SMART MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES.docx

8/17/2019 SMART MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES.docx

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Modern Building Materials

The construction industry consumes more natural resources than any other industry. With increasing public

awareness of the needs and demands of sustainable development and environmental conservation, no other industry

is called on as much as the country's construction and building industry to evolve their practices to satisfy the needs

of our current generation, without curtailing the resources of future generations to meet theirs. For example, concrete

is by far the most important building material, with billions of tons produced each year worldwide, and without which

the nation's infrastructure is unthinkable. Considerable progress and breakthroughs have been made in recent years

in concrete technology, which have largely gone unnoticed by the public at large.

t has been said that more progress has been made in the last !" years than in the previous #"$ years since %ortland

cement was invented. &odern cement composites can now be engineered to have strengths approaching those ofsteel, energy dissipation capacities of body armor, and durability properties that can make products last basically

indefinitely, and be as decorative and aesthetically pleasing as natural stone, yet with superior mechanical properties.

Fiberreinforced composites permeated the aerospace and automotive industries decades ago and are now slowly

finding their way into civil engineering structures. (mart materials, defined as those materials that can change their

properties in response to external conditions, are also being introduced into civil infrastructure systems, and so are

new developments in metals, with new highstrength steel alloys and noncorrosive steels that are changing

engineering practice. )ll of these advanced materials are essential for an efficient renewal and maintenance of our

infrastructure and offer exciting prospects for vibrant research areas. *et, all of these research efforts should be

guided by the overarching goal of reducing the construction industry+s footprint on planet arth.

-ne important series of research proects completed under the direction of %rofessor &eyer resulted in the

successful use of recycled glass as aggregate for concrete products such as floor tiles, wall panels, table counter

tops, etc. (everal other proects dealing with the beneficial use of recycled materials are briefly described.

CONCRETE MATERIALS RESEARCH


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Concrete is arguably the most widely used construction material worldwide. There are a

number of reasons for it:

• it can be durable – structures built by the Romans have served for over 2000 years;

• it is moldable – it can be given almost any shape or form;

• its properties can be engineered to suit almost any purpose;

• it can be esthetically attractive, whether appearing lie conventional concrete, emulatingnatural stone, or having novel appearances, with a virtually unlimited range of

possibilities to e!plore;

• it provides an opportunity to recycle materials, thereby contributing to the conservationof natural resources.

Research in concrete materials has been conducted in "olumbia #niversity$s "ivil %ngineering&epartment and its "arleton 'trength of (aterials )aboratory since the early *++0$s, to advance

the state of the art in concrete technology, specifically:

• to study the basics of cement hydration and setting behavior to engineer new materialsfor specific applications;

• to improve the mechanical and thermal properties of concrete products and to developcosteffective production technologies;

•to utili-e recycled materials e.g. waste glass, reprocessed carpet fibers, and dredgedmaterial/ and by identifying and e!ploiting their inherent properties, add value to suchmaterials;

• to develop technologies for producing architectural concrete with uniue estheticproperties;

• to cooperate with industry to assure that the technologies developed here are practicaland economically viable.

"overing the full spectrum of research activities from basic science to commercial production hasthe advantage of academia1industry feedbac and its synergistic effects. (oreover, it offers all

those involved, students and staff alie, fulfilling e!periences.

The lins to our proect pages here are intended to illustrate the most important e!amples of our

research and development.

A core mission of the Florida Green Building Coalition is to provide education to both industry professionals and the general public. FGBC is a strong advocate of professionalism and is


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committed to providing quality education for its members. Earning a professional designation isrecognized as a huge achievement and represents advanced knoledge and skills! providing amark of distinction above competitors.

FGBC offered courses are as diverse as the needs of participants and enhance both technical

ability and business competency! contributing to both business and personal success! plus affordattendees opportunities to earn continuing education units. "hrough partnerships! FGBC offersthese courses as in#house presentations to any organization that has a minimum of $% participants.

Affordable Design Concepts: Creating Value by Going Green

Builders! communities and buyers are recognizing the importance and value of going green but isthe grass really greener on the other side of the fence& Cost implications! value in themarketplace and special building requirements are among the factors that keep many buildersfrom the green market. Find out if it's right for you! by discovering(

). *hat is the environmental and economic impact of green building.

$. *hat is the impact on densities! construction and appearance hen building green.

+. *hat does it take to start building green , is it all or none or can you get in sloly. *hatdesign! regulatory! production! liability and marketing issues are involved.

-. *ho is attracted to green homes and communities and ho do you reach them. earnho the marketing efforts may change.

Building Green with Sustainable ProfitsCILB Course : !"!#$%& C'(s: )*General

Architect Course : %#)&+ C'(s: )*,S-

"his seminar ill present the building science of integrated hole#house systems along ith fivekey elements that represent green building construction practices. Focus ill be on fitting green building practices into affordable housing utilizing quality construction methods along ithreadily available materials. Field e/amples of basic as ell as advanced green building strategiesill be critiqued , hat orked and hat hasn't over the past tenty#five years. 0o various building components interact ith each other to effect health! building maintenance! aterconservation! and energy efficiency ill also be addressed.

Building Science for Green Professionals

CILB Course : !"!#$%# C'(s: )"*General

"his course for building professionals discusses strategies for incorporating green#building principles into homes ithout driving up the cost of construction. 1ou'll learn the techniques behind building green! including building system design and product selections. Also discussed


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is ho to convey to the prospective client the value of a green#built home ith improved indoorair quality! energy and resource efficiency! and durability.

Building -ater 'fficiency into .our Construction Pro/ects

CILB Course : !")!0&& C'(S: )1+ General

Architect Course : %#)$ C'(s: )1+*,S-

"his course e/plains ater conservation and efficiency strategies for both residential andcommercial construction. 2iscussed ill be various alternative ays to supply ater! includingrainater harvesting! greyater reuse! and community provided reclaimed ater. 3t ill thennarro don to the individual building strategies for ater efficiency that address both indoorand outdoor ater use. An e/planation of ater#efficiency certification programs available inFlorida ill be included.

Durability and Disaster 3itigation

"his course ill e/plain the importance of disaster mitigation! discuss the programs establishedto address mitigation! e/plain the contractor's role in mitigation! revie construction featuresthat are proven to reduce property losses from natural disaster! and describe the resourcesavailable through the 2isaster Contractors 4etork.

'nergy 4 5enewable ,o6e Building 7ptions

"his course ill present information on the neest energy and solar building technologies! alongith consumer preference market research and strategies for incorporating these technologiesinto residential housing.

'ngineered -ood Products * Basic Design 8echni9ues 4 Applications

3ntroduce students to design specifications! application! installation details! and ho to usedesign tables for engineered ood products and ho it can be used to comply ith the Florida5sBuilding Code. "he products discussed ill include plyood! 6riented 7trand Board 867B9! 3# :oist and aminated ;eneer umber 8;9. "he applications discussed ill cover roof! floor andall construction. 7tudents ill learn ho to use A


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Green Building 3ade Si6ple

CILB Course : !"!#2!! C'(s: $*General

Architect Couse : %#)&& C'(s: $*,S-

"his class ill e/plain the construction practices of green building! including energy efficiency!

indoor air quality! resource efficiency! and material selections.


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• 0o to select from a flo chart an appropriate ventilation system design for their climate

• 0o to identify key elements of solar systems

•


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"his course ill e/plain advanced technology methods for designing a compact! energy#efficient0;AC system. 3t ill e/amine building envelope specifications to reduce overall building loadsand duct layout for ma/imum efficiency.

Introduction to Green -ashing

CILB Course : !"!#2!0 C'(s: )*GeneralArchitect Course : %#)#) C'(s: )*,S-

"his class ill e/plain the las enforced by the Federal "rade Commission Act 7ection >relating to ?unfair or deceptive acts or practices? as they relate to the F"C Guide for the Use of Environmental Marketing Claims." 3t ill e/amine the use of general terms such as green andeco! e/plain the term ?Green *ashing!? the si/ sins of greenashing! and ho to avoid greenashing. "he presentation ill include e/amples covering several construction#related industriesand products.

