SNEAK PEEK: Congo: The Miserable Expeditions and Dreadful Death of Lt. Emory Taunt, USN

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  • 7/23/2019 SNEAK PEEK: Congo: The Miserable Expeditions and Dreadful Death of Lt. Emory Taunt, USN

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    ,

    INF_@R K. I. GIC\HA@_

    Vj` Cms`rioa` @xp`fmtmhnsinf Fr`ifeua F`itj heAt. @chry Viunt, P[N

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    ?=9 Rhhf _hifInniphams, CF ?96

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    Vh Kjrmssy inf Oirt, inf Gishn inf G`nnme`r

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    Bhmnb up tj` rmv`r wis amd` triv`amnb oikd th tj` `iram`st

    o`bmnnmnbs he tj` whraf, wj`n v`b`titmhn rmht`f hn tj` `irtj

    inf tj` omb tr``s w`r` dmnbs. In `cpty str`ic, i br`it sma`nk`,

    in mcp`n`trioa` ehr`st. Vj` imr wis wirc, tjmkd, j`ivy,

    saubbmsj. Vj`r` wis nh ghy mn tj` ormaamink` he sunsjmn`.

    Vj` ahnb str`tkj`s he tj` wit`rwiy rin hn, f`s`rt`f, mnthtj` bahhc he hv`rsjifhw`f fmstink`s. Hn smav`ry sinfoinds

    jmpphs inf iaambithrs sunn`f tj`cs`av`s smf` oy smf`.

    Vj` orhif`nmnb wit`rs hw`f tjrhubj i cho he whhf`f

    msainfs4 yhu ahst yhur wiy hn tjit rmv`r is yhu whuaf mn i

    f`s`rt, inf outt`f iaa fiy ahnb ibimnst sjhias, trymnb th

    nf tj` kjinn`a, tmaa yhu tjhubjt yhurs`ae o`wmtkj`f

    inf kut hee ehr`v`r erhc `v`rytjmnb yhu jif

    dnhwn hnk`shc`wj`r`eir iwiymn inhtj`r

    `xmst`nk` p`rjips.

    G K,J@I_VHEFI_DN@[[

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    Amst he Maaustritmhns inf Cips xm

    Kjipt`r . Vj` Khnbh7 I [tufy he tj` N`brh _ik`

    Kjipt`r . Vj` P.[. Nivy mn R`st Iermkin Rit`rs

    Kjipt`r . Khahn`a Rmaairf Vmsf`a, P.[. Khcc`rkmia Ib`nt

    Kjipt`r . Am`ut`nint @chry Viunt, P.[. Nivy

    Kjipt`r . Vj` [inehrf @xpahrmnb @xp`fmtmhn

    Kjipt`r . Vj` Khurt-Cirtmia

    Kjipt`r . @chry Viunt, P.[. Khcc`rkmia Ib`nt

    Kjipt`r . J`irt he Firdn`ss

    Kjipt`r . @xphsmnb tj` Krmc` he tj` Khnbh

    @pmahbu`

    Ikdnhwa`fbc`nts

    Nht`s

    [`a`kt`f Omoamhbripjy

    Mnf`x

    Khnt`nts

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    Maaustritmhns

    Embur`s inf . \hrt`r chnuc`nt oy Irtjur Fupibn`

    Embur` . Vj` [`ktmhnia [t`ic`r A` [tina`y A`ivmnb UmvmO`ikj

    Embur` . _`ir Ifc. @ira @nbamsj, P[N, inf jms stiee

    Embur` . P[[ Ainkist`rit [`i hee Nipa`s

    Embur` . Oinini \hmnt erhc tj` imr thfiy

    Embur` . Rmaairf \ird`r Vmsf`a, P.[. Khcc`rkmia Ib`nt

    Embur` . B`n`ria J`nry [j`athn [inehrf

    Embur` . J`nry Chrthn [tina`y

    Embur`s inf . J`nry Chrthn [tina`y stitu` oy

    Irtjur Fupibn`

    Embur` . [urvmvhrs he tj` Br``ay `xp`fmtmhn mn Br``nainf,

    Embur` . Vj` -thn \iffa`wj``a [t`ic`r Umaa` f

    Inv`rs

    Embur`s inf . Bhv`rnc`nt Jhus` inf tj` _hcin Kitjhamk

    kitj`fria mn Ohci

    Embur` . Vj` st`ic aiunkj I.M.I.thfiy

    Embur`s inf . Vj` upp`r Khnbh _mv`r st`ic`rs \`ik` inf

    J`nry _``f ,

    Embur` . Emrst pib` he J`nry [inehrfs friet a`tt`r th

    Am`ut`nint Viunt Embur`s inf . Aiunkjmnb tj` [t`icohit Eahrmfi inf

    EahrmfiVm`f Pp Hutohirf he [tina`y ,

    Maaustritmhns inf Cips

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    Embur` . In Ifics-kaiss st`ic sahhp mn phrt

