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CENTER OF EXCELLENCE (COE)
TECHNICAL EDUCATION QUALITY
IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMME
(TEQIP - II)
A PROJECT REPORT
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SMALL
HYDRO POWER PLANT
Submitted By:
Ashok Kapoor Girish Gupta Ilina Choudhary Kanika Sharma Vandana Pundir
Id No. 42192 Id No. 42206 Id No. 42209 Id No. 42199 Id No. 42187
Under the guidance of:
Dr. H. J. Shiva Prasad
Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
G.B.PANT UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY
PANTNAGAT-263145, U.S.NAGAR, UTTARAKHAND, INDIA
Page Number 2
Dr. H. J. Shiva Prasad
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
College of Technology
G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology
Pantnagar-263145
Distt.- U.S. Nagar, Uttarakhand
APPROVAL
The project report entitled – Performance Testing of Small Hydro Power Plant submitted by:
1. Ashok Kapoor [42192]
2. Girish Gupta [42206]
3. Ilina Choudhary [42209]
4. Kanika Sharma [42199]
5. Vandana Pundir [42187]
This small research project was carried out by them in Technical Education Quality
Improvement Programme - 2, Center of Excellence (COE, TEQIP-II) in Energy under my
guidance and supervision. This project is hereby approved as a credible work in Civil/Electrical
Engineering field, carried out and presented in a satisfactory manner.
Dr. H.J. Shiva Prasad
Professor
Page Number 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our deepest appreciation to our mentor "Dr. H. J.
Shiva Prasad" who has invested his full effort in guiding the team in achieving
their goal. His experience, guidance and motivation helped us in completing this
research project. We also extend our gratitude to Coordinator, Center of
Excellence, Technical Education Quality Improvement Programme (CEO,
TEQIP – II) which provided us with the opportunity and with the necessary funds
for this research project.
Furthermore we would like to acknowledge with much appreciation the
crucial role of Alternative Hydro Energy Center(AHEC), IIT Roorkee,
Dr. R. P. Saini, Professor, Department of AHEC, IIT Roorkee, Dean, College
of Technology, Transport Pool, G.B.P.U.A.&T., Mr. Avatar Singh,
Technician, Department of AHEC, IIT Roorkee & Mr. Rajendra Manral,
Power Plant Operator, Khairana who gave us the permission to use all the
required equipment and the necessary material to complete the task. We also thank
to all those who helped us in completing this project. Last but not least, we would
like to appreciate the help given by the lab supervisors in our experiments.
Ashok Kapoor Girish Gupta
Ilina Choudhary Kanika Sharma
Vandana Pundir
Page Number 4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
NO.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS 4
LIST OF FIGURES 6
LIST OF TABLES 8
CHAPTER 1:INTRODUCTION 9
1.1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 9
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT 9
1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT 9
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT 10
1.5 EXPECTED OUTCOMES 10
CHAPTER 2: THEORY OF HYDRO POWER PLANTS 11
2.1 MAIN ELEMENTS 13
2.2 CLASSIFICATION 16
2.3 ADVANTAGES 19
2.4 DISADVANTAGES 20
CHAPTER 3: SITE DETAILS 21
3.1 SITE INSPECTION 21
3.2 LOCATION OF SITE 21
3.3 SITE PHOTOGRAPHS 22
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CHAPTER 4: POWER PLANT DETAILS 23
4.1 GENERAL INFORMATION 23
4.2 GENERATING UNITS 24
CHAPTER 5: METHODS AND MATERIALS 34
5.1 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT 34
5.2 POWER MEASUREMENT 37
CHAPTER 6: METHODS USED FOR READINGS 50
6.1 DETAILS OF VISIT 50
6.2 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT 51
6.3 ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT 60
CHAPTER 7: RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 63
7.1 WATER FLOW READING 63
7.2 ELECTRICAL READINGS 64
7.3 POWER OUTPUT ANALYSIS 65
7.4 PLANT EFFICIENCY 66
CHAPTER 8: SUGGESTED MEASURES FOR MICRO
HYDRO POWER PLANT
67
CHAPTER 9: CONCLUSION AND REFERENCES 69
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SL.
NO.
NAME OF THE FIGURES PAGE
NO.
1 Location of the Plant 21
2 Top View of the plant 22
3 Plant‘s Information Board 22
4 Turbine 24
5 Generator 25
6 Governor 26
7 Penstock 27
8 Butterfly Valve 28
9 Free valve 28
10 Forebay Tank 29
11 Flywheel 29
12 Incoming Sluice gate 30
13 Control Panel 31
14 Transformer 31
15 Panorama image 32
16 Line Diagram 32
17 Exit 33
18 Single Phase System 39
19 Three Phase System 41
20 Balanced condition: Three Voltage Transformer 44
21 Balanced condition: Three Wattmeter Method 47
List of Figures
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22 Plum Thread method 54
23 Penstock Center Marking 54
24 Distance between two points 55
25 Grinding of the pipe 55
26 After grinding surface 56
27 Grease Application 56
28 Clamp attachment 57
29 Clamp leveling 57
30 Clamp Connection 58
31 Material data feed 58
32 Diameter feed 59
33 Reading on the meter 59
34 Voltage Reading 60
35 Current Reading 61
36 Frequency Reading 61
37 Power factor reading 62
38 Power Reading 62
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Sl.no. Name of the Table Page No. 1 Water Flow Readings 63
2 Panel 1 Readings 64
3 Panel 2 Readings 64
List of Tables
Page Number 9
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Description
Khairana is a village situated on the foothill of Almora in the state of Uttrakhand. It is alongside
of NH-87 and is 20 km from Bhimtal. Apart from irrigation facility it also acts as a source of
hydroelectric power. The micro hydro power plant is set up by UREDA, as an initiative to
provide electricity to the area locally. It was established in the year 1990. The micro hydro power
plant has 2 turbines, both of them are operational. The micro hydro power plant has the capacity
of 100KW. Project involves calculation of input by measurement of the absolute values of the
discharge through the turbine including losses if any, the net water head available at the turbine
and the electrical power output of the machine, all under specified operating conditions and each
with high accuracy.
1.2 Objectives of the Project
Quantitative checks to confirm that all parts, systems and auxiliaries in the micro hydro
power plant are performing their assigned functions correctly as per the design.
Measurement and tests to confirm that the generating units are operating efficiently.
To suggest the methods and steps to enhance the existing efficiency and performance of
the hydro power plant.
1.3 Justification of the Project
Uttarakhand lies in the Northern part of India amidst the magnificent Himalayas and dense
forests. The State today with 17 Districts can be grouped into three distinct geographical regions,
the High mountain region, the Mid-mountain region and the Tarai region. Uttarakhand has a
hydropower potential of the order of 25,000 MW against which only about 3200 MW has been
harnessed so far. The Government of Uttarakhand (GoUK) has decided to encourage generation
of power through Small Hydropower Sources of energy. There are 17 hydro-electric projects
already producing electricity.