L''D


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options. Course participants ill learn 8)9 "he latest trends in energy and green products anddesign 8$9 the marketing and profit benefits of partnering ith established energy and utility programs! 8+9 ho to position themselves to improve community visibility! and 8-9 ho to useconsumer research information to increase client pool and customer satisfaction.

Poc;et 3ore Profit with 'nergy 8a= Credits

"his class ill alk participants through the ne energy ta/ credit legislation! e/plaining hothe credits impact builders and the ne#construction market! hich construction techniques andequipment are impacted by the legislation! and ho builders and their homeoners can qualifyfor these credits.

Prioriti>ing Green Building Strategies

CILB Course : !"!#2!+ C'(s: )1+*General

Architect Course : %#)#$ C'(s: )1+*,S-

"his presentation ill have a strong emphasis on regional and climate impact on construction practices and material selection as they relate to the hole#house system approach and green building.

5esource 'fficient Construction


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"he aims of the Construction 3nnovation and @esearch 3nitiative are to(

• train elite level professionals in the eld through specially-designedundergraduate, Master’s and PhD programs in construction engineering andmanagement,

•work on theoretical and practical research projects that will advance thecurrent practice of the construction industry,

• create a culture of creative curiosity in a new generation of constructionprofessionals,

• operate world-class research laboratories, including an automationlaboratory, sustainable materials laboratory and sustainable design studio,and

• oer independent e!pert consultancies to address critical issues in variousareas, such as resource management and information technology in

construction"

C3@3's research benefits from the laboratory' provided by its close relationship to industry! asell as the state#of#the#art research laboratories in the 47* 7chool of Civil and EnvironmentalEngineering.

Research themes

C3@3 undertakes basic and applied research in four broad areas(

"he Sustainable Construction Progra6 provides research and consulting services focused on

achieving a balance beteen the economic! environmental and social impacts of construction.*e develop methods and tools for the assessment of sustainability in construction ith a lifecycle perspective! sustainability reporting! multi#ob:ective optimisation of constructionoperations to improve sustainability! management of construction and demolition aste! andautomation in control of construction equipment and operations to reduce astage of resources.3n addition! the 7ustainable Construction


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"he Construction Auto6ation Progra6 aims at enhancing the level of pro:ect managementthrough developing and adopting advanced information and automation technologies. "he


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3f e comparethese properties

ith those of acarbon nanotube!the results areastonishing. Acarbon nanotubehas a 1oung'smodulus of )%>-G%G


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and their bonds. 3f graphene layers are arranged as stacked cones! cups or plates! it is knon asCarbon nanofibers 8C4F9 and if the grapheme layers are rapped into perfect cylinders! they aretermed as Carbon nano tubes 8C4"9.

Graphene layer! Carbon 4ano "ubes! and Carbon 4ano Fibers

4ano composites are produced by adding nano#particles to a bulk material in order to improvethe bulk material properties. aterials reduced to nano#scale can suddenly sho very different properties compared to hat they e/hibit on a macroscale! enabling unique applications. Forinstance! opaque copper substances become transparent and inert platinium materials attaincatalytic properties.

4ano#technology is a dynamic research field that covers a large number of disciplines includingconstruction industry. Concrete is a material most idely used in construction industry. Concreteis a cement composite material made up of


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durability. "hus nano#particles can lead to the production of a ne generation of cementcomposites ith enhanced strength! and durability.

According to researchers! folloing is a list of areas! here the construction industry could benefit from the nano#technology.

). @eplacement of steel cables by much stronger carbon nanotubes in suspension bridges andcable#stayed bridges

$. se of nano#silica! to produce dense cement composite materials

+. 3ncorporation of resistive carbon nanofibers in concrete roads in snoy areas

-. 3ncorporation of nano#titania! to produce photocatalytic concrete

>. se of nano#calcite particles in sealants to protect the structures from aggressive elements of

the surrounding environment

L. se of nano#clays in concrete to enhance its plasticity and floability.

J. rban air quality could be improved by if the civil structures are treated ith nano "i6$

Cable#7tayed and 7uspension bridges

4e Mubilee Church 8@ome! 3taly9 made of nano photocatylatic concrete

http://theconstructor.org/structures/suspension-bridges/20/http://theconstructor.org/structures/bridges/http://theconstructor.org/composite/composite-materials/764/http://theconstructor.org/structures/suspension-bridges/20/http://theconstructor.org/structures/bridges/http://theconstructor.org/composite/composite-materials/764/


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Smart oncrete

#mart concrete will heal its own cracks" $mage from% aconcordcarpenter"comand &' Deft

Concrete is a core building material. But even concrete starts to crumble hen it comes face#to#face ith ater! ind! stress and pressure. "he current method of dealing ith structuralinstability in concrete has been to replace or repair it. But hat if all you had to do as add alittle ater& A ne type of smart concrete contains dormant bacteria spores and calcium lactatein self#contained pods. *hen these pods come into contact ith ater they create limestone!filling up the cracks and reinforcing the concrete. 7elf healing concrete is estimated to save up to>%N of concrete's lifetime cost by eliminating the need for repair. 7mart concrete is still beingtested to determine ho long the bacteria sustains itself! but researchers are hopeful they ill beable to officially introduce smart concrete to the construction industry very soon.

Sha"eshi#ting Metal

"he "erminator e/ample above might make you a little skittish about shapeshifting metal! but allsigns point to it having a dramatic benefit on the durability of skyscrapers! bridges and homes.7hapeshifting metals can undergo great stress and temporarily change shape! but they aredesigned to remember' their original form and revert back to it if altered in some ay. sed inthe construction of a bridge! for e/ample! ould help sustain the bridge against damage from ahurricane or earthquake.


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Sel# $ealing oatings

#chematic courtesy Marc Pauchard for (dolphe Merkle $nstitute, )ase*estern +eserve 'niversity, '"#" (rmy +esearch aborator viahttp%www"durabilityanddesign"com

4e to the market and already in use are self healing coatings! sealants and adhesives. A recentC44.com article discussed .7. based company Autonomic aterials and their development ofself healing coatings being used on marine#based structures like ships and oil rigs. "he coatingsare made ith polymers that innately react ith one another hen they rupture! creating a process of self healing. Autonomic aterials' discovery is only for ater#based structures! butthe company is looking into developing materials for broader use by the construction industry.

4ot yet in use! but in the process of being tested by a group of scientists! is a self healing coatingthat could be applied to concrete. "he :ournal !C !##lied Materials $ %nterfa&es recently roteon the scientific discovery of this coating! but points out that it is not yet ready for industrial use."his material has the ability to self heal hen it cracks and is e/posed to sunlight! alloing ;rays to react ith particles in the concrete that e/pand and then fill the cracks.

B3234G A"E@3A7 $. 7A@1

o aterials used in the construction(

o # @ock materials

o # Binder materials

o # Concrete materials

o # Ceramic materials

o # 6ther materials

o O Building construction

o O Building tools

o O Building machinery

http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/22/tech/self-healing-materials/http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/22/tech/self-healing-materials/http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/22/tech/self-healing-materials/http://www.autonomicmaterials.com/http://www.autonomicmaterials.com/http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/pressroom/presspacs/2013/acs-presspac-february-20-2013/a-self-healing-protective-coating-for-concrete.htmlhttp://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/pressroom/presspacs/2013/acs-presspac-february-20-2013/a-self-healing-protective-coating-for-concrete.htmlhttp://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/pressroom/presspacs/2013/acs-presspac-february-20-2013/a-self-healing-protective-coating-for-concrete.htmlhttp://image.slidesharecdn.com/ggggggg1-1227817621699658-9/95/presentation-of-building-materials-2-728.jpg?cb=1227810766http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/22/tech/self-healing-materials/http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/22/tech/self-healing-materials/http://www.autonomicmaterials.com/http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/pressroom/presspacs/2013/acs-presspac-february-20-2013/a-self-healing-protective-coating-for-concrete.htmlhttp://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/pressroom/presspacs/2013/acs-presspac-february-20-2013/a-self-healing-protective-coating-for-concrete.htmlhttp://image.slidesharecdn.com/ggggggg1-1227817621699658-9/95/presentation-of-building-materials-2-728.jpg?cb=1227810766


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o O Environmental impact of buildings

+. @6CH A"E@3A7

• "here are to types(

• Compact rocks( they are blocks of rocks.

