ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT

Small Wind Turbine Engineering

ECOLOGY MANAGEMENTAbout me Executive in the wind industry since 1983. Founded Ecology Management in 1995. Lecturer at Energy and Climate Academy. Member of Ministry of Energy advisory board on Wind Turbine Certification. Member of advisory group at EnerginetDK on grid connection. Management member of Small Wind Group. Author of Small Wind Turbine Engineering, from idea to certification. Guest lecturer at Via University.

ECOLOGY MANAGEMENTThe dilemma

320 Small Wind Turbines from 115 companies.

Country

of

manufac

turer

Manufacturer Turbine

Rated

powe

r,

[kW]

BWEA

reference

annual

energy at

5m/s,

[kWh]

Rotor

Diamet

er. [m]

Tower

height, [m]

Swetp

Area,

[m^2]

Standard SWCC MCS (IEC61400-2)

CANADA EocycleEO-

25/1225 37.229 12,60

18,24,30,36,

42125,1

AWEA 9.1 -

2009Pending Pending

China

Sumec

Hardware &

tools Co., LTD

PWB01-

30-481 2.920 3,00 10,2 7,1

AWEA 9.1 -

2009SWCC

China

Sumec

Hardware &

tools Co., LTD

PWB01-

40-482 4.660 4,00 10,2 12,6

AWEA 9.1 -

2009SWCC

China

Sumec

Hardware &

tools Co., LTD

PWA03-

44-2503 6.400 4,40 10,2 15,2

AWEA 9.1 -

2009SWCC

China

Sumec

Hardware &

tools Co., LTD

PWA05-

50-2805 9.240 5,00 10,25 19,6

AWEA 9.1 -

2009SWCC

China

Zhejiang

Huaying Wind

Power

HY5 —

AD5.6

Wind

5 10.000 5,60 - 24,6 BWEA MCS

DK KVA Diesel KVA 6 6 - 7,10 18 34,4 BEK 73 (IEC61400-2)

DK Hagi

Ropatec

Big Star

Vertikal

25 - 8*4,3 - 34,4 BEK 73 (IEC61400-2)

DK KVA Diesel KVA 10 10 - 7,10 21 39,6 BEK 73 (IEC61400-2)

DK Zenia EnergyZenia

ZA66 - 7,30 16.5, 18 40,0 BEK 73 (IEC61400-2)

DK Zenia EnergyZenia

ZA1010 - 7,30 18 40,0 BEK 73 (IEC61400-2)

DK HS Wind Viking

25 25 43.500 13,00 18 133,0 BEK 73 (IEC61400-2)

DKSolid Wind

Power

SWP10-

14TG2010 41.800 14,00 18 154,0 BEK 73 (IEC61400-2)

DKSolid Wind

Power

SWP25-

14TG2025 57.000 14,00 18 154,0 BEK 73 MCS (IEC61400-2)

DK THYMøllen TWP 40-

1010 18.000 7,13 21 39,9 BEK 73

DK THYMøllen TWP 40-

66 15.000 7,13 21 39,9 BEK 73

Ireland C&F CF11 11 24.000 9,00 15 or 18 63,5 BWEA MCS

Ireland C&F CF12 12 24.500 9,00 15, 20 63,6 BWEA MCS

Ireland C&F CF25 25 40.000 13,10 20 134,8 BWEA Pending

Ireland C&F CF20 20 43.799 13,10 20 134,8 BWEA MCS

Ireland C&F CF15 15 43.400 13,10 20 135,0 BWEA MCS

Italy Tozzi Nord TN535 10 37.410 13,20 15, 18, 24 136,7 BWEA MCS

Japan Nikko

companyNWG-1K 0,905 1.435 - - -

JSWTA000

1

Japan Zephyr

CorporationZ-9000 4,711 9.167 1,80 - 2,5

JSWTA000

1

Japan Zephyr

Corporation

Airdolph

in GTO /

Z-1000-

0,585 786 5,50 - 23,8JSWTA000

1

Japan RiamwindRW3K-

JA-011,6 1478 - - -

JSWTA000

1

Japan Hi- VAWT DS-3000 3 -

width 4;

height

4.16

8 -JSWTA000

1

Netherla

nds

Fortis Wind

Energy

Montan

a5 5,00 18 19,6 BWEA Pending Pending

Netherla

ndsLely

Aircon

10S10 Not given 7,50 18, 24 or 30 44,0 BWEA MCS

Scotland Gaia Wind

Gaia-

Wind

133

10 27.502 13,00

15 or 18

(lattice) or

18 and 27

132,7 BWEA MCS

South

Africa

Eveready

Diversified

Products (Pty)