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In this study project, Khairana (Ramgarh) Micro Hydro Project will be evaluated for its
performance based on project efficiency and other factors. Based on the current data the
efficiency and performance of power plant can be increased to utilize the plant to its full
potential.
1.4 Significance of the Project
From the study of the Khairana Power plant, plant‘s existing efficiency and performance can be
further enhanced to provide more benefits to the people directly and indirectly linked with
project. With the increase in the performance, the stability and reliability of the project can be
increased to make the operational value of the project more feasible.
1.5 Expected Project Outcomes
Full inspection and functional checks of all parts, systems and station auxiliaries.
Measurement of the operating parameters, maximum power output and efficiency of
the generating units at different loads.
Improvement of the efficiency and performance of the power plant.
Providing remedies for the existing problems in the plant.
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2. THEORY OF HYDROPOWER
PLANTS
Hydropower is an extremely flexible technology for power generation. Hydro reservoirs
provide built-in energy storage, and the fast response time of hydropower enables it to be used to
optimise electricity production across grids, meeting sudden fluctuations in demands.
However, large scale hydropower projects can be controversial because they affect water
availability downstream, inundate valuable ecosystems and may require the relocations of
populations. Despite being a mature technology, in comparison with other renewable energy
sources, hydropower has still a significant potential. New plants can be developed and old ones
upgraded, especially in terms of increasing efficiency and electricity production as well as
environmental performance. In particular, the development of low-head or very low-head small
hydro plants holds much promise.
A Small Hydro Power Plant is not simply a reduced version of a large hydro plant. Small
hydro plants generate electricity or mechanical power by converting the power available in
flowing waters in rivers, canals and streams with a certain fall (termed the ‗head‘) into electric
energy at the lower end of the scheme, where the powerhouse is located. The power of the
scheme is proportional to the flow and to the head. Small hydropower schemes are mainly run
off-river with no need to create a reservoir. Because of this fact, small hydropower systems can
be considered an environmentally friendly energy conversion option, since they do not interfere
significantly with river flows and fit in well with the surroundings. The advantages of small
hydropower plants are numerous and include grid stability, reduced land requirements, local and
regional development and good opportunities for technologies export. Small hydro is the
development of hydroelectric power on a scale serving a small community or industrial plant.
The definition of a small hydro project varies but a generating capacity of up to
10megawatts (MW) is generally accepted as the upper limit of what can be termed small hydro.
This may be stretched up to 30 MW in the India. Small hydro can be further subdivided into
micro hydro, usually defined as less than 1,000 kW, and micro hydro which is less than
100 kW. Micro hydro is usually the application of hydroelectric power sized for smaller
communities, single families or small enterprise. Small hydro plants may be connected to
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conventional electrical distribution networks as a source of low-cost renewable energy.
Alternatively, small hydro projects may be built in isolated areas that would be uneconomic to
serve from a network, or in areas where there is no national electrical distribution network. Since
small hydro projects usually have small reservoirs and civil construction work, they are seen as
having a relatively low environmental impact compared to large hydro. This decreased
environmental impact depends strongly on the balance between stream flow and power
production. One tool that helps evaluate this issue is the Flow Duration Curve or FDC. The FDC
is a Pareto curve of a stream's daily flow rate vs. frequency. Reductions of diversion help the
river's ecosystem, but reduce the hydro system's Return on Investment (ROI). The hydro system
designer and site developer must strike a balance to maintain both the health of the stream and
the economics. Plants with reservoir, i.e. small storage and small pumped-storage
hydropower plants, can contribute to distributed energy storage and decentralized peak and
balancing electricity. Such plants can be built to integrate at the regional level intermittent
renewable energy sources. Micro hydro is a type of hydroelectric power that typically produce
up to 100 kW of electricity using the natural flow of water. These installations can provide
power to an isolated home or small community, or are sometimes connected to electric power
networks. There are many of these installations around the world, particularly in developing
nations as they can provide an economical source of energy without the purchase of fuel.Micro
hydro systems complement photovoltaic solar energy systems because in many areas, water
flow, and thus available hydro power, is highest in the winter when solar energy is at a
minimum. Micro hydro is frequently accomplished with a pelton wheel for high head, low flow
water supply. The installation is often just a small dammed pool, at the top of a waterfall, with
several metre of pipe leading to small generator housing.
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2.1 Hydro Power Basics
Hydraulic power can be captured wherever a flow of water falls from a higher level to a lower
level. The vertical fall of the water, known as the ―head‖, is essential for hydropower generation;
fast-flowing water on its own does not contain sufficient energy for useful power production
except on a very large scale, such as offshore marine currents. Hence two quantities are required:
a Flow Rate of water Q, and a Head H. It is generally better to have more head than more flow,
since this keeps the equipment smaller.
The Gross Head (H) is the maximum available vertical fall in the water, from the upstream level
to the downstream level. The actual head seen by a turbine will be slightly less than the gross
head due to losses incurred when transferring the water into and away from the machine. This
reduced head is known as the Net Head.
Flow Rate (Q) in the river, is the volume of water passing per second, measured in m3/sec.
For small schemes, the flow rate may also be expressed in liters/second or 1 m3/sec.
Power and Energy
Power is the energy converted per second, i.e. the rate of work being done, measured in watts
(where 1watt = 1 Joule/sec. and 1 kilowatt = 1000 watts).
In a hydro power plant, potential energy of the water is first converted to equivalent amount of
kinetic energy. Thus, the height of the water is utilized to calculate its potential energy and this
energy is converted to speed up the water at the intake of the turbine and is calculated by
balancing these potential and kinetic energy of water.
Potential energy of water Ep = m*g*H
Kinetic energy of water Ek = ½ * m *c2
Where,
m is mass of water (kg),
g is the acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2),
H is the effective pressure head of water across the turbine (m).
c is the jet velocity of water at the intake of the turbine blade (m/s).
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2.2 Main Elements of a Hydro Power Scheme:
Main components of a small scale hydro power scheme can be summarized as follows:
Water is taken from the river by diverting it through an intake at a weir.
In medium or high-head installations water may first be carried horizontally to the
forebay tank by a small canal.
Before descending to the turbine, the water passes through a settling tank or ‘forebay’ in
which the water is slowed down sufficiently for suspended particles to settle out. It is a
pond like structure at the top of the penstock which regulated the fluctuation of water. It
forms the connection between the channel and the penstock. The main purpose is to allow
the last particles to settle down before the water enters the penstock. In front of the
penstock a trash rack needs to be installed to prevent large particles from entering the
penstock.