    Embur` . Kfr. F`nnms Cuaain, P[N

    Embur` . Ipmi Jirohr, [ichi, shhn iet`r tj` sthrc Embur` . Am`ut`nint @chry Viunt, Pnmt`f [tit`s Khnsua th

    tj` Khnbh [tit`

    Embur`s inf . A`hphaf MM `qu`strmin stitu` oy

    Vjhcis Umnhtt`

    Embur` . Vj` st`icohit _hm f`s O`ab`s

    Embur` . In Insw`r th Cird Vwimn

    Embur` . Hur rmv`rohit hn tj` a`et oind it Dmsinbinm Embur` . Ahifmnb up it Citifm ehr tj` trmp fhwn tj` ahw`r

    rmv`r

    Cips

    Cip . Vj` Khnbh _mv`r, erhc mts j`ifwit`rs th tj`

    Itaintmk Hk`in

    Cip . Oinini \hmnt inf tj` Chutj he tj` Khnbh _mv`r,

    Cip . \ain he Au`oh [titmhn

    Cip . F`tima erhc \ain he tj` P.[. Nivy ]irf N.].

    Cip . [d`tkj he Khnrifs rhut` iahnb tj` Khnbh

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    9

    Vj` Khnbh7 I [tufy he tj` N`brh _ik`

    Eitia Iermki! Hn` iet`r inhtj`r triv`aa`rs frhp iwiy. Mt ms sukj i jub`

    khntmn`nt, inf `ikj he mts s`kr`ts ms `nvmrhn`f oy sh ciny fmekuatm`s

    tj` thrrmf j`it, tj` cmisci `xjia`f erhc tj` shma, tj` nhmshc` viphurs

    `nv`ahpmnb `v`ry pitj, tj` bmint kin`-briss sueehkitmnb tj` wiyeir`r, tj`

    riomf eury he tj` nitmv` buirfmnb `v`ry `ntry inf `xmt, tj` unsp`idioa`

    cms`ry he ame` wmtjmn tj` wmaf khntmn`nt, tj` utt`r ios`nk` he `v`ry khc-

    ehrt, tj` omtt`rn`ss wjmkj `ikj fiy j`ips uphn tj` phhr wjmt` cins

    j`if, mn tjit ainf he oaikdn`ss, tj` shcorhus sha`cnmty p`rvifmnb `v`ry

    e`itur` he mt, inf tj` amtta`thh amtta`prhcms` he sukk`ss wjmkj hn` e``as

    hn `nt`rmnb mt.

    Fhrhtjy [tina`y (`f.), Vj` Iuthomhbripjy he [mr J`nry Chrthn

    [tina`y, B.K.O.

    9

    Vj` Ic`rmkin ph`t Uikj`a Amnfsiy rst p`rehrc`f jms cist`rwhrd Vj`

    Khnbh7 I [tufy he tj` N`brh _ik` mn , smx y`irs iet`r tj` O`abmin bhv-

    `rnc`nt inn`x`f tj` Khnbh Er`` [tit`, tj` vist `quithrmia Iermkin `xpins`

    tjit jif o``n ehr chr` tjin tjmrty y`irs tj` p`rshnia prhp`rty he A`hphaf

    MM, dmnb he tj` O`abmins. Oy tj` tmc` Amnfsiy o`bin kjintmnb jms hff ph`c

    iahuf th iufm`nk`s, tj` Khnbh jif airb`ay piss`f erhc n`wspip`r erhntpib`s inf puoamk khnskmhusn`ss. Mt whuaf nht r`ipp`ir mn `mtj`r paik` ehr

    f`kif`s.

    J`a`n Ouaams, tj` N`w ]hrd Vmc`sohhd r`vm`ws ph`try krmtmk mn ,

    kiaa`f Vj` Khnbh i spa`nfmf hurmsj he mcibmnitmhn, jivmnb rst ehunf

    mn mt i jiaaukmnithry thukj he jisjmsj-fr`ic. Ehr tj` chst pirt, jhw-

    `v`rinf `sp`kmiaay iet`r khnt`cphriry ph`ts w`r` cystm`f hr

    `coirriss`f oy Amnfsiys `xtrihrfmniry whrd, wjmkj j` pr`s`nt`f mn fri-

    citmk r`kmtitmhns tjit w`r` tj` p`rehrcink` irt he tj` fiy. Chvmnb iohut

    tj` stib` inf wivmnb jms ircs, j` r`kmt`f,

    Vj`n M siw tj` Khnbh, kr``pmnb tjrhubj tj` oaikd,

    Kuttmnb tjrhubj tj` ehr`st wmtj i bhaf`n trikd.

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    Vj`n iahnb tjit rmv`roind

    I tjhusinf cma`s

    Vitthh`f kinnmoias fink`f mn a`s4

    Vj`n M j`irf tj` ohhc he tj` oahhf-aust shnbInf i tjmbj-ohn` o`itmnb hn i tmn-pin bhnb.

    Inf Oahhf skr`ic`f tj` wjmsta`s inf tj` e`s he tj` wirrmhrs,

    Oahhf skr`ic`f tj` sduaa-eik`f, a`in wmtkj-fhkthrs . . .

    Erhc tj` chutj he tj` Khnbh

    Vh tj` Chuntimns he tj` Chhn.