• 2isaggregated rocks( "hey are fragments of rocks of variable size. 3n construction totypes are used( #Clay #Arids

-. B342E@ A"E@3A7

• "hey are materials ich are use for :oin other materials.

• ime( sed for paint buildings make brik

• . C64C@E"E

o Concrete is a composite building material made from the combination ofaggregate and a binder such as cement. "he most common form of concrete is


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• Gres( 3t is a mi/ture in hich there are elaborated pieces of vitrified ceramics veryresistant to the ear.

• 7toneare( 3t is a ceramic material covered ith enamel.

K. 6ther materials

• 7teel( 3t is used for girders! props! etc..

• Alluminium( 3t is used for frames of doors! indos! railings! closings! etc!..

• Copper( 3s used in ater! gas and heating installations.

• *oods( "heir use is decreasing but it is very habitual in roofs! soils! indos! etc!...

•


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o


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o A crane is a lifting machine equipped ith a inder! ire ropes or chains andsheaves that can be used both to lift and loer materials and to move themhorizontally.

o Concrete mi/ers(

o A concrete mi/er is a machine that homogeneously combines cement! aggregatesuch as sand or gravel! and ater to form concrete.

)>. Construction equipment 333( )L. E4;3@6E4"A 3


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B3234G A"E@3A7 $. 342ER )# "itle............................................. $#3nde/............................................ +#Building

materials........................ -#Granulated materials.................... >#Binder materials...........................L#Binder materials 33........................ J#Concrete........................................ K#Concrete33.................................... I#Ceramic materials......................... )%#Ceramic materials

33.................... ))#Ceramic materials 333................... )$#6ther materials............................ )+#Building of builds........................ )-#Building of builds........................ )># )L#"heend......................................... +. B3234G A"E@3A7

• "hey are ones that e use in the building industry!like( houses monuments! publicsorks...

• Granu lar materials

• Binder materials

• Concrete

• Ceramic materials

• 6thers

-. G@A4A"E2 A"E@3A7

o "hose ones that e obtain from the rocks. @ock is a very dense material so itgives a lot of protection

"here are to types( # Compact rorcks ( they are blocks of granite! marble! limestone... #2esintegrated rocks ( they are blocks of rocks that can have different size. *e can diferenciatedto types( #Clay( their main property is that they can absorb the ater easily. #@ocks made up ofthe disgregation of others rocks 8sand...9. G@A43"E >. B342E@ A"E@3A7

o "hey are materials that e use to :oin differents materials to make a type ofmi/ture called mortar.

"he most important ones are ( 3E( e obtain it heating limestone rocks. *e use them to paintalls or to make bricks. L. B342E@ A"E@3A7 33


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available! created by varying the proportions of the main ingredients belo( Oass concrete( eobtain it of the mi/ture of ater! cement! sand and chippings. OCellular concrete( before theconcrete set e add it some chemical products that e/pel gases and form bubbles. *ith this eimprove the termic and acustic insolation. ass concrete K. C64C@E"E 33 @einforced concrete( #@einforced concrete is concrete in hich

reinforcement bars or fibers have been incorporated to strengthen a material. #"he firstapplication of reinforced concrete as a material for the construction of buildings took place in)KL-. #Concrete is reinforced to give it e/tra tensile strengthQ ithout reinforcement! manyconcrete buildings ould not have been possible. Cyclopean concrete #3t is the mi/ture ofcement! ater and desegregated rocks of more than +%cm of diameter. *e use them in alls.@einforced concrete I. CE@A3C A"E@3A7 "he ceramic materials are pieces made up ith moulded clay boiled in kilns. "he process of elaboration of ceramic materials consists in to parts( #i/tureand moulded( some machines mi/ clay ith ater! then they give mass form and they pass themthrough different types of nozzles. Finally they cut them in small pieces. #Boiling in kilns( thecuted materials go through chambers ith different temperatures.

)%. CE@A3C A"E@3A7 33 "he most common ceramic materials are( #Brick( O0e oldestshaped bricks found date back to J!>%% B.C. O"hey are pieces of boiled clay ith a prismaticshape and ith holes. O"here are to types( #"hin bricks( the aspect and the colour is attractive."hey have a good mechanic resistance and isolation properties. #


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)>. C647"@C"364 AC034E@1 *e use different machines in the buildings of builds( #2igger ( e use it in the e/cavations and movements of the land. #After the nivelation of the lande compact the land ith steamrollers . #"he materials are transported ith lorries . )L. C647"@C"364 AC034E@1 33 #3n the construction the materials are elevated ithcrane that can have different elements( T


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• Bindec materials

• Concrete

• Ceramic materials

• 6ther materials

>. 7tone materials

• 3n construction to types of stones are used(

• Compact rocks( "hey are blocks of stones of limestone! marble! granite! etc... "hey arecalled ashlars! masonry! paving stones and flagstones.

L. 7tone materials

• Broken rocks( "hey are pieces of stones of different sizes. "o types are used inconstruction(

• Clay( Caracterised by their capacity of absorbing ater.

• Arids( ay be thin or thick.

J. Binder materials

o "hey are materials that are mi/ed ith ater. "hen they get pasty an hen theysolidify they get hard.

o "he most importants ones are(

o ime( 3t is obtained by heating limestone rocks. For e/ample to make bricks.

o Gypsum( 3t5s a mineral poder hich is mi/ed ith ater and it is used to coveralls and ceilings.

K. Binder materials

o Cement( 3t is the most used in binder materials. "here are different types. "hemost used is the


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o #in mass

o #ciclopean

o #celular

o #armed 8pretensed or postensed9

I. Ceramic materials

o Ceramics are things such as tiles! fi/tures! etc. Ceramics are mostly used ascoverings in buildings.

)%.


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• evels of Construction(

• #


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• Cement mi/ers

)K. Environmental impact of buildings

• Buildings are very important constructions in or lifes. Also buildings form a very

important part of or culture.

• "he study of the constructive proceses on the environment is very comple/.

• "he buildings damage the environment because they use machinery that comsume crudeoil and because of other reasons. Also the buildings take the space of the beaches because people ant to live near to the beach and constructors construct buildings here theythinck that ould be saled.

)I. Construction of better buildings

• 3f anybody has to build a building! he has to cosiderate several points(

• "he ti m e itWs very important! a building can live beteen +% or +%% years

• "he resources are li m ited so e have to construct using a strategy that lets us constructaccording to thrifty resources.

Transcri"t

• ." /asalt ,0ranite,Marbal,1ota,aterite,1adappa,Dolerite,lime

stone,#hahabad,etc"¬

/roken stone and stone chips are used infoundation,roofs¬'#2# 34 #&352% and 6oors of buliding and as rod metal andrailway ballast" #tone block are mainly used in walls , foundation and¬ ornamental facia work" 7uart8ite is used for rubber masonry ,rod metallingand¬ also as aggregate for construction " ime stone slabs are used for6ooring ,paving and roong"¬ #lates are used as roong and 6ooringmaterial"¬ Marble is e!tremely suitable for ornament and superior¬ type ofbuilding work "eg"&aj - Mahal

• 9" &ypes of bricks %- /ricks can be classied into two type% &ype’s of bricks%-)onventional /rick %- #tandared /rick :9;


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conductors and hence employed as a¬ gas sensors " (t e!tremely lowtemperature ,some tiles e!hibit high¬ temperature superconductivity" $t alsopossesses positive thermal coecient"¬

• =" )ement &he word cement means a substance which¬ acts as a bonding

agent for materials" $t is dened as nely ground mi!ture of ¬ calciumaluminate and silicates of varying composition which composition whichhydrates when mi!ed with water to form rigid continuous structure with agood compressive stength $t designates a ne grey powder that is used¬ forconstructional purpose" $t is manufacturing by Eohn #meaton¬ in.>?F"