Kestrel

e400nb2,9 3.930 4,00 12, 18 12,6

AWEA 9.1 -

2009SWCC

SpainSonkyo

Energy

Windsp

ot 3.5

kW

3,5 4.820 4,05 12, 14, 18 12,8 BWEA SWCC MCS

Spain Ennera Energy Windera

in S3,2 - 4,30 12 14,5

JSWTA000

1

Sweden WindEnWindEn

4545 - 14,60 - 167,4 BWEA MCS

UK EvancewindEvance

R9005 8.780 5,50

10, 12, 15,

or 1823,7 BWEA SWCC MCS

UK AmpairAmpair

6kW10 10.168 5,50

15, 18, 24,

30 23,7 BWEA Pending

UKKingspan

wind

Kingspa

n KW65,2 8.949 5,50 9, 11.6 or 15 24,6 BWEA MCS

UK AmpairAmpair

10kW10 13.971 6,40

15, 18, 24,

30 32,2 BWEA Pending

UK Osiris Energy Osiris10 10 23.704 9,70 15.5 74,0 BWEA SWCC MCS (IEC61400-2)

UKKingspan

windKW15 15,7 30.000 9,80 15, 20 75,5 BWEA MCS

UK AmpairAmpair

20kW20 28.085 10,40

15, 18, 24,

30 84,9 BWEA Pending

USUrban Green

EnergyEddy GT 10 1.750

vertical.

Width =

1,8

2,7 4,6AWEA 9.1 -

2009Pending Pending

US xzeresSkystrea

m 3.72,4 3.416 3,72

10.2, 13.7 or

18.311,0

AWEA 9.1 -

2009SWCC MCS

USUrban Green

Energy

VisionAI

R(5M)3,2 2.000 - 5,2 16,6

AWEA 9.1 -

2009Pending Pending

USWeaver Wind

Energy 5 5,0 3.587 4,98 5,2 19,5

AWEA 9.1 -

2009Pending

USBergey

WindpowerExcel 6 6,7 9.920 6,02 24, 49 28,4

AWEA 9.1 -

2009SWCC

US

Endurance

Wind

Power Inc.

S-343 - 8.910 6,3731.1, 36.6 or

27.531,9

AWEA 9.1 -

2009SWCC

USBergey

Windpower

Bergey

Excel 1010 13.800 7,00 18 to 49 38,5

AWEA 9.1 -

2009SWCC MCS

US xzeresXzeres

442SR10 15.329 9,70 Not given 41,0

AWEA 9.1 -

2009SWCC MCS

USUrban Green

EnergyUGE 9M 10 14.500

vertical.

Width =

6,4

9,6 61,4AWEA 9.1 -

2009Pending Pending

USStar Wind

Turbines LLC

STAR 36-

1212 - 11,00 15, 24 95

AWEA 9.1 -

2009Pending Pending

USStar Wind

Turbines LLC

STAR 52-

2424 - - - -

AWEA 9.1 -

2009Pending Pending

41 turbines certified and 11 pending.Nov. 2015

ECOLOGY MANAGEMENTQuality Assurance

Source: IRENA

ECOLOGY MANAGEMENTInternational Standards

Design perspective

Mechanical Electrical

IEC 61400-1

IEC 61400-2A < 200 m2

IEC 61400-21

IEC 61400-25-x

+ Several other standards for details, sound, safety, quality etc.

IEC 61400-3Off Shore

ECOLOGY MANAGEMENTNeglected by Governments

Denmark, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom are the only European countries requiring certification. Country Incentives

Austria 30% of investment. Extra to off grid

Belgium 25%-50% of investment

Finland 30%-40% of investment

Greece 25%-40% of investment

Litauania Up to 80% of investment < €200,000

Luxembourg Up to 45% of investment

Poland Loans at 1% interest

Romania 40%-70% for agriculture

Slovakia Petition of subsidy

Slovenia Up to 50% of investment

ECOLOGY MANAGEMENTVertical Axis

-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

-1,2

-1,0

-0,8

-0,6

-0,4

-0,2

-0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1,2

1,4

1,6

1,8

2,0

Opdrift

ModstandF

ak

tor

Indfaldsvinkel

A

BC

D

Chord

Resulting Wind W

Rotation head wind U

Meteorological WindV1

FDb

Blade Element Calculation on HAWT

All elements are known

Blade Element Calculation on VAWT

60% of rotation with V components unknown.