    F`itj ms in `a`pjint

    Vhrkj-`y`f inf jhrrmoa`,

    Ehic-ind`f inf t`rrmoa` . . .Amst`n th tj` y`aa he A`hphafs bjhst

    Amd` tj` wmnf mn tj` kjmcn`y.

    Ournmnb mn j`aa ehr jms jinf-cimc`f jhst.

    J`ir jhw tj` f`chns kjukda` inf y`aa

    Kuttmnb jms jinfs hee fhwn mn J`aa.

    Amst`n th tj` kr``py prhkaicitmhn,

    Oahwn tjrhubj tj` aimrs he tj` ehr`st-nitmhn,

    Oahwn pist tj` wjmt`-ints jmaa he kaiy,

    Oahwn pist tj` cirsj wj`r` tj` outt`rm`s paiy7

    O` kir`eua wjit yhu fh.

    Hr Cucoh-Gucoh, Bhf he tj` Khnbh,

    Inf iaa he tj` htj`r

    Bhfs he tj` Khnbh,

    Cucoh-Gucoh wmaa jhh-fhh yhu . . .

    Mn pirt, tj` ph`c wis Amnfsiys r``ktmhn mn rjyc` hn tj` r`k`nt f`itj

    mn @quithrmia Iermki he tj` _`v`r`nf _ho`rt _iy @afr`f, ehrty, i cmssmhniryhe tj` Fmskmpa`s he Kjrmst, wjh jif frhwn`f tj` pr`vmhus [`pt`co`r wjma`

    itt`cptmnb th swmc ikrhss tj` Ahdhah _mv`r. @afr`fs f`itj n`ir tj` vmaaib`

    he @y`nbh ehaahw`f oy a`ss tjin i y`ir tjit he jms wme`, wjh suff`nay e`aa

    e`v`rmsj inf fm`f Nhv`co`r mn tj` kjurkjs cmssmhn uprmv`r it Ahnbi.

    Amnfsiy ait`r `xpaimn`f tjit i kjurkj s`rchn iohut tj` @afr`fs sikrmk`

    jif prhcpt`f jmc th mcibmn` tj` fmstint smt` he tj`mr trib`fy, i paik` wj`r`

    Kjrmstmin cmssmhnirm`s inf htj`r ehr`mbn`rs jif o``n fymnb `iray he fms`is`,

    mngury, inf phhr gufbc`nt ehr n`iray v` k`nturm`s.Vjms quht`f `xtrikt erhc tj` ph`c, cmnus Amnfsiys mnstruktmhns

    th tj` r`if`r iohut jhw mt ms th o` r`kmt`f iahuf (mn hn` paik` sha`cnay

    kjint`f, mn inhtj`r sjrmaay inf wmtj i j`ivmay ikk`nt`f c`tr`), ms erhc

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    tj` rst stinzi he tjr``, Vj`mr Oismk [ivib`ry. Vj` htj`r twh stinzis he tj`

    ph`c ir` tmta`f Vj`mr Mrr`pr`ssmoa` Jmbj [pmrmts inf Vj` Jhp` he Vj`mr

    _`ambmhn. Vj` aist stinzi `nfs wmtj tj` tw`av` iphsta`s wjh, wjma` s`it`f

    hn jmbj mn ormbjt wjmt` sumts he irchr, tjrmaa`f iaa tj` ehr`st wmtj tj`mr j`iv-`nay kry, Cucoh-Gucoh wmaa fm` mn tj` gunba`. C`inwjma`, o`n`itj tj`mr

    tjrhn`s inf iahnb tj` oinds he tj` rmv`r,

    Vj` vmn`-snir`f tr``s e`aa fhwn mn a`s.

    \mhn``r inb`as ka`ir`f tj` wiy

    Ehr i Khnbh pirifms`, ehr oio`s it paiy,

    Ehr sikr`f kipmtias, ehr t`cpa`s ka`in.

    Bhn` w`r` tj` sduaa-eik`f wmtkj-c`n a`in.Vj`r`, wj`r` tj` wmaf bjhst-bhfs jif wima`f

    I cmaamhn ohits he inb`as sima`f

    Rmtj hirs he smav`r, inf prhws he oau`

    Inf smad`n p`nnints tjit tj` sun sjhn` tjrhubj.

    Vwis i ainf trinsbur`f, twis i n`w kr`itmhn . . .

    Ikdnhwa`fbmnb tj` furiomamty he inkm`nt bhfs inf priktmk`s, Amnfsiy mcib-

    mn`f i shamtiry vuatur` hromtmnb tjms trmucpjint sk`n`, krymnb mn tj` sma`nk`

    tj` Khnbh tun`, / Cucoh-Gucoh wmaa jhh-fhh yhu.

    Mcphv`rmsj`f, imamnb, inf mne`st`f oy c`ntia f`chns, strinb`f erhc wme`

    inf kjmafr`n oy jms omzirr` suspmkmhns, Amnfsiy khccmtt`f sumkmf` mn F`k`co`r

    oy frmndmnb frimn ka`in`r. (Vj` N`w ]hrd Vmc`sinf htj`r n`wspip`rs

    tjit puoamsj`f in homtuiry ittrmout`f jms f`itj it ib` ety-twh th i suff`n

    j`irt ittikd. Vjit ris ghurniamsc khnv`ntmhns pr`kauf`f c`ntmhn he sumkmf`.)

