Sociology Project On Disaster Management

8/9/2019 Sociology Project On Disaster Management

1/23

1 | P a g e

Damodaram SanjivayyaNational Law

University

Sociology Project

On

Disaster Management

Mugdha TomarSec – B

!" #$

%%nd Semester


2/23

2 | P a g e

&c'nowledgement

I would like to thank our Sociology teacher Dr. A Laxmipati Raju for giving me such a wonderful opportunity of making a project onDisaster anagement.!he task of project making helped me inenhancing my knowledge on the topic.

!hank "ou


3/23

3 | P a g e

#ontents

$hat is a Disaster %.................................................................... &

!ypes of Disasters'''''''''''''''''.. & ( )

Definition of Disaster anagement''''''''''... )

!he scope of Disaster anagement''''''''''.... *

!he o+jectives of Disaster anagement''''''''' * ,-

$ho is a Disaster anager %...................................................... -

Role of a Disaster anager'''''''''''''' -

lements of Disaster anagement''''''''''... / , 00

1hases of 1re ( Disaster 1lanning''''''''''' /

!echnologies of Disaster anagement''''''''.. 0& , 0*

!ools of post Disaster anagement'''''''''.... 0* , 02Disaster anagement in India''''''''''''.. 02

Aniruddha3s Academy of Disaster anagement'''''.. 45

#onclusion''''''''''''''''''''. 45

6i+liography''''''''''''''''''......


4/23

4 | P a g e

$hat is a disaster %

A disaster is a natural or man,made 7or technological8 ha9ard resulting in an event of su+stantial extent causing significant physical damage or destruction: loss of life: or drastic

change to the environment. A disaster can +e ostensively defined as any tragic event

stemming from events such as earth;uakes: floods: catastrophic accidents: fires:

or explosions. It is a phenomenon that can cause damage to life and property and destroy the

economic: social and cultural life of people.

In contemporary academia: disasters are seen as the conse;uence of inappropriately managed

urisk. !hese risks are the product of a com+ination of +oth ha9ardD18 in developing countries than in

industriali9ed countries. 0

!ypes of Disasters

?atural disasters

A natural disaster is a conse;uence when a natural ha9ard affects humans and


5/23

5 | P a g e

population to support or resist the disaster@ their resilience. !his understanding is

concentrated in the formulation@ disasters occur when ha9ards meet vulnera+ility . A natural

ha9ard will hence never result in a natural disaster in areas without vulnera+ility.

Barious phenomena like earth;uakes: landslides: volcanic eruptions: floods and cyclones are

all natural ha9ards that kill thousands of people and destroy +illions of dollars of ha+itat and

property each year. =owever: natural ha9ards can strike in unpopulated areas and never

develop into disasters. =owever: the rapid growth of the worldCs population and its increased

concentration often in ha9ardous environments has escalated +oth the fre;uency and severity

of natural disasters. $ith the tropical climate and unsta+le land forms: coupled with

deforestation: unplanned growth proliferation: non,engineered constructions which make the

disaster,prone areas more vulnera+le: tardy communication: poor or no +udgetary allocation

for disaster prevention: developing countries suffer more or less chronically +y natural

disasters. Asia tops the list of casualties due to natural disasters.

an ( ade Disasters

an,made disasters are the conse;uence of technological or human ha9ards.

xamples include stampedes: fires: transport accidents: industrial accidents: oil spills

and nuclear explosionsuide and #ourse !ext Disaster anagement #enter:

niversity of $isconsin and adison:1age E*:E-


6/23

6 | P a g e

persons to avoid or recover from the impact of the disaster. Disaster management deals with

situations that occur prior to: during: and after the disaster .E

!he Scope of Disaster anagement

!he term disaster management encompasses the complete realm of disaster,related

activities.!raditionally people tend to think of disaster management only in terms of the post,

disaster actions taken +y relief and reconstruction officialsF yet disaster management covers a

much +roader scope: and many modern disaster managers may find themselves far more

involved in pre,disaster activities than in post,disaster response. !his is +ecause many

persons who work in the development field: or who plan routine economic: ur+an: regional or

agricultural development projects: have disaster management responsi+ilities. Gor example:

housing specialists planning a low,income housing project in a disaster,prone area have the

opportunity7and an o+ligation8 to mitigate the impact of a future disaster if the houses

incorporate disaster resistant construction technologies. In the same manner: agricultural

development projects must +e planned in such a way that they help stem environmental

degradation and thus lower the farmerCs vulnera+ility to losses from droughts: floods:

cyclones: or other natural ha9ards. Infact: in dealing with natural ha9ards: the vast majority of

disaster management activities are related to development projectsF only a small portion are

related to emergency response.