ECOLOGY MANAGEMENTBurnt Child fears fire!

ECOLOGY MANAGEMENTMarket Segments

”Luxury”

Need

ECOLOGY MANAGEMENTThe big thing!

ECOLOGY MANAGEMENTThe Money will be there!

ECOLOGY MANAGEMENTIt is not that difficult!

IEC 61400-2 set a safety factor of 3.3 on stress

UDMATTELSE

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1 10 100 1000 10000 1E+05 1E+06 1E+07 1E+08 1E+09

Fattique

ECOLOGY MANAGEMENTDo you understand this?

If not, hire someone who does, or stop right now!

ECOLOGY MANAGEMENTNote the difference

3.85 m blade. Class II wind regime.

Normal Operation2 x 20 kg

Extreeme Load22 x 20 kg

ECOLOGY MANAGEMENTLoad CasesDesign Situation

Load cases Wind flow Type of analysis Remarks

Power production

A Normal operation F

B Yawing Vhub=Vdesign U

C Yaw error Vhub=Vdesign U

D Maximum trust Vhub=2.5Vave U Rotor spinning but could be furling or fluttering

Power production plus occurance of fault

E Maximum rotational speed

U

F Short at load connection

Vhub=Vdesign U Maximum short-circuit generator torque

Shutdown G Shutdown(Braking)

Vhub=Vdesign U

Extreeme wind loading

H Extreme wind loading

Vhub=Ve50 U The turbine may be parked (idling or standstill) or governing. No manual intervention has occurred.

Parked and fault conditions

I Parked wind loading, maximum exposure

Vhub=Vref U Turbine is loaded with most unfavorable exposure

Transport, assembly and repair

J To be stated by the manufacturer

U

KeyF analysis of fatigue loadsU analysis of ultimate loads

ECOLOGY MANAGEMENTTo you who depend on furling

This is how you calculate the bending moment on your blades, at 30 deg yaw error.

And this is how you calculate it if you have free yaw, and just flip the tail.

You double the loads on your blades and main shaft!All because you don’t know aerodynamics.

ECOLOGY MANAGEMENTRecommended Design Scale

Typical

Rotor D Power

m λ=4 λ=6 kW

1 802 1203 0,2

2 401 602 0,7

3 267 401 1,6

4 201 301 2,8

5 160 241 4,3

6 134 201 6,2

7 115 172 8,5

8 100 150 11,1

9 89 134 14,0

10 80 120 17,3

11 73 109 20,9

12 67 100 24,9

13 62 93 29,2

14 57 86 33,9

15 53 80 38,9

TSR

Rotor rpm [class III]220 W/sqm

ECOLOGY MANAGEMENTRules of Thumb

• 200-250 W/sqm

• Tip Speed 45-55 m/s

• Main Shaft Ø ≥ 1% of Rotor Ø (high grade steel >900 MPa)

• Fx=300N/sqm acting 2/3R

ECOLOGY MANAGEMENTArea/Power Ratio

P0 P

V1 V2

ECOLOGY MANAGEMENTTip Speed

• Other things being equal, sound pressure willincrease with the fifth power of the speed of the blade relative to surrounding air.

• Most profiles have optimum lift at angle of attack about 12 – 14 degrees.

ECOLOGY MANAGEMENTMain Shaft Ø

• Loads on main shaft increase with cube of rotor diameter.

• Bending strength of a shaft increase with cubeof shaft diameter.

ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT300 N/sqm, 2/3R

FX1

FX2

Fx3

FX1

FX2

Fx3

Adds to Tower Loads

Determines Yaw Loads,Except with free yaw.

Adds to Main Shaft Loads

FX1 FX2 Fx3= = = 300 x R2 x π

ECOLOGY MANAGEMENTUsefull Linkswww.airfoiltools.com

http://www.q-blade.org/

http://www.omwcorp.com/how-to-design-machined-parts.html

www.nationalcadstandard.org

www.bizmanuals.com

http://www.intertek.com/uploadedFiles/Intertek/Divisions/Commercial_and_Electrical/Media/PDF/Energy/Wind/101510200LHD-001b_BWEA%20Summary%20Report_CF10%20(phase%20A).pdf

ECOLOGY MANAGEMENTFinal Words

• Governments should require Certification.

• Certification is not a guarantee, but an important step in the right direction.

Thank YouFor your attention