    Out j` amv`s hn, tjinds th tj` Mnt`rn`t, wj`r` j` kin o` s``n inf j`irf r`kmtmnb

    Vj` Khnbh is j` pr`s`nt`f mt th iufm`nk`s n`iray i k`ntury ibh.

    ?

    Vj` Khnbh _mv`r, Uikj`a Amnfsiys bhaf`n trikd mnth tj` `quithrmia R`st

    Iermkin jmbjainfs, wis fmskhv`r`f oy ikkmf`nt mn . Mts rst @urhp`in

    `xpahr`rs, \hrtubu`s` simahrs, w`r` trymnb th hp`n i oau`-wit`r rhut` th tj`

    tr`isur`s he tj` Hrm`nt. Vj`y jif o``n s``dmnb sukj i rhut`, i sjunt irhunf

    tj` inkm`nt kirivin trikds ikrhss Ismi khntrhaa`f it tj`mr w`st`rn t`rcmniasoy tj` Htthcin Vurds, ehr chr` tjin ety y`irs.

    Mn i simahr r`c`co`r`f is Bma @in`s sima`f o`yhnf Kip` Ohgifhr

    ( ' nhrtj aitmtuf`), cidmnb tj` \hrtubu`s` tj` rst @urhp`ins th r`ikj

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    tjms eir shutj iahnb tj` w`st khist he Iermki, in ikjm`v`c`nt mn tj` eik`

    he tj` khntriry kurr`nts inf wmnfs tjit jif untma tj`n bmv`n tj`s` wit`rs

    tj` fiuntmnb nic` Cir` V`n`orhsh, tj` [`i he Firdn`ss. I jiae-k`ntury

    w`nt oy o`ehr` inhtj`r \hrtubu`s`, Oirthahc`u Fmis, cinib`f mn th piss shutj aitmtuf` inf th rhunf tj` khntmn`nts shutj`rnchst tmp,

    wjmkj j` kiaa`f tj` Kip` he [thrcs, Kioh Vhrc`nthsh. (Mn hn` he jmsth-

    rys chst sukk`sseua cird`tmnb eehrts, tjit paik` wis shhn r`orinf`f oy tj`

    \hrtubu`s` dmnb is Kioh f` Ouhn @sp`rinzi, tj` Kip` he Bhhf Jhp`.)

    [ukk`ss niaay kic` th tj` \hrtubu`s` mn Ciy , wj`n Uiskh fi Bici

    sima`f w`irmay mnth Kiamkut, hn Mnfmis shutjw`st`rn khist.

    Furmnb tj` f`kif`s o`tw``n @in`s inf Fmis, simahrs `fbmnb tj`mr wiy

    kiutmhusay fhwn tj` R`st Iermkin khist piss`f i sukk`ssmhn he rmv`rs is tj`yprho`f unk`rtimnay thwirf tj` ohtthc he tj` khntmn`nt, tj` Mnfmin Hk`in,

    inf tj`mr fmstint bhia7 tj` [`n`bia inf tj` Bicomi, orikd`tmnb Fidir hn

    Iermkis w`st`rn ouab`4 tj` Nmb`r, kmrkamnb mn i br`it irk pist Vmcoudtu mnth

    tj` sjhuaf`r he tj` Ombjt he O`nmn4 inf, nmn` junfr`f cma`s eirtj`r shutj,

    tj` Khnbh, fmskhv`r`f oy tj` \hrtubu`s` simahr Fmhbh Kh mn furmnb

    tj` rst he jms twh vhyib`s hee R`st Iermki.

    Khs mnmtmia khntikts wmtj tj` nitmv`s he tj` ahw`r Khnbhs dmnbfhcs

    j` bht is eir uprmv`r is Citifm, wj`r` j` a`et i sthn` cird`r w`r` r`cird-

    ioay o`nmbn. Ehr i orm`e tmc` iet`r , wj`n tj` dmnb he Dhnbh khnv`rt`f

    th Kitjhamkmsc inf thhd tj` nic` Ghh M, mt wis phssmoa` th mcibmn` i v`ry

    fmee`r`nt eutur` tjin tj` hn` tjit uatmcit`ay `c`rb`f erhc tj`s` rst `nkhun-

    t`rs. Mnst`if, o`bmnnmnb mn tj` smxt``ntj k`ntury tj` f`phpuaitmhn he tj`

    Ic`rmkis ehunf mts shautmhn mn Iermkin saiv`ry, wjmkj ehr`v`r phmshn`f tj`

    wjmt` cins r`aitmhns wmtj tj` Khnbh.

