME TIME TIME （（（（minminminmin））））

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Fue

l Util

izat

ion

Rat

io（

％）

（％

）（

％）

（％

）

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

EfficiencyEfficiencyEfficiencyEfficiency

（％

（％

（％

（％

HH

VH

HV

HH

VH

HV ）） ））

・ Operation Result using CH4 Fuel (from Start-up)

Progress of Development

Performance of a DC Module (1)

6 june 2006

40 45 50 55 60

TIME TIME TIME TIME （（（（minminminmin））））

500

600

700

800

Temp.

Temp.

Temp.

Temp.

（（ （（℃℃ ℃℃

）） ））

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Cur

rent

Cur

rent

Cur

rent

Cur

rent

（（ （（AA AA ）） ））

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0出

力出

力出

力出

力（（ （（

kWkW kWkW）） ））

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Fue

l Util

izat

ion

Rat

io（

％）

（％

）（

％）

（％

）

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Efficien

cy（

％（

％（

％（

％H

HV

HH

VH

HV

HH

V ）） ））・ Operation Result using CH4 Fuel (Thermally Self-sustainable)

Progress of Development

Performance of a DC Module (2)

■DC Module Operation Results

・Output Power 2.5kWe DC

・Electrical Efficiency 56.1%(LHVDC)(50.5%(HHV))

■In Future…・Electrical Efficiency 50% LHVAC

at several kW Class

6 june 2006

A table of contents

1. Background of Development

2. SOFC Development approach of TG

3. SOFC Development by 4-Companies

4. Progress of Development

5. Conclusions

6 june 2006

Summary of Development

■ We have concentrated on a 「Flat Tubular Segmented-in-Serious Type

SOFC 」 since FY2003.

→Confirmed High Performance of cells-stacks and bundles

■ We have developed DC module equipped with the cells-stacks.

→Achieved Electrical Efficiency 56.1% LHV-DC at 2.5kWe

Conclusions

Conclusions(1)

6 june 2006

Plan of Development

■Cells-stacks ・Durability Confirmation

■System ・CHP(CGS) System Development(DC module ＋ Inverter, Auxiliary units,

Control unit & Waste heat recovery unit etc.）

・Reliability Improvement・Cost Reduction

・Target Electrical efficiency 50%LHVAC(NET)・Several kW Class

→ We aim at practical use of SOFC in several years.

Conclusions

Conclusions(2)

6 june 2006

Single Cell

Substrate

Fuel

Inter-connectCathode

SOFC Development by 4-Companies

Configuration of Flat Tubular Segmented-in-Series Type Cells-Stack of SOFC

Anode

Electrolyte

See here

Air

6 june 2006

0000

2222

4444

6666

8888

10101010

12121212SW

1SW

1SW

1SW

1SW

2SW

2SW

2SW

2SW

3SW

3SW

3SW

3SW

4SW

4SW

4SW

4SW

5SW

5SW

5SW

5SW

6SW

6SW

6SW

6SW

7SW

7SW

7SW

7SW

8SW

8SW

8SW

8SW

9SW

9SW

9SW

9SW

10SW

10SW

10SW

10SW

11SW

11SW

11SW

11SW

12SW

12SW

12SW

12SW

13SW

13SW

13SW

13SW

14SW

14SW

14SW

14SW

15SW

15SW

15SW

15SW

16SW

16SW

16SW

16SW

17SW

17SW

17SW

17SW

18SW

18SW

18SW

18SW

19SW

19SW

19SW

19SW

20SW

20SW

20SW

20SW

21SW

21SW

21SW

21

St ack no.Stack no.Stack no.Stack no.

Out

put

powe

r (W

)O

utpu

t po

wer

(W)

Out

put

powe

r (W

)O

utpu

t po

wer

(W)

平均　739.5℃平均　739.5℃平均　739.5℃平均　739.5℃

・ Output Power of Each Cells-stack

Progress of Development

Performance of a bundle (1)

Average 740℃