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World Small HydropoWer development report 2013
www.smallhydroworld.org
INDONESIA
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Published in 2013 by United Nations Industrial Development
Organization (UNIDO) and International Center on Small Hydro Power
(ICSHP).
2013 UNIDO and ICSHP
All rights reserved
This report was jointly produced by United Nations Industrial
Development Organization (UNIDO) and International Center on Small
Hydro Power (ICSHP) to provide information about small hydropower.
The document has been produced without formal United Nations
editing. The designations employed and the presentations of the
material in this document do not imply the expression of any
opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of UNIDO and
ICSHP concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city
or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of
its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of
development. Designations such as developed, industrialized and
developing are intended for statistical convenience and do not
necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a
particular country or area in the development process: Mention of
firm names or commercial products does not constitute an
endorsement by UNIDO or its partners. The opinions, statistical
data and estimates contained in the articles are the responsibility
of the author(s) and should not necessarily be considered as
reflecting the views or bearing the endorsement of UNIDO and its
partners.
While every care has been taken to ensure that the content is
useful and accurate, UNIDO and ICSHP and any contributing third
parties shall have no legal liability or responsibility for the
content or the accuracy of the information so provided, or for any
loss or damage caused arising directly or indirectly in connection
with reliance on the use of such information.
Copyright: Material in this publication may be freely quoted or
reprinted, but acknowledgement is requested, together with a copy
of the publication containing the quotation or reprint.
Recommended citation: Liu, H., Masera, D. and Esser, L., eds.
(2013). World Small Hydropower Development Report 2013. United
Nations Industrial Development Organization; International Center
on Small Hydro Power. Available from www.smallhydroworld.org.
Disclaimer
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1
3 Asia 3.4 South-Eastern Asia 3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser,
International Center on Small Hydro Power
Key facts
Population 248,645,0081
Area 1,904,569 km2
Climate Tropical, hot and humid, but more moderate in the
highlands. There are two discernible seasons, both of which are
hot. The coastal regions, however, are often cool, and in the
mountains the air is chilly.
Topography Mostly coastal lowlands, but the larger islands have
interior mountains.
Rain pattern Dry season: June to October. Rainy season: November
to March.
Electricity sector overview The total installed capacity of
Indonesia was 35,313 MW in 2011.
2 Indonesia does not import any
electricity. Thermal sources are dominant contribution to
electricity generation (figure 1). In 2010, most of the electricity
(83 per cent) was produced by the state-utility PT Perusahaan
Listrik Negaras (PLN), 6.4 GW off-grid, half of which from
renewable sources and half from diesel.
3
Figure 1 Electricity generation in Indonesia Source: Differ
Group
3
Note: Data from 2010. In Indonesia, only 67.2 per cent of
households have access to electricity.
2 Indonesia has a rural
electrification programme included in its Renewable Energy
Development Program, where the Government has taken measures to
replace diesel-based power plants with renewable energy ones.
4
Access to electricity, particularly in rural areas is still a
challenge where increased use of hydropower potential is considered
an appropriate solution.
2 The
Government targets an electrification rate of 90 per cent by
2020.
4
Small hydropower sector overview and potential In Indonesia
there is no agreed general consensus on the small hydropower
definition, with the terms small, mini, micro and pico hydropower
used
interchangeably. Current installed small hydropower capacity is
about 100 MW, however, the potential is much higher (figure 1).
Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in Indonesia Germany has
provided long-term support to the development of mini hydropower in
Indonesia. A cooperative called Mini Hydro Power Project (MHPP) was
carried out by the Directorate General of Electricity and Energy
Utilization, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources and the
German Technical Cooperation (GTZ). The first phase of the MHPP
project (1991-1996) had focused on the introduction of technology
to local institutions and individuals thar were already active in
micro hydropower project development. In the second phase
(1999-2002), the scope of intervention was broadened to include
policy dialogue, scaling-up of technology packages, and improving
operation and management. The project has developed a variety of
mini hydropower technology packages transferring knowledge and
expertise to local manufacturers in Java and Sumatra. Over the past
decade, such packages have been applied in more than 100
installations. These schemes presently supply over 20,000 families
with clean and sustainable energy.
