Social structure:Social structure:

Definition of community:Definition of community: is a network of human is a network of human relationships and it is the major functioning unit of relationships and it is the major functioning unit of society. society.

It is the place where our home is located, children are It is the place where our home is located, children are educated, sick people are treated and individuals basic educated, sick people are treated and individuals basic needs and desires are met.needs and desires are met.

* No man is an island, from the time of birth until death, * No man is an island, from the time of birth until death, all normal human beings are part of a group, the family all normal human beings are part of a group, the family or community. or community.

Characteristics of a community:Characteristics of a community:

1- The community is a contiguous geographical area.1- The community is a contiguous geographical area.2- It is composed of people living together.2- It is composed of people living together.3- People cooperate to satisfy their basic needs.3- People cooperate to satisfy their basic needs.4- There are common organization e.g. markets, schools 4- There are common organization e.g. markets, schools etc.etc.

Classification of Social DifferentiationClassification of Social Differentiation

Social Class:Social Class: People in community are differentiated by certain People in community are differentiated by certain characteristics which they bear, and social class is characteristics which they bear, and social class is closely bound up with way of life, attitudes, expectations closely bound up with way of life, attitudes, expectations and degree of stress.and degree of stress.

Social scientists used Social scientists used occupationoccupation widely as a mean of widely as a mean of determining the level of social standing of an individual determining the level of social standing of an individual in a community.in a community.

Occupation is the major determinant of:Occupation is the major determinant of:

1. Economic rewards.1. Economic rewards.2. Extent of authority and rights.2. Extent of authority and rights.3. Extent of responsibilities.3. Extent of responsibilities.4. Degree of status.4. Degree of status.5. Values and life styles5. Values and life styles..

Social class is determined according to Social class is determined according to occupationoccupation, the , the following:following: Occupational social classificationOccupational social classification is the most one used is the most one used all over the world which is established in England and all over the world which is established in England and Wales:Wales:

I- Professional occupation I- Professional occupation (doctors, lawyers).(doctors, lawyers).II- Intermediate occupation II- Intermediate occupation (managers, merchants).(managers, merchants).III N – Non manual skilled occupation III N – Non manual skilled occupation (teachers, clerks) (teachers, clerks) III M- Manual skilled occupation III M- Manual skilled occupation (carpenters, (carpenters, electricians). electricians). IV- Party skilled occupation IV- Party skilled occupation (roof setting labors). (roof setting labors). V- unskilled occupation V- unskilled occupation (laborers, cleaners).(laborers, cleaners).

Factors of Social class difference in health and Factors of Social class difference in health and diseases:diseases:

I- Physical environment:I- Physical environment: the type of housing, the type of housing, overcrowding, access to safe water and clear air all have overcrowding, access to safe water and clear air all have an important effect on health of human and actually an important effect on health of human and actually these factors are differ in different social class.these factors are differ in different social class.

II – Difference in services provided:II – Difference in services provided: some people in some people in lower social class are even un-doctored.lower social class are even un-doctored.

III – Materials and resources:III – Materials and resources: income , wealth, tools all income , wealth, tools all are important factors for accessing a better health are important factors for accessing a better health services.services.

Factors of Social class difference in health and Factors of Social class difference in health and diseases: diseases:

IV – Genetic endowment:IV – Genetic endowment: people in certain social class people in certain social class tends to marry in the same social class, which lead to tends to marry in the same social class, which lead to increase probability of certain genetically determined increase probability of certain genetically determined diseases as e.g. thalassaemia.diseases as e.g. thalassaemia.

V – Educational status:V – Educational status: illiteracy and ignorant all are illiteracy and ignorant all are known risk factors for certain diseases.known risk factors for certain diseases.

VI – Attitude to diseases:VI – Attitude to diseases: It is found that middle social It is found that middle social class are the class are the most social class seeking for medical most social class seeking for medical advice and treatmentadvice and treatment..

Perinatal mortality by social class 1980, England Perinatal mortality by social class 1980, England and Walesand Wales

Healthy life style:Healthy life style: When the life style of an individual in When the life style of an individual in the process of promoting the health. E.g. adequate the process of promoting the health. E.g. adequate nutrition, enough sleep, sufficient physical activity, nutrition, enough sleep, sufficient physical activity, smoke free society and reduction of stress.smoke free society and reduction of stress.