Hf course: disaster management also encompasses the field of emergency assistance and

long,term maintenance for refugees and displaced persons. !he refugee field of disaster

management is highly speciali9ed and re;uires not only many development skills +ut also a

+roader awareness of political: legal: and humanitarian issues. &

$ Aim and Scope of Disaster anagement , Study >uide and #ourse !ext Disaster anagement #enter:niversity of $isconsin and adison:1age , 4)

( Aim and Scope of Disaster anagement , Study >uide and #ourse !ext Disaster anagement #enter:

niversity of $isconsin and adison:1age , 4)


7/23

7 | P a g e

!he H+jectives of Disaster anagement

!he o+jectives of disaster management are as follows (

!o reduce or avoid the human:physical and economic losses suffered +y individuals

+y the society and +y the country at large!o reduce personal suffering!o speed up recovery )

$ho is a Disaster anager %

!he term disaster manager is applied to a person who has responsi+ility for planning and

managing pre, anduide and #ourse !ext Disaster anagement #enter:niversity of $isconsin and adison

# Aim and Scope of Disaster anagement , Study >uide and #ourse !ext Disaster anagement #enter:

niversity of $isconsin and adison:1age , 4/


8/23

8 | P a g e

!he primary role of a disaster manager involves the planning: coordination: and orchestration

of actions in each time phase. In order to +e successful: a disaster manager must have a+road

+ase of knowledge in many different su+jects and the a+ility to +lend this knowledge into

worka+le coordinated programs to meet the needs of those affected +y disaster. -

lements of Disaster anagement

!here are six distinct sets of activities which have to +e dealt in order to affect successfully

the course of events related to disasters. nown as the elements of disaster management:theseinclude risk management:loss management:control of events:e;uity of assistance:resource

management and impact reduction.

Risk anagement

Risk management consists of identifying threats7ha9ards likely to occur8:determining their

pro+a+ility of occurrence: estimating what the impact of the threat might +e to the

communities at risk:determining measures that can reduce the risk:and taking action to reduce

the threat.

Risk management is accomplished +y lessening the effects of the natural ha9ard or +y taking

actions in normal development projects that will reduce the risks to an accepta+le level. Gor

example: if flooding is determined to +e a major risk: the risk can +e reduced +y physical

measures such as dams: flood control em+ankments: or channeling of the streams. Risk can

also +e reduced +y moving threatened communities from flood plains anduide and #ourse !ext Disaster anagement #enter:

niversity of $isconsin and adison:1age , 42


9/23

9 | P a g e

Loss anagement

Losses in a disaster include human: structural: and economic losses.

Loss management addresses each of these through +oth pre, and post,disaster actions

designed to keep losses to a minimum. !he most effective loss management activities occur

prior to the disaster and are focused on reducing the societyCs vulnera+ility to the

disaster.Actions include (

, improving the resistance of +uildings and physical structures in the event of disaster

, providing improved safety for the occupants of +uildings or settlements situated inha9ardous areas

, increasing and


10/23

10 | P a g e

J 1reparedness . 6y reviewing the anticipated scope of a disaster: managers can plan

ade;uate responses: develop organi9ational procedures: and prepare to meet the needs that are

going to arise.

J Accurate information collection and assessment. Hnce a disaster has commenced:

the manager needs to have relia+le data upon which to +ase priorities and to guide response.

J A +alanced response. ach type of disaster will re;uire a different set of responses. !he

disaster manager must review the different strategies and approaches for meeting disaster

needs and develop an appropriate mix of responses: so that all sectors of the community can

+e e;uita+ly assisted. ore than one approach may +e necessary in order to meet a variety of needs in the same sector.