• ?" )lassication :type’s@ of cements )ement , generally can be classied intothe following classes 5atural cement¬ Po88alonic cement¬ Gigh aluminacement¬ Portland cement¬ H3rdinary portland cement )ement H+apidhardening portland cement H2!tra-rapid hardening portland cement H*hiteportland cement H)oloured portland cement How heat portland cement

HPortland blast furnace cement H#ulphate resisting portland cement #upersulphate cemenet¬ #pecial sulphate cement¬

• F" 0lass claddingsϖ 5ow a days ,the glass cladding work is preferablyadopted in building construction ,since it fulls the various functionalreIuirement of building such as lighting ,heat retention etc" with visualimpact creation " $t¬ is totally safe $t is aesthetical and recyclable¬ $t isenergy saver and time saver as per the¬ construction aspect is concerned"

&here is no 6ows of plaster and paint¬ $t has attractive colours¬

• >" (dvantages of glass claddingϖ 'se¬ of glass in construction work adds

beauty to the building $ts use fulls the architectural view for the e!ternaldecoration¬ and beauty 0lass is bad conductor of heat, hence it savesenergy in air¬ conditioning of building" 0lass cladding use appear a sense ofopenness and harmonious"¬ Disadvantage of glass claddingϖ $t is very costlyand may increase the budgeted cost of ¬ construction work" 'se of glass alsoenhanceds the cost of security "¬ $ts use in hilly area and desert may causemore maintenance"¬ $t is also unsafe for earthIuake proven area¬

Transcri"t

• ." 5(53&2)G5330J$5 /'$D$50 )35#&+')&$35 M(&2+$( /y% 0('+(K

E($5 /-&2)G :4inal yr"@

• 9" )35&25L $ntroductionL *hat nanotechnology isL $ntroduction to5anomaterialsL (pplication of 5anotechnologyL /arriersL )onclusion

• ;" $5&+3D')&$35L *e are very familiar with the concept of getting rawmaterials, bringing them together in an organi8ed way and then putting themtogether into a recogni8able form"L &his is our role in society and we haveperformed it well for hundreds or thousands of years" #o we can say

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construction is denitely not a new science or technology and yet it hasundergone great changes over its history"L $n the same vein, nanotechnologyis not a new science and it is not a new technology either" $t is rather ane!tension of the sciences and technologies that have already been indevelopment for many years

• =" *hat is 5anotechnology L 5anotechnology is the use of very small piecesof material by themselves or their manipulation to create new large scalematerials"L (t the 5ano-scale material properties are altered from that oflarger scales"L &he 5ano-scale is the si8e range from appro!imately .nm to.NNnm"L 5anotechnology is an enabling technology that allows us to developmaterials with improved or totally new properties"

• ?" $ntroduction to 5ano-materials 5ano-particles%- L $t is dened as a particlewith at least one dimension less than 9NNnm" 5ano-particles made ofsemiconducting material:2!- #ilicon@ 5ano-composites%- L $t is produced byadding 5ano- particle to bulk material in order to improve its bulk properties

• F" )arbon 5ano-tubes%-L &hey are the form of carbon that was rstdiscovered in .A?9 in +ussia and then re-discovered in the .AAN’s in Eapan"L

&hey are cylindrical in shape with 5ano-meter diameter"L Production cost of5ano-tubes is high and the price ranges from 9NO to .NNNO per gramdepending on Iuality"L &ypes of 5ano-tubes%- #ingle-walled carbon 5ano-tubesMulti-walled carbon 5ano-tubes

• >" &itanium Dio!ide :&i39@L &itanium dio!ide is a widely used white pigment"L$t can also o!idi8e o!ygen or organic materials, therefore, it is added topaints, cements, windows, tiles etc"L (s &i39 is e!posed to 'K light, itbecomes increasingly hydrophilic :attractive to water@, thus it can be used for

anti- fogging coatings or self cleaning windows"

• " (pplications of 5ano-technology 5anotechnology is widely used inconstruction material as%L $n )oncreteL $n #teelL $n *oodL $n 0lassL $n)oatingL $n photovoltaic

• A" 5anotechnology in concrete)oncrete%- $t is a mi!ture of cement,sandcoarse aggregate and water, &he mechanicalbehavior of concretematerial depends on thephenomenon that occurs on a micro and5anoscale"5anotechnology can modify the structure ofconcrete material andnally improves inproperties of materials as-L /ulk densityL MechanicalperformanceL Kolume stabilityL DurabilityL #ustainability of concrete

• .N" 5anotechnology in concreteL 2!ploring and modifying these 5ano scalepores can result in improved concreteL &hese addition could compensate forits weakness in tension and result in concrete with greatly improved stress-strain behaviorL &he addition of 5ano scale silica fume operates at a 5anoscale and can improve durability of concrete structures e!posed to de-icingsalts"

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• .." 5anotechnology in concrete)5& in )35)+2&2%-L &he addition of smallamount :.Q@ of )5& improves the mechanical property of concreteL 3!idi8edM*5&s shows the best improvements in both compressive:R9?5mm9@ and6e!ural +esearch into h¬strength:R5mm9@"aematite :4e93;@ nanoparticlesadded to concrete has shown that they also increase strength as well asoering the benet of monitoring stress levels through the measurement ofsection electrical resistance"

• .9" 5anotechnology in #teel5eed of nanotechnology in steel%-L 4atigue is asignicant issue that can lead to the structural failure of steel subject tocyclic loading, such as in bridges or towers"L #tress risers are responsible forinitiating cracks from which fatigue failure results"L (ddition of coppernanoparticles reduces the surface unevenness of steel which then limits thenumber of stress risers

• .;" 5anotechnology in #teel&emperature restriction%-L (bove >?N 4, steelstarts to loose its structural integrity, and at .NNN 4, steel loses ?N Q of its

strengthL $nfusion of steel with 5ano scale copper particles could maintainstructural integrity up to .NNN 4L 5ew infused steel allows ultra highstrength, corrosion resistance and have good surface nish"

• .=" 5anotechnology in #teelGigh strength steel cables%-L )urrent researchinto renement of cementite phase of steel to a 5ano si8e has producedstronger cablesL ( stronger cable material reduce the costs and period ofconstruction, especially in bridgesL #ustainability is also enhanced by the useof higher cable strength as this leads to a more ecient use of materialL Gighrise structures reIuire high strength joints and this leads to the need of highstrength bolts"

• .?" 5anotechnology in #teel/olted connection%-L &he capacity of highstrength bolts is reali8ed generally through Iuenching and tempering)3552)&$35#L Kanadium and molybdenum nanoparticles delays theproblems associated with high strength bolts and also improving the steel’smicro- structure /3&2D*elding connection%-L &he addition of nanoparticlesof magnesium and calcium makes the G(B:Geat (ected *2D2D Bone@grains ner in plate steel and this leads to an increase in weld toughness"

• .F" 5anotechnology in #teel&here are two international product%-L #andvik5ano6e! has both the desirable Iualities of a high Joung’s Modulus and highstrength and it is also resistant to corrosion due to the presence of very hardnanometer-si8ed particles in the steel matri!"L MM4S9 steel, while having the

mechanical properties of conventional steel, has a modied 5ano-structurethat makes it corrosion resistant and it is an alternative to conventionalstainless steel, but at a lower cost"

• .>" 5anotechnology in *oodL *ood is also composed of nanotubes or T5anobrilsUV namely, lignocellulose :woody tissue@ elements which are twice asstrong as steel"L +esearchers have developed a highly water repellent

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coating based on the actions of the lotus leaf as a result of the incorporationof silica and alumina nanoparticles and hydrophobic polymers"

• ." 5anotechnology in 0lassL Most of the glass used on the e!terior surfaceof buildings to control light and heat in order to control the buildingenvironment and contribute to sustainability"L &itanium dio!ide :&i39@ is usedas nanoparticle form to coat gla8ing since it has sterili8ing and anti-foulingproperties" conventional self-cleaning glass glass

