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Society for Conservation BiologyAuburn University Chapter
Check us out at www.auburn.edu/scb
WHEN?
TUESDAY Aug. 31
6:00-7:00 PM
2010-2011 Kickoff MeetingJoint Meeting with AU Marine Biology Club
Guest Speaker: Dr. Ken Halanych“2010’s Gulf Oil Spill”
Also: Info on upcoming Tailgate, Aquatic BiodiversityWorkshop, North Alabama Cave Field Trip!
WHERE? 112 Rouse
Life Sciences FOOD?Free PizzaProvided!
Chapter 2:What is Biological Diversity?
• The Delhi Sands Flower-Loving Fly: First fly on the Federal Endangered Species List!
NatureServeExplorer
Alabama Natural HeritageProgram
Biological Abstracts
What is Biological Diversity?• 1) Species diversity
– Provides resources• 2) Genetic diversity
– Allows species to survive and adapt (evolve!)
• 3) Community diversity– Supports ecosystem function– Provides human benefits:
ecological services (filter water/air, flood/erosion control, etc.).
3. Community diversity
• Competition: Organisms both need resource in limiting supply (-,- interaction)
• Predation: One species consumes another (+,-)• Mutualism: Organisms benefit one another (+,
+)• Commensalism: One benefits, other unaffected
(+,0)• Amensalism: One harmed, other unaffected
(-,0)
What you know: species interactions (BIOL 3060)
• Primary producers: Do photosynthesis• Primary consumers: Herbivores• Secondary consumers: Carnivores• Parasites/pathogens: Cause disease• Decomposers/detritivores: Break down non-
living materials
You also know this: trophic levels (BIOL 3060)
• Interactions and trophic levels contribute to community diversity
Communities
Keystone species/guilds• Guild: group species with similar
ecological function in community– Ex, frugivorous (fruit-eating) birds
• Keystone: species/guild affects community more than expected based upon abundance/biomass (has disproportionate impact)
Lollipop guild
Who am I?
The Keystone Concept
Keystone types (4): 1. Control potential dominants
• BIOL 3060: Paine & seastars in intertidal zone (keystone predator)
• Trophic cascade: Influence of higher levels on lower
Keystone types (4):2. Resource Providers
• Provide critical resource– Ex, tree in tropical forest: fruits when most
others don’t– Allow frugivore guild to survive yearlong
Keystone types (4):3. Mutualists• Flying foxes:
Mutualist bats (Old World Tropics and Pacific Islands)
• Pollinate flowers & disperse seeds
Keystone types (4):4. Ecosystem engineers
• Modify habitat to favor many species
• Ex, Who am I?• Burrows provide refuge
Fifth??
Keystone Resources• Critical physical or
structural resources• Examples:
–Deep pools in streams–Salt licks–Hollow trees
KeeblerElf Habitat
Ch. 3: Where (in the world) is Biological Diversity?
Where is Biological Diversity?• Global “hotspots” (Myers et al. 2000)
– 1) Endemic species (found only there) numerous• At least 1500 endemic species vascular plants (>0.5%
world total)
– 2) Habitat destruction critical• >70% habitat destroyed
“Hotspots Revisited” (Mittermeier et al. 2005)Foreword by Harrison Ford
Extends list from 25 to 34
Where is Biological Diversity?• Conservation International: private group• 50% plant/animal species: 16% Earth’s surface• Average: 10% habitat left these places!
Hotspots Tour
See pdf link on class webpage for downloadable map!
Asia-Pacific (13)• 13) SW China mountains
Rich temperate forest
Giant panda
Map of temperateForest areas
Boyd panda
Asia-Pacific (13)• 12) Himalaya• Grasslands to forest to alpine• >3000 endemic plants, 50 endemic
reptiles
Mt. Everest(Sagarmatha)
Western Tragopan
Asia-Pacific (13)• 11) Indo-Burma• Tropical rainforest
6 new species large mammals found in last 16 years!
Leaf deer: described 1997
High freshwater turtle diversity
Asia-Pacific(13)• 10) East Melanesia• 1600 islands• Tropical rainforest
>12 threatened species flying fox
Asia-Pacific (13)• 9) Polynesia-Micronesia
(4,500 tropical islands)
Hawaiian honeycreepers(type speciation?)
Asia-Pacific (13)• 8) New Caledonia (size of NJ!)• 77% flora endemic (2,400 spp.)
Only parasitic conifer!
Many endemic Araucaria species (conifers)
Kagu (endemic forest bird)
Asia-Pacific (13)• 7) Japan• 3000 islands• Subtropics to boreal zone
75% amphibians endemic
Japanese macaque (snow monkey)
25% mammals endemic
Japanese giant salamander
Asia-Pacifi (13)• 6) Philippines (>7,100
tropical islands!)• 6000 endemic plants, many endemic
birds & amphibians• 7% forests left!