A penstock is an enclosed pipe that delivers water to hydro turbines and it controls the
water flow.
A butterfly valve is a valve which can be used for isolating or regulating flow. The
closing mechanism takes the form of a disk. Operation is similar to that of a ball valve,
which allows for quick shut off. Butterfly valves are generally favored because they are
lower in cost to other valve designs as well as being lighter in weight, meaning less
support is required. The disc is positioned in the center of the pipe, passing through the
disc is a rod connected to an actuator on the outside of the valve. Rotating the actuator
turns the disc either parallel or perpendicular to the flow. Unlike a ball valve, the disc is
always present within the flow, therefore a pressure drop is always induced in the flow,
regardless of valve position.
Hydro turbine governor is one of the important auxiliary equipments in a hydroelectric
generating set, a general term that describes one or more devices consist of realizing
adaptive water-turbine and responsive control mechanism and indicators
Functions of Hydro Turbine Governor:
1. It can automatically adjust the rotating speed of hydroelectric generating, keeping
them running within the allowable deviation rated speed, so as to meet the
requirements of power grid frequency quality.
Page Number 15
2. It quickly makes hydroelectric generating set automatically or manually starting
to adapt to the power grid load‘s increase and decrease, and the needs of the
normal downtime or emergency stop.
3. When it runs in parallel with hydroelectric generating set in the power system,
the governor can be automatically scheduled for the load distribution, and make
each unit to achieve economic operation.
After leaving the turbine, the water discharges down a ‗tailrace‘ canal back into the river.
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2.3 Classification of hydro power plants
2.3.1 Classification with Respect to Quantity of Water
Available
I. Run-off river plants without poundage: These plants do not have storage or pondage to
store water; Run-off River plants without pondage uses water as it comes. The plant can
use water as and when available. Since, generation capacity of these types of plants these
plants depend on the rate of flow of water, during rainy season high flow rate may mean
some quantity of water to go as waste while during low run-off periods, due to low flow
rates, the generating capacity will be low.
II. Run-off river plants with pondage: In these plants, pondage allows storage of water
during lean periods and use of this water during peak periods. Based on the size of the
storage structure provided it may be possible to cope with hour to hour fluctuations. This
type of plant can be used on parts of the load curve as required, and is more useful than a
plant without pondage. If pondage is provided, tail race conditions should be such that
floods do not raise tail-race water level, thus reducing the head on the plant and impairing
its effectiveness.
This type of plant is comparatively more conscientious and its generating capacity is not
based on available rate of flow of water.
III. Reservoir plants: A reservoir plant is that which has a reservoir of such size as to accede
carrying over storage from wet season to the next dry season. Water is stored behind the
dam and is available to the plant with control as required. This type of plant has better
extent and can be used efficiently throughout the year. Its firm capacity can be expanded
and can be utilized either as a base load plant or as a peak load plant as required. It can
also be used on any portion of the load curve as required. Maximum hydro-electric plants
are of this type.
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2.3.2 Classification based on the hydraulic features
Based on the hydraulic features hydro-electric power plants can be classified into the four types:
I. Conventional hydro-electric plants:
These plants utilize the hydraulic energy of the flowing water of the rivers. Dams are
constructed to collect the water in the reservoir and used to run the turbines.
II. Pumped storage plants
In this type of hydroelectric power plants the same water is utilized again and again by
pumping back during the off peak hours. They are mainly used to meet the peak demand.
III. Tidal power plant
These power plant produces electric energy from the tides of the seas.
IV. Depression power plants:
In this type of power plant water is diverted into a natural topological depression which
provides head for the plant. Water is diverted from ample resources such as seas. It is a
rare type of power plant. This type of power plants exists in Egypt.
2.3.3 Classification based on the operation
I. Base load plants
This type of plants involves in continuous power generation. Simply speaking
conventional hydroelectric power plants are base load plants.
II. Peak load plants
If the power plant is operated only to meet the peak demand then it is called peak load
plants. In general, pumped storage power plants are peak load plants. In this type of
hydroelectric power plants the same water is utilized again and again by pumping back
during the off peak hours.
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2.3.4 Classification based on plant capacity
Type Capacity
Very low capacity hydroelectric plants Up to 0.1 MW
Low capacity hydroelectric plants Up to 1.0 MW
Medium capacity hydroelectric plants Up to 10 MW
High capacity hydroelectric plants More than 10 MW
They can also be classified as follows
Type Capacity
Micro hydroelectric plants < 100 kW
Micro hydroelectric plants 100kW to 1MW
Small hydroelectric plants 1 MW to a few MW
Medium hydroelectric plants More than a few MW
Super hydroelectric plants More than 1000 MW
2.3.5 Classification based on head Based on the available head hydro power plants are classified into the following:
Type Head
Low head plants < 15 m
Medium head plants 15 – 70 m
High head plants 70 – 250 m
Very high head plants More than 250 m
I. High head plants Due to high head, small amount of water can produce large amount of power. Therefore these
types of plants are very economical. The reservoir is found at the top of the mountain and the
power house is found at the foot. For high head plants catchment area of small capacity is
sufficient. If the water from one stream is not sufficient, more than water can be diverted from
the neighbouring streams. For heads above 500 m, Pelton turbine is used and for low heads
Francis turbines are used.
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II. Medium head plants Larger volume of water is required in this type if power plant. The reservoir capacity will be
large. In these power plant water is carried from the reservoir is carried to the penstock through
the forebay. There is no need of surge tank as forebay itself acts as a surge tank. Francis, Kaplan
and Propeller turbines are commonly used for the medium head plants.
III. Low head plants Low head plants require larger volume of water than high and medium head plants to produce
same amount of power. The reservoir capacity will be large. Francis, Kaplan and Propeller
turbines are commonly used for the low head plants.
2.4 Advantages of Hydroelectric Plants
The benefits of hydropower plants are manifold as described below:
• The running, operation and maintenance cost of this kind of plants are low.
• After the initial infrastructures are developed the energy is virtually free.
• The plants is totally free of pollution as no conventional fuels are required to
be burned.
• The lifetime of generating plants are substantially long.
• Reliability is much more than wind, solar or wave power due to its easy availability and
convertibility.
• Water can be stored above the dam ready to cope with peaks in demand.
• The uncertainties that arises due to unscheduled breakdowns are relatively infrequent and
short in duration due to the simplicity and flexibility of the instruments.
• Hydro-electric turbine generators can be started and put ‗‗on-line‘‘ very rapidly.
• It is possible to produce electricity from hydro-electric power plant if flow is continuously
available.
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2.5 Disadvantages of Hydro Power Plant
Emission of methane and carbon dioxide The reservoir of water for hydroelectric power releases a large amount of carbon dioxide
and methane.