Unhealthy life style:Unhealthy life style: When the life style of an individual When the life style of an individual in the process of deteriorating the health. in the process of deteriorating the health. E.g. E.g. in western countries in western countries when life styles changed in when life styles changed in middle 20th century, many medical problems raised as middle 20th century, many medical problems raised as CHD, obesity, lung ca., and drug addictionCHD, obesity, lung ca., and drug addiction..

Social organization:Social organization:

Social organization for any community is composed of Social organization for any community is composed of different types of different types of social relationships social relationships for different for different groupsgroups used for different used for different purposespurposes..

The social groups to which people belong are the family, The social groups to which people belong are the family, the kinship, the caste, religion, villages , cities and state.the kinship, the caste, religion, villages , cities and state.

Besides there are certain functional groups such as club Besides there are certain functional groups such as club and various associations, as schools universities etc.and various associations, as schools universities etc.

The Family:The Family:

Definition:Definition: is the primary unit in all societies, it is a is the primary unit in all societies, it is a group of biologically related individuals living together group of biologically related individuals living together and eating from a common Kitchen. (household not a and eating from a common Kitchen. (household not a family in that may not be blood related as servants).family in that may not be blood related as servants).

The importance of the family in the community:The importance of the family in the community:

As a biological unit, As a biological unit, the family members share a pool ofthe family members share a pool ofgenes.genes.As a social unit, As a social unit, they share a common physical and they share a common physical and social environment.social environment.As a cultural unit, As a cultural unit, they reflects the wider society which they reflects the wider society which determine the behaviors and attitudes of its members.determine the behaviors and attitudes of its members.As epidemiological unit, As epidemiological unit, in providing social and medical in providing social and medical services to its members.services to its members.As a religious unit, As a religious unit, It is the main core for continuation of It is the main core for continuation of religions.religions.As a medical unit, As a medical unit, within which usually, the first health within which usually, the first health care takes place.care takes place.

As a psychological unit, As a psychological unit, in both + and – wayin both + and – way . .

Family of origin: Family of origin: is the family in which one is born. is the family in which one is born.

Family of procreation: Family of procreation: is the family which one sets up is the family which one sets up after marriage.after marriage.

Family cycle and stress (critical occasions):Family cycle and stress (critical occasions):

1. Structure: 1. Structure: -- Adolescence (juvenile delinquency) Adolescence (juvenile delinquency)- - First pregnancy (puerperal psychosis)First pregnancy (puerperal psychosis)- Menopause.- Menopause.- Retirement.- Retirement.

2. Childhood: 2. Childhood: - Insecurity.- Insecurity.- Marital discord.- Marital discord.- Prenatal rejection (paternal, maternal and dual).- Prenatal rejection (paternal, maternal and dual).- Institutional rearing.- Institutional rearing.

3. Adolescence:3. Adolescence:- Drug abuse and addiction.- Drug abuse and addiction.- Inappropriate sex behaviors.- Inappropriate sex behaviors.- Alcoholism.- Alcoholism.- Crime.- Crime.

4. Parenthood: 4. Parenthood: - Death of one parent.- Death of one parent.- Single family headed by a woman.- Single family headed by a woman.- Divorce.- Divorce.

5. Aging:5. Aging:- Mental illnesses.- Mental illnesses.- Role of family in the life of elderly human.- Role of family in the life of elderly human.- Isolation.- Isolation.

Types of Families (structure):Types of Families (structure):

1. Nuclear Family: 1. Nuclear Family: is universal in all human societies. It is universal in all human societies. It consists of the married couple and their children while consists of the married couple and their children while they are still regarded as dependents. They tend to they are still regarded as dependents. They tend to occupy the same dwelling space. occupy the same dwelling space.

The husband usually play a dominant role in the The husband usually play a dominant role in the household. household.

New familyNew family: : consists ofconsists of parents and children under 10 parents and children under 10 years of initiation.years of initiation.