• .A" #elf cleaning of 0lass

• 9N" 5anotechnology in 0lassL 0lass incorporating this self cleaningtechnology is available on the market today"L 4ire-protective glass is anotherapplication of nanotechnology" &his is achieved by using a layer sandwichedbetween glass panels :an interlayer@ formed of fumed silica :#i39@nanoparticles which turns into a rigid and opaIue re shield when heated"

• 9." 5anotechnology in )oatingsL )oating is an area of signicant research innanotechnologyL 5anotechnology is being applied to paints and insulatingproperties, produced by the addition of 5ano-si8ed cells, pores and particles"L

&he &i39 will break down and disintegrate organic dirt through powerfulcatalytic reaction"L &his research opens up the intriguing possibility of puttingroads to good environmental use"

• 99" 5anotechnology in 4ire-+esistanceL &his is achieved by the mi!ing ofcarbon nanotubes with the cementious material to fabricate bre compositesthat can inherit some of the outstanding propertiesL Polypropylene bres arealso being considered as a material for increasing re resistance and this is acheaper option than conventional insulation"

• 9;" 5anotechnology in PhotovoltaicL Predominant photovoltaic material issilicon, but an emerging technology involves the use of dye-sensiti8ed nano-

&i39"L arge surface area of 5ano &i39 greatly increases photovoltaiceciency"L (lso has potential for lower material and processing costs relativeto conventional solar cells"

• 9=" /arriers +egulatory, legal, political and ethical issues" )ompetition withestablished micro scale technologies" icense of proof-of-concept 5ano tools,and delivery system" #afety and to!icity" $mplementation cost of plant"

•

9?" /arriers contW ." 4(/+$)(&$35 9" G2(&G ;" 25K$+35M25& =" )3#&L ."4(/+$)(&$35 )urrent eorts in the eld of nanotechnology are focussedon the fabrication,characteri8ation and use of these materials on a 5anoscale"L 9" G2(&G 5anotechnology based construction products might beharmful to health" e!ample, thenanotubes might cause lung problems to theworkers"

• 9F" /arriers cont""L ;" 25K$+35M25& &he eect of various nanomaterials onthe natural environment is hotlydebated in nanotechnology and

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environmental research" Moreover it will create a new category of 5ano-waste which has to be e!tracted and treated"L =" )3#& &he cost of mostnanotechnology materials and eIuipment are relativelyhigh" $n comparison totraditional method"$t’s a challenge for construction engineer to provide afacility to the generalpublic at a reasonable cost"

• 9>" +eal life 2!amplesW L /uilding made by using self-cleaning concrete:)hurch XXDives in MisericordiaU, +ome, $taly@ L &i39 coating on roads forpollution reduction

• 9" +eal life 2!amplesW 5ano house , (ustralia%- 'niversity of &echnology,#ydney :'@ have developed a model house that shows how new materials,products and processes that are emerging from nanotechnology research anddevelopment might be applied to our living environment"

• 9A" )35)'#$35L Present day we are in great search for alternate materialsthis can eectively be achieved through the emerging eld of

5anotechnology"L 5anotechnology is not e!actly a new technology, rather itis an e!trapolation of current ones to a new scale"L &he main limitation is thehigh costs of nanotechnology, also concerns with the environmental andhealth eects"L &here is wide scope of research for application ofnanotechnology in the building industry and it shall help in conserving thematerial resources"

• ;N" ¬+eferences ¬ Eournals"iop"org ¬5anoarchitecture"net¬5anoforum"org*ikipedia"org

• ;." references

Transcri"t

• ." #2M$5(+ 35 & +(5# 5& ')2 )35)+2 2 & /J #G(#G(51 + E(K((0$ >&G#2M )K 5$2, MJ#3+2

• 9" )35&25 $5&+3D')&$35 M(&2+$( '#2D 43+ &+(5#')25& )35)+2&2 P+$5)$P2 M(5'4()&'+$50 P+3)2##(PP$)(&$35# (DK(5&(02# (5D D$#(DK(5&(02# )35)'#$35+242+25)2#

• ;" $5&+3D')&$35 &ranslucent concrete is a concrete based building

material having light-&ransmissive property" ight-&ransmissive property ismainly due to uniform distribution of high numerical aperture Plastic 3ptical4ibres :P34@ throughout its body" Gence it is also known to be transparentconcrete, i&ra)on"

• =" M(&2+$( '#2D 43+ &+(5#')25& )35)+2&2 &he two basic materialsused for making transparent concrete ." 4ine concrete 9" 3ptical bres 4ineconcrete% )onsists of cement and ne aggregate such as sand" 3ptical

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bres% &here are ; kinds $" Multimode graded-inde! bre $$" Multimode step-inde! bre $$$" #ingle-mode step-inde! bres"

• ?" P+$5)$P2 &ranslucent concrete works /ased on T5ano-3pticsU" &hesebres passes as much light when tiny slits are placed directly on top of each

other" Gence optical bers in the concrete act like the slits and carry the lightacross throughout the concrete"

• F" M(5'4()&'+$50 P+3)2## &he manufacturing process oftransparent concrete is almost same as regular concrete" #mall layers of theconcrete are poured into the mould and on top of each layers, a layer ofbres is infused" 4abric and concrete are alternately inserted into moulds atintervals of appro!imately 9 mm to ?mm"

• >" M(5'4()&'+$50 P+3)2## ight-transmitting concrete isproduced by adding =Q to ?Q optical bres by volume into the concretemi!ture" &he concrete mi!ture is made from ne materials and does not

contain coarse aggregate" &housands of strands of optical bres are cast intoconcrete to transmit light #maller or thinner layers allow an increasedamount of light to pass through the concrete"

• " M(5'4()&'+$50 P+3)2## P+3D')& $&+()35 - $0G& &+(5#M$&&$50)35)+2&2 4orm Prefabricated blocks $ngredients AFQ concrete, =Q opticalbre Density 9.NN-9=NN 1gm; /lock si8e FNNmm ! ;NNmm &hickness 9?-?NNmm )olour *hite, 0rey or /lack 4ibre distribution 3rganic 4inishedPolished )ompressive strength ?N 5mm9 /ending &ensile strength > 5mm9 &he casted material is cut into panels or blocks of the specied thicknessand the surface is then typically polished, resulting in nishes ranging fromsemi-gloss to highgloss"

• A" (PP$)(&$35# &ransparent concrete blocks suitable for 6oors, pavementsand load-bearing walls" 4acades, interior wall cladding and dividing wallsbased on thin panels" Partitions wall and it can be used where the sunlightdoes not reach properly"

• .N" (PP$)(&$35# $n furniture for the decorative and aestheticpurpose" ight sidewalks at night" $ncreasing visibility in dark subwaystations" ighting indoor re escapes, in the event of a power failure"$lluminating speed bumps on roadways at night"

• .." (DK(5&(02# 2nergy saving can be done by utili8ation oftransparent concrete in building" $t has very good architectural properties forgiving good aesthetical view to the building"

