Ergonomics

By Dr. Rakesh KumarModerator- Dr. Sanam Anwar Social SecurityFrameworkBackground & HistoryDefinitionPromotional Vs protective social security Approaches to social securitySocial security for workersSocial security for organized sectorSocial security for unorganized sectorSocial security for Old age, Disability and survivorsSocial security for Maternity and SicknessSocial Security coverage in IndiaNew InitiativeSocial security in developed countries Publicly managed social security schemes Vs privately managed schemesReferences

IntroductionOver one third of the world population lives under extreme conditions of poverty and deprivation

Characteristics like illiteracy, poor health, unemployment and inadequate access to productive assets make the poor more vulnerable

In agrarian culture joint family system took care of the social security needs of all the members

Increasing migration, urbanization and demographic changes are making nuclear family system more common

to shocks caused by life cycle changes, economic reforms and events such as illness or bad weather conditionsMatters relating to Social Security are listed in the Directive Principles of State Policy and the subjects in the Concurrent List The following social security issues are mentioned in the Concurrent List (List III in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India) Item No. 23: Social Security and insurance, employment and unemployment. Item No. 24: Welfare of Labour including conditions of work, provident funds, employers liability, workmens compensation, invalidity and old age pension and maternity benefits. Article 41 Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases The State shall, within the limits of its economic capacity and development, make effective provision for securing the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement, and in other cases of undeserved want. Article 42 Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief The State shall make provision for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief. 3History1883 -1889- First broad system of social insurance established by German Chancellor Bismarck 1919- International Labour Organisation (ILO) established1923 - Workmen's compensation act1935- Social Security Act introduced in USA1942-Social security programme implemented in the UK, based on Beveridge Report (two- tier system of social security)1948 - Employees' state insurance act1952 - Employees' provident funds, with amendments1964- Department of Social Security created in India under ministry of labour 1972- Payment of gratuity1976-Employees' deposit-linked insurance1995- Employees' pension scheme1995-National social assistance program 2007-National Social Security Bill under process

Epf 3rd amme effective since 1 /10 /08 which increased the scope of applicablity of PF act to NR working in India and indian national employed outside.4

What is Social Security

Definition- The protection which society provides for its members through a series of public measure, against the economic and social distress that otherwise would be caused by the stoppage or substantial reduction of earning resulting from sickness, maternity, employment injury, unemployment, invalidity, old age and death (ILO,1984)

Objective: To protect the poor and vulnerable groups or individuals from adverse changes in living standards though public actioni.e, It is a comprehensive approach designed to prevent deprivation, assure the individual of a basic minimum income for himself and his dependents and to protect the individual from any uncertainties

Social protection refers to public assistancein all cases of underserved want. It provideshuman security to the poor and the destitute.5

Who needs social security?SicknessEmployment Injury Informal sector workersOld AgeMaternityUnemployedDisablity

Survivors Formal sector workerPromotional Vs protective social security schemesPromotional social security:Implies provision of food, housing, education and heath securitiesExample- Targeted Public Distribution System, ICDS, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, Indira Gandhi Awas Yozana, Employment guarantee schemes Protective social security:Implies protection against contingencies ( identified by ILO) that result in reduction or stoppage of income.Example- Various social assistance and social insurance programme"Extremely Poor" are those who have a monthly per capitaconsumer expenditure of up to three-fourths of the officialpoverty line (i.e. an average of Rs.8.9 per capita per day(pcpd) in 2004-05); the second group "Poor" are thosebetween the Extremely Poor and up to the official povertyline (average expenditure of Rs. 11.6 pcpd); the third iscalled "Marginally Poor" with per capita consumerexpenditure of only 1.25 times the poverty line (i.e.Rs.14.6 pcpd); and the fourth called "Vulnerable" haveper capita consumer expenditure of only two times thepoverty line (i.e. Rs.20.3 pcpd).7Basic principles of social security schemes:Universality- should cover whole of population

Comprehensiveness- should cover maximum contingencies

Benefit should be adequate and appropriate

Benefits should be secure and non-discriminatory

Transparent and sound administration

A strong role for the social partners.

Tripartite Administration Gram Panchayats/Municipalities are expected to play an active role in the identification of beneficiaries under the two schemes. The State Government may communicate targets for NOAPS and NFBS to the Gram Panchayats/Municipalities so that identification can take place in the Gram Sabhas by the Gram Panchayats and in neighbourhood mohalla committees by the Municipalities in line with these targets. Central assistance under NOAPS and NFBS should preferably be disbursed in public meetings, such as Gram Sabha meetings in the ruralareas, and neighbourhood/mohalla committees in urban areas. The Panchayats/Municipalities are responsible for disseminating information about NSAP and its monitoring.

