Lectut HSS 02 Ppt Sociology IInd Year

8/18/2019 Lectut HSS 02 Ppt Sociology IInd Year

1/19

Sociology Anthony Giddens

Dr. Anindya Jayanta MishraAssociate Professor of Sociology

Department of Humanities and Social SciencesIIT Rooree


2/19

Sociology ! study of human social life" groups and

societies

co#ers passing encounters $et%een indi#iduals in the

street to in#estigation of glo$al social processes &'amples of sociological analysis ! (lass room"

Suicide" )o#e Marriage" *ureaucracy" Jeans" Sport

)o#e Marriage ! a modern industrial construct non+

e'istent in most pre+industrial societies %as

considered a %eaness and sicness

It has $een shaped $y $roader social and historical

influences


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Sociology ! demonstrates the need to tae a much $roader #ie% of life

,hat %e regard as natural" ine#ita$le" good or true ! many not $e so

The gi#ens of our life are strongly influenced $y historical and social forces

Sociological outloo ! understanding ho% our indi#idual li#es reflect thecomple'ity of our social e'perience

A sociologist is someone ! %ho is a$le to $rea free from the immediacy of

personal circumstances and put things in a %ider conte't

Sociological Imagination ! re-uires us to thin oursel#es a%ay from thefamiliar routines of our daily li#es in order to loo at them ane%/ ( ,rightMills

Sociological Imagination+ It0s an interplay of *iography and History *iography ! Indi#idual (ircumstance" Personal &'periences History – Broader Social, Economic, Political, Economic, Religious context Private Trouble Versus Public Issue

Sociological imagination ! allo%s us to see that many e#ents that seem toconcern only the ind. Actually reflect larger issues

&'ample ! Di#orce" 1nemployment 2$oth personal 3 pu$lic concern4


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&'ample5 Drining coffee

6. Sym$olic #alue ! act of drining ! a ritual ! ind 3 group interaction more imp

7. 1se as drug ! not considered a drug in most societies $ut is considered so in

some and $anned

8. Soc and eco relationship ! An indi#idual %ho drins coffee is caught up incomple' set of socio eco rel. stretching across the %orld

Prod" distn" transn re-uire continuous transaction $et%een people 6999 milesfrom consumer

Many aspects of our li#es no% affected $y $roader %orld%ide soc influences

:. Past socio eco de#p ! act of drining coffee presumes past socio eco de#p

Lie $anana" tea" %hite sugar it is a ne% entrant to %estern 3 Indian diet

After 6;99 ! coffee has a colonial past

s independent coffee houses

Glo$alisation heightens our a%areness of issues happening across the %orld


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?ur acti#ities $oth structure ! gi#e shape to ! the soc %orld %e li#e in 3 at the same

time are structured $y that soc %orld

Soc struc ! soc conte't of our li#es do not consist =ust of random collection of e#ents

3 actions ! its structured" patterned ! regularities in the %ay %e $eha#e and in rel. %eha#e %ith one another

Soc struc ! $eing reconstructed at e#ery moment $y the #ery $uilding $loc that

compose it ! human $eings lie you and me

Intended and unintended conse-uences

Purposes@intentions of our $eha#iour and resulting une'pected unintended outcome

&'m5 Parents0 strictness and children0s de#iance in protest against orthodo'y

e% Bor $uilding o%ners ! told to reno#ate to accommodate more people

They a$andoned the old $uildings causing scarcity in accommodation space


6/19

Reser#ation policy in India

Its sociologists tas to understand the resulting $alance $et%een soc

reproduction and social transformation

Social reproduction ! ho% societies eep going o#er time

Social transformation ! changes societies undergo

Social reproduction ! occurs $coC there is continuity in %hat people do"

ho% they $eha#e" the practices they follo% day to day" year to year

Social transformation ! occur partly $coC its intended or partly $coC its

unintended

Sociology is a science that in#ol#es systematic methods of in#estigation ande#aluation of theories in the light of e#idence and logical argument

*ut cant $e directly modeled on natural science


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Founders of SociologyFounders of Sociology

Auguste Comte (1798-1857) Auguste Comte (1798-1857)Responsible for coining the term

“sociology”

Set out to develop the “science of

man” that would be based on

empirical observation

Focused on two aspects of society:• Social Statics—forces which produce

order and stability

• Social Dynamics—forces which

contribute to social change


8/19

Harriet artineau (18!"-187#)Harriet artineau (18!"-187#)

Authored one of the earliest

analyses of culture and life in

the United States entitled

Theory and Practice of Society

in America

Translated omte!s Positive

Philosophy into "nglishHarriet

Martineau


9/19

$arl ar% (1818-188&)$arl ar% (1818-188&)

#ar$ is the father of conflict theory

Saw human history in a continual

state of conflict between two ma%orclasses:

• Bourgeoisie—owners of the means of

production &capitalists'

• Proletariat—the wor(ers)redicted that revolution would

occur producing first a socialist

state* followed by a communist

society


10/19

'mile ur*eim (1858-1917)'mile ur*eim (1858-1917)

+ur(heim moved sociology fully

into the realm of an empirical

science#ost well (nown empirical

study is called Suicide* where

he loo(s at the social causes of

suicide,enerally regarded as the

founder of functionalist theory

"mile +ur(heim


11/19

a% +e,er (18#-19"!)a% +e,er (18#-19"!)

uc* of +e,er.s /or /as a criti0ueor clarification of ar%

His most famous /or The ProtestantEthic and the Spirit of Capitalism directly c*allenged ar%.s ideas ont*e role of religion in society

+e,er /as also interested in,ureaucracies and t*e 2rocess ofrationali3ation in society


