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““INTRODUCTION TO THE INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF STUDY OF FIQH FIQH ””
Intermediate Level Islamic course in English for AdultsIntermediate Level Islamic course in English for Adultsconducted by Ustaz Zhulkeflee Hj Ismailconducted by Ustaz Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail
IN THE NAME OF ALLAH,IN THE NAME OF ALLAH,MOST COMPASSIONATE,MOST COMPASSIONATE,MOST MERCIFUL.MOST MERCIFUL.
LESSON # 5 – LESSON # 5 –
ADAB IN FOLLOWINGADAB IN FOLLOWING A MADZHAB A MADZHAB
Using text & curriculum he has developed especially for Using text & curriculum he has developed especially for Muslim converts and young Adult English-speaking Muslims. Muslim converts and young Adult English-speaking Muslims.
““To seek knowledge is obligatory upon every Muslim (male & female)”To seek knowledge is obligatory upon every Muslim (male & female)”
And say: O Lord! Increase for me my knowledge
All Rights Reserved © Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2013)) UPDATED – 13 MARCH 2013UPDATED – 13 MARCH 2013
““INTRODUCTION TO THE INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF STUDY OF FIQH FIQH ””
Intermediate Level Islamic course in English for AdultsIntermediate Level Islamic course in English for Adultsconducted by Ustaz Zhulkeflee Hj Ismailconducted by Ustaz Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail
IN THE NAME OF ALLAH,IN THE NAME OF ALLAH,MOST COMPASSIONATE,MOST COMPASSIONATE,MOST MERCIFUL.MOST MERCIFUL.
LESSON # 5 – LESSON # 5 –
ADAB IN FOLLOWINGADAB IN FOLLOWING A MADZHAB A MADZHAB
Using text & curriculum he has developed especially for Using text & curriculum he has developed especially for Muslim converts and young Adult English-speaking Muslims. Muslim converts and young Adult English-speaking Muslims.
““To seek knowledge is obligatory upon every Muslim (male & female)”To seek knowledge is obligatory upon every Muslim (male & female)”
And say: O Lord! Increase for me my knowledge
All Rights Reserved © Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2013)) LESSON FOR – 13 MARCH 2013LESSON FOR – 13 MARCH 2013
REGISTER via REGISTER via http://goo.gl/UVuYfFor further queries, contactFor further queries, contactEE-mail: -mail: [email protected] +65 81234669 / +65 or +65 81234669 / +65 9683827996838279
18 weekly class started: 18 weekly class started: 6 FEBRUARY 2013 6 FEBRUARY 2013 Every Wednesday night @ Every Wednesday night @
8pm – 10pm8pm – 10pmWisma Indah, 450 Changi Wisma Indah, 450 Changi
Road, #02-00 next to Road, #02-00 next to Masjid KassimMasjid Kassim
““O ye who believe! Obey Allah and obey the O ye who believe! Obey Allah and obey the
Messenger and those charged with authority Messenger and those charged with authority
from among you (from among you (ulil-’amri min-kumulil-’amri min-kum).”).”
((Qur’an: An-Nisa’: 4: 59Qur’an: An-Nisa’: 4: 59))
All Rights Reserved© Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2013)
““... Ask from those who possess the Message ... Ask from those who possess the Message
(az-Zikr : the remembrance) in matters which (az-Zikr : the remembrance) in matters which
you do not know.“you do not know.“
((Qur’an: al-Nahlu: 16: 43Qur’an: al-Nahlu: 16: 43))
All Rights Reserved© Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2013)
All Rights Reserved© Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2013)
“ “Nor should the Believers all go forth together: Nor should the Believers all go forth together:
if a contingent from every expedition remained if a contingent from every expedition remained
behind, they could devote themselves to studies behind, they could devote themselves to studies
in religion (in religion (faqih fid-deenfaqih fid-deen) and admonish the ) and admonish the
people when they return to them ― that thus people when they return to them ― that thus
they (may learn) to guard themselves they (may learn) to guard themselves
(against evil).”(against evil).”