Disturbance of habitat
The formation of large and huge dams destroys the living beings around them.
Installation costs
Although the effective cost is zero but the manufacturing and building a dam and
installation of the turbines is very costly due to which many countries do not employ this
alternative source of energy.
Limited use
As the hydroelectric power is produced by the water which depend on the yearly rain
falls so only those areas can use this method which receives a good amount of rainfall
water because this method needs a huge reservoir of water.
Divert natural waterway
Dams and rivers collect water for the production of electricity which alters the natural
system of water flow thus depriving houses of the water they need.
Effects on agriculture
Making dams on rivers affect the amount, quality and temperature of water that flow in
streams which has drastic effects on agriculture and drinking water.
Fish killing
The water while flowing through the dam collects nitrogen which can damage and also
kills fish. They can also damage the reproduction of fishes thus eliminating the whole
species of fishes.
Disputes between people
Changing the river pathway and shortage of water can cause serious disputes between
people
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3. SITE DETAILS
3.1 Site Location
Khairana is a village situated on the foothill of Almora. It is alongside of NH-87
and is 20 km from Bhimtal. The micro hydro power plant was set up in Khairana
by Uttrakhand Renewable Energy Development Agency (UREDA). It was
established in the year 1990. The micro hydro power plant has 2 turbines, both are
operational. The micro hydro power plant has the capacity of 100KW, 50kw of
each unit.
3.2 Location of the Micro Hydro Power Plant
Location of Plant
Fig. 1 Location of the Plant
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3.3 Site Photographs
Fig. 3 Plant’s information board
Fig. 2 Top view of the plant
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4. POWER PLANT DETAILS
4.1 GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Name of Power Station: Micro Hydro Power Plant, Khairana,
Ramgarh
2. Owner of Power Station: Uttarakhand Renewable Energy
Development Agency
3. Location
Nearest Town with Distance: Bhimtal
District: Nainital
State: Uttrakhand
4. Type of Power Station: Run-of-river Type
5. Source of Water: Ramganga River
6. No. of Generating Units: 2 units of 50 KW each
7. Maximum and minimum head: Maximum Head: 53.5 metre
Minimum Head: 50 metre
8. Commissioning Date
(for each unit): 5th
June 1990
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4.2 GENERATING UNITS
4.2.1 Turbine
Type: Impulse Turbine
Shaft (Vertical/Horizontal): Vertical
Make: Jyoti Ltd.
Rated Head: 50 metre
Rated Discharge: 145 litre per second
Rated Power Output: 50KW Each unit
Rated Speed: 750 rpm
Rated Torque: 77.5 Nm
Speed Increaser Used: None
Flywheel Provided? (Yes/No): Yes
Pressure Taps Provided? (Yes/No): Yes
Size: 6.35 mm
Fig. 4 Turbine
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4.2.2 GENERATOR
Make: Jyoti Ltd.
Type (Synchronous / Induction): Induction
Rated Speed: 750 rpm
Generator Ratings: 50 kW, 0.8 pf, 62.5kVA,
50Hz, 415V, Y connected
stator windings
Designed Overloading (%): 5%
Run-away Speed: 750 rpm
Excitation System
(Brushless/Static/Brush-type): Brush Type
Fig.5 Generator
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4.2.3 GOVERNOR
Type: Analog
Make: Jyoti India Pvt. Ltd.
Response Time: Instant
Sensitivity: High
Fluid Used: Hydraulic Oil
Fig. 6 Governor
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4.2.4 PENSTOCK
Length: 280 meter
Inside Diameter: 450.149 mm
Thickness: 5.8 mm
Outer Diameter: 460.159 mm
Material: Cast Iron
No. of Bends: 8
Fig. 7 Penstock
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4.2.5 BUTTERFLY VALVE
4.2.6 FREE VALVE
Fig. 8 Butterfly Valve
Fig. 9 Free Valve
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4.2.7 FOREBAY TANK
4.2.8 FLYWHEEL
Fig. 10 Forebay Tank
Fig. 11 Flywheel
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4.2.9 INCOMING SLUICE GATE
Fig. 12 Sluice Gate
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4.2.10 CONTROL PANEL
No.: 2 X 50 KW
4.2.11 TRANSFORMER
Fig. 14 Transformer
Fig. 13 Control Panel
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4.2.12 PANORAMA IMAGE OF TURBINE AND GENERATOR
4.2.13 LINE DIAGRAM OF THE PLANT
Fig. 16 Line Diagram
Fig. 15
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4.2.14 EXIT OUTLET OF WATER
Fig. 18 Exit
Page Number 34
5. METHODS & MATERIALS In the given project, to calculate the efficiency of the plant, various types of measurements are
required. These measurements can be broadly classified into two categories namely Discharge
measurement and electrical Measurement.
5.1 Discharge measurement
The measurement of discharge in a hydroelectric plant can be performed with the desired
accuracy only when the specific requirements of the chosen method are satisfied. It is therefore
in the interest of the parties involved to select the method (s) to be used for an acceptance test at
an early stage in the design of the plant because later provision may be expensive or even
impracticable. It is suggested that provision be made for two methods, for instance one method
for gross discharge measurement and giving information on the flow patterns.
The choice of the method (s) for measuring discharge may dictate the conduct and duration of
the performance test. Some of the factors that may affect this choice are:
a) limitations imposed by the design of the plant;
b) cost of installation and special equipment;
c) limitations imposed by plant operating conditions, for example draining of the system,
constant load or discharge operation, etc.
Now here different types of methods of discharge methods are discussed with their brief
description.
5.1.1 Discharge measurements by volumetric measurement (IEC
60041 (1991)/IS 14197:1994:1)
The accuracy of this method is a direct function of the degree of exactness with which the
capacity of the reservoir is known. The greatest care must be taken in establishing this capacity,
which shall be regularly checked.
The most precise method of calibration consists in weighing the water contained in the reservoir.
This method is applicable directly in the case of small movable reservoirs. When using large
fixed reservoirs, a totalizing method can be used. In this case, the main reservoir is calibrated by
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means of an auxiliary reservoir that is of the form of a calibrated pipe so that its level of filling
determines with precision the volume utilized.
One must take into account the water that adheres to the walls of the calibrating reservoir when
empty, the volume of this residua1 water varies with the time of draining out and a little with
thetemperature(due to the viscosity and the surface tension).
One may, on the other hand, determine the volume by measuring the geometric dimensions. It is
necessary to make a very large number of measurements to take account of all the irregularities
in the walls. Whenever possible, several methods shall be used to measure the capacity of the
reservoir; in any case a curve or a table of volume versus water level shall be established.
After each measurement, the magnitude of the errors shall be determined.