• .9" D$#(DK(5&(02# &he concrete is very costly because of the opticalbres" )asting of transparent concrete block is dicult for the labour sospecial skilled person is reIuired"

http://image.slidesharecdn.com/seminar-131221202738-phpapp02/95/translucent-concrete-5-638.jpg?cb=1387679495http://image.slidesharecdn.com/seminar-131221202738-phpapp02/95/translucent-concrete-6-638.jpg?cb=1387679495http://image.slidesharecdn.com/seminar-131221202738-phpapp02/95/translucent-concrete-7-638.jpg?cb=1387679495http://image.slidesharecdn.com/seminar-131221202738-phpapp02/95/translucent-concrete-8-638.jpg?cb=1387679495http://image.slidesharecdn.com/seminar-131221202738-phpapp02/95/translucent-concrete-9-638.jpg?cb=1387679495http://image.slidesharecdn.com/seminar-131221202738-phpapp02/95/translucent-concrete-10-638.jpg?cb=1387679495http://image.slidesharecdn.com/seminar-131221202738-phpapp02/95/translucent-concrete-11-638.jpg?cb=1387679495http://image.slidesharecdn.com/seminar-131221202738-phpapp02/95/translucent-concrete-12-638.jpg?cb=1387679495http://image.slidesharecdn.com/seminar-131221202738-phpapp02/95/translucent-concrete-5-638.jpg?cb=1387679495http://image.slidesharecdn.com/seminar-131221202738-phpapp02/95/translucent-concrete-6-638.jpg?cb=1387679495http://image.slidesharecdn.com/seminar-131221202738-phpapp02/95/translucent-concrete-7-638.jpg?cb=1387679495http://image.slidesharecdn.com/seminar-131221202738-phpapp02/95/translucent-concrete-8-638.jpg?cb=1387679495http://image.slidesharecdn.com/seminar-131221202738-phpapp02/95/translucent-concrete-9-638.jpg?cb=1387679495http://image.slidesharecdn.com/seminar-131221202738-phpapp02/95/translucent-concrete-10-638.jpg?cb=1387679495http://image.slidesharecdn.com/seminar-131221202738-phpapp02/95/translucent-concrete-11-638.jpg?cb=1387679495http://image.slidesharecdn.com/seminar-131221202738-phpapp02/95/translucent-concrete-12-638.jpg?cb=1387679495


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• .;" )35)'#$35 &ransparent concrete can be developed by addingoptical bre or large diameter glass bre in the concrete mi!ture" $t has goodlight guiding property and the ratio of optical bre volume to concrete isproportionate to transmission of light" $t doesn’t loose the strength parameterwhen compared to regular concrete and also it has very vital property fromthe aesthetic point of view" &his new kind of building material can integratethe concept of green energy saving

• .=" +242+25)2# Kictoria /ailey, T&ranslucent )oncreteU, M225en"wikipedia"orgwiki&ranslucentYconcr ete wikipedia"orgwiki3pticalYberbyen"wikipedia"orgwikii&ra)on www"litracon"hu

• .?" &G(51 J3'

al; 8opic: Sustainable construction: challenges and oportunities for civil engineers and

architects

Dr1 Vanderley 31 ohn

2r. Eng. 89! Guest @esearcher 8H"0 $%%%9Associate


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Keynote Speaker II

8al; 8opic: Pre-

Columbian

Constructions in the

Americas

Dr. José Celso da

Cunha

Eos[ )elso da )unha,)ivil engineergraduated from the22"'4M0-.A>?V PhD

in soil mechanicsand structures by the\cole )entrale deParis, 4rance, .A?Vover ;N yearse!perience teachingin )ivil 2ngineeringundergraduate andmaster]s degree -22"'4M0, :.A>-

9NN=@, and )242&-M0, :9NN=-9N.9@,with an emphasis onconcrete structuresVresearcher andadvisor of structuralrecovery engineeringand in the history of the constructions"(uthor of books%Palace $$-( $mplos^o

Kelada da2ngenharia C(ut_ntica 2ditora,/G, /ra8il, .AV &heGistory of )onstructions,Kolumes $ and $$,


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(ut_ntica 2ditora,/G, /ra8il, 9NNAV &hehistory of construction,

Kolumes $$$ and $K,(ut_ntica 2ditora,/G, /ra8il, 9N.9

Keynote Speaker III

8al; 8opic: Emerging

contaminants in

drinking aters: a

matter of concern

Prof1 -ilson 1 ardi6

*ilson 4" Eardimgraduated in)hemistry at the4ederal 'niversity of #^o )arlos :'4#)ar@,received his Ph"D"from the 'niversity

of iverpool :.A;@,and a Post-Doctoralposition at Dre!el'niversity,Philadelphia :.A>@"$n .AA; was aKisiting Professor inthe 2nvironmental2ngineeringProgram, 'niversity

of Delaware" (s a4ull Professor in the$nstitute of )hemistry, '5$)(MP,published more than.N scientic papersin the 2nvironmental)hemistry area,


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mainly in (dvanced3!idation Processes"#upervised morethan >N post-

graduate students,and has F patents"+eceived numerouspri8es, including theMercosul &echnologyin 9NNF" Presently isthe Director of the+edo! 2nvironmental)onsulting )ompanyand (ssociate+esearcher in the$nstitute of )hemistry"

Keynote Speaker IV

8al; 8opic:

Conservation of !uilt

"eritage: #uidelines

for Structural

Intervention

Prof. Eduardo

Nuno r!to

Santos J"l!o

Eduardo 4uno Brito7antos MZlio has a 8>years9 degree in CivilEngineering! an advanced.7c. 8+ years9 degree in

7tructures! and a


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Engineering! Architectureand Georesources of the3nstituto 7uperior "\cnico837"9 of the niversity ofisbon! and invited full

professor at the2epartment of CivilEngineering of theniversity of Coimbra.0e promoted the creationof several doctoral!master! post#graduation!graduation! under#graduation! and professional courses at both the niversity ofisbon and at theniversity of Coimbra.

9e was head of the oard of the dvanced (aster "ourse in "ivil %ngineering and

rchitecture $Rehabilitation of the uilt %nvironment$ at the #niversity of "oimbra

200


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companies" Ge is the supervisor of several PhD dissertations :A concluded@ and M#ctheses :9> concluded@" Ge is author of over ;?N publications, including ?? paperspublished in international journals :$#$ *eb of 1nowledge% citations9.A, h-inde!AV 0oogle scholar% citations=9F, h-inde!.., i.N-inde!.;@"

+ecent years have seen enormous advances in the technology of concrete asa material, through which its strength, compactness and ductility can reachlevels never dreamed of before" &hanks to these improved materialproperties, the strength and durability of concrete structures is greatlyimproved, their weight and dimensions reduced, the scope of concrete as astructural material is widened and C despite the higher material costs Coverall economy is possible, with positive impacts on sustainability as well"

#imilar advances are underway in reinforcing materials, notably high strengthsteel and bre-reinforced polymers, and in the way they are combined withconcrete into high performance structures" Developments in materials andeIuipment, as well as new concepts, have lead to innovative constructiontechniIues, reducing cost and construction time and making possible theapplication of concrete under e!treme conditions of construction orenvironment" (ll these advances will be highlighted in the book by the tope!perts in the eld of concrete structures, namely those currently active inthe eld’s leading and truly international scientic and technical association%the $nternational 4ederation of #tructural )oncrete :b@ www"b-

international"org"

$ndia is witnessing construction of very interesting projects in all sectors of$nfrastructure" Gigh rise structures, under construction, includeresidentialcommercial blocks up to a height of ;9N m and +) chimneys for thermalpower stations e!tending upwards up to 9>?m" Majority of the structures are instructural concrete" &he functional demands of such high rise structures include theuse of durable materials" Gigh #trength )oncrete, #elfCcompacting )oncrete aregaining widespread acceptance" (part from the basic structural materials, modernprojects reIuire a variety of secondary materials for a variety of purposes such as

construction chemicals, waterproong materials, durability aids etc" &he paperhighlights some of the recent developments"

Dura!le oncrete)oncrete Design and )onstruction Practices today are strength driven" )oncretegrades up to MN are now being used for highrise buildings in $ndia" Gowever, dueto escalation in the repair and replacement costs, more attention is now being paidto durability issues" &here are compelling reasons why the concrete construction

http://www.fib-international.org/http://www.fib-international.org/http://www.fib-international.org/http://www.fib-international.org/


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practice during the ne!t decades should be driven by durability in addition tostrength"

( large number of 6yovers and some elevated roads e!tending up to 9Nkm in lengthare being reali8ed in dierent parts of the country and involve huge outlay of public

money" Gowever, the concrete durability is suspect" Many of the structures builtduring the period from .A>N have suered premature deterioration" )oncrete bridgedecks built during the period now reIuire e!tensive repairs and renovations, costingmore than the original cost of the project" Multi-storied buildings in urban areasreIuire major repairs every 9N years, involving guniting, shotcreting etc"