J Action. Hnce a pro+lem has +een identified and a response strategy selected: the

actionmust commence immediately. Appropriate action must +e phased in a timely manner

and undertaken +efore demands and needs escalate. Action delayed means lost opportunities

and a lessening of control: which add to the suffering of the victims.

J Leadership. Disaster management should lead: rather than follow: pu+lic action. If

programs are timely: the first element of leadership is attained. Rapid response and timely aid

give people hope and encourage them to take positive actions themselves to help meet their

needs. A delayed response leads to confusion and frustration and may force disaster managers

to choose alternative courses that are ultimately less desira+le.

J Discipline. Disaster managers: disaster management systems and organi9ations: and allkey personnel in the relief and disaster management system must operate in an

orderly:precise: and disciplined manner. !he appearance of discipline and self,assuredness

will reassure the pu+lic and promote compliance. !he success of a disaster manager relates

directly to the leadership exercised and the a+ility to coordinate the actions re;uired to +ring

order out of chaos.


11/23

11 | P a g e

;uity of Assistance

All disaster assistance should +e provided in an e;uita+le and fair

manner. Assuring that all disaster victims are treated fairly and e;ually is an importantelement of disaster management. !his is especially important at the national level when a

variety of different relief agencies: each with different constituencies and demands +y their

management and donors: are trying to provide assistance. Doctrines of fairness must underlie

uniform relief and reconstruction policies in order to insure that disaster victims receive fair

treatment and o+tain ade;uate access to the resources availa+le.

Resource anagement

Gew disaster managers have ade;uate resources to meet all the competing needs and demands

of a post,disaster environment. !hus: resource management +ecomes a critical element of

disaster response. !he disaster manager must +e familiar with the resources availa+le. =e or

she must know how to form them into a +alanced package of assistance and how to maximi9e

their use to the greatest advantage. Gor example: in the aftermath of a flood a relief agency

may receive seeds that will ena+le 0:555 farmers to replant the crops that were destroyed +ythe flood. "et disaster assessment surveys indicate that 4:555 farmers need replacement seeds.

!he manager who decides to give away all the seeds and reinvest the proceeds from the crop

sales to purchase additional seeds can expand the num+er of persons serviced and thus

maximi9e the contri+ution.

Impact Reduction

Disasters can have an impact far +eyond the immediate human: physical:

or economic losses. In a very real sense: disasters represent a loss of opportunity: not only to

individuals: +ut also to entire societies. !hey can also +e a serious set+ack to the countryCs

entire development program. !he impact of the disaster on individuals and their society

should +e reduced to a minimum. Gor a nation struck +y a disaster: this means managing the


12/23

12 | P a g e

disaster in such a way that recovery is accomplished ;uickly and that the recovery efforts

contri+ute to the overall development needs of the country and all its citi9ens. /

1hases of 1re ( Disaster 1lanning

itigation

1ersonal mitigation is mainly a+out knowing and avoiding unnecessary risks. !his includes

an assessment of possi+le risks to personal


13/23

13 | P a g e

1reparedness

1ersonal preparedness focuses on preparing e;uipment and procedures for use when a

disaster occurs: i.e.: planning. 1reparedness measures can take many forms including the

construction of shelters: implementation of an emergency communication system: installation

of warning devices: creation of +ack,up life,line services 7e.g.: power: water: sewage8: and

rehearsing evacuation plans.!wo simple measures can help prepare the individual for sitting

out the event or evacuating: as necessary. Gor evacuation: a disaster supplies kit may +e

prepared and for sheltering purposes a stockpile of supplies may +e created. !he preparation

of a survival kit such as a -4,hour kit : is often advocated +y authorities. !hese kits may

include food: medicine: flashlights: candles and money. Also: putting valua+le items in safe

area is also recommended.

Response

!he response phase of an emergency may commence with search and rescue +ut in all cases

the focus will ;uickly turn to fulfilling the +asic humanitarian needs of the affected

population. !his assistance may +e provided +y national or international agencies and

organisations. ffective coordination of disaster assistance is often crucial: particularly when

many organi9ations respond and local emergency management agency 7L A8 capacity has

+een exceeded +y the demand or diminished +y the disaster itself.