    @urhp`ins irrmv`f mn tj` N`w Rhraf amd` in `xtmnktmhn c`t`hr erhc

    spik`, wmtj i kitikayscmk mcpikt hn nitmv` p`hpa`s inf shkm`tm`s tjit kuaa`f

    phpuaitmhns, sjitt`r`f kuatur`s, inf kjinb`f `v`rytjmnb ehr`v`r. Vj` kjm`emnstruc`nts he kjinb` w`r` nht tj` usuia susp`kts, w`iphns inf r`ambmhn,

    out sciaaphx inf c`isa`s, ibimnst wjmkj nhn` he tj` mnfmb`nhus phpuai-

    tmhns jif iny nituria mccunmty. @stmcit`s he tj` a`tjia mcpikt he tj`s`

    vmrus`s hn tj` p`hpa`s he tj` Ic`rmkis viry, rinbmnb erhc i khns`rvitmv`

    tjmrf th is jmbj is nmn` he t`n. [hc` tjmnd tjit is ciny is cmaamhn he

    in `stmcit`f thtia phpuaitmhn he cmaamhn fm`f. Oy tj` `iray s`v`nt``ntj

    k`ntury, prhe`ssmhnia saiv`rs w`r` chvmnb tjhusinfs he suostmtut` aiohr`rs

    ikrhss tj` Itaintmk innuiaay, a`biaay tjrhubj tj` mbjt``ntj k`ntury, maa`biaayi e`w f`kif`s ait`r. Vj` nuco`r mnkr`is`f fricitmkiaay hv`r tj` y`irs.

    Vj` saiv`rs ciny cms`rioa` vmktmcstj` cmfkhntmn`nts rst vhauc`

    `xphrts he nituria r`shurk`strinsphrt`f tj`cs`av`s hv`rainf, j`rf`f

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    mn khe`s erhc tj` mnt`rmhr th kitkjc`nt eikmamtm`s (oirrikhhns) hn tj`

    Itaintmk Khist hr gust hee tj` Mnfmin Hk`in khist, hn tj` msainf he Winzmoir,

    wj`r` tj`y w`r` khnn`f inf khaa`kt`f ehr sjmpc`nt th @urhp`, tj`

    Ic`rmkis, Irioy, inf o`yhnf. Nitmv` Iermkins spir`f kiptur` inf `xphrtis kjitt`a r`cimn`f o`jmnf th witkj tj`mr jhc` khntmn`nt pirt`f hut

    th ehr`mbn`rs.

    Vjit pirtmtmhn wis swmet inf tjhrhubj. @rnst _iv`nst`mn, he tj` _hyia

    B`hbripjmkia [hkm`ty, wrht` mn tj` [tit`scins ]`ir Ohhd (Cikcmaain,

    ) tjit he Iermkis . cmaamhn squir` cma`s inf cmaamhn mnjio-

    mtints, hnay cmaamhn squir` cma`s inf cmaamhn p`hpa` stmaa r`cimn`f

    unipprhprmit`f oy @urhp`ins is tj` k`ntury ipprhikj`f mts `nf. Br`it

    Ormtimn inf Erink` khntrhaa`f n`iray jiae he tj` ipprhprmit`f ainf infp`hpa`, wmtj tj` \hrtubu`s`, [pinmsj, B`rcin, Mtiamin, inf Vurdmsj Iermkin

    khahnm`s thb`tj`r spinnmnb chr` tjin cmaamhn squir` cma`s he wjit wis

    a`et inf khaa`ktmv`ay `nkhcpissmnb i eurtj`r cmaamhn nitmv`s. Vj` Khnbh,

    _iv`nst`mn wrht`, iff`f th tj`s` thtias in iffmtmhnia , squir` cma`s

    inf cmaamhn p`hpa` `ntmr`ay unf`r @urhp`in khntrha.

    ;

    Vj` Khnbhs runhee ms euaay et``n tmc`s tjit he tj` Nma`, Iermkis ahnb`st

    rmv`r. Hn` inf i jiae cmaamhn kuomk e``t he wit`r hw `v`ry s`khnf hut tj`

    saumk` tjits tj` Khnbhs xmt th tj` Itaintmk Hk`in, o`tw``n Oinini \hmnt

    sjip`f amd` i sa`nf`r, frhhpmnb t`ntika`n`ir tj` nhrtj sjhr` he tj` rmv`rs

    chutj inf [jird \hmnt hn mts shutj sjhr` mn n`mbjohrmnb Inbhai. Vj` hw

    ms sh eist tjit tj` rmv`r jis nh f`ati. Mnst`if, hv`r tj` ib`s mts thrr`nt jis

    fub shc` pmts mn tj` o`f he tj` ahw`r rmv`r n`iray smx junfr`f e``t f``p inf

    bhub`f hut i U-sjip`f suocirmn` kinyhn mn tj` khntmn`ntia sj`ae hee R`stIermki iachst v` junfr`f cma`s ahnb inf euaay ehur tjhusinf e``t f``p. Vj`

    hw, fird is oma` wj`r` mt rst thukj`s tj` hk`in o`kius` he v`b`tioa` tin-

    nmns, hits i aiy`r he er`sj wit`r hn tj` sureik` he tj` [hutj Itaintmk hut

    ciny cma`s erhc tj` khist.