It is also necessary to provide against certain errors such as the absorption of water by coatings
or linings, deformation of the walls, leakage, and other causes, particularly rain, evaporation, etc.
Every effort should be made to proportion the reservoirs with respect to the flows to be measured
so that errors of time and level will be kept as small as possible.
The reservoirs, whether fixed or movable, shall be checked by filling, especial care being taken
to check any distortion which may have arisen during construction or transportation. Reservoirs
for these purposes should be constructed of the proper materials; in particular the reservoirs can
be of steel plate reinforced on the sides.
5.1.2 Gravimetric method(IEC 60041 (1991), Clause 10.5/ IS
14197:1994:2) An alternative to the volumetric method is to collect the flow for a known time and weigh it.
This has the advantage of being more direct than the volumetric method which itself is
dependent upon calibrating the collecting vessel against known weights of water. It is thus much
easier to maintain high accuracy with the gravimetric method but its use is normally restricted to
flow rates below about 1 m‖/s because of the size of apparatus required.
5.1.3 Weirs (IEC 60041 (1991), Clause 10.6/ IS 14197:1994:2) The use of weirs is possible for all test laboratories having a free water surface. This device
possesses a great sensitivity and by means of having a free water surface results in great stability.
On the other hand, it is very sensitive to any changes in the distribution of velocity of approach
and to the physical state of the upstream face of the weir plate. For these reason it is desirable to
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provide in all such installations the means to calibrate this device. Nevertheless, for a rectangular
sharp crested weir aerated and without end contraction, it may be agreed to use the S.I.A. and
Kindsvater formulae and corresponding installations as standardized by ISO. If the accuracy of
these standards is not sufficient, a calibration must be made.
All other types of weirs can only be used as a secondary method of measurement against some
other method.
5.1.4 Differential meters(IEC 60041 (1991), Clause 10.7/ IS
14197:1994:4) Differential meters, such as Venturi meters, orifices and nozzles, are particularly adapted IO
small size installations or those operating on closed circuit without a free water surface. The
piping arrangement of the meter shall ensure a smooth, non-rotating flow approach to the meter
over the whole range of discharge. Straightening vanes, honeycombs, or similar devices, should
be placed at suitable distances upstream of the meter.
Discharge measurement by orifices and nozzles has been standardized by lSO/TC 30. These
standards should be used whenever possible if their accuracy is regarded as satisfactory. When
the standard installation conditions cannot be fulfilled, these meters will be calibrated under their
measuring conditions.
Several pairs of independent pressure connections should be used in order to detect easily any
evidence of accidental error in the measurement due to conditions ‗of the connection to the
apparatus or to the pressure connections.
5.1.5 Ultrasonic Flow meter method(IEC 60041 (1991)/ IS
14197:1994:5)
An ultrasonic flow meter is a type of flow meter that measures the velocity of a fluid with
ultrasound to calculate volume flow. Using ultrasonic transducers, the flow meter can measure
the average velocity along the path of an emitted beam of ultrasound, by averaging the difference
in measured transit time between the pulses of ultrasound propagating into and against the
direction of the flow or by measuring the frequency shift from the Doppler effect. Ultrasonic
flow meters are affected by the acoustic properties of the fluid and can be impacted by
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temperature, density, viscosity and suspended particulates depending on the exact flow meter.
They vary greatly in purchase price but are often inexpensive to use and maintain because they
do not use moving parts, unlike mechanical flow meters.
5.2 POWER MEASUREMENT
5.2.1 Indirect method of power measurement
The choice of instruments for measuring electrical power is more or less linked to the measuring
method used for the other quantities, especially for discharge measurement.
Integrating electrical instruments (watthourmeters and counters) are more suitable in those cases
where integrating discharge measurements are made.
Power integration conducted during the period over which discharge is measured cancels the
effect of variations in the discharge and power that may occur within this period. However,
beside integration measurement, instantaneous readings should be taken to monitor the amount
of the possible variations but a higher uncertainty may be expected in these instantaneous
readings. When the pressure/time method is used for measuring the discharge, the power shall be
registered before, and up to, the beginning of the measurement.
When it is necessary to use permanently installed transformers, they should be calibrated before
installation for the conditions to be encountered during the test period (load on the secondary due
to extra measuring instruments, power factor, etc.). Their actual characteristics should also be
measured so that any abnormality may be detected at the time of the test.
In order to simplify the test and to eliminate every source of error, any auxiliaries directly driven
by the machine should, whenever possible, be disengaged during the course of the test.
As discharge, specific hydraulic energy and power are functions of the rotational speed during
the acceptance test the speed shall be measured with the required accuracy.
Measurement of electrical power should be made at the terminals of the electrical machine if at
all possible. If this cannot be done, the measured power must be corrected for losses occurring
between the terminals and the measuring section.
The power factor shall be unity if possible.
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In the following sub-clauses the methods for measuring all the components of the mechanical
power will be illustrated. For the electrical power measurement, only watt meters or static power
meters (or power transducers) are considered, but they may be replaced by watthourmeters or
static energy meters (or energy transducers).
Electronic meters for power, current, voltage and phase angle are suitable for use with a data
acquisition.
a) Methods of measurement
The following sub-clauses describe the methods of measurement for single-phase and three-
phase systems. In the latter case two- and three-wattmeter methods are described.
The three-wattmeter method is slightly better than the two-wattmeter method. In relation to the
improvement of the resulting uncertainty of turbine or pump efficiency the difference is however
negligible. The two-wattmeter method therefore is used in most cases because it requires less
equipment. At power factors (cos (p) less than 0,85 lagging, the ratio P1 /P2 of the power
measured by each instrument using the two-wattmeter method is less than 0.5. In such cases, the
three-wattmeter method is preferred. In the case of an electrical machine with a neutral line, the
three-wattmeter method has to be used; the two-wattmeter method can be used, if the absence of
current in the neutral line can be verified.