Hn a personal level the response can take the shape either of a shelter in place or

an evacuation . In a shelter,in,place scenario: a family would +e prepared to fend for

themselves in their home for many days without any form of outside support. In

an evacuation : a family leaves the area +y automo+ile or other mode of transportation: taking

with them the maximum amount of supplies they can carry: possi+ly including a tent for

shelter. If mechanical transportation is not availa+le: evacuation on foot would ideally include

carrying at least three days of supplies and rain,tight +edding: a tarpaulin and a +edroll of

+lankets +eing the minimum.


14/23

14 | P a g e

Recovery

!he recovery phase starts after the immediate threat to human life has su+sided. During

reconstruction it is recommended to consider the location or construction material of the

property.

!he most extreme home confinement scenarios include war: famine and severe epidemics and

may last a year or more. !hen recovery will take place inside the home. 1lanners for these

events usually +uy +ulk foods and appropriate storage and preparation e;uipment: and eat the

food as part of normal life. A simple +alanced diet can +e constructedfrom vitamin pills: whole,meal wheat: +eans: dried milk: corn: and cooking oil. Hne should

add vegeta+les: fruits: spices and meats: +oth prepared and fresh,gardened: when possi+le. 2

!echnologies of Disaster anagement

Disaster managers should +e familiar with certain technologies or sets of information used in

disaster management. Among the more important are mapping: interpretation of aerial

photography: communications: information management: logistics and computer

applications:epidemiology and preventive medicine.

apping

Disaster management relies heavily on the use of maps and mapping techni;ues for control of

disasters and for managing response. At a minimum: disaster managers must +e familiar with

a variety of different types of maps including topographic maps: land,use maps: ha9ard

maps:geologic maps: vegetation maps: population distri+ution maps: seismic maps: and

hurricane tracking maps. Disaster managers must know how to read maps. !hey must also

know how to plot information accurately on the maps and how to interpret trends through

map reading.

, www-wi'i.edia-com


15/23

15 | P a g e

Aerial 1hotography

Aerial photography used wisely is a valua+le tool for disaster managers. It can +e an

expensive tool if misused. Disaster managers must know how to interpret aerial photography

and how to apply it to +oth pre,disaster planning and post,disaster response activities.

1ossi+le uses of aerial photography include ha9ard analysis and mapping: vulnera+ility

analysis and mapping: disaster assessment: reconstruction planning and management.

Remote Sensing

Remote sensing is the ac;uisition of information a+out a su+ject that is at a distance from the

information,gathering device. $eather radar: weather satellite: seismographs: sono+uoys: and

videotape are examples of remote sensing systems. Aerial photography is a form of remote

sensing: +ut in disaster management the term generally refers to the use of satellites with

imaging systems that produce a computer,generated image resem+ling a photograph and with

other electronic monitoring devices. Gor example: meteorological satellites track hurricanes

+y remote sensing. !he picture of the hurricane is a computer, generated image made +y

the satelliteCs sensors.

!he use of remote sensing in disaster management is increasing. 1re,disaster uses include risk

analysis and mappingF disaster warning: especially cyclone tracking: drought monitoring etc.

#ommunications

lectronic communications are an important technology of disaster management. lectroniccommunications are used for coordination and control: assessment: reporting: monitoring and


16/23

16 | P a g e

scheduling logistics: and reunification and tracing separated families. A disaster manager

must +e familiar with communications e;uipment and their limitations. =e or she must

understand the effective use of communications networks +oth prior to and in the aftermath

of a disaster.