    Mn i P.[. Jyfrhbripjmk Hek` bumf` th nivmbitmhn iahnb tj` w`st

    khist he Iermki, J.H. (ehr tj` chst pirt i trinsaitmhn he khnt`cphriry

    Er`nkj simamnb fmr`ktmhns), thaf cirmn`rs tjit nmn` cma`s s`iwirf he mts chutj

    tj` wit`rs he tj` Khnbh w`r` stmaa qumt` er`sj, inf hut euaay ehrty cma`s erhctj` khist tj`y jif hnay pirtmiaay cmnba`f wmtj tjhs` he tj` s`i4 wjma` tj`

    fmskhahritmhn kius`f oy tj` er`sj wit`r jis o``n dnhwn th xt`nf cma`s

    hee, wj`r` tj` kurr`nt iash jis o``n r`phrt`f th o` p`rk`ptmoa`. J.H.

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    iash wirn`f khistmnb simahrs tjit tj` huthw he tj` rmv`r wis cird`f oy

    hitmnb msainfs, khnsmstmnb he oicohh inf formshe iaa dmnfs, wjmkj ir`

    c`t wmtj eir hut it s`i. Vj`s` hitmnb ciss`s ir` shc`tmc`s sh khcpikt

    tjit mt ms mcphssmoa` ehr i v`ss`a th cid` j`ifwiy tjrhubj tj`c wmtjhut tj`issmstink` he i er`sj or``z`.

    Uikj`a Amnfsiy oifay unf`r`stmcit`f tj` a`nbtj he tj` Khnbh. Mts

    nht i tjhusinf cma`s ahnb out n`iray tjr`` tmc`s ahnb`r c`isur`f erhc

    mts shurk`. ([trimbjt`n`f inf r`ahkit`f, tj` rmv`r whuaf str`tkj erhc [in

    Fm`bh, Kiamehrnmi, th w`aa o`yhnf Oinbhr, Cimn`.) Jms ph`tmk mcib`ry sub-

    b`sts tj` Khnbh c`inf`rs b`ntay tjrhubj i v`rfint whraf. Inf mn shc`

    paik`s, `sp`kmiaay iahnb tj` ahnb msainf-aa`f inf r``f-amn`f r`ikj o`tw``n

    inf `ist ahnbmtuf` hr mn aid`-amd` \hha Cia`oh, mt hws thwirf tj`Itaintmk tjrhubj gust sukj i oukhamk s`ttmnb. @as`wj`r`, ehr `xicpa` f``p mn

    tj` nirrhw bhrb` o`tw``n Dwichutj inf Ainbi-ainbi, tj` rmv`rs kjirik-

    t`r kjinb`s. Vj`r` mt pusj`s fhwnstr`ic hv`r i rhkdy o`f wmtj br`it ehrk`

    inf sp``f, pmamnb up wisjohirf wiv`s ibimnst i khntriry pr`vimamnb wmnf.

    Vjms ms tj` hnay r`ikj wj`r` mts phssmoa` ehr fubhuts th chv` hn tj` Khnbh

    prhp`aa`f oy tj` wmnf. Ciny fh, j`ifmnb uprmv`r o`n`itj i smnba` squir`

    sima mcprhvms`f erhc iaa cinn`r he kist-hee paistmk hr eiormk oibbmnb.

    Iathb`tj`r tj` Khnbh inf mts tw`nty-tjr`` prmnkmpia trmoutirm`s khnstm-

    tut` i chr` tjin nmn`-tjhusinf-cma`-ahnb n`twhrd he rhut`s mnth tj` j`irt

    he Iermki, out mts i n`twhrd hostrukt`f v`ry n`ir mts stirt hn tj` Itaintmk

    oy in `xt`nf`f, mcpissioa` kjhd`phmnt. Vj` Khnbh eiaas n`iray , e``t

    mn tj` , cma`s o`tw``n thfiys Dmsinbinm inf tj` hk`in. Cukj he tjit

    frhp, jhw`v`r, hkkurs mn twh junfr`fpaus cma`s he rhkd-stuff`f wjmt`

    wit`r tjit `xt`nfs erhc thfiys kipmtia, Dmnsjisi, th gust iohv` Citifm,

    inf cid`s rmv`rohit triv`a o`tw``n tj` twh mcphssmoa`. Mn `ee`kt, chst he

    tj` Khnbh _mv`r oismn ms ainfahkd`f.

    6

    Jmr`f hr mcpr`ss`f phrt`rs khnstmtut`f wjit piss`f ehr tj` Khnbhs jms-

    thrmk trinsphrtitmhn syst`c irhunf tj` kjhd`phmnts he tj` rmv`rs ahw`r rip-

    mfs. Vjinds th tj` aiohr he tj`s` wr`tkj`f c`n, tj` stinfirf nmn`t``ntj-

    k`ntury `khnhcmk unmt he c`isur` mn tj` Khnbh wis tj` ahif, i rhubjay

    tjmrty-dmahbric (smxty-v`-phunf) ounfa` kirrm`f ithp tj` j`if. @v`rytjmnbtjit khuaf o` chv`f wis f`nhcmnit`f mn ahifs, inf amet wis khntrikt`f

    ehr oy @urhp`ins mn unmts he ahif`f j`ifs. Jub` nuco`rs he Khnbha`s`

    inf htj`r Iermkins w`r` `nc`sj`f mn tjms ousmn`ss. In `stmcit` ehr

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    Cip . Vj` Khnbh _mv`r, erhc mts j`ifwit`rs th tj` Itaintmk Hk`in. Hnay tj`

