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SOCIOLOGY AND

ANTHROPOLOGYPrepared by: Mr. Eduard R. Chua

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VISION

Riverside College seeks to be a world!lassi"stitutio" o# higher lear"i"g i" the

Philippi"es. It aspires to be at the #ore#ro"to# $uality edu!atio"% respo"sive!o&&u"ity servi!es a"d releva"t resear!h%a"d be!o&e a key provider o# leaders a"d

pro#essio"als i" the !ou"try a"d i" theworld.

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MISSION

Riverside College is !o&&itted to the

holisti! #or&atio" o# highly !o&pete"t%!o&petitive a"d Christo!e"tri! &e" a"dwo&e" e$uipped to respo"d to the!halle"ges a"d opportu"ities o# a #ast

!ha"gi"g global so!iety.

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CORE V'()ES

I"tegrity

Co&pete"!e

Co&passio"

I""ovatio"

Passio"

Natio"alis&

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CO)RSE O)*COMES

'!$uire a !o&prehe"sive a"d i"depthedu!atio" i" the +eld o# so!iology.

'ssi&ilate the k"owledge% skills% a"d valuesto #a!ilitate a" u"dersta"di"g o# so!ial

tre"ds i" a" i"!reasi"gly globali,ed world. E$uip the&selves with the k"owledge% skills%

a"d values to e"ha"!e a"d support their#uture !areers.

*hi"k !riti!ally about their so!ial lives a"di"vestigate alter"ative so!ial #utures o# -usta"d egalitaria" so!ieties.

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WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY?

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PRESOCIO(OIC'( IN/()ENCES

*he #u"da&e"tal#ou"datio"s o#

so!iology have bee"glea"ed 0as allthi"gs see& to be1#ro& the a"!ie"treeks.

*he #u"da&e"tal#ou"datio"s o#

so!iology have bee"glea"ed 0as allthi"gs see& to be1#ro& the a"!ie"treeks.

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PRESOCIO(OIC'( IN/()ENCES

Plato is probably the+rst perso" to

syste&ati!ally studyso!iety i" a2so!iologi!al3 way.

He thought like asociologist.

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4hat 2IS3

*he basi! "otio" o# "atural law is #ou"d i"Plato5s Republi!. *here is a" order to

so!ietya u"iversalis&% urged the reekphilosopher. *he esse"!e o# this u"iversal%u"#ortu"ately% was "ot totally !lear. O" theo"e ha"d% so!iety was !hara!teri,ed as a"

orga"is&% a" e"!losed% total% holisti! u"it.*his was the Plato"i! 2is3 o# so!iety.

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4hat 2Ought3 *o 6e

*he e"tire state o# "ature% however% was"ot yet k"ow". Co"se$ue"tly% &a" was i"a positio" to use logi!3the a!t a"d

&ethod o# !orre!t thi"ki"g3to posit a"2ought3 o# what so!iety !ould be. *hisi"here"t !o"tradi!tio" betwee" thePlato"i! 2is3 a"d the 2ought3 is#u"da&e"tal to the pro!esses o# ra"doa!t gatheri"g i" 4ester" thought.

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Plato5s Si7 6asi! 'ssu&ptio"s o# So!iety

Ma" is a" orga"is&.

Orga"is&s te"d toward survival.

Ma" survives i" groups.

Ma" is a so!ial a"i&al.

Ma" lives i" a" ordered so!iety.

*he order o# so!iety is k"owable.

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ME'NIN 'N8 )SES O/ SOCIO(O9

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u&a" 6ei"gs 're So!ial a"d So!iali,ed

4e are bor" depe"de"t o" others.4e survive be!ause o# the&; welear" how to survive #ro& the&; weare so!iali,ed by the&.

*hrough so!iali,atio": 4e take o" the ways o# so!iety

a"d be!o&e &e&bers o# so!iety. 4e lear" to !o"trol ourselves

through the rules a"d perspe!tiveo# so!iety% thus &aki"g so!iety

possible. 4e develop sy&bols% sel#% a"d

&i"d% $ualities that &ake us bothhu&a" a"d to so&e e7te"t% #ree.

