SOCIOLOGY OF SOCIOLOGY OF SPORTSSPORTS

Society and Sports from a Society and Sports from a Sociological PerspectiveSociological Perspective

SPORTS: FROM SPARE TIME SPORTS: FROM SPARE TIME ACTIVITY TO ITS MODERN ACTIVITY TO ITS MODERN

MEANINGMEANING Desportare: (Latin) having fun, hanging Desportare: (Latin) having fun, hanging

aroundaround Desport: (French) to entertain, to amuseDesport: (French) to entertain, to amuse Sport: (English) using spare time, Sport: (English) using spare time,

entertainment, hobbyentertainment, hobby

DEFINITION OF SPORTDEFINITION OF SPORT

A physical and spare time activity with a A physical and spare time activity with a set of rules and institutions, resembling set of rules and institutions, resembling both a game and a profession, applied in a both a game and a profession, applied in a form of competition (Georges Magnane)form of competition (Georges Magnane)

An institutionalized physical activity based An institutionalized physical activity based on competition which lies in a place on competition which lies in a place between game and profession (G. between game and profession (G. Luschen)Luschen)

DEFINITION OF SPORTDEFINITION OF SPORT

A worship of intensive and habitualized A worship of intensive and habitualized muscular activity which depends on the muscular activity which depends on the will for progress and even for risks which will for progress and even for risks which might lead to situations including danger. might lead to situations including danger. (Pierre de Coubertin)(Pierre de Coubertin)

Physical practices which possess their Physical practices which possess their own values, rules and rituals in a form of own values, rules and rituals in a form of joyful competition. (Carl Diem)joyful competition. (Carl Diem)

INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF SPORTSINSTITUTIONALIZATION OF SPORTS

Rules of the activity gets standardized. Rules of the activity gets standardized. Organizing actors supervise the Organizing actors supervise the

application of and obedience to these application of and obedience to these rulesrules

Increasing significance of the Increasing significance of the organizational and technical sides of the organizational and technical sides of the activityactivity

Formalisation of acquiring game skillsFormalisation of acquiring game skills

WHY STUDY A SOCIOLOGY OF WHY STUDY A SOCIOLOGY OF SPORTS?SPORTS?

Sports as a part of human social life.Sports as a part of human social life. Sports as a cultural determinantSports as a cultural determinant Many actors within the realm of sports, Many actors within the realm of sports,

with direct or indirect participations and with direct or indirect participations and roles.roles.

GENERAL THEMESGENERAL THEMES

SPORTS AND SOCIAL CLASSSPORTS AND SOCIAL CLASS SPORTS AND GENDERSPORTS AND GENDER SPORTS AND POLITICSSPORTS AND POLITICS SPORTS, IDEOLOGY AND SPORTS, IDEOLOGY AND

PROPOGANDAPROPOGANDA SPORTS, ETNICITY AND NATIONALISMSPORTS, ETNICITY AND NATIONALISM SPORTS AND ECONOMYSPORTS AND ECONOMY

GENERAL THEMESGENERAL THEMES

SPORTS AND GLOBALISATIONSPORTS AND GLOBALISATION SPORTS AND IDENTITYSPORTS AND IDENTITY SPORTS AND VIOLENCESPORTS AND VIOLENCE SPORTS AND IMPERIALISMSPORTS AND IMPERIALISM SPORTS AND EDUCATIONSPORTS AND EDUCATION

DEVELOPMENT OF THE DISCIPLINEDEVELOPMENT OF THE DISCIPLINE

CONTRIBUTIONS OF ANTHROPOLOGYCONTRIBUTIONS OF ANTHROPOLOGY HEINZ RIESSE AS THE FIRST TO USE HEINZ RIESSE AS THE FIRST TO USE

THE TERM “SOCIOLOGY OF SPORTS” THE TERM “SOCIOLOGY OF SPORTS” (1921)(1921)

JOHANN HUIZINGA: JOHANN HUIZINGA: HOMO LUDENSHOMO LUDENS (THE PLAYING HUMAN), 1938(THE PLAYING HUMAN), 1938

INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF SPORT INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF SPORT SOCIOLOGY (1966)SOCIOLOGY (1966)

DEVELOPMENT OF THE DISCIPLINEDEVELOPMENT OF THE DISCIPLINE

HARRY EDWARDSHARRY EDWARDS JAY COAKLEYJAY COAKLEY NORBERT ELIASNORBERT ELIAS ERIC DUNNINGERIC DUNNING JEAN MARIE BROHMJEAN MARIE BROHM

SOCIOLOGY OF SPORTS IN TURKEYSOCIOLOGY OF SPORTS IN TURKEY

MUSTAFA ERKAL’S “SPORTS FROM A MUSTAFA ERKAL’S “SPORTS FROM A SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE” (1978) AS SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE” (1978) AS THE FIRST STUDY IN TURKEY.THE FIRST STUDY IN TURKEY.