((Qur’an: Taubah: 9: 122Qur’an: Taubah: 9: 122))
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““Allah will raise up, to (suitable) ranks (and degrees), those Allah will raise up, to (suitable) ranks (and degrees), those
of you who believe and who have been granted Knowledge : of you who believe and who have been granted Knowledge :
and Allah is well-acquainted with all that ye do.“and Allah is well-acquainted with all that ye do.“
((Qur’an: Mujadilah: 58: 11Qur’an: Mujadilah: 58: 11))
All Rights Reserved© Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2013)
“ “(Honour) My successors, may Allah s.w.t. be Merciful towards (Honour) My successors, may Allah s.w.t. be Merciful towards
them!.” He was asked: “Who are your successors O Messenger them!.” He was asked: “Who are your successors O Messenger
of Allah?” And he said: “They are those who revive my Sunnah of Allah?” And he said: “They are those who revive my Sunnah
and teach them to the servants of Allah.”and teach them to the servants of Allah.”
((Hadith of the Prophet s.a.wHadith of the Prophet s.a.w.).)
All Rights Reserved© Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2013)
All Rights Reserved© Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2013)
““(‘Ali ibn Abi Talib r.a. said) “I asked: ‘O Messenger of Allah! (What are (‘Ali ibn Abi Talib r.a. said) “I asked: ‘O Messenger of Allah! (What are
we to do when) matters come before us wherewith there is no (explicit) we to do when) matters come before us wherewith there is no (explicit)
indication regarding them in the Qur’an nor in the Sunnah from you indication regarding them in the Qur’an nor in the Sunnah from you
regarding them (regarding its ruling)?’regarding them (regarding its ruling)?’
(The Prophet s.a.w.) he said: “You are to gather together the learned (The Prophet s.a.w.) he said: “You are to gather together the learned
((‘ulama‘ulama) amongst them” – or he may have said “The worshippers ) amongst them” – or he may have said “The worshippers
((‘abideen ‘abideen ) from amongst the Believers” – “Convene with them ) from amongst the Believers” – “Convene with them shurashura
(mutual consultations to derive a collective decision) in regard to (mutual consultations to derive a collective decision) in regard to
religious rulings. Do not decide based upon (idea or knowledge of) only religious rulings. Do not decide based upon (idea or knowledge of) only
one (singular) person’s thought.”one (singular) person’s thought.”((Hadith reported by Ibnu Abdil BarrHadith reported by Ibnu Abdil Barr))
All Rights Reserved© Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2013)
All Rights Reserved© Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2013)
““If anyone contends with the Messenger even after If anyone contends with the Messenger even after
guidance has been plainly conveyed to him, and follows guidance has been plainly conveyed to him, and follows
a path other than that becoming to men to Faith, We a path other than that becoming to men to Faith, We
shall leave him in the path he has chosen, and land him in shall leave him in the path he has chosen, and land him in
Hell, what an evil refuge.”Hell, what an evil refuge.”
((Qur’an: An-Nisa’: 4: 115)Qur’an: An-Nisa’: 4: 115)
All Rights Reserved© Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2013)
““Thus have We made of you an Ummah justly balanced Thus have We made of you an Ummah justly balanced
that ye might be witnesses over the nations and the that ye might be witnesses over the nations and the
Messenger a witness over yourselves.”Messenger a witness over yourselves.”
((Qur’an: Baqarah: 2: 143Qur’an: Baqarah: 2: 143))
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““My ummah (community) will never agree My ummah (community) will never agree
upon matters which are erroneous”upon matters which are erroneous”
((Hadith reported by Tirmidzi, Abu Dawud, Ibn Majah & DaruqutniHadith reported by Tirmidzi, Abu Dawud, Ibn Majah & Daruqutni))
All Rights Reserved© Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2013)
All Rights Reserved© Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2013)
"Verily Allah does not remove knowledge from the (hearts of Verily Allah does not remove knowledge from the (hearts of
the) people, rather he takes away knowledge by taking away the) people, rather he takes away knowledge by taking away
its people (the true scholars – its people (the true scholars – ‘ULAMA‘ULAMA), until there are no more ), until there are no more
scholars, the people then take leaders that are ignorant, and scholars, the people then take leaders that are ignorant, and
when they are asked, and give when they are asked, and give fatwas fatwas – religious rulings, (they – religious rulings, (they
give) without knowledge, so they misguide and are misguided.“give) without knowledge, so they misguide and are misguided.“
((Hadith reported by Ashaab as-Sunnan from Ibnu ‘Umar r.aHadith reported by Ashaab as-Sunnan from Ibnu ‘Umar r.a.).)
