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AS Social Psychology Workbook 2009-2010
ASSUMPTIONS of the SOCIAL approach …
1 All human behaviour occurs within a social context, this means that …
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Give an example from real life …______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2 Our relationships with others affects our behaviour, this means that …
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Give an example from real life …
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3 The situation we are in has an effect on our behaviour; we do not always act according to our own free will, this means that …
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Give an example from real life …
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AS Social Psychology Workbook 2009-2010
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Is obedience always or ever a good thing?
Public Announcement
WE WILL PAY YOU $4.00 FOR
ONE HOUR OF YOUR TIME
Persons needed for a study of memory
We will pay five hundred New Haven men to help us complete a scientific study of memory and learning. This study is being done at Yale University.
Each person who participates will be paid $4.00 (plus 50c carfare) for approximately 1 hours time. We need you for only one hour; there are no further obligations. You may choose the time you would like to come (evenings weekends or weekdays).
No special training, education or experience is needed. We want:
Factory workers Businessmen Construction workers
City employees Clerks Salespeople
Labourers Professionals White collar workers
Barbers Telephone workers Others
All persons must be between the ages of 20-50. High school and college students cannot be used.
If you meet these requirements, fill in the coupon below and mail it to Professor Stanley Milgram, Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven. You will be notified later of the specific time and place of the study. We reserve the right to decline any application.
You will be paid $4.00 (plus 50c carfare) as soon as you arrive at the laboratory.
Milgram’s Aim …
AS Social Psychology Workbook 2009-2010
1. What sampling method did Milgram use? Give one advantage and one disadvantage of this method? (4)
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2. Is Milgram’s sample representative of the general population? Explain your answer. (2)
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3. What problems might there be in paying participants? What steps did Milgram take to try to reduce this problem? (2)
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4. What was the real and stated purpose of this study? Which ethical consideration does this raise? Why was it necessary to be unethical in this way? (4)
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AS Social Psychology Workbook 2009-2010
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Procedure …
Experimenter Prods …
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Summarise Milgram’s procedure in your own words …
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‘Please continue.’
Please go on’.
‘the experiment requires you to continue’
‘although the shocks may be painful, there is no permanent, tissue damage
‘You have no choice, you must go on
‘It is absolutely essential that you continue’
What was the effect of these prods on the participant?
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AS Social Psychology Workbook 2009-2010
0 volts 450volts
…and finally try to sort out some findings and conclusions from Milgram’s famous study
Finding Conclusion (Explain the finding …)
65% of participants shocked learners right to the end
100% went to 300 volts (intense shock)
List 5 reasons which could explain why people obeyed in this experiment …
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Label the shock generator …
AS Social Psychology Workbook 2009-2010
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AS Social Psychology Workbook 2009-2010
...so how would you evaluate Milgram’s research? You could colour strengths in red and weaknesses in blue
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Milgram’s study challenged the existing view of human nature – it has high political impact
The study was a laboratory experiment
therefore it was well controlled
Milgram’s theory is releases
people from responsibility
for their actions
Participants were seriously deceived - many were caused a great deal of stress – the ethical issues – were too great
The study acts as a warning to society about its potential for evil – it is useful
The sample was not representative because it was self selecting
ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY – WHAT IS IT AND HOW DOES
IT APPLY TO MILGRAM?
the study only used American male participants – therefore we cannot generalise
AS Social Psychology Workbook 2009-2010
Short Answer Questions – Core Studies 1
1) In the Milgram study, participants were observed to experience a lot of tension, give one example of the kind of behaviour exhibited by the participants. (2)
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2) Milgram suggested that the tension was caused by the conflicts caused by the study. Outline one of these conflicts.(2)
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3) In the study by Milgram, how were the subjects recruited? (2)
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4 Outline one advantage of recruiting subjects in this way? (2)
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5) Milgram’s study was criticised for being unethical, although Milgram himself put up a strong defence of it. Outline two examples of how the ethics of this study could be defended. (4)
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6) The findings were a surprise to the researchers. Give four factors which were thought to contribute to these high levels of obedience. (4)
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AS Social Psychology Workbook 2009-2010
Background to Piliavin’s Study
Read the following extract from the New York Times and answer the following questions.