a.1) Single-phase system(IEC 60041 (1991), Clause 12.1.1/ IS 41
Clause 12.1.1.1)
In Figure 5.1 a diagram is indicated for a single-phase system:
Pap= Pas• ku • ki(1+ e) (1)
Pas=Us'Is • cos ⱷs
where:
Pap is the primary power whose measurement is required
Pasis the secondary power (measured value)
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ku and ki are the rated transformation ratio of voltage and current transformers
e is the relative value of the correction for the measuring system established by calibrations
Us is the secondary voltage
Is the secondary current
ⱷs is the phase difference between secondary vectors
The relative value E of the correction is given by the following formula (see Appendix G):
e = ew +eu+ ei -δ tan ⱷs
where
ew is the relative value of the correction for the wattmeter or for the transducer
eu is the relative value of the correction for the voltage transformer ratio including the correction
due to the connection cables from transformer terminals to the measuring instruments
ei is the relative value of the correction for the current transformer ratio
δ = δi—δu is the difference between the phase displacement of the current transformer and
voltage transformer, in radians
δi is the phase displacement of the current transformer, in radians
δu is the phase displacement of the voltage transformer, including the correction due to the
connection cables from transformer terminals to the measuring instruments, in radians
a.2) Three-phase system: two instruments or one double
element instrument (two-wattmeter method) - Balanced
Fig. 18 Single Phase System
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conditions – Two voltage transformers(IEC 60041 (1991),
Clause 12.2.1/ IS 41 Clause 12.1.2.1)
Figure 5.2 shows the measuring diagram with two single-phase instruments or with a double-
clement instrument and two voltage transformers. Under balanced conditions, which is
substantially the normal case, the power on the primary side is
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With the same considerations made in Appendix G, the relative value of the correction for each
measuring system, established by calibrations, is given by:
The relative value of the correction of the combined measuring system is given by:
Assuming:
Fig. 19 Three Phase System
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therefore:
In balanced conditions it is:
and the formula for the relative value of the correction of the combined measuring system is:
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A.2.1 Balanced conditions — Three voltage transformers(IEC 60041
(1991), Clause 13.1.1/ IS 41 Clause 12.1.3.1) Figure 5.3 shows the measuring diagram with two single-phase instruments or with a double-
element instrument and three voltage transformers. Under balanced conditions, which is
substantially the normal case, the power on the primary side is:
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Fig. 20 Balanced Condition: Three Phase Transformer
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A.2.2) Unbalanced conditions The measurement of the electrical power is made in the same manner as under balanced
conditions, but the calculation of the correction has to take into account the different values of
current, voltage and power factor in the two measuring systems.
A.3) Three-phase system: three instruments or one three-element
instrument (three-wattmeter method)(IEC 60041 (1991), Clause
13.2.1/ IS 41 Clause 12.2.1.1)
A.3.1) Balanced conditions Figure 5.4 shows the measuring diagram with three single-phase instruments or with a three-
elementinstrument. Under balanced conditions, which are substantially the normal case, the
power on the primary side is:
where the secondary power is:
Where Usph is the secondary phase voltage and Is the secondary current.
The relative value of the correction for the combined measuring system is given by:
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and where the value of ⱷs is derived from:
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A.3.2) Unbalanced conditions
The measurement of the electrical power is made in the same manner as under balanced
conditions, but the calculation of the correction has to take into account the different values of
current, voltage and power factor in the three measuring systems.
Fig. 21 Balance condition: Three Wattmeter
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A.4) Number of readings
The number of readings shall be sufficient to permit an accurate calculation of the mean power
over the duration of the run. The number will depend on the test time and on the stability of
readings. As shown in Appendix C the random uncertainty decreases as the number of readings
increases. Under difficult conditions integrating meters are preferred.
5.2.2 General Methods of Power Measurement
The power output from the model turbine shaft may be measured by one of the following
primarymethods:
1) Mechanical brake
2) Water brake
3) Electrical brake
4) Torsion dynamometer
The use of a calibrated electrical generator to measure power output is not recommended
foracceptance test purposes using laboratory models.
All the above methods involve the simultaneous measurement of net torque (T in mkg) andshaft
speed (it rev/min) from which the net power output in kW from the turbine shaft may
becomputed from the following expression:
P = (2 * pi * shaft speed * Torque)/60
In methods l), 2) and 3), the torque on the brake is determined by the effective force applied
tothe brake arm and the radius at which it is applied. In method 4), the torque must be computed
bymeans of a previous calibration.
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5.3 Torque measurement
5.3.1 Mechanical brake
The mechanical or Prony brake consists of a drum on the dynamometer shaft towhich a frictional
torque can be applied by means of a rope, belt, brake-shoes or some other suitabledevice. The
torque is varied by altering the frictional resistance on the drum and balancing this byweights on
the brake arm. It has the advantage that high torques can be applied at low speeds evendown to
zero rotational speeds. The torque so applied must be steady and the mechanical system freefrom
oscillations. In order to dissipate the heat generated, water cooling must be applied and in sucha
way that it does not introduce any torque errors
5.3.2 Water brake
The water or Froude brake consists of a bladed disk fixed to the shaft, and rotating inside a
casing filled with water or oil and able to pivot about the shaft axis. The torque is varied by
altering the amount of liquid in the casing. It thus absorbs power hydro dynamically, the torque
reaction being measured on the pivoting casing. It is unsuitable for use at low speeds as its power
absorption varies as 9. There are combined mechanical and water brakes which have the
advantages of high torque at low speeds and flexible operation at high speeds. As the power
absorbed heats the liquid, a continuous flow through the casing is required and this must be
arranged so that the liquid enteringand leaving the casing causes no tangential torque errors and
that the flow conditions are sufficiently stable to ensure a steady applied torque. Similarly, the
shaft glands retaining the liquid must either impose no sensible frictional torque or be provided
with a torque measuring device.
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6. Methods used for Readings
Details of Visit
Visit 1 – Reconnaissance Visit – 23/02/2014 In the first visit, the site was inspected. All the theoretical details about the plant were noted
down including the type and make of various machines installed at the location e.g. Generator,
Transformer, Governor, various types of Valves, etc.
Also we learned the overall functioning of the plant and the how the distribution of power takes
place at different intervals of day.
Visit 2 – Experimentation visit – 01/05/2014
This visit was aimed at doing various experiments and taking various readings. The reading of
flow was measured using the Ultrasonic Flow Meter(UTTF) and the electrical readings were
taken directly from the control panel.
Visit 3 – Conclusion Visit – 02/05/2015
In the third and final visit, various methods were employed and tested theoretically which will
improve the efficiency of the hydro power plant. Also the topographical changes were observed
which could be made which will help in improving the efficiency of the plant.
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6.1 Discharge measurement
Out of all the methods listed in the discharge measurement theory, Ultrasonic flow meter method
is used for finding the discharge of the water in the penstock. The other methods were not used
for the discharge measurement for the following reasons:-
1. Closed penstock from forebay tank to the turbine.
2. Difficult geographical terrain of the power plant.
3. Huge amount of flow and water volume at the exit of the turbine.
6.1.1 Ultrasonic flow meter method
An ultrasonic flow meter is a type of flow meter that measures the velocity of a fluid with
ultrasound to calculate volume flow. Using ultrasonic transducers, the flow meter can measure
the average velocity along the path of an emitted beam of ultrasound, by averaging the difference
in measured transit time between the pulses of ultrasound propagating into and against the
direction of the flow or by measuring the frequency shift from the Doppler Effect. Ultrasonic
flow meters are affected by the acoustic properties of the fluid and can be impacted by
temperature, density, viscosity and suspended particulates depending on the exact flow meter.