All Rights Reserved© Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2013)
All Rights Reserved© Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2013)
““When a trust (When a trust (AMANAHAMANAH)is neglected, )is neglected,
then wait for the time (of its destruction).” then wait for the time (of its destruction).”
Somebody ask: Somebody ask:
‘‘How shall this be neglected O Messenger of Allah?’ How shall this be neglected O Messenger of Allah?’
He the replied: “When a matter (affair) is given over, He the replied: “When a matter (affair) is given over,
not to its rightful (legitimate) person (not to its rightful (legitimate) person (AHLIHAAHLIHA), ),
then wait for its time (of destruction).”then wait for its time (of destruction).”
((Hadith reported by BukharyHadith reported by Bukhary) )
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““If ye differ in anything among yourselves, refer it to Allah and If ye differ in anything among yourselves, refer it to Allah and
His Messenger His Messenger ** if ye do believe in Allah and the Last Day: that if ye do believe in Allah and the Last Day: that
is best, and most suitable for final determination.”is best, and most suitable for final determination.”
((Qur’an: An-Nisa’: 4: 59Qur’an: An-Nisa’: 4: 59))
All Rights Reserved© Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2013)
IMPORTANT CLARIFICATIONIMPORTANT CLARIFICATION
* * This This , (, (refer it to Allah and His Messenger refer it to Allah and His Messenger **)) is actually addressed is actually addressed
specifically to the Islamic scholars and jurists (specifically to the Islamic scholars and jurists (mujtahidmujtahid), who are ), who are
competent to refer back to these two primary sources – not just competent to refer back to these two primary sources – not just
any one as what certain group may seem to think.any one as what certain group may seem to think.
The general Muslims must rely upon those jurists and scholars The general Muslims must rely upon those jurists and scholars
((mujtahidmujtahid of a of a madzhabmadzhab) decisions by ) decisions by TaqlidTaqlid. .
Differences of opinions amongst Differences of opinions amongst madzaahibmadzaahib termed termed
““khilafiyyahkhilafiyyah ” are to be respected with Adab which is expected of ” are to be respected with Adab which is expected of
Muslim students towards all our Islamic teachers and scholars Muslim students towards all our Islamic teachers and scholars
((ulama’ulama’.).)
All Rights Reserved© Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2013)
From “Qa-la-da” – to adorn with a necklace;
to entrust authority to someone; to follow, imitate, etc.
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In Islamic legal theory, the scholars define “In Islamic legal theory, the scholars define “TAQLIDTAQLID” ” asas : :
“ “Accepting the view of someone (who is a qualified jurist – termed : Accepting the view of someone (who is a qualified jurist – termed :
FAQIHFAQIH / / MUJTAHIDMUJTAHID) without a proof” ) without a proof”
((qabuu-lu qaw-lil-ghayr min ghay-ri -Hujjah).”qabuu-lu qaw-lil-ghayr min ghay-ri -Hujjah).”11
1 – Imam al-Ghazalie r.h.m. Al-Mustasfå min ‘Ilm al-Usul (Cairo: Maktabah al-Tijariyyah, 1356), 2:387.
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Those who are not qualified scholars (termed ‘Those who are not qualified scholars (termed ‘FAQIHFAQIH’ - one ’ - one
who are competent to do “who are competent to do “IJTIHADIJTIHAD “ “ also called also called
““MUJTAHIDMUJTAHID”) , are ”) , are the ordinary Muslim (still technically the ordinary Muslim (still technically
regarded as a “regarded as a “MUQOLLIDMUQOLLID” ) , it is obligatory to “” ) , it is obligatory to “TAQLIDTAQLID” to ” to
opinions of a opinions of a MUJTAHIDMUJTAHID..