12/19

4*eoretical ers2ecti6es4*eoretical ers2ecti6es

FunctionalismFunctionalismFunctionalism sees society as a system of

highly interrelated parts that wor( together

harmoniouslyThe image that functionalists use to

understand society is a living organism

"ach part of society wor(s together for thebenefit of the whole much li(e a livingorganism

"mile +ur(heim* Talcott )arsons* Robert

#erton


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4*eoretical ers2ecti6es4*eoretical ers2ecti6es

Conflict 4*eoryConflict 4*eoryConflict t*eory is grounded in t*e /or of $arl

ar%

Society is understood to ,e made u2 ofconflicting interest grou2s /*o 6ie for 2o/erand 2ri6ilege

4*is dynamic results in continuous social

c*ange /*ic* is t*e normal state of affairsConflict t*eory focuses *ea6ily on ine0uality

and differential distri,ution of 2o/er and/ealt* $arl ar% alf a*rendorf e/is

Coser andal Collins


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4*eoretical ers2ecti6es 4*e4*eoretical ers2ecti6es 4*e

:nteractionist ers2ecti6e:nteractionist ers2ecti6eFocuses on *o/ indi6iduals mae sense of

and inter2ret t*e /orld

4*is 2ers2ecti6e tends to focus on t*e ;micro-order< of small grou2s

Has gi6en rise to se6eral s2ecifica22roac*es = Symbolic Interactionism de6elo2ed ,y >eorge

Her,ert ead

= Ethnomethodology de6elo2ed ,y Harold >arfinel

= Dramaturgy de6elo2ed ,y 'r6ing >offman


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Com2aring 4*eoretical ers2ecti6esCom2aring 4*eoretical ers2ecti6esPerspectivePerspective Scope ofScope of

Analysis AnalysisPoint of View Point of View Focus ofFocus of

Analysis Analysis

Structural-Structural-FunctionalismFunctionalism

#acro#acro.evel.evel

/0/0 1arious parts of society1arious parts of societyare interdependentare interdependent

2020 Social systems areSocial systems arehighly stablehighly stable

3030 Social life governed bySocial life governed by

consensus 4consensus 4cooperationcooperation

Functional andFunctional anddysfunctionaldysfunctionalaspects ofaspects ofsocietysociety

onflictonflictTheoryTheory

#acro#acro.evel.evel

/0/0 Society accommodatesSociety accommodatesbetween competingbetween competinginterest groupsinterest groups

2020 Society unstable andSociety unstable andprone to changeprone to change

3030 Social life conflict-ladenSocial life conflict-laden

/0 5ow social/0 5ow socialine6ualitiesine6ualitiesproduce conflictproduce conflict

20 7ho benefits20 7ho benefitsfrom socialfrom socialarrangementsarrangements

8nteractionist8nteractionist #icro-.evel#icro-.evel /0/0 Actions haveActions havesymbolic meaningssymbolic meanings

2020 #eanings can vary#eanings can vary

5ow people5ow peoplema(e sense ofma(e sense of

their worldtheir world


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(ontri$ution of Sociology

Adds to social criticism and practical soc reform in se#eral %ays

Impro#ed understanding of a gi#en set of social circumstances often

gi#es us a $etter chance of controlling them

Pro#ides the $ase for our increased cultural sensiti#ities" allo%ing

policies to $e $ased on a%areness of di#ergent cultural #alues

,e can in#estigate the conse-uences 2intended 3 unintended4 of

the adoption of particular policy programme


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General Su$=ect Matter of SociologyGeneral Su$=ect Matter of Sociology

2Ale' Inles 6E:42Ale' Inles 6E:4 1?1? Sociological analysis 9 5uman ulture 4 Society*Sociological analysis 9 5uman ulture 4 Society*

Sociological )erspective* Scientific #ethod 8n SocialSociological )erspective* Scientific #ethod 8n Social

ScienceScience

20 )rimary units of social life 9 Soc0 Acts 4 Soc Rel0*20 )rimary units of social life 9 Soc0 Acts 4 Soc Rel0*

,roups* ommunities etc0,roups* ommunities etc0

30 asic social institutions 9 Family* Religious*30 asic social institutions 9 Family* Religious*

"conomic* )olitical* "ducational etc0"conomic* )olitical* "ducational etc0

;0 Fundamental social processes 9 Social Stratification*;0 Fundamental social processes 9 Social Stratification*Socialisation* ooperation*Socialisation* ooperation*

Assimilation* Acommodation* Social ontrol* SocialAssimilation* Acommodation* Social ontrol* Social

onflict* Social hangeonflict* Social hange


18/19

Sociology in 2Sociology in 2

Contents in t*e 4e%t ,oos of Ant*ony >iddens and a6idContents in t*e 4e%t ,oos of Ant*ony >iddens and a6id@e/man@e/man

:ndi6idual and Society Social Construction of $no/ledge:ndi6idual and Society Social Construction of $no/ledge

and eality :dentity uildingSocialisation Socialand eality :dentity uildingSocialisation Socialelations*i2sFamily Crime and Social e6ianceelations*i2sFamily Crime and Social e6iance

Brganisations :nstitutioins Social Stratification >enderBrganisations :nstitutioins Social Stratification >ender

Class Caste ace 't*nicity and :ne0uality eligion andClass Caste ace 't*nicity and :ne0uality eligion and

odern Society Ageing and Bld age edia +or andodern Society Ageing and Bld age edia +or and

'conomic ife Cities and r,an S2aces olitics'conomic ife Cities and r,an S2aces olitics

>o6ernment and 4errorism Science 4ec*nology and>o6ernment and 4errorism Science 4ec*nology and

Society >lo,alisation and Social C*angeSociety >lo,alisation and Social C*ange


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Lectut HSS 02 Ppt Sociology IInd Year