They vary greatly in purchase price but are often inexpensive to use and maintain because they
do not use moving parts, unlike mechanical flow meters.
Ultrasonic flow meters are commonly applied to measure the velocity of liquids that allow
ultrasonic waves to pass, such as water, molten sulphur, cryogenic liquids, and chemicals.
Transit time designs are also available to measure gas and vapour flow. Be careful because fluids
that do not pass ultrasonic energy, such as many types of slurry, limit the penetration of
ultrasonic waves into the fluid. In Doppler ultrasonic flow meters, opaque fluids can limit
ultrasonic wave penetration to near the pipe wall, which can degrade accuracy and/or cause the
flow meter to fail to measure. Transit time ultrasonic flow meters can fail to operate when an
opaque fluid weakens the ultrasonic wave to such an extent that the wave does not reach the
receiver.
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Ultrasonic flow meters do not obstruct flow so they can be applied to sanitary, corrosive and
abrasive liquids. Some ultrasonic flow meters use clamp-on transducers that can be mounted
external to the pipe and do not have any wetted parts. Temporary flow measurements can be
made using portable ultrasonic flow meters with clamp-on transducers. Clamp-on transducers are
especially useful when piping cannot be disturbed, such as in power and nuclear industry
applications. In addition, clamp-on transducers can be used to measure flow without regard to
materials of construction, corrosion, and abrasion issues. However attractive, the use of clamp-on
transducers introduces additional ultrasonic interfaces that can affect the reliability and
performance of these flow meters. In particular, if not properly applied and maintained,
attenuation of the ultrasonic signal can occur at the interfaces between the clamp-on transducers
and the outside pipe walls, and between the inside pipe walls and the fluid.
Ultrasonic flow meters are available in sizes to 200 cm and larger.
There are three different types of ultrasonic flow meters. Transmission (or contra propagating
transit-time) flow meters can be distinguished into in-line (intrusive, wetted) and clamp-on (non-
intrusive) varieties. Ultrasonic flow meters that use the Doppler shift are called Reflection or
Doppler flow meters. The third type is the Open-Channel flow meter
Ultrasonic flow meters measure the difference of the transit time of ultrasonic pulses propagating
in and against flow direction. This time difference is a measure for the average velocity of the
fluid along the path of the ultrasonic beam. By using the absolute transit times both the averaged
fluid velocity and the speed of sound can be calculated. Using the two transit times and
and the distance between receiving and transmitting transducers and the inclination
angle one can write the equations:
And
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where is the average velocity of the fluid along the sound path and is the speed of sound.
The figure depicting the functional diagram of the ultrasonic flow meter is shown
Provisions for discharge measurement with
1. Adequate length of the penstock should be left unembedded to allow fixing of the
transducers on the surface of the conduit.
2. Transducer clamps are used in the reflection mode so that the average velocity over two
paths is measured.
3. The measuring section is chosen far as possible from any upstream disturbance to avoid
any asymmetry in the velocity distribution.
Fig. 6.1
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4. Now to use the flow meter, first the centre of the penstock is to be found out. For this
plum thread mechanism is used as shown in the figure to find the centre of the pipe. (Fig
22).
5. Using the plum thread method, now the centre of the penstock is marked using a marker.
(Fig 23)
Fig 22 Plum Thread method
Fig. 23 Penstock Center Marking
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6. At the level of the point marked, two points are marked on the penstock in the horizontal
direction having the distance 39.2 cm between them. (Fig 24).
7. After all the points are marked on the penstock, grinding of the pipe at marked points is
done to remove the rust, paint, debris, etc. from the surface of the pipe. (Fig 25).
Fig. 24 Distance between two points
Fig 25 Grinding of the pipe
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8. After marking the points and completion of their grinding work, the pipe looks like as
shown in the figure. (Fig 26).
9. The two clamps of the flow meter are taken and greasing is done on their surface to
avoid the moisture content in them. (Fig 27)
Fig. 26 After grinding surface
Fig. 27 Grease Application
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10. Next the greased clamps are set on the marked points. As the clamps have inbuilt magnet
in them, so the clamps are now set firmly on the penstock. (Fig 28).
11. The levelling of the clamps are done by using a scale. Levelling is important as without
it the waves generated by the ultrasonic flow meter will not be received by the clamps.
(Fig. 29).
Fig. 28 Clamp attachment
Fig. 29 Clamp leveling
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12. After all the physical arrangements, the clamps are connected to the flow meter through
electrical cords. (Fig 30)
13. The material of the penstock is given to the flow meter. (Fig. 31).
Fig. 30 Clamp Connection
Fig. 31 Material data feed
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14. Inner diameter, thickness and outer diameter is given in the flow meter. (Fig 32).
15. Next the Meter is set on the flow reading part and now the reading of the flow is taken as
shown in the figure. (Fig 33)
16. Similarly the above procedure is repeated 3-4 times to assure that the water flow is nearly
equal at all the points.
Fig. 32 Diameter feed
Fig. 33 Reading on the meter
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6.2 Electrical Measurement
In the electrical measurement two quantities are need to be measured i.e. voltage and current.
The measurement of the voltage and current will give the power output of the generator. The
above methods described for the measurement of the power using watt meters and other
equipment need not be used in this plant as the Measurement panel having inbuilt voltmeter,
ammeter, frequency meter, oscilloscope and power factor reader is already installed in the power
plant. So one can measure the power just by observing the readings on the measurement panel
without any use of other means. So the readings of current, voltage, power and power factor are
noted directly from the panels installed at the location.
6.2.1 Voltage Reading: The reading of voltage is directly noted down from the
measurement panel as shown below:
Fig. 34 Voltage Reading
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6.2.2 Current reading: The reading of current is also taken from the measurement panel:
6.2.3 Frequency reading: Frequency measurement panel gives the frequency at which voltage is
produced.
Fig. 36 Frequency Reading
Fig. 35 Current Reading
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6.2.4 Power from measurement panel:
6.2.5 Power Factor from measurement panel:
Fig. 37 Power reading
Fig. 38 Power Factor Reading
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7. Results and Analysis
7.1 Water Flow Readings
Sr. No. Flow reading in m
3 per
second
Velocity in Meter per
second
1 0.2976 1.8704
2 0.2962 1.8585
3 0.2980 1.8730
4 0.2981 1.8731
5 0.2973 1.8682
6 0.2957 1.8585
7 0.2976 1.8704
Average Flow 0.29721 m
3 per second
Average Velocity 1.8674 meter per second
Table 1
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7.2 Electrical Readings
Panel 1
Sr.
No.