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From “Ja-ha-da” – to strive; effort;
exertion, endeavour, labour, etc.
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In Islamic legal theory, scholastic method referred to as “In Islamic legal theory, scholastic method referred to as “IJTIHADIJTIHAD” ”
means simplymeans simply,, ‘ ‘exertionexertion’,’,
Religiously speaking, it refers to a competent jurist (Religiously speaking, it refers to a competent jurist (FAQIHFAQIH) )
““expending every possible effort to examineexpending every possible effort to examine” ” the textual evidences, the textual evidences,
so as to arrive at a ruling of the Sacred Law. so as to arrive at a ruling of the Sacred Law.
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The point here is that “The point here is that “IJTIHADIJTIHAD is not just one of scholarly is not just one of scholarly
exertion, but of exhaustion.exertion, but of exhaustion.” ” Fathoming the intent of the Fathoming the intent of the
Lawgiver, and inferring new rulings from the primary sources Lawgiver, and inferring new rulings from the primary sources
extensively - so as to reach a sound legal conclusion - is indeed a extensively - so as to reach a sound legal conclusion - is indeed a
most arduous and demanding task not for just any or everyone.most arduous and demanding task not for just any or everyone.
All Rights Reserved© Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2013)
In Islamic legal theory, such a scholar is called “In Islamic legal theory, such a scholar is called “MUJTAHIDMUJTAHID” ”
– and has many levels, those of the highest category, whose – and has many levels, those of the highest category, whose
juristic methods and decisions are widely followed termed – juristic methods and decisions are widely followed termed –
““MUJTAHID MUTLAQ MUJTAHID MUTLAQ ” – became as a school of jurisprudence ” – became as a school of jurisprudence
called “called “MADZHABMADZHAB” or “” or “MADZAAHIBMADZAAHIB”(plural).”(plural).
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The well-known The well-known MADZAAHIBMADZAAHIB that survived are : that survived are :
[1] [1] JA’FARIJA’FARI – Imam Ja’far ibn Muhammad as-Sodiq – Imam Ja’far ibn Muhammad as-Sodiq
[2] [2] HANAFIHANAFI – Imam Abu Hanifah Nu’man ibn Tsabit – Imam Abu Hanifah Nu’man ibn Tsabit
[3] [3] MALIKIMALIKI – Imam Malik bin Anas – Imam Malik bin Anas
[4] [4] SHAFI-’IESHAFI-’IE – Imam Muhammad Idris as-Shafi-’ie – Imam Muhammad Idris as-Shafi-’ie
[5] [5] HANBALIHANBALI – Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal – Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal
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Imam al-Qurtubi rhm. says: “No difference exists among the Imam al-Qurtubi rhm. says: “No difference exists among the
scholars that, the laymen are to perform scholars that, the laymen are to perform taqlidtaqlid of their scholars of their scholars
((MUJJTAHIDMUJJTAHID)).” .” **
Ibn Qudamah explicitly states: “As far as Ibn Qudamah explicitly states: “As far as taqlidtaqlid in the details of in the details of
the Sacred Law (the Sacred Law (FURU‘FURU‘) is ) is concerned, it is allowed by consensus concerned, it is allowed by consensus
((IJMAIJMA’’).”).”++
* Al-Jami‘ li Ahkam al-Qur’an (Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah),
+ Al-Rawdatu’l-Nazir wa Jannat al-Manazir (Riyadh: Maktabah al-Rushd),
All Rights Reserved© Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2013)
Contemporary scholar, Contemporary scholar, Imam al-Shanqiti Imam al-Shanqiti rhm.wrote: rhm.wrote:
“ “The prescribed The prescribed taqlid, taqlid, which none of the Muslims contest, is the which none of the Muslims contest, is the
layman’s performing layman’s performing taqlidtaqlid of a scholar qualified to issue of a scholar qualified to issue fatwafatwa on on
various matters. This type of various matters. This type of taqlidtaqlid was in vogue during the time of the was in vogue during the time of the
Prophet, peace be upon him, and there was no contention about it. The Prophet, peace be upon him, and there was no contention about it. The
layman asked whosoever he wished from the Companions of the layman asked whosoever he wished from the Companions of the
Prophet, may Allah be pleased with them, about the ruling for a given Prophet, may Allah be pleased with them, about the ruling for a given
case. Whenever a case. Whenever a fatwa fatwa was given, he simply complied with it.” was given, he simply complied with it.” **
* Adwa’ al-Bayån, 7:318
All Rights Reserved© Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2013)
“What are the requirement and necessary qualification for a Mujtahid ?”