Philippine eagle
Asia-Pacific (13)• 5) New Zealand (temperate)
– All mammals, amphibians, reptiles endemic
– 50 bird species extinct by humans
Kiwi (endemic bird)
Who am I? Revenge of the moa (extinct)
Stephens IslandWren (extinct)
Asia-Pacific (13)• 4) Sundaland (western 1/2 Malaysia-Indonesia)• Tropical rainforest
Who am I?
Asia-Pacific(13)• 3) Wallacea (eastern 1/2
Malaysia-Indonesia)• “Wallace’s Line”: Zoogeographical
boundary Australasian and SE Asian faunas
• Tropical rainforest
Alfred Russell Wallace
Who am I?
Asia-Pacific (13)• 2) Southwest Australia• Mediterranean climate• 80% plants endemic (3000 species)
Banksia
Asia-Pacific (13)• 1) Western Ghats/Sri Lanka• Mostly forests• 3000 endemic plants, many fish,
reptiles, amphibians
2003: New frog family (Nasikabatrachidae)discovered Western Ghats
Europe-Central Asia• 4) Mediterranean basin• Climate: Mediterranean!• Vegetation: Was forest, after
8000 yr civilization mostly scrub• 22,500 endemic plant spp.
Europe-Central Asia• 3) Irano-Anatolian• Mountainous forest• Many endemic plants (2500 spp.)
Turkish orchids: bulbs ingredient (salep) for ice cream (endangering many species)
Europe-Central Asia• 2) Caucasus (incl. the Other Georgia)• Deserts, savannas, mountain forests• Many endemic plants (1600 spp.)
Endemic tur (mountain goat)
Prez. of Georgia!
Europe-Central Asia• 1) Mountains Central Asia• “Home of the -stans”• Arid: deserts, steppes, forests on mountains• 1500 endemic plant spp.
Who am I?
Africa (8)• 8) Guinean Forests of West Africa• Tropical rainforest• >25% African mammals• >150 endemic fish
High primate diversity
Diana monkey
Chimp (armed)
Lowland gorilla
Africa (8)• 7) Horn of Africa• Arid: grasslands/desert• 50% plants endemic, 90 endemic
reptiles
Source frankincense and myrrh in Bible
Boswellia: frankincense source
Harvesting myrhh (resin)
Africa (8)• 6) Eastern Afromontane• Moist & dry tropical forests• >600 endemic fish
Who am I?
Cichlids: 10% Worlds’ Freshwater Fish species!
Africa (8)• 5) East Africa Coastal
Forests• Moist & dry tropical forests• 1700 endemic plants
Who am I?
Africa (8)• 4) Maputoland-Pondoland-Albany• Warm temperate forests, grasslands• Many endemic plants
Bird of paradise (endemic)
Africa (8)• 3) Cape Floristic Region• Mediterranean scrub (fynbos)• 6200 endemic plants
Africa (8)• 2) Succulent Karoo: Desert• Richest succulent flora in world• 20 endemic scorpions
Halfmens
Africa (8)• 1) Madagascar/Indian Ocean Islands• Tropical rainforests, arid forests • 11,600 endemic plants (90% flora)• Many endemic birds (>60%), mammals
(90%), amphibians (99%)
Lemurs (15 extinct!)
The extinctgiant lemur
Who am I?
North/Central America• 4) California Floristic Province• Mediterranean climate• 61% plants endemic• 50% amphibians endemic Big tree (Sequoia)
Who am I?
North/Central America• 3) Madrean Pine-Oak Woodlands• Pine-oak forests• 4000 endemic plants• Monarch butterfly overwintering
North/Central America• 2) Mesoamerica• Tropical forests (dry to moist to
montane)• 70% amphibians, 70% fishes
endemic
Golden toad of Costa Rica,extinct since 1989
North/Central America• 1) Caribbean Islands• Rainforests to cactus scrub• 6,500 endemic plants (25% on Cuba
alone)• Many endemic reptiles (93%),
amphibians (100%)
Barbados thread snake (smallest!)
Caribbean monk seal (declared extinct 2008)
Pirates!
South America• 5) Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena• Moist to dry forests• 25% plants, 30% reptiles, 15%
amphibians endemicGolden poison frog
Chocó rain forest
Galapagostortoise
South America• 4) Tropical Andes• Most diverse place on Earth!• 10% Earth’s plants (50% endemics)• 70% amphibians, 45% reptiles endemic
250 endemicspecies Eleutherodactylusfrogs
South America• 3) Chilean Winter
Rainfall-Valdivian Forests
• Coastal fog desert, temperate forest
• 66% reptiles, 71% amphibians endemic
Male Darwin’s frog (endemic)carries froglets in vocal sac
Fog desert
South America• 2) Atlantic Forest• Tropical forests (dry to moist to
montane)• 8000 endemic plants
Golden lion tamarin
South America• 1) Cerrado• Savanna and woodland/savanna• Fires in dry season• 50% plants endemic
Giant worm lizard