( holistic view needs to be taken about concrete durability" $n this conte!t, there area large number of materials in the market which facilitate durable construction"(part from the materials, the construction processes have also undergone changeswith a view to improving the durability of the nished structure"

$igh Per#ormance oncrete

$n the 'nited #tates, in response to widespread cracking of concrete bridge decks,the construction process moved towards the use of Gigh Performance )oncrete:GP)@ mi!es" 4our types of GP) were developed.%

• Kery Gigh 2arly #trength )oncrete C .>"? mPa in F hours

• Gigh 2arly #trength )oncrete C =9"? mPa in 9= hours

• ( Kery Gigh #trength C F mPa in 9 days

• Gigh 2arly #trength with 4iber +einforcement

• Gigh Performance )oncrete was introduced in $ndia initially for thereconstruction of the pre-stressed concrete dome of the 1aiga (tomic PowerProject, followed for parts of the +eactors at &arapur and +ajasthan"#ubseIuently, a number of bridges and 6yovers have introduced GP) up toM>? grade in dierent parts of $ndia"


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Sel#*com"acting oncrete (S)#)) was developed by the Eapanese initially as a 7uality (ssurance measure, butnow is being widely used for concrete structures worldwide" $n $ndia, one of theearliest uses of #)) was for some components of structures at 1aiga (tomic PowerProject" Many components of the structures were very heavily reinforced and the

eld engineers found it dicult to place and compact normal concrete withouthoneycombs and weaker concrete" #)) was successfully used"

#)) leaving the batching plant is in a semi-6uid state and is placed into theformwork without the use of vibrators" Due to its 6uidity, #)) is able to nd its wayinto the formwork and in between the reinforcement and gets self-compacted in theprocess" #)) is particularly useful for components of structures which are heavilyreinforced" &he 6uidity is reali8ed by modifying the normal mi! components" $naddition to cement, coarse and ne aggregates, water, special new generationpolymer based admi!tures are used to increase the 6uidity of the concrete without

increasing the water content"

Due to its high 6uidity, the traditional method of measuring workability by slumpdoes not work" &he 6uidity is such that any concrete fed to the slump cone falls 6aton raising the slump coneV the diameter of the spread of concrete is measured as anindication of workability of #))" &his is called #lump 4low and is in the range of FNNC NN mm"

(part from the use of superior grade chemical admi!tures, the physical compositionof the concrete for #)) has undergone changes" &he concrete is reIuired to havemore of ne aggregates and compulsorily any of the mineral admi!tures C 6y ash,

ground granulated blast furnace slag :00/4#@, silica fume, metakaolin, rice huskash etc" 4ly ash is abundantly available as a waste product at all the thermal powerstations and the 0overnment has encouraged use of 6y ash by oering thempractically free at the thermal power stations" 00/4# is again a by-product of thesteel mills" During the production of steel, a molten steel is poured from blastfurnaces and travels in special channels, leaving the impurities on top of thestream" &he waste material, being lighter moves on top and easily diverted awayfrom the usable steel"

&he diverted slag is Iuenched and forms small nodules" &hese nodules are crushed

and granulated into very ne product, with particle si8e smaller than that of cement" &he product is marketed in ?N kg bags and available economically in the regionsaround steel mills with blast furnaces" $n other regions, additional transport cost ofthis bulk material is involved but its use is justied because of contribution todurability of concrete" 4or the concrete components of the structure for /andra and*orli sewage outfalls in Mumbai, the 0erman prime contractor insisted oncompulsory use of 00/4# for the M=N concrete in order to improve the durability ofconcrete" 00/4# had to be transported from Ki8ag in the eastern part of $ndia, in


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spite of heavy transportation cost" #ince then 00/4# is nding widespread use indierent parts of $ndia for ensuring durable concrete"

The +se o# Mineral ,dmitures

(fter reali8ation of the need for durable concrete structures, the composition ofconcrete has undergone changes" 4rom being a product made of three or fourmaterials :cement, aggregates, water@, today a typical durable concrete consists ofsi! or more materials" &he use of low water cement ratio enables a reduction in thevolume and si8e of capillary voids in concreteV this alone is not sucient to reducethe cement based content of concrete which is the source of micro-cracking fromthermal shrinkage and drying shrinkage"

&o reduce the cement based content, both the water content and cement contentmust be reduced as much as possible" )oncrete mi!es with fewer micro cracks can

be produced by blending the cement with mineral admi!tures either in the batchingplant or in the cement plant" &his enhances the service life of concrete structures ina cost-eective manner"

ly ,sh &hermal power stations are left with an undesirable by-product, 6y ash, in largeIuantities which is not able to eectively utili8e or dispose of" )urrently, :9NNA@more than .9N million tonne of 6y ash are generated annually and the storage anddisposal has been costing the power stations substantial unproductive e!penditure"'nfortunately, all the 6y ash available at the power stations is not t for use asmineral admi!ture directly" 4ly ash as a mineral admi!ture should conform to $#%

;.9" #uch a material is available in the ner streams of 2lectro #tatic Precipitatorstted to the power generation system"

&he coarser materials are reIuired to be processed :generally with the help of)yclones@ before being considered for use as mineral admi!ture for concrete" &hereare only a few processing units in $ndia, including the one as 5ashik &hermal Power#tation" (s per the 2uro )ode for )oncrete, only processed 6y ash can be permitted


42/61

as mineral admi!ture in concrete" &he code limits the use of 6y ash" (bout ;?Q ofcement may be replaced by 6y ashV the actual percentage replacement dependingon the outcome of trial mi!es"

$igh /olume ly ,sh oncrete ($/,)

&he high volume 6y ash concrete :GK4(@ represents an emerging technology forhighly durable and resource ecient concrete structures" aboratory and elde!perience have shown that 6y ash from modern coal-red thermal power plants,when used in large volume :typically ?N - FNQ by mass of the total cementitiousmaterials content, is able to impart e!cellent workability in fresh concrete at a watercontent that is .? C 9NQ less than without 6y ash" &o obtain adeIuate strength atearly age, further reductions in the mi!ing water content can be achieved withbetter aggregate grading and use of super-plastici8ers"

GK4( concrete has now been successfully used in a few sporadic projects in $ndia"(ll #)) in $ndia use GK4(, to the e!tent of ?NQ cement replacement" #ome concreteroads being built by 5G($ have also used GK4( concrete, including the 4our-aningof #atara C 1olhapur 5ational Gighway"

Ground Granulated 0last urnace Slag (GG0S) &he problems associated with the Iuality of 6y ash do not e!ist in the case of0round 0ranulated /last 4urnace #lag 00/4#, as the produce is necessarily theoutcome of grinding to the reIuired particle si8e" &hus the use of 00/4# as amineral admi!ture should be preferred, despite long leads for end users in certainparts of $ndia far from the steel plants" 00/4# sold in $ndia is of uniform Iuality andparticle si8e gradation" 4or many landmark structures such as the /urj Dubai :the

tallest building in the world in 9NNA@ 00/4# has been e!tensively used as a mineraladmi!ture, even though the material is imported from other countries, resulting inthe landed cost being more than that of cement" &his was a conscious decision witha view to obtaining a more durable concrete structure"

$n $ndia the use of 00/4# has been fairly limited, in spite of all the technicaladvantages" &he $ndian )oncrete )ode permits up to >NQ of cement replacementwhere 00/4# is used" &echnically, the use of 00/4# is more eective only atreplacement levels of ?NQ or more" 4or a number of structures in a port in (ndhraPradesh, typically the M=N concrete mi! contained .NN kg of cement and ;NN kg of00/4#"

Portland #lag )ement :P#)@ is also available and useful for ensuring durability ofconcrete structures" Due to the pro!imity to steel mills, P#) is generally produced inlocations close to steel plants" Gere again due to the bulky nature of the product,the transportation cost predominate" (nother issue concerning Iuality of the P#) isthe actual percentage replacement while making P#)V this information is notnormally displayed on the bags, leaving the user at a disadvantage" $n developed


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countries, information regarding the percentage of slag utili8ed in making P#) isgenerally printed on each bag of cement"

ondensed Silica ume (S)