All Rights Reserved© Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2013)
– literally means “an effort or an exercise to arrive at
one’s own judgement” – technically it is used in regards
to “the exertion by a (MUJTAHID) qualified Islamic scholar
in (ISTINBAT) extracting legal rulings from the primary
sources.”
IJTIHADIJTIHAD
All Rights Reserved© Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2013)
Knowledgeable about the religion of Islam, the Sunnah (Ways or
traditions of the Prophet s.a.a.w.), Fiqh (Jurisprudence) and Usul-al-
Fiqh (Principles of Jurisprudence) especially:
[A] He must be so very well versed in the study of Qur’an, that he must
know its sciences, the reason why and when the verses and chapters
of the Qur’an were revealed (Asbab-al-Nuzul), the eloquence, the
commentaries etc.;
REQUIREMENTREQUIREMENT
All Rights Reserved© Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2013)
[B] He must be well versed in the study of the traditions of the
Prophet Muhammad s.a.a.w. That is, he must know the
distinction between authentic Hadith from the spurious and the
various other technical categories of Ahadith – viz. Mutawwatir,
Shahih, Hasan, Dho’if, Maudhu’ etc.;
REQUIREMENTREQUIREMENT
All Rights Reserved© Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2013)
[C] He must know the principles of Ijma’ (scholarly consensus)
very well;
[D] He must know the injunctions of Qiyas (jurisdistic analogy).
REQUIREMENTREQUIREMENT
All Rights Reserved© Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2013)
Apart from his qualification, he must posses good Islamic character
apart from academic excellence. Among the moral qualities are:
(a) He must be a good Muslim. That he must not be a nominal
Muslim; rather, must be a practising one.
OTHER IMPORTANT CRITERIAOTHER IMPORTANT CRITERIA
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Apart from his qualification, he must posses good Islamic character
apart from academic excellence. Among the moral qualities are:
(b) He must be very pious and law-abiding to all the injunctions of
the Holy Qur’an.
OTHER IMPORTANT CRITERIAOTHER IMPORTANT CRITERIA
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Apart from his qualification, he must posses good Islamic character
apart from academic excellence. Among the moral qualities are:
(c) He must not be influenced by any heretical influences.
OTHER IMPORTANT CRITERIAOTHER IMPORTANT CRITERIA
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Apart from his qualification, he must posses good Islamic character
apart from academic excellence. Among the moral qualities are:
(d) He must be just, reliable, trustworthy and pure from iniquitous
practices.
OTHER IMPORTANT CRITERIAOTHER IMPORTANT CRITERIA
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– – These were those who did These were those who did ijtihadijtihad in the matter of in the matter of Shari’ahShari’ah
amongst the companions of the Prophet till the third century amongst the companions of the Prophet till the third century
of Islam.of Islam.