İBRAHİM ARMAĞAN’S “SOCIOLOGICAL İBRAHİM ARMAĞAN’S “SOCIOLOGICAL BASIS OF SPORTS” (1981)BASIS OF SPORTS” (1981)

YILMAZ ÇOBANOĞLU’S “SOCIOLOGY OF YILMAZ ÇOBANOĞLU’S “SOCIOLOGY OF SPORTS” (1996)SPORTS” (1996)

CAN İKİZLER’S “SPORTS IN SOCIAL CAN İKİZLER’S “SPORTS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES” (2000)SCIENCES” (2000)

HISTORICAL ORIGINS OF SPORTHISTORICAL ORIGINS OF SPORT

The Neolithic Age: Survival and the need for The Neolithic Age: Survival and the need for physical strengthphysical strength

Social division of labor and the warriors class.Social division of labor and the warriors class. Specialization and professionalisation in warfare Specialization and professionalisation in warfare

(archery, horseback riding...)(archery, horseback riding...) Settled communities and the phenomenon of Settled communities and the phenomenon of

spare time.spare time.

HISTORICAL ORIGINS OF SPORTHISTORICAL ORIGINS OF SPORT

Spare time as a consequence of the slave mode Spare time as a consequence of the slave mode of productionof production

Ancient Greek city states: birthplace of first Ancient Greek city states: birthplace of first organized sports activities.organized sports activities.

In addition to spare time, struggle against nature In addition to spare time, struggle against nature and other societies contributed to the genesis of and other societies contributed to the genesis of sportssports

Defensive-offensive sports as the first sporting Defensive-offensive sports as the first sporting activities (wrestling, boxing, archery...)activities (wrestling, boxing, archery...)

ANCIENT GREEK EXPERIENCEANCIENT GREEK EXPERIENCE

Gender dimension: Masculine monopolyGender dimension: Masculine monopoly Social class dimension: Male citizens onlySocial class dimension: Male citizens only Philosophical dimension: Ideal state with Philosophical dimension: Ideal state with

an education system based on sports as an education system based on sports as well as philosophy, arts and sciences.well as philosophy, arts and sciences.

The GymnasiumThe Gymnasium The PalaestraThe Palaestra

FIRST ORGANIZED SPORTS: THE FIRST ORGANIZED SPORTS: THE OLYMPICS (776 B.C.)OLYMPICS (776 B.C.)

In addition to local competitions held in sacred In addition to local competitions held in sacred festivals in various Greek city states, the festivals in various Greek city states, the Olympic games is considered to be the first Olympic games is considered to be the first organized sports activity.organized sports activity.

Olympics as worship: dedication to the Olympics as worship: dedication to the Olympians (Gods and Goddesses)Olympians (Gods and Goddesses)

Olympics as a tool for sacred truce in the Olympics as a tool for sacred truce in the Hellenic world (Hellenic world (EkecheiriaEkecheiria))

Only male Greek citizens allowed to watch and Only male Greek citizens allowed to watch and attend the Gamesattend the Games

Naked status of sportsmenNaked status of sportsmen

MYTHOLOGICAL BASIS OF SPORTS MYTHOLOGICAL BASIS OF SPORTS AND BODY IMAGEAND BODY IMAGE

Age of Heroes and the strong hero imageAge of Heroes and the strong hero image Hercules (Hercules (HeraklesHerakles) as the forthcoming ) as the forthcoming

hero of mascular strengthhero of mascular strength Battle of Marathon (490 B.C.) and the Battle of Marathon (490 B.C.) and the

legend of Pheidippideslegend of Pheidippides Atalante: the she-warriorAtalante: the she-warrior Odysseus and his bow Odysseus and his bow

ANCIENT ROMAN EXPERIENCEANCIENT ROMAN EXPERIENCE

Sports for the entertainment of the free Sports for the entertainment of the free citizenscitizens

Slave warriors: gladiatorsSlave warriors: gladiators Ex-slave trainsmenEx-slave trainsmen The audience, the arena and social controlThe audience, the arena and social control