Logistics

very disaster manager eventually +ecomes involved in logistics. !herefore: he or she must

+e familiar with +asic logistics planning: inventory management: warehousing and stock

control procedures: materials distri+ution methods: and accounting procedures. Logistics

planning can include: for example: evaluating the capa+ility and capacity to move supplies

through the relief system identifying +ottlenecks and developing alternate solutions. Logistics

planning in a country struck +y a disaster might include the estimation of the capacity to

receive supplies at air and sea ports and to unload the supplies and reload into trucks. It might

include determining the sufficiency of trucks of the right si9e and type: and the availa+ility of

parts and fuel for the trucks. Hther considerations might +e ade;uate roads to the site of

relief: ade;uate warehouses at collection points: and a distri+ution system with the

administrative capa+ility and the methods to deliver the goods to the final point of utili9ation.

pidemiology

pidemiology is the +ranch of medicine that investigates the causes and control of

epidemics.In relation to disasters epidemiology has come to mean the evaluation of all the

causes of the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a disease 7and more +roadly of the death and

injuries8 resulting from a disaster. pidemiologic surveillance after disasters and refugee

crises includes identification of diseases to include in the surveillanceF the collection:

interpretation and utili9ation of dataF la+oratory diagnosis of samplesF development of

policies and plans for a pu+lic health programF and esta+lishment of a program for the control


17/23

17 | P a g e

of communica+le disease.!he last two points coincide with programs in environmental health

management and preventive medicine. 05

!ools of 1ost Disaster anagement

& disaster manager uses a variety o/ tools to .lan and manage disaster

res.onse- Most im.ortant o/ these are .lans and .rocedures0 .olicies0

codes and standards0 and standardi1ed .rograms or .rogram structures-

1lans and 1rocedure

1lans and procedures are the most important tools of disaster management +ecause they

structure and guide emergency action. 1lans are +ased on the premise that it is +etter to make

your decisions long +efore a disaster strikes than in the aftermath of a disaster: when

information is inaccurate and the situation is confusing and often unknown.

!he primary types of plans and procedures are@

J Disaster Plans. !hese include preparedness plans: such as warning and evacuation plansF

sheltering plansF disaster and needs assessment plansF search,and,rescue plansF and

emergency services operations plans. Disaster plans are prepared on the +asis of known

risks: estimated impact areas: and predicted needs.

J Contingency Plans . #ontingency plans are actions planned in anticipation that something

unexpected might occur. Gor example: a government may determine that it can handle a

disaster of a certain magnitudeF it would then develop its plans accordingly. =owever: on

the chance a larger magnitude disaster would outstrip its capacity to meet all the needs: a

contingency plan for outside assistance might +e developed.

J Forward Planning. !his planning term concerns the development of specific plans to meet

an immediate emergency. Gorward planning is usually +ased on an early warning of an

impending threat 7for example: a warning from a meteorological service that a cyclone is

"! Aim and Scope of Disaster anagement , Study >uide and #ourse !ext Disaster anagement #enter:

niversity of $isconsin and adison:1age ?o , **, */


18/23

18 | P a g e

likely to strike a certain community: or information that large num+ers of refugees might

soon seek asylum in another country8. Gorward planning usually involves the pre,positioning

of emergency supplies and the preparation of emergency response services and resources

for action.

J Standard Operating Procedures (SOPS). SH1s are developed within an organi9ation to

provide standard responses to anticipated situations. !he o+jective of a standard procedure

is to help make the response routine and to eliminate the need for a lengthy decisionmaking

process. If certain criteria are met: the response is triggered automatically.

SH1s for specific disaster types in certain regions can often +e compiled and presented in

an emergency action manual. !hese manuals esta+lish the tasks that must +e carried out

during each phase of an emergency and descri+e the procedure for accomplishing each in

the proper se;uence. !hey also structure the response so that everyone in the organi9ation

knows what is expected and at what point each event should happen. !hey also structure

the response so that each succeeding activity +uilds upon previous actions.

1oliciesIn providing assistance to disaster victims: organi9ations often propose many differing

approaches and programs. Different approaches often result in une;uita+le or une;ual

provision of materials and services. !his can cause pro+lems for the host government and for

organi9ations with long,term commitments to the disaster,affected area.

niform disaster policies are one way to avoid these pro+lems. Such policies provide a

mechanism for shaping disaster mitigation and vulnera+ility reduction efforts as well as

emergency response and reconstruction. !hey also provide a +asis upon which programs can

+e coordinated: and in some cases: integrated.Relief and reconstruction policies should

ideally +e set as part of the disaster preparedness process. =owever: if they do not exist at the

time of a disaster: they should +e esta+lished during the initial stages of emergency response.

