Sociology Ppt Final

8/3/2019 Sociology Ppt Final

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5/3/2012 1


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Environmental Issue


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What Is Environment

Environment is anessential natural

process or an outcomeof occurrence.

Environment issurrounding

atmosphere/ conditionfor existence.

3-May-12 3Presented ByKamran,Umair,Anis,Arsalan


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Environmental Issue In Pakistan

Environmentalissues in Pakistan

threaten the

populations healthand have beendisturbing the

balance betweeneconomic

development andenvironmental

protection.

Poor naturalresource

management overmany years andcontinuing high

population growthhave had a

negative impact onPakistan'senvironment.



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Environmental Issue In Pakistan

Pakistan has focusedon achieving self-sufficiency in food

production, meetingenergy demands, and

containing its highrate of population

growth rather than on

curtailing pollution orother environmentalhazards.

As a result, "green"concerns have not

been thegovernment's top

priority



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Key Environmental Issues andChallenges

Water Resources

Energy

Environmental Pollution

Irrigated Agriculture and

Cropland

Biodiversity and NaturalResources Management



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Water Resources

Water is an essential element for our survival

There is a limited natural fresh water resources; a majority of the population does not haveaccess to potable water; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification Per capita wateravailability in Pakistan has decreased from 5,000 cubic meters per annum in to 1,100 in

1951.The principal source of drinking water for the majority of people in Pakistan is groundwater.Most of the rural areas and many major cities rely on it, although some cities such asIslamabad, Karachi, Hyderabad etc., get water from a number of other sources. About 80% ofthe Punjab has fresh groundwater, but in Sindh, less than 30% of groundwater is fresh.

A recent study of 11 cities of Punjab shows an excess of arsenic and fluoride

concentrations in the water supply systems of six cities; Multan, Bhawalpur,Shaikhupura, Kasur, Gujranwala, and Lahore

Alarmingly, over 2 million people in these cities are drinking unsafe water, some with ahigh arsenic concentration.



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Water Resources

3-May-12 Presented By Irtaza & Umair 8


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THE CONTAMINATION OF

PHYSICAL ANDBIOLOGICALCOMPONENTS OF THE

EARTH OR ATMOSPHERESYSTEM TO SUCH AN

EXTENT THAT NORMALENVIRONMENT

AFFECTED.



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Types OfPollution

AirPollution

WaterPollution

SoilPollution



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Air Pollution

Air pollution in Pakistan iscaused by industrial andthermal power plants, but

more particularly byvehicular emissions

Karachi and Lahore, isestimated to be 20 timeshigher than World Health

Organization standards

A large number ofcommercial vehicles plyon Karachi roads without

proper fitness.

These unfit vehicles are outto emit dangerous smoke

through their exhausts

which cause serious healthproblems especially chest

related diseases among thecitizens

An estimated 550 metric

tons per year of leademissions are generatedby vehicles in Pakistan

Many Pakistanienvironmentalists say that

poor fuel quality is also toblame for the country'sserious air pollution

problems



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Air Pollution



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Management of Solid andHazardous Waste

Roughly 48,000 tons of solid wasteis generated every day in the

country.

Streets are treated asreceptacles for waste.

There is only partialsegregation of recyclable

waste. Waste paper, plastic,metal, glass, rubber, rags and

so on are thrown on thestreets along with domestic,

trade and institutional wastes.

Poor sanitation and hygieneand the lack of access to a

safe drinking water supply areconsidered key contributingfactors to the high rate of

disease (such as diarrhea) inthe country.



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Management of Solid andHazardous Waste



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Biological Effect

Diabetes

Eye disease

HemophiliaAlcoholism

Mentalretardation



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Pollution And Waste Management

Presently over15,000 industrialunits located in

different districts,discharge highly

toxic waste.

It converted theblue waters of

Arabian coast intoa septic tank.

Thousands of tonsof toxic waste isdumped into thesea every day

The city generatesaround 7,000 tonsof garbage daily

which is alsodisposed of withoutproper treatment.