AL-MUJTAHID FI - AL-SHARI-’AHAL-MUJTAHID FI - AL-SHARI-’AH
(reference from “Shariah: The Islamic Law” by Abdur Rahman I. Doi)
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– – these are those who did these are those who did ijtihadijtihad after the companion ( after the companion (SahabiSahabi)) era era
and later found schools of jurisprudence. There are today 5 main and later found schools of jurisprudence. There are today 5 main
surviving schools of Jurisprudence, viz. Ja’fari, Maliki, Hanafi, surviving schools of Jurisprudence, viz. Ja’fari, Maliki, Hanafi,
Shafi’ie and HanbaliShafi’ie and Hanbali
AL-MUJTAHID FI - AL-MADZHABAL-MUJTAHID FI - AL-MADZHAB
(reference from “Shariah: The Islamic Law” by Abdur Rahman I. Doi)
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– – these are those who follow them (these are those who follow them (mujtahid fi-al-Madzhab mujtahid fi-al-Madzhab ) i.e. the ) i.e. the
present day present day mujtahidunmujtahidun who give Fatwa (or Juristic opinions) on who give Fatwa (or Juristic opinions) on
religious matters when required.religious matters when required.
AL-MUJTAHID FI - AL-MASAA-ILAL-MUJTAHID FI - AL-MASAA-IL
(reference from “Shariah: The Islamic Law” by Abdur Rahman I. Doi)
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AL-QUR’ANAL-QUR’AN The Revealed Book
AS-SUNNAHAS-SUNNAH The Way of the Prophet
IJMA’IJMA’ Consensus
QIYASQIYAS Analogous deduction
Generally, these four are known by many Muslims as the sources by which Islamic rulings are derived. The primary sources being “Kitabullah wa Sunnati Rosuulihi”.
What follows are (secondary) generally falls under the method termed “ijtihad” that has many approaches, of priority is “ijma” and “Qiyas ”. Yet, there are more ....
All Rights Reserved© Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2013)
Generally, these four are known by many Muslims as the sources by which Islamic rulings are derived. The primary sources being “Kitabullah wa Sunnati Rosuulihi”.
What follows are (secondary) generally falls under the method termed “ijtihad” that has many approaches, of priority is “ijma” and “Qiyas ”. Yet, there are more ....
Istidlal and IstishabIstidlal and Istishab
deduction by logic and reasoning; and relying on presumption; deduction by logic and reasoning; and relying on presumption;
continuation of a rule for a certain situation in a circumstance continuation of a rule for a certain situation in a circumstance
where it is not known whether or not the original situation still where it is not known whether or not the original situation still
existsexists
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Generally, these four are known by many Muslims as the sources by which Islamic rulings are derived. The primary sources being “Kitabullah wa Sunnati Rosuulihi”.
What follows are (secondary) generally falls under the method termed “ijtihad” that has many approaches, of priority is “ijma” and “Qiyas ”. Yet, there are more ....
IstihsanIstihsan
preference
Maslahah al-mursalahMaslahah al-mursalah
for public interest
All Rights Reserved© Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2013)
Generally, these four are known by many Muslims as the sources by which Islamic rulings are derived. The primary sources being “Kitabullah wa Sunnati Rosuulihi”.
What follows are (secondary) generally falls under the method termed “ijtihad” that has many approaches, of priority is “ijma” and “Qiyas ”. Yet, there are more ....
al-‘Urfal-‘Urf
Customs or norms
Sadd-uz-zara-’iSadd-uz-zara-’i
“closing the door of mischief”
All Rights Reserved© Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2013)
Generally, these four are known by many Muslims as the sources by which Islamic rulings are derived. The primary sources being “Kitabullah wa Sunnati Rosuulihi”.
What follows are (secondary) generally falls under the method termed “ijtihad” that has many approaches, of priority is “ijma” and “Qiyas ”. Yet, there are more ....
‘‘Amal ahl-al-madinahAmal ahl-al-madinah
“practices of the people of Madinah”
Ash-shar’u manqablanaAsh-shar’u manqablana
the path traversed by those before us – i.e. the jurists (mujtahidun)
All Rights Reserved© Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2013)
Generally, these four are known by many Muslims as the sources by which Islamic rulings are derived. The primary sources being “Kitabullah wa Sunnati Rosuulihi”.
What follows are (secondary) generally falls under the method termed “ijtihad” that has many approaches, of priority is “ijma” and “Qiyas ”. Yet, there are more ....