5
As part of the global Energizing Development Program, MHPP has,
since 2006, been scaled-up to further enhance sustainable access to
energy in rural Indonesia. Between 2006 and 2009, over 90
additional schemes went into operation. By 2009, these schemes
supplied 68,000 individuals, 427 social infrastructures, and 2,020
small businesses with clean energy. In 2010, a monitoring survey
visited 20 mini hydropower sites built in Sumatra and Sulawesi
under MHPP. The survey mission found 19 out of the 20 visited mini
hydropower sites were still operational and in overall good
condition. Only one was temporarily out of operation due to land
conflicts. On average about 240W is available for each of the 1,638
households supported by the 19 MHPP investigated. Additionally, 88
per cent of the social infrastructure buildings in the communities
are supplied by the installation, meaning that small businesses can
also benefit. All sites are looked after by trained operators who
receive a regular salary. All communities individually defined a
tariff system, where the rules for customer and social
infrastructure tariffs were set; five communities even have special
tariffs for productive use. Each has an established technical and
financial management system. All villages use the collected tariff
for future
44.9%
25.9%
24.0%
5.2%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Coal
Oil
Gas
Hydro/Geothermal
1267 MW
99.4 MW
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
SHP potential
SHP installed
capacity
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2
maintenance and repair of the systems hence they do not require
any further external support.
6
The ASEAN Hydropower Competence Centre (HYCOM) in Bandung
facilitates ASEAN-wide knowledge exchanges on mini and micro
hydropower (1 kW to 1 MW). The objective of HYCOM is to provide an
ASEAN-wide competence centre, offering training as well as
facilitating research and development to the small hydropower
sector. It has implementing partners (i.e. PT Entec Indonesia and
Technical Education Development Centre, Bandung) and supporting
partners i.e. the Swiss Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency
Promotion in International Cooperation, the Renewable Energy
Support Program for ASEAN, the ASEAN Centre for Energy and Deutsche
Gesellschaft fuer Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ).
7 It is involved in training activities on standards,
laboratory testing of micro hydropower equipment with regard to
reliability, safety and efficiency, support for the development of
mini hydropower sites and networking and exchange of micro
hydropower related information.
7
Renewable energy policy The renewable energy target of the
country is 25 per cent. The Government pays attention to its
development and has passed laws and regulations to prioritize and
promote it. These include the National Energy Policy 30/2007, the
Electricity Law 30/2009 and the ministerial decrees on Distributed
Power Generation and Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation.
5
Legislation on small hydropower The electricity generated using
renewable energy, especially small hydropower, is to be bought by
the state-electricity company at an agreed fix price.
2
Barriers to small hydropower development
Structural and policy-related barriers: lack of standardization
of procedures and technical codes, non-standardized procedures to
obtain power purchase agreements, lack of technical support to
interconnect small hydropower to the grid. No consistent and
transparent governmental policy supporting renewable energy
development in place. Absence of subsidies or any other financial
incentives supporting renewable energy development.
Barriers related to technical and institutional capacities:
insufficient stakeholder involvement during project selection,
planning, and implementation. Lack or poor quality of
pre-investment financial evaluations. Technical problems resulting
from poor design and construction quality (civil, mechanical, and
electrical) are also common. Local equipment design and
manufacturing capability is limited, and
is mostly concentrated on Java. Imported small hydropower
equipment is expensive and spare parts are often difficult to
obtain. There are no mechanisms in place (i.e. product liability,
quality assurance, technical control institution) that warrant the
quality of small hydropower equipment.
Plant operation and maintenance is often haphazard, with little
preventative action.
Financing mechanisms are either unavailable or difficult to
locate.
Barriers related to awareness and dissemination of information:
many institutions and decision makers are not aware of the
possibilities for small hydropower development. As a result,
conventional energy options are preferred. Basic data (maps,
surveys, hydrology, and geology) needed for project evaluation is
often missing or difficult to obtain, especially for more remote
regions. A frequently updated and easily accessible inventory with
potential small-scale hydropower sites was inexistent in 2012.
Potential project developers therefore often have to take a lengthy
way through many institutions to identify investment opportunities.
At the same time, attractive sites may remain undeveloped, because
they are unknown.
References 1. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). The World
Factbook. Available from
www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/. 2. Suryo
Busono, Indonesia Agency for the Assessment and Application of
Technology (2012). Survey by International Center on Small Hydro
Power answered in March. 3. Differ Group (2012). The Indonesian
electricity system: A brief overview. 6 February 2012. Available
from www.differgroup.com/Portals/53/images/Indonesia_
overall_FINAL.pdf. 4. Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische
Zusammenarbeit (2009). Energy-policy Framework Conditions for
Electricity Markets and Renewable GTZ
www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/gtz2009-en-terna-indonesia.pdf. Accessed
December 2012. 5. Muksin and Syufrizal (2007). The potential of
energy and hydropower development in Indonesia. Training Workshop
on Small Hydropower Technologies. Hangzhou. 2 November to 11
December. 6. Gesellschaft fuer International Zusammenarbeit (2011).
Energy Newsletter, Issue no. 17, March.
Available from www.endev-indonesia.or.id. 7. Association of
Southeast Asian Nations (n.d.). Hydro Competence Centre. Available
from www.hycom.info.
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