The following are some important elements of a rightsbased approach to social security: 1. Comprehensiveness: The social security system should aim to provide comprehensive coverage against all contingencies and life circumstances that threaten the incomeearning ability of persons and their ability to maintain an adequate standard of living. This includes unemployment, illhealth, disability, maternity, old age, child support for impoverished caregivers and survivors benefits. 2. Universality: All those in need of social security should be able to gain access to it.3. Adequacy and appropriateness: The level of benefits provided under the various schemes should be adequate and appropriate. The particular benefit payable will depend on the type of social security scheme and its rules (e.g., under certain social insurance schemes the benefits received are related to the contributions made). However, the benefits provided under needsbased social assistance programs should at least be sufficient to ensure that the recipient does not fall below a clearly defined minimum subsistence level or poverty line. The kind of benefits provided should also be appropriate to the kind of risk or contingency faced (e.g., maternity benefits should be paid for a period appropriate to the demands of childbirth and infantcare). 4. Respect for equality: Social security programs should not discriminate unfairly against anyone on grounds such as race, sex, gender, sexual orientation, religion, political opinion, national or social origin, birth or socio economic status. This includes both direct and indirect ("adverse effects") discrimination.5. Respect for procedural rights: The rules and procedures governing eligibility for social security programs, as well as the termination of benefits, must be reasonable and fair. Persons aggrieved by an adverse legal rule or administrative decision should have access to speedy, affordable and effective legal remedies for the determination of their rights8Approaches to social securitySocial AssistanceSocial InsuranceNon-contributoryFinanced by contributionsReceives benefits either in cash or in-kind in the form of food aidWorker is actively involved in economic planning for his futureInvolves a feeling of charity, sympathyInculcates a sense of responsibility for future planningDesigned to supplement the incomes of particularly vulnerable groups (elderly and disabled)Provide for various contingencies that interrupt or stop earnings Example: National old age pension schemeNational family benefit schemeNational maternity benefit schemeExample: ESI schemeContributory provident fund schemeLIC schemesSocial Assistance ProgrammesEntitlement Feeding ProgrammesIntegrated Child Development ServicesMid Day Meal Scheme

Food Subsidy ProgrammesTargeted Public Distribution SystemAntodaya Anna YojanaAnnapurna Yojana

Employment ProgrammesSampoorna Gramin Rojgar YojanaNational Rural Employment Guarantee scheme (2005)National Social Assistance Programme (1995)

Entitlement Feeding ProgrammesIntegrated Child Development Services: Covers all Children under the age of six, pregnant and lactating mothers and adolescent girls. Mid Day Meal Scheme: Covers all primary school children. Food Subsidy ProgrammesTargeted Public Distribution System: Provides 35 kgs per month of subsidised food grains at half the cost of the economic price to all families identified as living below the poverty line (BPL families). Antodaya Anna Yojana: Provides 35 kgs of rice per month at Rs. 3/- per kilo or 35 kgs of wheat per month at Rs. 2/- per kg. This is to around 40% of the poorest of poor families. Employment ProgrammesSampoorna Gramin Rojgar Yojana: A Food for work programme that is being phased out and replaced by the NREGA. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act: Guarantees 100 days of employment at minimum wages. Social Assistance ProgrammesNational Old Age Pension Scheme: Provides a monthly pension to all BPL adults above the age of 65. National Family Benefit Scheme: Provides a compensation of Rs. 10,000/- in case of death of bread winner of BPL families. Annapurna Yojana: Provides 10 kgs of free food grain for destitute poor who are not covered under the National Old Age Pension Scheme.(this scheme is now being revised as the national old age pension scheme has been recently revised to cover poor old people.) commissionersadviser'sfield reportsICDSMDM NREGATPDSNMBSNFBSNOAPSAAYschemes themes complaint guidelines file a complaint status of complaintsadviser's manualprimerssupreme court orderssupreme court ordershigh court orders

10Social Assistance ProgrammesNational Social Assistance Programme Implemented on on 15th August, 1995It is a 100 % Centrally Sponsored Programme.Implemented through a synergistic partnership with State Governments and under the direct supervision of DRDAs in close collaboration with the various PRIs Three components :National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS),National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS)Objective:To ensure a minimum national standard of social assistance in addition to the benefit that States are already providing in case of old age, death of primary breadwinner and maternity

Social Insurance Schemes

Scheme NameScheme TypeFinancingCoverageEmployee State Insurance Scheme MandatoryEmployees: 4.75% of wages. Employers: 1.75% of wages.State governments min of 12.5 %Firms with more than 20 employee

Employees Provident FundMandatoryEmployer-1.67- 3,67%Employee- 10-12%Government- NoneFirms with more than 20 employeeEmployees Pension SchemeMandatoryEmployer-8.33%Employee- NoneGovernment- 1.16%Firms with more than 20 employeeEmployees Deposit Linked Insurance SchemeMandatoryEmployer-0.5%Employee- NoneGovernment- N0neFirms with more than 20 employee