Voltage (in
Volts)
Current
(in Amperes)
Frequency (in Hz) Power Factor
1 410 46 49.8 0.92
2 405 47.5 49.8 0.90
3 395 50 50 0.91
4 395 50.2 50 0.89
5 400 48 50 0.88
6 405 47.6 50 0.9
7 390 51 49.8 0.91
Panel 2
Sr.
No.
Voltage (in
Volts)
Current
(in Amperes)
Frequency (in Hz) Power Factor
1 410 46 49.8 0.92
2 405 47.5 49.8 0.90
3 395 50 50 0.91
4 395 50.2 50 0.89
5 400 48 50 0.88
6 405 47.6 50 0.9
7 390 51 49.8 0.91
Table 2
Table 3
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Average Voltage: 400 Volts
Average Current: 48.61Amps
Average Frequency: 49.9 Hz
Average Power Factor: 0.901
7.3 Power Output Analysis
1. Total Power available
Head Available: 65 meter
Net head: 50 meter
Flow: 0.29721 m3 per second
Average Velocity 1.8674 meter per second
Density: 0.001 Kg/m3
Gravity: 9.81 m/sec2
Power output = ((Flow * Density * Head * Gravity
)/1000) KW
= 145.78 KW
2. Power available from turbine
Rated torque: 77 N-m
Speed: 750 RPM
Single Turbine Power output: ((2 * pi * Speed *
Torque)/60) KW
= 60.47 KW
Total Power of 2 turbines: 2 * 60.47 = 120.95 KW
Turbine Efficiency (Output Power/Input power)
= 0.8296
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3. Power Available from generators
Voltage 400 volts
Current 48.61 amps
Power Factor 0.91
Power output (sqrt(3) * Voltage * Current
* Power Factor)
= 30.646 KW
Total Output 2 * 30.646 = 61.293KW
7.4 Plant Efficiency
(Output Electrical Power/Available Power)* 100
= (61.293/145.78)*100
= 42.04 %
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PROPOSED SUGGESTIONS FOR
PLANT The climate change, the growing shortage of fossil raw material and requirements of Carbon
dioxide emission reduction forces the thrust to design energy efficient powertrained topologies of
power generation.As the share of renewable energies by 2020 has to be increased which includes
not only wind energy, solar energy and bio mass but also the hydro-electric power. Though some
impacts are unavoidable, they can be compensated for, as experience in successful mitigation
demonstrates.
1) Reduce bends in the penstock which is coming from forebay to turbine.Due to bends
there are many losses in the kinetic energy of water which affects the efficiency of the
plant.
2) As lot of debris fall in the canal from the mountains within which the plant is situated
which reduces the volume of the canal and the reservoir which affects the storage
capacity of the reservoir.Moreover when these debris come down with water flow
through penstock they block the turbine also.So, canal should be fully covered as there
it‘s only partially covered.
3) There are many leakages in the penstock in the plant which affect the water carrying
capacity of the penstock.So, the leakages must be removed.
4) To achieve the energy improvement a permanent magnet synchronous generator has to be
developed specially for small hydro power. The use of permanent magnet, low speed
synchronous generator for small hydro power station is to be made economically by
new manufacturing methods even in small quantities.
5) To increase the power production optimized turbine management should be used which
includes regular inspection of the turbine.The turbine and its accessories like blades etc.
6) Water quality issues can often be managed by appropriate design, taking the future
reservoir morphology and hydraulic characteristics into consideration. It may also help to
reduce oxygen depletion and the volume of anoxic waters.Since the absence of oxygen
may contribute to the formation of methane during the first few years after impoundment,
especially in warm climates, measures to prevent the formation of anoxic reservoir zones.
8.
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7) New materials or coatings that reduce the life-cycle cost of turbine runners, draft tubes,
and penstocks must be used to increase the life cycle of plant.
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9. CONCLUSION
Since hydropower can provide important services to electric power systems. Storage hydropower
plants can often be operated flexibly, and therefore are valuable to electric power systems. Hence
all the tests on our considered hydel power plant have been performed successfully by taking all
the standards under consideration. Although the plant is working efficiently it can be further
improved by adopting some appropriate measures, some methods have been proposed by us in
report. Technological innovation and material research can further improve environmental
performance and reduce operational costs of our plant.
In the past, hydropower has acted as a catalyst for economic and social development by
providing both energy and water management services, and it can continue to do so in the
future.Hydro storage capacity canmitigate freshwater scarcity by providing security during lean
flows and drought for drinking water supply, irrigation,flood control and navigation services.
Multipurpose hydropower projects may have an enabling role beyond the electricitysector as a
financing instrument for reservoirs that help to secure freshwater availability.
Hydropower can serve both in large, centralized and small, isolated grids, and small-scale
hydropower is an option for rural electrification. Environmental and social issues will continue to
affect hydropower deployment opportunities. The local social and environmental impacts of
hydropower projects vary depending on the project‘s type, size and local conditions and are often
controversial.
Hydropower offers significant potential for carbon emissions reductions.Evidence suggests that
relatively high levels of deployment over the next 20 years are feasible, and hydropower should
remain an attractive renewable energy source within the context of global mitigation scenarios.
That hydropower can provide energy and water management services and also help to manage
variable renewable energy supply may further support its continued deployment, but
environmental and social impacts will need to be carefully managed.
On a national basis, the technical potential for hydropower is unlikely to constrain further.
Hydropower is technically mature, is often economically competitive with current market energy
prices and is already being deployed at a rapid pace. Situated at the crossroads of two major
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issues for development, water and energy, hydro reservoirs can often deliver services beyond
electricity supply.
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SELECTED REFERENCES
1. Indian Standard Code for Model Acceptance Test for hydraulic turbine IS 14197:1994.
2. International standards Field acceptance tests to determine the hydraulic performance of
hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines IEC 60041.
3. Indian Standard Guidelines for selection of hydraulic turbine, preliminary dimensioning
and layout of surface hydroelectric powerhouses IEC 12800
4. Gustavo Urquiza, Miguel A. Basurto, Laura Castro, Adam Adamkowski and
WaldemarJanicki, ‗Flow measurement methods applied to hydro power plants.‘
5. ‗Performance Testing of SHP Stations‘ by Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian
Institute of Technology, Roorkee.
Page Number 72
STUDENTS INVOLVED
Ashok Kapoor
Id No. - 42192
Phone No. - 7417479645
Email ID - [email protected]
Girish Gupta
Id No. - 42206
Phone No. - 9045412650
Email ID - [email protected]
Ilina Choudhary
Id No. - 42209
Phone No. - 7417922250
Email ID - [email protected]
Kanika Sharma
Id No. - 42199
Phone No. - 9045176090
Email ID - [email protected]
Vandana Pundir
Id No. - 42187
Phone No. - 8936981351
Email ID - [email protected]
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