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Social Activism. Chapter 22 & 23. 1960’s Timeline. 1959Fidel Castro seized power in Cuba 1960 Pres. Kennedy elected 1961Berlin Wall built in Germany 1963 March on Washington 1963 South Vietnamese government overthrown 1963 JFK Assassinated 1963 Equal Pay Act passed by Congress - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Social ActivismChapter 22 & 23
1960’s Timeline 1959 Fidel Castro seized power in Cuba 1960 Pres. Kennedy elected 1961 Berlin Wall built in Germany 1963 March on Washington 1963 South Vietnamese government overthrown 1963 JFK Assassinated 1963 Equal Pay Act passed by Congress 1964 Pres. Johnson elected 1965 La Huelga – grape strike 1966 Black Panther Party begins 1966 Gandhi becomes Prime Minister of India 1967 6 Day War Israel v. many Arab nations 1968 Kerner Commission releases report 1968 N. Korea takes a U.S. Navy ship – crew released 1
year later 1968 American Indian Movement organized 1968 Pres. Nixon elected 1973 U.S. forces negotiate a peace treaty in Vietnam 1975 N. Vietnamese capture S. Vietnamese capital (Saigon)
Section 1
WHAT IS…
Non-ViolenceSit-ins:
Led to DEsegregation (combining) of lunch counters and restaurants
March through BirminghamIncreased public support for Civil Rights
Freedom RidesLed to Interstate Commerce Commission
strengthening desegregation regulationsMontgomery Bus Boycott
Desegregation of busses
Protests for EqualityAlbany, Georgia
All protesters were arrested quietly and with nonviolence
Met nonviolence with nonviolenceThis is NOT successful!!
– Civil Rights needs strong reactionsBirmingham, Alabama
Police attacked protesters – Leads to support from public
Protesters arrestedAll over television – Civil Rights got more support!!
Civil Rights BillCivil Rights needed
FEDERAL LAWS – ENFORCED BY – FEDERAL GOV.
In order to achieve this, organizers led THE MARCH ON WASHINGTON
Held in Washington D.C.King spoke “I have a dream…” (click to hear speech)
Civil Rights Act of 1964 PASSED – Banned discrimination in employment on basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin
Section 2
Trying to Get Voting RightsMississippi- was the focus state because of
prior voting registration problemsAfrican Americans were forced to pass
difficult literacy testsIn McComb, MS only 24 new African
Americans became registered votersJailings, beatings, and murders scarred the
voting process
Freedom Summer24th amendment: banned the payment of
poll taxes (only for national elections)New strategy: bring white volunteers to
help African Americans registerVolunteers came from colleges in the NorthGave hope of a more united effortShockingly 3 of the volunteers end up
murdered!1600 more voters became registered in MS
Freedom Summer
Turn to page 658
Selma and Voting Rights ActSelma, Alabama: voters attempting to
register were beaten then arrestedA protest march was organized from
Selma to Montgomery- police were ordered to attack the marchers
Americans started to show support for the marchers
Lyndon Johnson pushed the Voting Rights Bill through quickly
Voting Rights Act of 1965Put the whole registration process under
federal controlMississippi-African Americans registered
59%Alabama- 57%
Section 3
Role of Malcolm XAfrican Americans started to question the
non-violence approachMalcolm X was a Nation of Islam ministerCalled for Black Freedom “by any means
necessary”Opposite method of MLK, but similar
goalsHe later changed his beliefs after a
pilgrimage to MeccaWas murdered in 1965
New MovementsBlack Power- called for black separatismBlack Panther Party- started by Bobby Seale
and Huey NewtonPanthers promoted self defense, carried
firearms around, dressed in blackMany gun battles with the police.
Results of the New MovementMLK continued marches in ChicagoMuch more violence in American citiesWatts Riots- started with an arrest, ended
with 33 deaths, injuries, and 4,000 arrestedKerner Commission- created by President
Johnson to investigate the violenceFindings- white racism, was responsible for
the tensions that led to the riots
Watts Riots: August 1965
Martin Luther King Jr.•Assassinated April 4, 1968 in Memphis, TN
•by James Earl Ray
•Shocked African American neighborhoods broke out in outrage and riots.