    Icizhns frimnib` oismn ms airb`r tjin tj` Khnbhs. Erhc tj` jmbjainfs he `qui-

    thrmia Iermki, tj` nhrtj-hwmnb Khnbh _mv`r kuras mn i br`it khunt`rkahkdwms` irk

    thwirf tj` `ist`rn Itaintmk, frimnmnb i wit`rsj`f he rhubjay . cmaamhn squir`

    cma`s, twmk` tj` smz` he tj` Cmssmssmppms. Vjms vist `xpins` khntimn`f mn tj` ait`

    nmn`t``ntj k`ntury unkhunt`f t`ns he cmaamhns he nitmv` p`hpa` wjh ichnb tj`csphd` chr` tjin twh junfr`f ainbuib`s. Vj` Khnbh ms tmfia ehr smxty cma`s uprmv`r

    inf nivmbioa` oy hk`inbhmnb v`ss`as ehr twmk` tjit fmstink`, iaa tj` wiy th Citifm.

    Vj`r`, hr it Umvm hn tj` hpphsmt` oind, ripmfs, wit`reiaas, inf swmramnb kurr`nts

    ehrk`f tj` nmn`t``ntj-k`ntury triv`a`r th a`iv` tj` rmv`r inf jmd` hv`rainf th [tina`y

    \hha. CI\O]KJ_M[VH\J@__HOMN[HN

    _

    u

    d

    m_

    .

    @y`nbh

    Ahnbi

    @quithr

    ?

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    unf`r jiae tj`mr hwn w`mbjt mn ahifs stikd`f hn rib kusjmhns hn tj`mr j`ifs,

    khuaf ahnb survmv` tj` phhr ehrib` khnfmtmhns inf ciny `nf`cmk fms`is`s he

    tj` ir`i hr n`bhtmit` is sur`ay is c`n khuaf tj` ciny rimn-swhaa`n trmoutir-

    m`s tjit hw`f mnth tj` rmv`r erhc ohtj smf`s. Mts phssmoa` tjit ehr i tmc` tj`hnay friet inmcias inywj`r` mn tj` Khnbhs vist frimnib` oismn mn tj` s

    w`r` tjr`` picp`r`f cua`s, tj` p`rshnia prhp`rty he tj` Khnbh Er`` [tit`s

    rst ifcmnmstrithr-b`n`ria. Vj`y w`r` e`f hn brimns inf briss`s mcphrt`f

    erhc @urhp`.

    Nitmv` phrt`rs fmfnt fmn` n`iray is w`aa is fmf tj` ifcmnmstrithr-

    b`n`rias cua`s. @fwirf Baiv`, i yhunb @nbamsjcin wjhs` y`irs he `xp`-

    rm`nk` mn tj` Khnbh `nf`f wmtj jms f`itj tj`r` it tjmrty-twh mn Ciy ,

    f`skrmo`f phrt`rs erhc tj` Oidhnbh trmo` wmtj ifcmritmhn, out wmtjhutsycpitjy. Vj`s` c`n w`r`, j` wrht` mn , sambjt inf hnay phhray

    f`v`ahp`f4 out tj` eikt he tj`mr kirrymnb hn tj`mr j`if erhc smxty th hn`

    junfr`f phunfs w`mbjt tw`nty cma`s i fiy, shc`tmc`s ehr smx khns`kutmv`

    fiys, tj`mr hnay ehhf o`mnb `ikj fiy i amtta` cinmhk rhht, in `ir hr twh he

    cimz`, hr i jinfeua he p`inuts prhnhunk`s tj`c it hnk` is c`n he smnbu-

    airay shunf sticmni.@xp`fmtmhn khst `stmcit`s prmk`f vmktuias ehr i nitmv`

    phrt`r it hn` Ormtmsj sjmaamnb p`r fiy. Mn khcpirmshn, i wjmt` cins fimay

    ritmhn (jms kjhp, mn tj` sainb he tj` Khnbh) wis oufb`t`f it tw`av` tmc`s

    tjit cukj.

    Amd` tj` ahw`r Khnbhs ripmfs, trhpmkia fms`is` iash sahw`f tj` @urhp`ins

    issiuat hn tj` khntmn`nts rmkj`s. Ehr`mbn`rs wjh st`pp`f isjhr` mnth tj` vist

    \`trm fmsj tjit wis (inf stmaa ms) `quithrmia Iermki `nt`r`f i r`bmhn sh nitu-

    riaay rmkj mn fmsioamnb inf dmaamnb fms`is`s tjit w`aa mnth tj` aist cmaa`nnmuc

    jucin phpuaitmhns tj`r` br`w chr` sahway tjin `as`wj`r` hn tj` baho`.

    @iray-nmn`t``ntj-k`ntury Ormtmsj prho`s up R`st Iermkis rmv`rs, ehr `xicpa`,

    typmkiaay siw o`tw``n hn`- inf twh-tjmrfs he tj`mr c`co`rs eiaa maa inf fm`,

    hkkismhniaay `v`n chr`.Vj` c`ainkjhay inf fmsistrhus Iermkin `xp`fmtmhn mn he Kipt.