)#4 is a by-product of 4erro-#ilicon industry and at present an imported product,easily available in the $ndian market" &he particle si8e is very small, about .NN timessmaller than that of cement" $t can occupy the voids in between cement particles ina concrete mi!, reduce the water demand and thus contribute to a very denseconcrete of high durability" 5ormally, ? - .NQ of cement can be replaced by )#4 inorder to produce durable concrete" &he product is e!pensive and is used indeveloped countries only for very high strength concrete :above >? mPa@"$ndiscriminate use of )#4 for lower grades, barring e!ceptions, only increases theproject cost without corresponding technical benets" 2ven when used, thepercentage replacement should be based on trial mi!es in each case, which mayvary from one to .NQ" )#4 may also be used for Gigh Performance )oncrete oflower grades"

Ternary 0lends &ernary blends of mineral admi!tures are now recommended for improving thedurability of important concrete structures" (n outstanding e!ample is the+econstruction of the 5ew $-;? * #t" (nthony 4alls /ridge crossing the Mississippi+iver in Minneapolis, '#" &he new bridge has been opened to trac in #eptember9NN, less than .= months after the collapse" GP) has been used for reconstructionwith a target .NN year life span" Gigh Performance )oncrete containing silica fumeand 6y ash was used for low permeability"

&wo gleaming white concrete sculptures tower A m high at each end of the bridge" &he sculptures were pre-cast using an #)) mi! that included photo-catalytic cementwith self cleaning and pollution reducing characteristics" &he photo-catalytic cementis one of the new developments in the construction materials industry" &he #))concrete resulted in a marble-like, smooth white nish to the concrete surface" *itha low water cementitious material ratio :wcm@, air entrainment and a rapid chloridepermeability test :+)P&@ value of less than .?NN coulombs at 9 days, themonument will also be a durable feature in the severe environment adjacent to the$-;? * +oadway"9


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4or the drilled shaft foundations of the $-;? /ridge, #)) was used" &o controltemperature during curing, 6y ash and slag were incorporated as the majority of thecementitious material" &his reduced the heat of hydration by appro!imately ?NQ"

&he concrete mi!es for the footings and piers were proportioned for mass concrete

and durability through the use of 6y ash and slag" (s the components were massivein si8e, concrete mi!es were modied by cementitious materials, chilled water andcooled aggregates, use of form insulation and internal cooling pipes"

ement Silos &he use of batching plants for producing concrete is gaining increasing acceptance"(s large volumes of cement are used in a batching plant, the cement is generallystored in vertical steel silos" *hen cement is received in bulkers from the factory,the same is directly pneumatically pumped into the silos which have capacitiesranging from ?N to ?NN tonne depending upon the project reIuirements" $f onlybagged cement is available, they are emptied into the silos, usually with the help ofscrew conveyors" 4or modern applications, more than one silo will be reIuireddepending on the types of cement and mineral admi!ture used in the concrete mi!"

$n a recently commissioned batching plant comple! in the Middle 2ast, each of thetwo plants feature nine cement silos for Portland cement, slag cement, micro silica,6y ash and #+) cement"

Dura!ility 1nhancing Products( full line of products are available to prevent or repair corrosion damage" ( typicalcorrosion inhibiting admi!ture prevents deleterious e!pansion and cracking caused

by the formation of rust during over-induced corrosion" &here are also penetratingsealants to protect new and repaired concrete from the corrosive eects of chloride" &he silane and silo!ane based reacting sealers soak into the surface, creating abarrier against water or chlorides"

( number of concrete waterproong admi!tures eliminate the need for conventionale!ternal waterproong membranes and saves time, money and hassle at theconstruction site" $t transforms concrete into a water-resistant barrier by becomingan integral part of the concrete matri!"

$ydro"ho!ic oncrete 2ater"roo&ng System

( typical patented product uses three materials to achieve a water-tight concretestructure, a super-plastici8er which reduces batching water reIuirements, thuslimiting the volume of the capillary pour network in the concreteV a reactivehydrophobic pour blocking concrete admi!ture and product specic water stopprotection at construction dams"

3ther accessory products include an operation retardant, curing compound, water


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stops and polypropylene ber reinforcement" &he patented product is typicallyadded while concrete mi! is being prepared to assist waterproong" 3ne product isapplied at the rate of ? liter per of concrete" &ypically the manufacturer provides awarranty period of .N years" &he performance warranty provides for repairing waterleakage through industry accepted and approved means for a period of .N years"

&he product however has some negative impact on the rate of gain of strength ofconcrete" (s a rough indication, the specied characteristic 9-day strength ofconcrete will not be achieved at 9 days but at ?F days or more"

&he cementitious content of concrete using the integral waterproong compoundshall not be less than ;9? k g c u m with up to ?NQ 6y ash or slag replacement"

&he water cement ratio shall be adjusted to compensate for the water in thewaterproong compound and super-plastici8er and maintain the reIuiredworkability" &he water cement ratio shall not e!ceed N"=9" &he product is of(merican origin, represented by an $ndian company which provides the necessarytechnical e!pertise"

Rein#orcement

&he revised /$# )ode .>F provides for four grades of reinforcement characteri8ed

by the yield strength C 4e =.?, 4e ?NN, 4e ??N and 4e FNN" 2ach of the rst threegrades is also available with superior ductile properties and a nomenclature is 4e=.?D, 4e?NND and 4e??ND" Primarily the ductile grades specify a higher elongationvalue" 'se of higher grades reduces the tonnage of steel in compression memberse"g" columns substantially, results in decongested reinforcement and facilitates easyplacement and vibration of concrete" 4e =.? and 4e ?NN are easily available in themarket" 4e ??N is now being oered by some prime producersC&ata #teel, #ail etc"(fter the revision of the )ode, 4e ??N is also oered in selected diameters"

4e ?NN bars are now used for a number of highrise buildings, bridges and 6yovers in

$ndia" apping of bars results in congestion of steel creates diculties in properplacement and compaction of concrete and of course more e!pensive for largediameter bars" )ouplers are now preferred instead of lapping" *ith widespread use,the cost of couplers has come down" &he coupler design and manufacture permitsthe joints in the same plane without the need for staggering as in the case oflapping 4ig" . shows typical use of couplers for columns of a multi-storied building inMumbai"


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Ternary 0lended ements

&ernary blended cements containing the combination of 6y ashCslag, 6y ashCsilicafume or slagCsilica fume are commonly used for concrete in many parts of theworld" &he 2uropean #tandard 25 .A> for cement lists 9> dierent combinations forcement" 'sually mineral admi!ture used may present a complimentary eect on

cement hydration" imestone ller addition produces favorable eects on cementtest" $n particular, the physical eects caused by limestone ller enhance thestrength due to hydration acceleration of Portland clinker gains at very early ageand the improvement of particle packing of the cementitious system" Gowever, therate of hydration is initially lower than that corresponding to Portland cementVshows a reduction of strength at early age and similar or greater strength at laterages" &ernary cements containing a limited proportion of limestone ller :no morethan .9Q@ and 9N C ;NQ 00/4# provide a good resistance to chloride ingress andgood performance in sulphate environment of low );( Portland cement"=

Photo-catalytic ement &his is a patented Portland cement developed by $talcementi 0roup" &he photo-catalytic components use the energy from ultra-violet rays to o!idi8e most organicand some inorganic compounds" (ir pollutants that would normally result indiscoloration of e!posed surfaces are removed from the atmosphere by thecomponents, and the residues are washed o by rain" &his cement can be used toproduce concrete and plaster products that save on maintenance cost while theyensure a cleaner environment";

$n addition to Portland cement binders, the product contains photo-catalytictitanium dio!ide particles" &he cement is already being used for sound barriers,

concrete paver blocks and faade elements" 3ther applications include pre-cast andarchitectural planners, pavements, concrete masonry units, cement tiles etc"

nsulated oncrete orm ()$)4 structural elements allow ma!imum clear spans" &he $)4 elements are used forlarge commercial buildings, residential buildings etc"

Documents

SMART MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES.docx