MIDDLE AGESMIDDLE AGES

The Feudal system and two sides of The Feudal system and two sides of sportssports

Knighthood competitionsKnighthood competitions Noble sports for the aristocracyNoble sports for the aristocracy Common sports for spending spare time Common sports for spending spare time

for the peasantsfor the peasants Pre-modern forms of footballPre-modern forms of football

RISE OF THE EUROPEAN BOURGEOISIE RISE OF THE EUROPEAN BOURGEOISIE AND SPORTSAND SPORTS

Rise of modern sportsRise of modern sports More disciplined, organized and with rulesMore disciplined, organized and with rules Sports as a uniting tool for promoting the Sports as a uniting tool for promoting the

ideals of Western liberalism: freedom, ideals of Western liberalism: freedom, brotherhood, equality and coexistence.brotherhood, equality and coexistence.

Sports: a reflection of the capitalist way of Sports: a reflection of the capitalist way of life; competition.life; competition.

Common “team” sports for the proleteriat: Common “team” sports for the proleteriat: footballfootball

THE BIRTH OF FOOTBALLTHE BIRTH OF FOOTBALL

British imperialism and the UK as the British imperialism and the UK as the global exporter of sportsglobal exporter of sports

British bureaucrats as sports British bureaucrats as sports missionaries all around the Empire.missionaries all around the Empire.

Sports and imperialism: sports Sports and imperialism: sports imperialismimperialism

THE BIRTH OF FOOTBALLTHE BIRTH OF FOOTBALL

Revival of a middle-age common spare Revival of a middle-age common spare time activity among Cambridge students time activity among Cambridge students (1848)(1848)

Popularisation of football in a short periodPopularisation of football in a short period

More spare time for the proleteriat by More spare time for the proleteriat by means of legal regulations on work hoursmeans of legal regulations on work hours

Weekend off after Saturday afternoonWeekend off after Saturday afternoon

Advancements in public transportAdvancements in public transport

Sports and class: the UK caseSports and class: the UK case

Working class and footballWorking class and football The Roman Method: canalization of the energy of the The Roman Method: canalization of the energy of the

ordinary massesordinary masses Good and loyal citizens via a collective belongingGood and loyal citizens via a collective belonging While elite sports in the UK remained to be While elite sports in the UK remained to be mostly individual sports; common sports like football rose mostly individual sports; common sports like football rose

as team sports.as team sports. First football clubs founded by trade unions or simply First football clubs founded by trade unions or simply

workers of single factoriesworkers of single factories Church teams (Aston Villa,Birmingham,Bolton,Everton)Church teams (Aston Villa,Birmingham,Bolton,Everton)

EXPORT OF FOOTBALL TO EXPORT OF FOOTBALL TO CONTINENTAL EUROPECONTINENTAL EUROPE

1878: Copenhagen1878: Copenhagen 1887: Hamburg1887: Hamburg 1888: Paris1888: Paris 1885: Vienna1885: Vienna 1893: Genova1893: Genova 1886: Budapest1886: Budapest

THE MODERN OLYMPIC GAMESTHE MODERN OLYMPIC GAMES

Baron Pierre de CoubertinBaron Pierre de Coubertin 1896 First Olympic Games in Athens1896 First Olympic Games in Athens

THE USE OF OLYMPIC GAMES AS A THE USE OF OLYMPIC GAMES AS A POLITICAL TOOLPOLITICAL TOOL

Internationalisation of sports and use of Internationalisation of sports and use of sports as a tool of international politicssports as a tool of international politics

1920 Anvers Games1920 Anvers Games1936 Berlin Games1936 Berlin Games1948 London Games1948 London Games1972 Munich Games1972 Munich Games1980 Moscow Games1980 Moscow Games1984 Los Angeles Games1984 Los Angeles Games

OLYMPISM and its CRITIQUESOLYMPISM and its CRITIQUES

Olympism as an ideal for sports and society both Olympism as an ideal for sports and society both on the national and global scaleson the national and global scales

Critiques of olympism as the tool of European Critiques of olympism as the tool of European capitalism and imperialismcapitalism and imperialism

The anti-democratic status of the Olympic The anti-democratic status of the Olympic administrative organs administrative organs

