Socio-economic losses induced by land subsidence in Indonesia

(part of: Adaptive capacity of household on land subsidence: the Indonesian example)

Erlis Saputra, Thomas Hartmann, Annelies Zoomers, Tejo Spit

Utrecht University, the Netherlands Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia

LANDac conference Utrecht, 30 June 2016

Content

1) Introduction 2) Case study areas 3) Cost of land subsidence 4) Losses across incomes 5) Conclusion

Introduction

• Land subsidence: gradual settling or sudden sinking of the earth’s surface due to movement of earth materials (Galloway et al., 1999).

• Triggers (Indonesia): natural compaction of alluvial, groundwater extraction, load of construction, increasing of built areas and population (Abidin et al., 2011; Marfai and King, 2007)

• Impacts: losses for area and land users • Current assessment focuses more on the

institutional aspect than on households • Losses assessment for efficient planning

and land subsidence risk management

Introduction

Case study areas

• 3 localities – Most rapid land subsidence – Urban coastal vs rural-peatland – Variety of impacts for land users

• Interviews 330 land users in 12 sub-district + FGDs

Source: Abidin et al, 2011

Jakarta

(Source: Abidin et al., 2013)

Semarang City

Indragiri Hilir: between 4 and 6 cm/year

Settlement area, Jakarta (1972)

AIR/SUNGAI FASILITAS UMUM LAHAN TERBUKA PEMUKIMAN RAWA, TAMBAK, LAUT SAWAH VEGETASI

Source: Bappenas, BPS, UNPF, 2005

Settlement area, Jakarta (1993)

AIR/SUNGAI FASILITAS UMUM LAHAN TERBUKA PEMUKIMAN RAWA, TAMBAK, LAUT SAWAH VEGETASI

Source: Bappenas, BPS, UNPF, 2005

Settlement area, Jakarta (2002)

AIR/SUNGAI FASILITAS UMUM LAHAN TERBUKA PEMUKIMAN RAWA, TAMBAK, LAUT SAWAH VEGETASI

Source: Bappenas, BPS, UNPF, 2005

Settlement area, Jakarta (2010)

Source: Bappenas, BPS, UNPF

AIR/SUNGAI FASILITAS UMUM LAHAN TERBUKA PEMUKIMAN RAWA, TAMBAK, LAUT SAWAH VEGETASI

Settlement area (projection), Jakarta (2025)

Source: Bappenas, BPS, UNPF, 2005

AIR/SUNGAI FASILITAS UMUM LAHAN TERBUKA PEMUKIMAN RAWA, TAMBAK, LAUT SAWAH VEGETASI

Settlement area (projection), Jakarta (2035)

Source: Bappenas, UNPF

AIR/SUNGAI FASILITAS UMUM LAHAN TERBUKA PEMUKIMAN RAWA, TAMBAK, LAUT SAWAH VEGETASI

Jakarta Coastal Region in 2050 (Abidin et.al., 2009)

Damage of facilities and infrastructure

Cost of land subsidence

Local street

Sea wall

School

Damage of house/building

Cracked joint Leaning

Subsided

Daily tidal inundation

Damage of plantation

+/- 1.5 m

Income affected

0-5 years 26%

6-10 years 14%

11-15 years 14%

16-20 years

9%

>20 years 37%

53% 32%

4% 1%

10% <IDR 1000000 per year

IDR 1000000 - 2000000 per year

IDR 2000001 - 3000000 per year

IDR 3000001 - 4000000 per year

>IDR 4000,000 per year

Distribution of duration of land users affected by land subsidence

Amount of lost income caused by land subsidence

1 USD = IDR 13,300

Income affected: 110 land users (33% of total)

Extra expenses

housing reparation;

94.7%

housing reconstruction; 2.9%

replantation; 1.8%

others; 0.6%

32%

32%

10%

4%

22% <IDR 1000000 per year

IDR 1000000 - 2000000 peryear

IDR 2000001 - 3000000 peryear

IDR 3000001 - 4000000 peryear

>IDR 4000,000 per year

Type of expenses caused by land subsidence

Amount of expenses to deal with land subsidence

Expenses : 171 land users (52%)

Average saving: IDR 2 million per year (about USD 150 per year)

Income

distribution of land users

Amount of income losses (amount in IDR per year)

Total <IDR 1000000

IDR 1000000 - 2000000

IDR 2000001 - 3000000

IDR 3000001 - 4000000

>IDR 4000000

Poor 24 20 4 1 9 58 % 41.38 34.48 6.90 1.72 15.52 100

Wealthy 34 15 1 0 2 52 % 65.38 28.85 1.92 0.00 3.85 100

Total poor + wealthy

58 35 5 1 11 110

Source: questionnaire analyses (2015)

Income losses

Poverty line: USD 1.5 per day, per capita Losses across incomes

Income distribution

of land users

Amount of expenses influenced (amount in IDR per year)

Total <IDR 1000000

IDR 1000000 - 2000000

IDR 2000001 -

Rp 3000000

IDR 3000001 - 4000000

>IDR 4000000

Poor 30 25 10 3 25 93 % 32.26 26.88 10.75 3.23 26.88 100

Wealthy 25 30 6 4 13 78 % 32.05 38.46 7.69 5.13 16.67 100

Total poor + wealthy

55 55 16 7 38 171

Source: questionnaire analyses (2015)

Extra expenses

Losses across incomes

Perceived social losses: health and job

31

2 4

1 2

18

4 0

2 0

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

<IDR 200000per year

IDR 200000 -400000 per

year

IDR 400001 -600000 per

year

IDR 600001 -800000 per

year

>IDR 800000per year

Poor Wealthy

2

26

1 1 0

13

3 0

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

loss of job decreasing ofwork time

extra worktime

others

Poor Wealthy

Health expenses distribution across incomes

Impact of land subsidence for land users’ job

Conclusion

• Land subsidence influences land users (across incomes) everyday

• Losses are closely linked to land users’ vulnerability

• To what extent the losses influence their adaptive capacity?

References

• Abidin, Hasanuddin, Heri Andreas, Irwan Gumilar, Teguh P. Sidiq, and Yoichi Fukuda. 2013b. "Land Subsidence in Coastal City of Semarang (Indonesia): Characteristics, Impacts and Causes." Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk 4 (3): 226-240.

• Abidin, Hasanuddin Z., Heri Andreas, Irwan Gumilar, Yoichi Fukuda, Yusuf E. Pohan, and T. Deguchi. 2011. "Land Subsidence of Jakarta (Indonesia) and its Relation with Urban Development." Natural Hazards 59 (3): 1753-1771.

• Abidin, Hasanuddin Z., Heri Andreas, Irwan Gumilar, Mohammad Gamal, Yoichi Fukuda, and T. Deguchi. 2009. "Land Subsidence and Urban Development in Jakarta (Indonesia)." in Proceeding of 7th FIG Regional Conference, Spatial Data Serving People: Land Governance and the Environment-Building the Capacity, pp. 19-22. Hanoi, Vietnam: FIG.

• Galloway, Devin, David R. Jones, and Steven E. Ingebritsen. 1999. Land Subsidence in the United States. Reston, VA: US Geological Survey.

• Marfai, Muh Aris, and Lorenz King. 2007. "Monitoring Land Subsidence in Semarang, Indonesia." Environmental Geology 53 (3): 651-659.

Thank you