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u&a" 6ei"gs 're So!ial '!tors

Other people be!o&e i&porta"ti"

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(ives E&bedded i" So!ial Orga"i,atio"

4e are i" the !e"ter o# &a"y orga"i,atio"s. 8yads% groups% #or&al orga"i,atio"s% !o&&u"ities% a"d

so!iety are% to so&e e7te"t% the walls o# our priso".

Ea!h represe"t rules we are e7pe!ted to #ollow.

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So!ial Stru!ture

It positio"s ea!h a!tor%tells ea!h a!tor what ise7pe!ted 0role1% gives thea!tor a" ide"tity a"d

perspe!tive% distributespower% privilege% a"dprestige.

4hat we do% what we are%a"d what we believe areli"ked to our positio"s i"&a"y so!ial stru!tures.

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So!iety Is ' Syste& o# I"e$uality

*his syste& o# i"e$uality i"!ludes !lass% ge"der% a"d

ra!ial>eth"i! group positio"s.*hese so!ial stru!tures are #arrea!hi"g% are very hard

to !ha"ge% a"d pla!e us i" positio"s that are veryi&porta"t #or our e"tire lives.

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C)(*)RE

Culture is a so!ial patter". It is what people share as

they i"tera!t: their ideas%values% goals% a"d "or&s.

Our a!tio"s are i"

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INS*I*)*IONS

I"stitutio"s are what we i"herit #ro& oura"!estors. So!ieties ge"erally havepoliti!al% e!o"o&i!% &ilitary% ki"ship%edu!atio"al% health !are% a"d re!reatio"al

i"stitutio"s. I"stitutio"s are "e!essary #or the

!o"ti"uatio" o# so!iety; i"stitutio"s !o"troli"dividual !hoi!e.

*raditio"ally% so!iologists !o"sider politi!s%edu!atio"% religio"% #a&ily% a"d e!o"o&i!sas the pri&ary i"stitutio"s o# so!iety.

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SOCI'( OR8ER

Order is a!hieved through !o"trolli"g thehu&a" bei"g.

Co"trol is a!hieved through so!ial stru!ture%!ulture% i"stitutio"s% so!iali,atio"% #eeli"gs

o# loyalty% a"d so!ial !o"trols. So!ial !o"trols i"!lude the desig"atio" o#

!ertai" people to be outside the a!!eptable:the !o"de&"atio" o# so&e as devia"t.

*he hu&a" bei"g is part o# a world thatde&a"ds a !ertai" degree o# order a"d!o"trol.

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SOCI'( PO4ER

's people a!t i" relatio" to o"e a"other%they e7ert resour!es i" order to a!hievetheir will.

So&e wi"; so&e lose.

So&e i"

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S9M6O(S% SE(/% 'N8 MIN8

?ualities that !ha"ge our relatio"ship withour e"viro"&e"t% i"!ludi"g other people.

I"stead o# si&ply respo"di"g to sti&uli%

i"stead o# si&ply bei"g !o"ditio"ed byothers% we be!o&e a!tive% thi"ki"g% sel#dire!ti"g% proble&solvi"g% #ree bei"gs.

*hese $ualities are !e"tral to what we are;they are also $ualities we develop o"lythrough our i"tera!tio".

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PROCESS O/ C'NE

It is easy to get lost i" the per&a"e"!e o#orga"i,atio"; i" #a!t% !ha"ge is as &u!h apart o# orga"i,atio" as per&a"e"!e a"d

stability.*here is "o o"e reaso" orga"i,atio"

!ha"ges.

Cha"ge is !o&ple7 a"d &a"y #a!eted.