Social Security in India Directive Principles of State Policy 1. Article 41- Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases like unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement, and in other cases of undeserved want. 2. Article 42- Provision for just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief

Matters relating to Social Security are listed in the Directive Principles of State Policy and the subjects in the Concurrent List The following social security issues are mentioned in the Concurrent List (List III in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India) Item No. 23: Social Security and insurance, employment and unemployment. Item No. 24: Welfare of Labour including conditions of work, provident funds, employers liability, workmens compensation, invalidity and old age pension and maternity benefits. Article 41 Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases The State shall, within the limits of its economic capacity and development, make effective provision for securing the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement, and in other cases of undeserved want. Article 42 Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief The State shall make provision for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief. 13Workforce in India

Source NSS,2004Social security for workers (Organized sector)Organized sector includes establishments covered by the Factories Act, 1948, the Shops and Establishments Acts of the States, Industrial Employment Standing Orders Act, 1946, etc.It has a structure through which social security benefits are extended to workersProvided through five actsThe Employees State Insurance Act, 1948 (ESI Act) Covers factories and establishments with 10 or more employeesProvides for comprehensive medical care to the employees and their families as well as cash benefits during sickness and maternity, and monthly payments in case of death or disablement.

The Employees Provident Funds & Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 (EPF & MP Act) Covers specific scheduled factories and establishments employing 20 or more employeesEnsures terminal benefits to provident fund, superannuation pension, and family pension in case of death during service.

(i) The Employees State Insurance Act, 1948 (ESI Act) which covers factories and establishments with 10 or more employees and provides for comprehensive medical care to the employees and their families as well as cash benefits during sickness and maternity, and monthly payments in case of death or disablement. (ii) The Employees Provident Funds & Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 (EPF & MP Act) which applies to specific scheduled factories and establishments employing 20 or more employees and ensures terminal benefits to provident fund, superannuation pension, and family pension in case of death during service. Separate laws exist for similar benefits for the workers in the coal mines and tea plantations. (iii) The Workmens Compensation Act, 1923 (WC Act), which requires payment of compensation to the workman or his family in cases of employment related injuries resulting in death or disability. (iv) The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 (M.B. Act), which provides for 12 weeks wages during maternity as well as paid leave in certain other related contingencies. (v) The Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 (P.G. Act), which provides 15 days wages for each year of service to employees who have worked for five years or more in establishments having a minimum of 10 workers. Separate Provident fund legislation exists for workers employed in Coal Mines and Tea Plantations in the State of Assam and for seamen.

15Social security for workers (Organized sector)The Workmens Compensation Act, 1923 (WC Act), Requires payment of compensation to the workman or his family in cases of employment related injuries resulting in death or disabilityThe Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 (M.B. Act), provides for 12 weeks wages during maternity as well as paid leave in certain other related contingencies. The Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 (P.G. Act)Provides 15 days wages for each year of service to employees who have worked for five years or more in establishments having a minimum of 10 workers.

Others, like welfare funds for certain specified segments of workers such as beedi workers, cine workers, construction workers etc.

(i) The Employees State Insurance Act, 1948 (ESI Act) which covers factories and establishments with 10 or more employees and provides for comprehensive medical care to the employees and their families as well as cash benefits during sickness and maternity, and monthly payments in case of death or disablement. (ii) The Employees Provident Funds & Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 (EPF & MP Act) which applies to specific scheduled factories and establishments employing 20 or more employees and ensures terminal benefits to provident fund, superannuation pension, and family pension in case of death during service. Separate laws exist for similar benefits for the workers in the coal mines and tea plantations. (iii) The Workmens Compensation Act, 1923 (WC Act), which requires payment of compensation to the workman or his family in cases of employment related injuries resulting in death or disability. (iv) The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 (M.B. Act), which provides for 12 weeks wages during maternity as well as paid leave in certain other related contingencies. (v) The Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 (P.G. Act), which provides 15 days wages for each year of service to employees who have worked for five years or more in establishments having a minimum of 10 workers. Separate Provident fund legislation exists for workers employed in Coal Mines and Tea Plantations in the State of Assam and for seamen.

16Social security for workers (Unorganized sector)Rural areas- landless agricultural labourers, farmers, engaged in animal husbandry, fishing, horticulture, bee-keeping, forest workers, rural artisans, etc.

Urban areas- Manual labourers in construction, carpentry, trade, transport, communication , street vendors, hawkers.