1 Do you think you would have reacted in a different way if you were in a similar situation?2 Try to identify at least three explanations for the onlookers lack of action in this article.
These are called costs
3 Try to identify at least three explanations for helping Kitty. These are called benefits.
THE MURDER OF KITTY GENOVESE-
At approximately 3:20 on the morning of March 13, 1964, twenty-eight-year-old Ms Catherine (Kitty) Genovese was returning to her home in a nice middle-class area of Queens, NY, from her job as a bar manager. She parked her red Fiat in a nearby parking lot, turned-off the lights and started the walk to her second floor apartment some 35 yards away. She got as far as a streetlight when a man grabbed her. She screamed.
Lights went on in the 10-floor apartment building nearby. She yelled, "Oh, my God, he stabbed me! Please help me!" Windows opened in the apartment building and a man's voice shouted, "Let that girl alone." The attacker looked up, shrugged and walked-off down the street. Ms Genovese struggled to get to her feet. Lights went back off in the apartments. The attacker came back and stabbed her again. She again cried out, "I'm dying! I'm dying!" And again the lights came on and windows opened in many of the nearby apartments. The assailant again left and got into his car and drove away. Ms Genovese staggered to her feet as a city bus drove by. It was now 3:35 a.m. The attacker returned once again. He found her in a doorway at the foot of the stairs and he stabbed her a third time -- this time with a fatal consequence. It was 3:50 when the police received the first call. They responded quickly and within two minutes were at the scene. Ms Genovese was already dead. The only person to call, a neighbour of Ms Genovese, revealed that he had phoned only after much thought and an earlier phone call to a friend. He said, "I didn't want to get involved."
THE NEW YORK TIMES, March 27, 1964, p. 38.
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Three explanations for lack of action - costs
Three explanations for helping - benefits
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Both of these are lab experiments, what are the strengths and
weaknesses of this method?
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Key idea to remember: What is the Social Approach to Psychology? What do social psychologists study? How does this study fit with this approach?
Darley & Latane (1968) conducted a lab experiment in which participants were asked to converse with a fellow participants (really a confederate) across and intercom. Whilst having their conversation, the confederate faked an epileptic fit and the participants’ reactions were observed. The researchers found that when participants thought that others had witnessed the fir, they acted to seek help for him far less readily.
Latane & Rodin (1969) conducted a follow up study which seemingly confirmed this finding. In this experiment, a participant was placed in a waiting room, sometimes alone and sometimes with others. Whilst waiting they would hear the noise of a woman fall and cry out in the adjoining room. The researchers found that participants were much slower in offering assistance when others were present than when they were alone.
AS Social Psychology Workbook 2009-2010
…so previous research into altruism had been conducted in the lab and had suggested that there was a tendency for helping behaviour to drop when more people were present and there two main reasons for this …
Diffusion of responsibility Pluralistic ignorance
Key Term Give an example of how this might work in the real world
Diffusion of responsibilityoccurs in a crowd setting when people believe that the responsibility for intervention is shared between everyone present – and this is less weighted on the individual themselves.
Pluralistic ignorancedescribes how people delude one another into remaining calm and inactive eg people may perceive an emergency as a non emergency, because everyone around them is calm and inactive.
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Describe Piliavin’s sample …
How many were there?
Who were they?
What kind of sampling method is this
AS Social Psychology Workbook 2009-2010
Using your text book to help you, label the diagram with of the study …
Make a note here of Piliavin’s findings &n conclusions, use page 116 of you text book to help you …
Finding Conclusion
Cane victim received help 95% of the time, the drunk victim got help 50% of the time …
90% of the helpers were …
There was tendency for same race helping especially in the conditionThere was diffusion of responsibility, this was from previous research in labs
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What happens in the critical area?
What happens in the adjacent area?
Describe the observers …Describe the victim …
AS Social Psychology Workbook 2009-2010
Piliavin: Core Studies – Section A Short Answer Questions1 Outline how one ethical guideline was broken by Piliavin.