#odes And Standards

#odes and standards are a primary disaster management tool used to mitigate losses and


19/23

19 | P a g e

control reconstruction activities in certain sectors. In the housing sector: +uilding codes or

performance standards are used to set the minimum accepta+le safety levels for houses and

+uildings. Specific codes and performance standards are also developed for hospitals:

lifelines 7water: sanitation: electrical and transportation systems8: and critical facilities

7government installations: communications installations: etc.8

1rograms

1rograms are the principal tool of relief and reconstruction. In disaster management the term

program descri+es a set of activities carried out +y an organi9ation within a specified time:

to accomplish predetermined o+jectives. A program may +e made up of two or more su+,

units of activities generally called projects. In a pre,disaster environment programs are

usually longterm and have a small: full,time: professional staff. In a post,disaster

environment: programs are usually short,term: with limited +udgets and a large temporary

staff formed around a small core of professionals. Some common examples of programs are

housing reconstruction programs: food aid programs: preventive health programs: and food,

for,work programs.

1u+lic Awareness

1ost,disaster programs can have an enormous impact on a community. It is essential that they

are planned to +e effective and appropriate for the community: that they meet only the needs

the community cannot meet for itself: and that the program contri+ute to the development of

the community. !his fre;uently means that a programCs o+jectives should include the

participation of the victims in the program planning and design. !he program should have an

educational component that will upgrade the level of knowledge in the community: to prevent


20/23

20 | P a g e

or reduce a future disaster. !he program should also +e tied to a long,range integrated

development scheme. 00

Disaster anagement in India

!he role of emergency management in India falls to ?ational Disaster Authority of India

anagement: a government agency su+ordinate to the inistry of =ome Affairs. In recent

years there has +een a shift in emphasis from response and recovery to strategic risk

management and reduction: and from a government,centered approach to decentrali9edcommunity participation. !he inistry of Science and !echnology.headed +y Dr aran

Rawat: supports an internal agency that facilitates research +y +ringing the academic

knowledge and expertise of earth scientists to emergency management.

A group representing a pu+licovernment of India.

It is funded primarily +y a large India,+ased computer company and aimed at improving the

general response of communities to emergencies: in addition to those incidents which might

+e descri+ed as disasters. Some of the groupsC early efforts involve the provision of

emergency management training for first responders 7a first in India8: the creation of a single

emergency telephone num+er: and the esta+lishment of standards for S staff: e;uipment:

and training. It operates in three states: though efforts are +eing made in making this a nation,

wide effective group. 04

Aniruddha3s Academy of Disaster anagement 7AAD 8

It is a ?on,1rofit Hrgani9ation in um+ai: India with CDisaster anagementC as its principal

o+jective. !he +asic aim of AAD is to save life and property in the event of a disaster: +e it

natural or manmade. It has successfully trained *5:555 citi9ens: the Disaster anagement

Bolunteers 7D Bs8 to handle various disasters and disaster situations effectively. !he AAD

"" Aim and Scope of Disaster anagement , Study >uide and #ourse !ext Disaster anagement #enter:niversity of $isconsin and adison:1age ?o , *0, *&

" www-wi'i.edia-com

http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.wikipedia.com/


21/23

21 | P a g e

has +uild up a volunteer +ase: that assists the >overnment authorities during the disaster

relief and reha+ilitation work.

#onclusion

Disaster management is an ever evolving area in which technologies have to invented and

new ways and practices have to +e found in order to cope up with the various kinds of

disasters which mankind may face in future and the effect on humans could thus +e very

disastrous.So we need to prepare ourselves in the +est possi+le manner so as to cope up with

any such disaster +efore it takes place and after it has occurred. 0E

6i+liography

0. Aim and Scope of Disaster anagement , Study >uide and #ourse !extDisaster anagement #enter: niversity of $isconsin and adison

4. !ogether !owards a Safer India ( A !ext+ook on Disaster anagementfor #lass ( BIII

E. !ogether !owards a Safer India ( A !ext+ook on Disaster anagementfor #lass ( K

&. www.wikipedia.com

"$ www-wi'i.edia-com

http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.wikipedia.com/


22/23

22 | P a g e


23/23

23 | P a g e

Documents

Sociology Project On Disaster Management