No formal system of social security

Majority face the problem of deficiency of basic needs as well as the problem of adversity arising out of such contingencies as sickness and accidents

National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector (NCEUS) has recommended provision of a statutory package of National Minimum Social Security to all unorganized workers

National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector (ministry of small scale industries) Sep (2004)17Social security for workers (Unorganized sector)Employment is the best form of social protectionSchemes:Varishtha Pension Bima Yojana (VPBY)Sanjay Gandhi Niradhar Anudhan Yojana, 1980Sanjay Gandhi Swawavlamban Yojana 1980Unorganised sector workers social security schemeNational rural employment guarantee schemeRashtriya Swasthya Bima YojanaProvides smart card based cashless health insurance cover of Rs. 30,000/- to the BPL workers and their families ( a unit of five)

'VARISHTHA PENSION BIMA YOJANA' is a Government subsidized scheme announced for Indian Citizens aged 55 years and above, in the Union Budget 2003-04. The scheme will provide an Annual return of 9%.BenefitsPension during the lifetime of the pensioner. In the event of unfortunate demise of the pensioner, purchase price will be returned to the nominee/legal heir of the pensioner. Exit option available after 15 years. Loan facility available to the extent of 75% of purchase price after 3 years.Note: Therate of interest on loan is 10.5%. The interest rate on loan would be decided by LIC from time to time. Minimum & Maximum pension: 250 -2000 per monthPremium: Only Single Premium is payable.

The NREG Act 2005 provides enhancement of livelihood security, giving atleast 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in every financial year to every household, whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. Panchayats at districts, intermediate and village levels will be the principal authorities for planning and implementation of the scheme.18Social security for workers (Unorganized sector)SchemeEligibilityFund

BenefitVarishtha Pension Bima Yojana(2003-04)Indian Citizens aged 55 years and aboveOnly Single Premium is payableMonthly Pension- Rs 250-2000 Loan facility availableNational rural employment guarantee scheme (2005)Any adult member volunteer to do unskilled workGovernment aided schemeAtleast 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in every financial year to every householdNational social assistance program(1995)Needy elderly persons and poor households on the death of the primary breadwinner.

Employee-NoneEmployer-NoneGovernment-100%National Old Age Pension SchemeNational Family Benefit Scheme National Maternity Benefit SchemeUnorganized Sector Social Security Scheme (2004)VoluntaryAge 36-50yrsMonthly income < Rs 6500Income related and flat rateTriple Benefit-Pension schemePersonal Accident InsuranceMedical Insurance

'VARISHTHA PENSION BIMA YOJANA' is a Government subsidized scheme announced for Indian Citizens aged 55 years and above, in the Union Budget 2003-04. The scheme will provide an Annual return of 9%.BenefitsPension during the lifetime of the pensioner. In the event of unfortunate demise of the pensioner, purchase price will be returned to the nominee/legal heir of the pensioner. Exit option available after 15 years. Loan facility available to the extent of 75% of purchase price after 3 years.Note: Therate of interest on loan is 10.5%. The interest rate on loan would be decided by LIC from time to time. Minimum & Maximum pension: 250 -2000 per monthPremium: Only Single Premium is payable.

The NREG Act 2005 provides enhancement of livelihood security, giving atleast 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in every financial year to every household, whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. Panchayats at districts, intermediate and village levels will be the principal authorities for planning and implementation of the scheme.19

Social security schemes for Old age, Disability & survivorsamendment-dated 22.9.1997 20Social security schemes for Old age, Disability & survivorsSchemeEligibilityFund

BenefitsEmployeess Provident fund scheme Establishments with a min of 20employees Monthly income < Rs 6500 Employee-10-12%Employer-10-12%Government-NoneOld age benefitsDisability BenefitsSurvivors BenefitsSurvivor (deposit-linked) insuranceEmployee-NoneEmployer-0.5%Government-NoneSurvivor BenefitPension fundMonthly income < Rs 6500 Employee-NoneEmployer-8.33%Government-1.16%Old age BenefitDisability BenefitSurvivors BenefitGratuity schemes (1972)Employees of factories, mines, oilfields, plantations, ports, railways, and shops with at least 10workersEmployee-NoneEmployer-4%Government-none

Old age BenefitDisability BenefitSurvivors Benefit

National social assistance program(1995)Needy elderly persons and poor households on the death of the primary breadwinner.

Employee-NoneEmployer-NoneGovernment-100%Old age BenefitSurvivors BenefitUnorganized Sector Social Security Scheme (2004)VoluntaryAge 36-50yrsMonthly income < Rs 6500Income related and flat rateOld age benefitsDisability BenefitsSurvivors Benefitsamendment-dated 22.9.1997 21Social security Benefits for Old age Provident fund: A lump sum is paid equal to total employee and employer contributions plus interest.Drawdown payment: the value of the minimum payment varies from 1month of wages to total employee and employer contributions plus accrued interest.Pension scheme: With 10or more years of coverage, a monthly pension is paid based on a members pensionable service and earnings, subject to a minimum pension; With less than 10years, a lump sum is paid equal to total employee and employer contributions plus interest.Optionally, one-third of the pension can be taken as a lump sum.There is no minimum or maximum pension.Early pension: The basic pension is reduced by 3% for each year that retirement is taken before age58.Pension adjustment: The pension is adjusted annually by the central government according to an actuarial evaluation.