(2)
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2 Outline one way in which ethical guidelines were upheld by Piliavin. (2)
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3 Identify two details that were recorded by the observers in the subway Samaritan study. (2)
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4 Give one finding from the subway Samaritan study. (2)
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5 The study by Piliavin et al took social psychology out of the laboratory and into the field.
a) Give one reason why diffusion of responsibility was found in laboratory studies but not in the Piliavin field study.
(2)
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6) Piliavin’s study refers to “diffusion of responsibility”. What does this term mean? (2)
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AS Social Psychology Workbook 2009-2010
Rethinking the psychology of tyranny; the BBC prison study
Context , Background to the Study …
What kind of behaviour would you expect from each of these people?
Psychologists call expectations of behaviour social roles – make sure you have a good definition of social roles here …
… but our social roles change according to the situation we find ourselves in. Can you think of any examples?
What has happened to the social roles for these people?
When we lose our own identity and become part of the group, psychologists call this deindividuation, that means we take on the roles of the group, our behaviour changes. Can you think of any other examples?
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Social roles are …
Deindividuation means …
AS Social Psychology Workbook 2009-2010
It is very easy to get us to feel that we belong to a group. Make a list here of some of the groups you have belonged to in the past or belong to now …
Guides, scouts, football team, netball team, friendship group …
We like to be part of a group and we identify ourselves with them, the team we support, the band we like etc. Psychologists call this Social Identity Theory … which was investigated by Tajfel in a famous experiment …
and also in another famous experiment blue eyes, brown eyes…
But perhaps the most famous of all of these experiments is by Zimbardo, it is called the Stanford Prison Experiment … Zimbardo believed that our behaviour can be explained by the situation we find ourselves in and by the social roles we play … he thought this was very dangerous and could lead to very cruel behaviour towards others.
Watch the video clip and make a note here of any examples you can of the following:-
Taking on a social role …
Wearing a uniform …
Social identity theory (identifying with a group)
Deindividuation (becoming part of the crowd)
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Homework …
Make sure you understand the three key terms:- social roles, deindividuation, Social Identity Theory – these are the background to Reicher & Haslam’s study.
Using these key terms, describe the background to Reicher & Haslam’s study for 6 marks
AS Social Psychology Workbook 2009-2010
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AS Social Psychology Workbook 2009-2010
Reicher & Haslam’s Aims To repeat Zimbardo in an ethical way. To analyse conditions that lead individuals to identify with their group To analyse conditions that lead individuals to criticise their roles within their group To analyse the importance of power in group behaviour
Participants 15 males selected from 332 who replied to advertisements in the press, chosen after
screening, there were only 14 participants, the 15th came later, randomly allocated to the role of either guard or prisoner – 5 guards and 10 prisoners. The set had lockable 3 person cells.
psychometric tests to make sure they were well-balanced and mentally healthy a full weekend assessment by clincal psychologists. medical and character references and police checks. The final 15 were chosen from a short-list of 27 to ensure diversity of age, class and
ethnicity.
Ethics
submitted for scrutiny by BPS ethics committee participants clinical, medical & background screened and all gave INFORMED consent monitored by clinical psychologists throughout paramedic on duty throughout security guards present to intervene if needed monitored by 5 person ethics committee who were able to terminate the study at any time
ProcedureA mock prison was created by the BBC in a television studio, with 3 lockable cells. The plan was that it would last for 10 days and would be recorded on TV. However, it was not ‘reality TV’ – it would only be broadcast in 4 one hour programmes.
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AS Social Psychology Workbook 2009-2010
Guard Induction – what happened? What were they told? What rules and sanctions were to be used?
Prisoner induction – what were they wearing? What happened to them when they arrived?
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AS Social Psychology Workbook 2009-2010
Independent Variables What do each of these key terms mean and how were
they tested?
Permeability of roles
Legitimacy of roles
Cognitive alternatives
Dependent Variables What do each of these key terms mean and how were they
tested?