Section 4
Organizations in TroubleFollowing MLK’s death, the SCLC lacked a
dominant leaderSCLC and the Black Panthers attempted to
unite: again lack of leadership made this unsuccessful
Nation of Islam survived through the leadership of Elijah Muhammed
Busing and Affirmative ActionBuses were court ordered to pick up African
American students and send them to white schools across town.
Many white Americans protested this ruling, most notably in Boston
Affirmative Action: the act of giving preference to minorities and women in admission and hiring
Successes!!Thurgood Marshall became a Supreme
Court Justice (1st African American)6.5 million African Americans voted for
Jimmy Carter in 197616 members in the House of RepresentativesMore African Americans were business
owners and college enrollments were up.
Chapter 23Sec. 1
Women’s Rights
Section 1 Notes Pg. 676
The Feminine Mystique Pointed out many women felt dissatisfied with
their lives Inspired many to seek career opportunities and
fair treatment in the workplace
The Government helped Equal Pay Act
Illegal to pay female workers less than male
Presidents Commission on the Status of Women Investigated lives of women
Title VII Outlawed sexual discrimination in
employment
Equal Employment Opportunity commission Ensured employers followed Title VII
Women’s Movement Tactics Pg. 679
Established Women’s rights groups NOW
?? National Women’s Political Caucus
??
Success / Setbacks of Movement
Gains – Educational Amendments Act / Roe v. Wade / Increase in female politicians
Setbacks – ERA / Opposition from conservative activists
Chapter 23
Section 2 Notes
The Chicano Movement
Mexican American movement for equal rights Movement started with migrant workers going
on strike for higher wages National Farm Workers Association (NFWA)
led by Cesar Chavez joined the strike by Filipino grape harvesters
La Huelga: The Delano Grape Strike
Strike started on Sept. 16, 1965 March was done to promote Americans
to NOT buy grapes because workers were treated UNFAIRLY
Chavez helped the effort to collect donations of money and food
Chavez led a 300 mile march to
Sacramento, CA Strike lasted until 1970, workers signed
new contracts.
United Farm Workers
Workers union that merged with NFWA Goal was gain more workers rights for
Mexican Americans Included non-Hispanic members too.
Brown Berets
Similar to the Black Panthers but for Latinos Mexican American Activist group:1967 They were upset about police brutality
against them Leader: Carlos Munoz
Crusade for Justice
Founded by Rodolfo Gonzales Promoted Mexican American nationalism Offered community services, newspaper,
legal aid, and a school
Mexican American Youth Organization
MAYO: founded 1967 by Jose Angel Gutierrez
Occurred in Texas Revolved around youth issues in schools
resulting in protests and walkouts
La Raza Unida Party
A Chicano political party started by Jose Angel Gutierrez
Helped Mexican Americans gain city council positions in Texas cities
RUP later expanded to other states
Chapter 23
Section 3 Notes
Red Power Pg. 689American Indian Movement (AIM)
Activists demanded Called for self-determination Repayment for illegally seized land Renewal of Indian culture
Americans w/ Disabilities gained success w/ TV
Now – public facilities are available for people with disabilities…HOW? 1960 – Tax dollars went to facilities that were
unavailable to people with disabilities.
Rehabilitation Act passed –
No discrimination in jobs,
education or housing Education for All Handicapped
Children Act – schools must provide education to all children
Senior & Children Move
Seniors AARP – Goal to eliminated
mandatory retirement Congress passed Older Americans
Act
Children• Children’s Bill of Rights – rights
designed specifically for children• Children’s Defense Fund – goal was
to solve problems faced by large groups of US kids
College Students Move – Section 4 Pg. 694
Cause to Protest Generation Gap Vietnam War Desire to create
new social order Civil Rights
violations Policies limited
freedom of speech