2Cha"ge is the o"ly !o"sta"t i" this world.3

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*E /'MI(9

It is diverse a!ross so!ieties. Its stru!ture a"d its #u"!tio"s have !ha"ged

dra&ati!ally i" the @Ath !e"tury as &oder"so!iety has e&phasi,ed i"dividual !hoi!e.

More a"d &ore people are &aki"g !hoi!esabout whether or "ot to &arry% whether or"ot to have !hildre"% what ki"d o# ge"derroles to #ollow% a"d what should be do"e i# a

&arriage is "ot satis#yi"g.*he #a&ily is o"e o# the +ve pri&ary

i"stitutio"s o# so!ial stru!ture.

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WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY?

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SOCIO(O9

So!iology is a" a!ade&i! dis!ipli"e. So!iology #o!uses o" our so!ial world

So!iology begi"s with the idea that

hu&a"s are to be u"derstood i" the!o"te7t o# their so!ial li#e% that we areso!ial a"i&als i"

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SOCIO(O9

2So!iology is de+"ed as a perspe!tive a"d a"a!ade&i! dis!ipli"e that e7a&i"es the hu&a"bei"g as a so!ial bei"g% who is a produ!t o#so!ial i"tera!tio"% so!iali,atio"% a"d so!ial

patter"s. So!iology tries to !o"!er" itsel# withthe "ature o# the hu&a" bei"g% the &ea"i"ga"d basis o# so!ial order% a"d the !auses a"d!o"se$ue"!es o# so!ial i"e$uality. It #o!uses

o" so!iety% so!ial orga"i,atio"% so!iali"stitutio"s% so!ial i"tera!tio"% a"d so!ialproble&s.3

0Charo" B Vigila"t% @AA% p. D1

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SOCIO(O9IS ' SCIEN*I/IC 8ISCIP(INE

*he purpose o# s!ie"!e is to u"dersta"d theu"iverse i" a !are#ul% dis!ipli"ed &a""er.

Proo# is the re$uire&e"t #or a!!epti"g ideas i"s!ie"!e% a"d proo# &ust be e&piri!al.

S!ie"!e is a !o&&u"ity o# s!holars% !he!ki"gea!h other5s work% !riti!i,i"g% debati"g% a"dtogether slowly buildi"g a body o# k"owledge.

S!ie"!e is a" atte&pt to ge"erali,e.

S!ie"!e is a" atte&pt to e7plai" eve"ts. 0Itatte&pts to develop ideas about !auseee!trelatio"ships.1

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3 !"STIONS IN SOCIOLOGY

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4hat 're 4e '"ywayF

E&ile 8urkhei&

u&a" bei"gs are so!iali,ed i"to so!iety.

So!iety gets i"to our very bei"g. 4e take o" so!iety5s rules% its &orals% its

truths% its values.

I" a se"se% the i"dividual be!o&esso!iety.

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4hat olds So!iety *ogetherF

Order is developed through rules% truths%a"d stru!ture.

Order is &ai"tai"ed through #a&ilies%&edia% s!hools% politi!al leaders% a"d

religio". Order is aided by:

Rituals

Rules Pu"ish&e"t

Co"ti"uous i"tera!tio"

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4hy Is *here I"e$uality I" So!ietyF

Garl Mar7 saw i"e$uality i"here"t i" all!lass so!ieties

Ma7 4eber saw i"e$uality i"here"t i" the"ature o# lasti"g orga"i,atio"

So&e so!iologists see i"e$uality as!o"tributi"g to order

'll so!iologists see i"e$uality as a sour!eo# so!ial !ha"ge

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Sociolog# $ocuses O% & To'ics

SOCIE*9

SOCI'( OR'NIH'*ION

INS*I*)*IONS /'CEto/'CE IN*ER'C*ION

SOCI'( PRO6(EMS

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Sociolog# $ocuses O% & To'ics

SOCIE*9

SOCI'( OR'NIH'*ION

INS*I*)*IONS /'CEto/'CE IN*ER'C*ION

SOCI'( PRO6(EMS