    Gic`s Vukd`y he tj` _hyia Nivy ms i kis` mn phmnt. Jms twh-sjmp squifrhn,

    tj` sahhp JC[ Khnbhinf i r`khnbur`f wjia`r, Fhrhtjy, s`t hut tjit y`ir

    erhc F`ptehrf hn tj` _mv`r Vjic`s mn ait` E`oruiry wmtj ety-ehur c`n th

    s`` me tj` Nmb`r inf tj` Khnbh _mv`rs w`r` ghmn`f. Ehrk`f th turn oikd iet`r

    e`w`r tjin tjr`` junfr`f cma`s he mnainf triv`a oy ohit inf ehht up tj`

    Khnbh, oy tj` tmc` tj` pirtys win survmvhrs rims`f inkjhr th r`turn jhc`

    tjit iutucn tjmrty-v` w`r` f`if, dmaa`f oy y`aahw e`v`r inf ciairmi. Hn`he tj`c wis Kiptimn Vukd`y. Vj` eribc`ntiry inf mnkhj`r`nt aist `ntrm`s mn

    jms ghurnia, Nirritmv` he in @xp`fmtmhn th @xpahr` tj` _mv`r Wimr`, Psuiaay

    Kiaa`f tj` Khnbh(Rmaamic O. Bmaa`y, ), r`v`ia i swmet t`rcmnia f`sk`nt.

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    Embur`s inf .O`abmin skuapthr Irtjur Fupibn`s vinfiamz`f inf f`eik`f stitu`he tjr`` xjiust`f Khnbh Er`` [tit` phrt`rs ms mn twh pm`k`s. Vj` airb`r pm`k`, mnkauf-

    mnb tj` twh chr` hr a`ss mntikt smf` bur`s hn tj`mr sjir`f ois`, stinfs iahnbsmf` tj`

    nmn`t``ntj-k`ntury kirivin pitj o`tw``n Citifm inf A`hphafvmaa` (gust upjmaa erhc

    tj` haf rimarhif ormfb` ikrhss tj` Cphsh _mv`r, wj`r` junfr`fs fm`f puttmnb mn tj`rimarhif). Vj` trunkit`f r`cimns he tj` cighr bur`, tj` k`nt`r phrt`ur, am` shc`

    cma`s iwiy, nht eir erhc tj` Citifm rmv`rerhnt hn tj` brhunfs he tj` kmtys rimarhif

    t`rcmnia. In `eehrt th jiv` tj` twh pm`k`s r`unmt`f inf tj` skuaptur` r`sthr`f jis

    eima`f o`kius` he k`ntria bhv`rnc`nt fmsmnt`r`st inf i aikd he Ois-Khnbh \rhvmnk`

    bhv`rnc`nt eunfs. Fupibn` () sp`nt mn tj` Khnbhs Disim

    wit`rsj`f fmichnf `afs. O`tw``n inf jms suff`n f`itj tw`nty-v` y`irs

    ait`r, Fupibn` skuapt`f shc` orhnz`s, chst mnspmr`f oy jms y`irs mn Iermki.

    IPVJH_[\JHVHB_I\J[

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    Mnfustrmia-str`nbtj `xpahmtitmhn he tj` Khnbhs mninmcit` trif` bhhfs,

    mnmtmiaay mvhry inf tj`n nituria ruoo`r, cukj ait`r khpp`r, htj`r cmn`rias,

    inf jirfwhhfs, wis pik`f oy tj` ivimaiomamty he st`ic prhpuasmhn7 rst

    st`ic ohits th jiua kirbh iahnb tj` Khnbhs ahnb nivmbioa` str`tkj`s infshc` tw`nty y`irs ait`r i st`ic rimarhif th chv` mt irhunf tj` rmv`rs

    hostruktmnb ripmfs. Iaa tjms cikjmn`ry jif th o` cin-jiua`f mnth tj` mnt`-

    rmhr o`yhnf Citifm pm`k`c`ia. Vj` r`qumr`c`nt ehr phrtiomamty sahw`f tj`

    mntrhfuktmhn he chf`rn t`kjnhahby inf f`aiy`f tj` p`n`tritmhn he tj` khn-

    tmn`nt oy hutsmf`rs.

    Ichnb tj`s` hutsmf`rs wis in Ic`rmkin, At. @chry J`rost Viunt, P.[.

    Nivy, wjhs` tjr`` trmps th `quithrmia Iermki o`tw``n inf

    tj` tjmrf th aa tj` phst he rst r`smf`nt Ic`rmkin hekmia it Ohci hn tj`Khnbhcmbjt jiv` cif` jmc i s`nmhr pirtn`r mn tj` rusj ehr paunf`r inf

    cukj o`tt`r dnhwn thfiy tjin j` ms. Vjit ms jif j` nht fm`f Ginuiry ,

    , it ib` tjmrty-nmn`, vmrtuiaay iahn`, un`cpahy`f inf fmsbrik`f, oind-

    rupt inf e`v`rmsj it tj` chutj he tj` Khnbh. Vjms ohhd ms jms sthry, inf chr`

    b`n`riaay, mts tj` sthry he tj` Pnmt`f [tit`s inf tj` Khnbh mn tj` aist f`kif`s

    he tj` nmn`t``ntj k`ntury.