Social security Benefits for Old ageGratuity scheme: Based on the insureds final salary, a lump sum is paid equal to 15days of wages for each year of continuous service (a reduced amount is paid for part years in excess of 6months).Maximum benefit is 350,000rupees.For seasonal employees, employers pay the gratuity at the rate of 7days wages for each season worked. National Old Age Pension SchemeEligibility criteriaAge of the applicant (male or female) is 65 years or above. Applicant is destitute i.e having little or no regular means of subsistence from his/her own sources of income or through support from family members or other sourcesPension amount- Rs. 75/-per month per beneficiary (enhanced to Rs 200 per month from the year 200607 some states give additional Rs 200)

Annapurna Scheme:Launched on 1 April 2000 as a Centrally sponsored schemeAims to provide food security to meet the requirement of those senior citizens who though eligible, have remained uncovered under the NOAPSBeneficiaries are entitled to 10 kg of food grains per month free of cost.

23Social security Benefits for DisabilityPermanent Disability BenefitsProvident fund: Lump sum is paid equal to total employee and employer contributions plus interest.Pension scheme:Monthly pension -min Rs 250rupees or a lump sum is paid equal to total employee and employer contributions plus interest.Gratuity scheme: a lump sum equal to 15days of wages for each year of continuous serviceMaximum benefit is Rs 350,000Seasonal employees are paid at the rate of 7days of wages for each season worked.

Social security Benefits for SurvivorsProvident fund: A lump sum is paid equal to total employee and employer contributions plus interest. Death grant: Up to Rs 2,000rupeesSurvivor (deposit-linked) insurance scheme: A lump sum is paid equal to the average balance of the deceaseds provident fund account during the 12months before deathMaximum benefit is Rs 60,000Widows pension (pension scheme): 50% of the deceaseds pension . Minimum monthly pension -450rupees. Orphans pension (pension scheme): Paid for one or two orphans up to age25 (no limit if totally and permanently disabled). Pension is equal to 25% of the widow s pension(min Rs 150per month0).Full orphans or dependent parent receive 75% of the widow pension (min Rs 250per month).

Social security for SurvivorsGratuity scheme:a lump sum is paid equal to 15days of wages for each year of continuous serviceMaximum benefit is Rs 350,000Seasonal employees are paid at the rate of 7days of wages for each season workedFuneral grant: Lump sum up to 3,000rupees. Survivor grant (National Family Benefit Scheme)Eligibility criteria:Death of primary breadwinner aged between 18 to 65 yearsEarnings of primary breadwinner should contribute substantially to the household incomeBereaved household should qualifies as below the poverty lineBenefit amount - Rs. 10,000/- in the case of death of primary breadwinner due to natural or accidental cause

Social security for Maternity ,Sickness, Unemployment & employment injuriesThe National Maternity Benefit Scheme was introduced in 2001 to provide nutrition support to pregnant women. Under this scheme BPL pregnant women are given a one time payment of Rs. 500/- 812 weeks prior to delivery. In the year 2005, the Government of India launched the Janani Suraksha Yojana under the National Rural Health Mission to provide cash incentives for women to have an institutional delivery. The NMBS was merged into the JSY and with the intervention of the Supreme Court the benefits under the NMBS retained, irrespective of place of delivery.NMBS Court Order SummaryAll BPL pregnant women should be paid Rs. 500/- under NMBS 812 weeks prior to delivery for each of the first two births. The benefit under NMBS/JSY must be paid irrespective of place of delivery, and also irrespective of age and number of children.

27Social security for Sickness and MaternitySchemeEligibilityFundBenefitsEmployees State Insurance Scheme Firms with more than 20 employeeEmployees: 4.75% of wages. Employers: 1.75% of wages.State governments min of 12.5 %Sickness benefitMaternity benefitDisability benefitSurvivors benefitUnemployment benefit

National social assistance program(1995)Needy pregnant women may receive assistance for the first two births.Employee-NoneEmployer-NoneGovernment-100%Maternity benefitFamily benefitUnorganized Sector Social Security Scheme (2004)VoluntaryAge 36-50yrsMonthly income < Rs 6500Income related and flat rateSickness benefitMaternity benefitDisability benefitSurvivors benefitUnemployment benefitThe National Maternity Benefit Scheme was introduced in 2001 to provide nutrition support to pregnant women. Under this scheme BPL pregnant women are given a one time payment of Rs. 500/- 812 weeks prior to delivery. In the year 2005, the Government of India launched the Janani Suraksha Yojana under the National Rural Health Mission to provide cash incentives for women to have an institutional delivery. The NMBS was merged into the JSY and with the intervention of the Supreme Court the benefits under the NMBS retained, irrespective of place of delivery.NMBS Court Order SummaryAll BPL pregnant women should be paid Rs. 500/- under NMBS 812 weeks prior to delivery for each of the first two births. The benefit under NMBS/JSY must be paid irrespective of place of delivery, and also irrespective of age and number of children.