Major industrialcontributors to waterpollution in Pakistan

are thepetrochemicals,

paper and pulp, foodprocessing,

tanneries, refineries,textile and sugar

industries.



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Energy

Pakistan contributes little to greenhouse gas emissions and global climate change. Its totalenergy-related carbon dioxide emissions measure about 100 million t, of which 46% is from oil-

related emissions, 45% from gas, and 9% from coal.

Pakistan, as an energy intensive is a net importer of energy, and also lags behind other countriesin converting high-value primary energy (gas and oil) into useful energy services.

Technical and commercial losses caused by poor infrastructure and a significant amount of powertheft represent 30% of the total electric power generated.

Pakistan faces power shortages during peak seasons and peak hours of use, making it necessaryto implement rotating blackouts ("load-shedding"). Additionally, many rural areas do not evenhave access to electricity, while half the population is not connected to the national grid.

Pakistans demand for electricity is also rising rapidly, close to 12% on the average. Its installedcapacity is about 23,000 megawatts (MW)

In recent years, Pakistans rising consumption of oil its flat oil production (close to 65,000 bbl/day)



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Irrigated Agricultur & Cropland

Pakistan depends heavily onirrigation agriculture

The irrigation of crops with heavywater requirements (such as

sugarcane and rice) deposits 20million tons of river salts every year,and moves salts in the soil profile to

the surface.

The resulting Process reduces cropyields, while the use of groundwatercontaining relatively high levels ofdissolved salts leads to sodicity



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Biodiversity

Much of the countrysvariety of plant and animallife has disappeared over

its long period ofcivilization

Natural ecological zoneshave been so widely

affected by human activitythat very few truly natural

habitats remain.

Pakistan has the leastvariety of mammals, birds,

amphibians, and higherplants per representative

unit of area.

The excessive andimproper use of pesticidesdestroys the natural biotic

balance of agriculturalsoils and reduces the

diversity of invertebratefauna

It is estimated that aquarter of the pesticides

applied to crops eventuallyreach the Arabian Sea as

runoff



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Deforestation

Forests are important in the fight against greenhouse gasses whichare impacting climate change. They absorb water and ensure that it is

filtered, sustained, and gradually available for consumption.

Deforestation and desertification lead to landslides anddrought.

When forests are cut down to use land for agriculture, carbonstored in trees is released as carbon dioxide (CO2)

Pakistan has only 2.5 percent of forest cover with an alarmingrate of deforestation.

The annual rate of deforestation in Pakistan is -2.1 percent,

no Asian country has a forest degradation rate higher thanthis.



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Government Policy

In 1992 thegovernment

issued its NationalConservation

Strategy Report(NCSR) outlining

Pakistan's state of

environmentalhealth, its

sustainable goals,and viable

program optionsfor the future with

the NationalConservation

Goals

The NCSRstipulated threegoals for the

country'senvironmental

protection efforts

Conservationof naturalresources

Promotion ofsustainable

development

Improvement ofefficiency in the useand management of

resources.

in 1993PakistanappliedNational

EnvironmentalQuality

Standards

(NEQS) tomunicipal andliquid industrialeffluents and

industrialgaseous

emissions,motor vehicleexhaust, and

noise.

However,attempts to

legislateenvironmenta

l protectionhave fallenshort, and

regulationshave not

beenenforcedstrongly



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Government Policy

The government's 1995 Clean Fuel Initiative waslargely ineffective, and now authorities are looking atthe possibility of using alternative fuels for vehicles

According to the latest statistics, more than 275 CNGstations are in operation and over 275,000 cars havebeen converted to CNG, making Pakistan third largestCNG consumer in the world after Argentina and Italy

Use of CNG in vehicles is being encouraged to reducepressure on petroleum imports, to reduce carbonemissions and improve the environment. But It Hasdecrease our natural gas



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Conclusion

Environmental concerns in

Pakistan can be examined inboth rural and urban contexts,

but the institutional andregulatory framework requiredfor environmental management

has not evolved noticeablyduring the last periods.



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Q/Ans Session


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Sociology Ppt Final