Coubertin’s anti-feminismCoubertin’s anti-feminism

SPORTS BRANCHESSPORTS BRANCHES

Individual and team sportsIndividual and team sports

Survival sports and spare-time sportsSurvival sports and spare-time sports

Elite sports and common sportsElite sports and common sports

BOXINGBOXING

Civilizing process and sports: Boxing as a Civilizing process and sports: Boxing as a good example regarding this context good example regarding this context (N.Elias)(N.Elias)

Historical origins date back to ancient Historical origins date back to ancient MesopotamiaMesopotamia

Classical Boxing in ancient Greece and Classical Boxing in ancient Greece and RomeRome

EARLY BOXING & MODERN EARLY BOXING & MODERN BOXINGBOXING

Rules (from a no-rule and no-referee violent Rules (from a no-rule and no-referee violent showgame to modern boxing): punchable body showgame to modern boxing): punchable body parts, standart durations for rounds and breaks, parts, standart durations for rounds and breaks, points earned, medical staff...etc.points earned, medical staff...etc.

Weight divisions (no divisions in former)Weight divisions (no divisions in former) Use of accessories (from bandages and wooden Use of accessories (from bandages and wooden

spikes to gloves and headguards)spikes to gloves and headguards) Ethics: from warrior ethos of honor to fairplayEthics: from warrior ethos of honor to fairplay From a fully offensive game towards an From a fully offensive game towards an

offensive/defensive oneoffensive/defensive one

BOXING AND CONTROL OF BOXING AND CONTROL OF VIOLENCEVIOLENCE

N.Elias: Civilizing society, civilized ways of N.Elias: Civilizing society, civilized ways of settling personal disputes among males settling personal disputes among males rather than gun duels.rather than gun duels.

Use of the fists as a more civilized wayUse of the fists as a more civilized way

Modern society, social rules and its Modern society, social rules and its reflection on sports: modern boxingreflection on sports: modern boxing

Violence limited and controlled by game Violence limited and controlled by game rulesrules

TENNISTENNIS

Historical roots in medieval FranceHistorical roots in medieval France Badminton and croquetBadminton and croquet Field tennis in Britain as an elite sportField tennis in Britain as an elite sport The significance of the lawn in elite The significance of the lawn in elite

activitiesactivities From the field to the lawn: Walter Clopton From the field to the lawn: Walter Clopton

Wingfield as the founder of modern tennis Wingfield as the founder of modern tennis (1873)(1873)

TENNIS BECOMING TENNIS BECOMING WORLDWIDEWORLDWIDE

Mary Outerbridge and the import of tennis Mary Outerbridge and the import of tennis to USA (1874)to USA (1874)

The First Wimbledon Championships The First Wimbledon Championships (1877): local British tournament(1877): local British tournament

Tennis goes international: The Davis Tennis goes international: The Davis Tournaments of 1900Tournaments of 1900

International Lawn Tennis Federation International Lawn Tennis Federation (1912)(1912)

TENNIS AND CLASSTENNIS AND CLASS

Pacification of the British upper classes in Pacification of the British upper classes in the 18th century.the 18th century.

Pacification of political conflicts among Pacification of political conflicts among upper classes and pacification in other upper classes and pacification in other areas of social lifeareas of social life

Combination of rural customs and upper-Combination of rural customs and upper-class manners: elite sports like cricket and class manners: elite sports like cricket and tennistennis

BASEBALLBASEBALL

Bat-and-ball gamesBat-and-ball games From Britain to USAFrom Britain to USA Alexander Cartwright as the founder of Alexander Cartwright as the founder of

modern baseball (1845)modern baseball (1845) The 19th century: popularization of The 19th century: popularization of

baseball in the US and becoming a baseball in the US and becoming a national sport.national sport.

National League established in 1876National League established in 1876

BASEBALLBASEBALL

Negro National League in 1933Negro National League in 1933 Jackie Robinson as the first black player in Jackie Robinson as the first black player in

the US National League (1947)the US National League (1947) Races united dating from the 60’sRaces united dating from the 60’s Babe Ruth League (1947) for the Babe Ruth League (1947) for the

popularization of baseball among the popularization of baseball among the American youthAmerican youth

BASKETBALLBASKETBALL

James Naismith as the founder of James Naismith as the founder of basketball (1891)basketball (1891)

A team sport available indoors during cold A team sport available indoors during cold winterwinter

Colleges and the popularization of Colleges and the popularization of basketball as a common sportbasketball as a common sport

Foundation of the NBA (1949)Foundation of the NBA (1949) Afro-Americans and basketballAfro-Americans and basketball