28Social security Benefit for MaternityNational Maternity Benefit Scheme (2001)(merged into Janani Suraksha Yojana in 2005 under NRHM)Eligible for women of 19 years and above.Upto first two live birthsBelow poverty line families Benefit amount- Rs. 500 per pregnancy to womenMaternity benefit (ESI): Benefit is equal to 100% of average earnings, according to wage class, and is paid for up to 12weeks (increased to six month ).Minimum daily benefit is 20rupees.Cash maternity grant (social assistance): A lump sum of 1,000rupees is paid.Family planning (sterilization) (ESI): Cash sickness benefit is paid at double rate for 7days (men) or 14days (women); may be extended in case of complications.

The National Maternity Benefit Scheme was introduced in 2001 to provide nutrition support to pregnant women. Under this scheme BPL pregnant women are given a one time payment of Rs. 500/- 812 weeks prior to delivery. In the year 2005, the Government of India launched the Janani Suraksha Yojana under the National Rural Health Mission to provide cash incentives for women to have an institutional delivery. The NMBS was merged into the JSY and with the intervention of the Supreme Court the benefits under the NMBS retained, irrespective of place of delivery.NMBS Court Order SummaryAll BPL pregnant women should be paid Rs. 500/- under NMBS 812 weeks prior to delivery for each of the first two births. The benefit under NMBS/JSY must be paid irrespective of place of delivery, and also irrespective of age and number of children.

29Social security Benefit for Sickness (ESI)Sickness benefit:Benefit varies but is around 60% of the average daily wage. Benefit is paid up to 91days in any two consecutive 6-month periodsWorkers & their dependents Medical BenefitsBenefits include outpatient treatment, specialist consultations, hospitalization, surgery and obstetric care, imaging and laboratory services, transportation, and the free supply of drugs, dressings, artificial limbs, aids, and appliances.Duration of benefits is from 3months to 1year, according to the insureds contribution recordEligible dependents - Spouse, children under age18 (age21 if a student, no limit if disabled or an unmarried daughter), widowed mother, and dependent parentsFuneral grant : Lump sum up to 3,000rupees.

The National Maternity Benefit Scheme was introduced in 2001 to provide nutrition support to pregnant women. Under this scheme BPL pregnant women are given a one time payment of Rs. 500/- 812 weeks prior to delivery. In the year 2005, the Government of India launched the Janani Suraksha Yojana under the National Rural Health Mission to provide cash incentives for women to have an institutional delivery. The NMBS was merged into the JSY and with the intervention of the Supreme Court the benefits under the NMBS retained, irrespective of place of delivery.NMBS Court Order SummaryAll BPL pregnant women should be paid Rs. 500/- under NMBS 812 weeks prior to delivery for each of the first two births. The benefit under NMBS/JSY must be paid irrespective of place of delivery, and also irrespective of age and number of children.

30Social security Benefit for Workers Injury (ESI)Temporary Disability BenefitsAround 75% of the average daily wage. Paid for the entire duration of the disability, ( min of 3days).Permanent Disability BenefitsPermanent disability pension: Separate medical boards assess the loss of earning capacity resulting from a work injury or an occupational disease.Maximum daily rate -around 75% of the average daily wageMay be paid as a lump sum not exceeding 30,000rupees (If the daily value of the pension is equal to 5rupees or less)Partial disability: A percentage of the full pension is paid according to the assessed loss of earning capacity

The National Maternity Benefit Scheme was introduced in 2001 to provide nutrition support to pregnant women. Under this scheme BPL pregnant women are given a one time payment of Rs. 500/- 812 weeks prior to delivery. In the year 2005, the Government of India launched the Janani Suraksha Yojana under the National Rural Health Mission to provide cash incentives for women to have an institutional delivery. The NMBS was merged into the JSY and with the intervention of the Supreme Court the benefits under the NMBS retained, irrespective of place of delivery.NMBS Court Order SummaryAll BPL pregnant women should be paid Rs. 500/- under NMBS 812 weeks prior to delivery for each of the first two births. The benefit under NMBS/JSY must be paid irrespective of place of delivery, and also irrespective of age and number of children.

31Social security Benefit for Workers Injury (ESI)Survivor BenefitsSurvivor pension (widows pension): 60% of the deceaseds total disability pensionOrphans pension: 40% of the deceaseds pension to orphan younger than age18 (no limit if disabled or an unmarried daughter).Maximum total survivor pension - 100% of the deceaseds pension.Minimum daily benefit is 14rupees.Maximum total pension for other eligible survivors is 50% of the deceaseds pension.