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AS Social Psychology Workbook 2009-2010
Social variables: social identification, awareness of alternatives, authoritarian attitudes
Organisational variables: compliance with the rules
Clinical variables: depression, stress
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AS Social Psychology Workbook 2009-2010
Findings& Conclusions – what do the following graphs tell us about the outcomes of the study?
1 Group identity – social identification
2 Compliance
3. Authoritarianism
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AS Social Psychology Workbook 2009-2010
Reicher & Haslam (2006) Rethinking the psychology of tyranny; the BBC prison experiment
Background / Context (6 marks) Previous research had suggested that we take on social roles; sometimes when we are part of
a group we lose our individual identity and become deindividuated Social Identity Theory suggests that we take on the behaviour of the group we belong to and
sometimes this behaviour can be cruel depending on the situation we find ourselves in SIT was investigated by Tajfel in his ingroup/outgroup experiments but most famous was
Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment which showed how we conform to social roles and can become cruel to others
What was the aim of Reicher & Haslam’ study? (2 marks)
Describe the research method used in Reicher & Haslam’s study. (6 marks)
Describe the sample used and outline one strength & one limitation of it. (6 marks)
Describe the design and outline one strength and one limitation of it. (6 marks)
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AS Social Psychology Workbook 2009-2010
Describe the procedure. (8 marks)
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AS Social Psychology Workbook 2009-2010
Outline the main findings of Reicher & Haslam’s study. (8 marks)
What conclusions did Reicher & Haslam come to? (8 marks)
Strengths Weaknesses
How does this study relate to the social approach?
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AS Social Psychology Workbook 2009-2010
1. Read the study really carefully in your text book pages 104 – 119. You will need to read it more than once.
2. Make a note of any key terms or words you do not understand. Make a set of matching card like this …
Social roles Behaviours expected of a person occupying a certain
position in a group
Use these cards to test yourself on the key terms. You should include:-
social roles tyranny deindividuation social identity theory
permeability legitimacy cognitive alternatives compliance
psychometrics self efficacy situational hypothesis repeated measures
time series approach commune
3 Make a set of revision cards with the details of the study on them.
4 Try making a cartoon version of the study with captions underneath to explain what is happening in each picture or write a poem or song about the study, anything to help you to remember …
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Personalised Learning & Revision Tips for Reicher & Haslam
AS Social Psychology Workbook 2009-2010
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AS Social Psychology Workbook 2009-2010
Ch … ch…ch… changes …
You could be asked to make changes or improvements to the studies and to say what effect these changes might have on the result. Try to complete the following table about the 3 studies in the social approach
Study What change would you make What would be the effect of the change?
MILGRAM
PILIAVIN
REICHER & HASLAM
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AS Social Psychology Workbook 2009-2010
Section B Style Exam Questions
In the Core Studies exam, you could be asked a whole question on any of these studies in Section B. These are the sort of questions in this section …
Choose one of the following studies and answer the questions below …
Milgram
Piliavin
Reicher & Haslam
1. What was the aim of the study? (2 marks)2. Describe the sample used and outline one limitation of it. (6 marks)3. Describe the controls used in this study and explain why they were used.
(6 marks)4. Describe how observational data was used in this study. (6 marks)5. Describe another way Piliavin et al could have investigated their aim and outline
how this could have affected their results.(8 marks)
6. Outline the results of this study. (8 marks)
(36 marks)
Section C Style Exam Qustions
In the Core Studies exam, you could be asked a question on the Social Approach in Psychology. The question could look something like this:-
a) Outline one assumption of the social approach in psychology. (2)
b) Describe how the developmental approach could explain obedience.(4)
c) Describe one similarity and one difference between any two social studies.(6)
d) Discuss strengths and weaknesses of the social approach using any examples from the social approach studies.
(12)
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AS Social Psychology Workbook 2009-2010
Make a note here of how you are going to revise for the social approach. You should try to list 3 different ways of revising for each of the different section of the exam …
Section A – Short Answer Questions
Section B – Detailed Questions on One of the studies
Section C – Question on the Whole Approach …
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