2. Joint Family (extended family): 2. Joint Family (extended family): is a kind of family is a kind of family grouping and more common in agricultural areas, it is grouping and more common in agricultural areas, it is characterized by:characterized by:

- - In the same house, there are no. of married couples, all In the same house, there are no. of married couples, all men are related by blood, all females are their wives, or men are related by blood, all females are their wives, or unmarried girls or widows of the family kinsman.unmarried girls or widows of the family kinsman.-- All the property is held in common. All for each and All the property is held in common. All for each and each for All (socialistic).each for All (socialistic).-- All the authority for senior male of the family and All the authority for senior male of the family and subsequently for his wife.subsequently for his wife.--The familial relations enjoy primacy over marital The familial relations enjoy primacy over marital relations.relations.- - The motto is " union is strength".The motto is " union is strength".

3. Three Generation family:3. Three Generation family:

- Three generation in the household.- Three generation in the household.- Occurs when young couples fail to - Occurs when young couples fail to find separate house. find separate house.

4- One-parent family.4- One-parent family.

5- Communal family.5- Communal family.

6- Quasi-family.6- Quasi-family.

7- Strange family of modern ages.7- Strange family of modern ages.

(homosexual, Gay, Lesbian)(homosexual, Gay, Lesbian)

Types of Families (organization):Types of Families (organization):

1- Composition: 1- Composition: Monogamous, polygamous (polygyny, Monogamous, polygamous (polygyny, polyandry). polyandry).

2- Method of inheritance: 2- Method of inheritance: Patrilineal and matrilineal. Patrilineal and matrilineal.

3- Type or residence: 3- Type or residence: Patrilocal and matrilocal.Patrilocal and matrilocal.

4- Type of authority: 4- Type of authority: Patriarchy and matriarchyPatriarchy and matriarchy..

55 . .Broken family: Broken family: - Divorce.- Divorce.- Widowed.- Widowed.- Both parents die.- Both parents die.- Paternal, maternal or dual parent separation.- Paternal, maternal or dual parent separation.

8. Problem families:8. Problem families: those familiesthose families lag below the lag below the minimum accepted level, both parents unable to meet minimum accepted level, both parents unable to meet physical and emotional needs of their children, the home physical and emotional needs of their children, the home life is utterly unsatisfactory, there is usually a personality life is utterly unsatisfactory, there is usually a personality and relationship problems, backwardness, poverty, and relationship problems, backwardness, poverty, illness, mental and emotional instability and marital illness, mental and emotional instability and marital disharmony.disharmony. The child reared in such families are usually the The child reared in such families are usually the victimsvictims

of of prostitutionprostitution, , crimecrime and and vagrancy vagrancy . .

Functions of Family:Functions of Family:

1. Residence: 1. Residence: One of the major function of the family is One of the major function of the family is to provide a to provide a clean clean and and decentdecent home to its member. home to its member.

2. Division of labors: 2. Division of labors: In primitive societies it is well In primitive societies it is well established, but in modern society, there is no clear established, but in modern society, there is no clear distinction.distinction.

3. Reproduction and bringing up of children.3. Reproduction and bringing up of children.

4. Socialization: 4. Socialization: Reproducing barbarian baby to socially Reproducing barbarian baby to socially acceptable person.acceptable person.

5. Economic function: 5. Economic function: Providing security from want. Providing security from want.

6. Social care:6. Social care:-- Giving status in the society to its members. Giving status in the society to its members.- Protecting its member from insults.- Protecting its member from insults.- Regulating marital activities of its members.- Regulating marital activities of its members.- Controlling Religious and social activities.- Controlling Religious and social activities.- Regulating sex relations through incest- taboos.- Regulating sex relations through incest- taboos.

Family in health and disease:Family in health and disease:

** Anyone who is concerned with medical practice will Anyone who is concerned with medical practice will come to know that family is ultimately the unit with which come to know that family is ultimately the unit with which one has to deal.one has to deal.

Most Eastern societies characterized by Most Eastern societies characterized by FamilialismFamilialism..

Most Western societies characterized by Most Western societies characterized by IndividualismIndividualism. .