The National Maternity Benefit Scheme was introduced in 2001 to provide nutrition support to pregnant women. Under this scheme BPL pregnant women are given a one time payment of Rs. 500/- 812 weeks prior to delivery. In the year 2005, the Government of India launched the Janani Suraksha Yojana under the National Rural Health Mission to provide cash incentives for women to have an institutional delivery. The NMBS was merged into the JSY and with the intervention of the Supreme Court the benefits under the NMBS retained, irrespective of place of delivery.NMBS Court Order SummaryAll BPL pregnant women should be paid Rs. 500/- under NMBS 812 weeks prior to delivery for each of the first two births. The benefit under NMBS/JSY must be paid irrespective of place of delivery, and also irrespective of age and number of children.

32Social security Benefit during Unemployment (ESI)Qualifying ConditionsMust be involuntarily unemployed as the result of retrenchment or a nonwork-related permanent disability. Must have at least 5years of contributions.Unemployment BenefitsUnemployment allowance: Benefit equal to 50% of the insureds average wages and is paid for up to 6months.Access to medical care is also provided to beneficiaries and their dependents.

The National Maternity Benefit Scheme was introduced in 2001 to provide nutrition support to pregnant women. Under this scheme BPL pregnant women are given a one time payment of Rs. 500/- 812 weeks prior to delivery. In the year 2005, the Government of India launched the Janani Suraksha Yojana under the National Rural Health Mission to provide cash incentives for women to have an institutional delivery. The NMBS was merged into the JSY and with the intervention of the Supreme Court the benefits under the NMBS retained, irrespective of place of delivery.NMBS Court Order SummaryAll BPL pregnant women should be paid Rs. 500/- under NMBS 812 weeks prior to delivery for each of the first two births. The benefit under NMBS/JSY must be paid irrespective of place of delivery, and also irrespective of age and number of children.

33

Social security coverage in IndiaIn MillionsNew Initiatives:Unorganized Sector Workers Social Security Bill, 2007

Aam Admi Bima Yojana (AABY), 2007

Health Insurance Scheme for Unorganized Sector BPL Workers, 2007 (Rashtriya Swasthaya Bima Yojana)

Janashree Bima Yojana

Micro-credit Programmes

Re-Inventing Employees Provident FundUnorganized Sector Workers Social Security Bill, 2007Establishment of National Social Security Advisory Board and State Social Security Advisory Boards Benefits shall be admissible to all persons above 14 years of age Persons are provided with an identity card in the form of a smart card. 11 schemes including the AABY and the Health Insurance Scheme for Unorganized Sector BPL workers.Benefits:life and disability cover, health and maternity benefits,old age protection, provident fund, employment injury benefits, Provision of housing, educational schemes for children, skill upgradation of workers, funeral assistance, and old age homes.

Aam Admi Bima Yojana, 2007Replaced Group Insurance Schemes as It do not provide the annuity in the cases of survivor members. Lack of awareness about schemes amongst rural population Poor delivery mechanism at the village levelState Government will be the Nodal Agency. Members of All Rural Landless Households, in the age group of 1859 years will be eligible. Premium of Rs 200 per member will be borne by the Centre and States equally. A sum of Rs 30000 in case of natural death and Rs 75000 in case of accidental death will be payable.A compensation of Rs 75000 will be payable in case of total permanent disability and of Rs 37500 in case of partial permanent disability. Provision for the payment of a scholarship of Rs 300 per quarter per child for two children of the beneficiaries studying in 9th to 12th standard for its beneficiaries.two life insurance schemesoperated by Life Insurance Corporation (LIC) thatare making headway among the people below andmarginally above the poverty line viz., JanashreeBima Yojana for the rural poor and the Aam AadmiInsurance Scheme for the landless agricultural labour.These two schemes under which the premium iscontributed by the Centre and the State Governmentsin equal proportions provide significant supplementationto the Family Benefit Scheme with enhancedbenefits on death, accidental death, and disability forthe persons insured in the BPL families37Rashtriya Swasthaya Bima YojanaA transparent scheme that lists the entitlements, administered through a smart card obviating the need for out of pocket expenses Covers all BPL unorganized sector workers and their families (of five members),a smart card will be issuedBeneficiary will be required to pay Rs 30 per annum as registration/ renewal fee.Prescribed premium of Rs 750 per member-family will be borne by the Central and State Governments in the ratio of 75:25.Benefits cashless attendance to all covered ailments; Hospitalization expenses, taking care of most common illnesses, all pre-existing diseases to be covered, transportation costs subject to prescribed limits payable to the beneficiary.

Janashree Bima YojanaEarlier Social Security Group Insurance Scheme was available for persons in the age group of 18 to 60 years belonging to the 24 approved occupation groups in unorganized sectoryJanashree Bima Yojana provides insurance cover of Rs 20000 in case of natural death, Rs 50000 in case of death or total permanent disability due to an accident, and Rs 25000 in case of partial disabilityPremium is Rs 200 per beneficiary ( 50% of the from the Social Security Fund and 50% contributed by the beneficiary/State Government/nodal agency)Eligibility criteria: Persons in the age group of 18 to 60 years Living below or marginally above the poverty line Scheme is extended to a group of 25 members or more that is, beediworkers, brick-kiln workers, carpenters, cobblers, fishermen,hamals, handicraft artisans, handloom weavers,handloom and khadi weavers, lady tailors, leatherand tannery workers, papad workers attached toSelf-Employed Womens Association (SEWA), physicallyhandicapped self-employed persons, primarymilk producers, rickshaw pullers/auto drivers, safaikarmcharies, salt growers, tendu leaf collectors,urban poor, forest workers, sericulture, toddy tappers,powerloom workers, women in remote rural hill39Micro credit ProgrammesA way of enabling those at risk of poverty and social exclusion to participate in the economic and political processes of society through self-employmentAddresses income and economic securityPre-dominantly focused on womenMostly delivered through group based approachBest suited for delivery of basic social security for poorEnhances local accountability and transparencyGovernment and public sector banks play major roleInvolvement private sector like NGOsNo regulation and comprehensive legislation availableDistrict Rural Development Agency (DRDA) - principal organ at the District level to over-see the implementation of different anti-poverty programmes

Selfemploymentis used to indicate the alternative to waged employment; micro-enterprise isused to indicate the size of the enterprise (less than five employees) as related to small andmedium-sized enterprises (SMEs). In both cases the entrepreneur might be in need of microcreditand related business development services.40Re-Inventing Employees Provident FundLaunched since June, 2001. a effort towards solving the problem of providing social protection to migrant labour & nomadsObjective: To provide the subscribers better and efficient services, to help the employers by reducing the cost of compliance and to benefit the organization to register geometric growth in all fields. Initiatives:Allotment of the Unique Identification Number-the Social Security Number to the EPF subscribers Issuing of Buisness Numbers to the employers Business Process Re-engineeringLegislative MeasuresFixing minimum wagesAbolishing or penalizing discrimination in wages based on gender and age Recovery of minimum wages would be simplified and be equated with recovery due of land revenue.Establishing an information network to promote awareness, to educate employers and to prevent malpractices with the help of the media, NGOs, and PRIs.Social security in developed countryIn developed countries most social security systems are linked to wage employment. Characteristics: i)Existance of universal social security system ii)Most of the workforce is in the organized sector hence a system of pay roll deduction is applied. iv)Main approach for social security is social insurance

Publicly managed Vs Privately managed social security schemeIn Indian context, privately managed schemes can best act as supplementary schemes Only publicly managed scheme can extend to all the sectors of the workforce

IssuesExtension of coverage of social securityAgeing and its impact on social securityGovernance and administration of social security systemsEquality, with an emphasis on gender and disabilityFinancing of social securityHIV/AIDS and its impact on social securityShould be extended to persons with severe/multiple disabilities and widowed women maintenance of orphans, street children, and other sections of the poor in distress are neededScope of the NFBS needs to be extended to cover instances of death of any adult member of the family without limiting to the death of breadwinner

ReferencesPark K. Parks Textbook of Preventive and social medicine. 19th edition. Bannout publication; Jabalpur: 2006. p.658-9.Detel R, McEwan J, Beaglehole R, Tanaka H. Oxford Textbook of Public Health. 4th edition. Oxford university press; Newyork:2004. p.343-44.Last JM, Wallace RB. Public Health and Preventive Medicine. 13th edition. Appelton & Lange; USA: 1992. p.982-84Social Security Online . The Official Website of The U.S Social Security Administration [Online]. [cited 2009 Apr 8]; Available from: URL: http://www.socialsecurity.gov/International Social Security Administeration [Online]. [cited 2009 Apr 9]; Available from: URL:http://www.issa.netInternational Labour Organization [Online]. [cited 2009 Apr 9]; Available from: URL:http:// www.ilo.org/Government of India. Ministry of Labour [Online]. [cited 2009 Apr 6]; Available from: URL:http://www.labour.nic.inMinistry of Rural Development (GOI) [Online]. [cited 2009 Apr 11]; Available from: URL:http://www.rural.nic.inMicrocredit Foundation of India [Online]. [cited 2009 Apr 18]; Available from: URL:http://www.microcreditindia.org National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector (GOI) [Online]. [cited 2009 Apr 13]; Available from: URL:http://nceus.gov.in/Chart137030

Total Indian Workforce- 400 millionsSales370 Millions30 millions

Sheet1SalesUnorganised sector370Organised sector30To resize chart data range, drag lower right corner of range.

Chart1CoveredCoveredCoveredCovered301806010030Not covered

Agricultural sectorContract, services, constructionTrade, Commerce, transport, storage & CommunicationsOthersorganized sector

Sheet1Agricultural sectorContract, services, constructionTrade, Commerce, transport, storage & CommunicationsOthersorganized sectorCovered30Not covered1806010030To resize chart data range, drag lower right corner of range.