‘‘Madzhab Sahaabiy Madzhab Sahaabiy
opinions of Companions of the Prophet
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“The learned and wise among Muslims must use constant vigilance in
detecting erroneous usage in language which impinges upon semantic
change in major key elements and creates general confusion and error in
the understanding of Islam and of its worldview.”
Prof. Syed Muhammad Naquib Al-Attas
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““TaqlidTaqlid is is haramharam (forbidden)” (forbidden)”
““Following Following MadzhabMadzhab is is Bid’ahBid’ah (innovation) ! ” (innovation) ! ”
““I want to follow only the I want to follow only the MadzhabMadzhab of the Prophet s.a.w. ! ” of the Prophet s.a.w. ! ”
““Don’t follow Don’t follow MadzhabMadzhab, we must all follow only the Qur’an and Sunnah ! ”, we must all follow only the Qur’an and Sunnah ! ”
““There is no priesthood in Islam, so why must we obey the ‘ulama’. After all There is no priesthood in Islam, so why must we obey the ‘ulama’. After all
each one of us can now easily access the Qur’an and Ahadith ! ” etc.each one of us can now easily access the Qur’an and Ahadith ! ” etc.
Some people carelessly argues:Some people carelessly argues:
Allow me to respond and clarify..Allow me to respond and clarify..
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All Rights Reserved© Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2013)
TaqlidTaqlid is in fact “ is in fact “wajibwajib” (obligatory) for every Muslim who are non-” (obligatory) for every Muslim who are non-
MujtahidMujtahid. .
This has been the consensus (This has been the consensus (ijma’ijma’ ) of Islamic scholars since the ) of Islamic scholars since the
Prophet’s time – to follow those who are the learned, and the Qur’anic Prophet’s time – to follow those who are the learned, and the Qur’anic
basis are many viz:basis are many viz:
““Is Is TaqlidTaqlid haramharam (forbidden)” ? (forbidden)” ? #1
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TaqlidTaqlid is in fact “ is in fact “wajibwajib” (obligatory) for every Muslim who are non-” (obligatory) for every Muslim who are non-
MujtahidMujtahid. .
This has been the consensus (This has been the consensus (ijma’ijma’ ) of Islamic scholars since the ) of Islamic scholars since the
Prophet’s time – to follow those who are the learned, and the Qur’anic Prophet’s time – to follow those who are the learned, and the Qur’anic
basis are many viz:basis are many viz:
““Is Is TaqlidTaqlid haramharam (forbidden)” ? (forbidden)” ? #1
““ask of those who possess the Message, ask of those who possess the Message,
in matters which you do not know.” in matters which you do not know.”
((Qur’an: An-Nahlu: 16:43Qur’an: An-Nahlu: 16:43))
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TaqlidTaqlid is in fact “ is in fact “wajibwajib” (obligatory) for every Muslim who are non-” (obligatory) for every Muslim who are non-
MujtahidMujtahid. .
This has been the consensus (This has been the consensus (ijma’ijma’ ) of Islamic scholars since the ) of Islamic scholars since the
Prophet’s time – to follow those who are the learned, and the Qur’anic Prophet’s time – to follow those who are the learned, and the Qur’anic
basis are many viz:basis are many viz:
““Is Is TaqlidTaqlid haramharam (forbidden)” ? (forbidden)” ? #1
All Rights Reserved© Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2013)
TaqlidTaqlid is in fact “ is in fact “wajibwajib” (obligatory) for every Muslim who are non-” (obligatory) for every Muslim who are non-
MujtahidMujtahid. .
This has been the consensus (This has been the consensus (ijma’ijma’ ) of Islamic scholars since the ) of Islamic scholars since the
Prophet’s time – to follow those who are the learned, and the Qur’anic Prophet’s time – to follow those who are the learned, and the Qur’anic
basis are many viz:basis are many viz:
““Is Is TaqlidTaqlid haramharam (forbidden)” ? (forbidden)” ? #1
““Allah will raise up, to (suitable) ranks (and degrees), those of Allah will raise up, to (suitable) ranks (and degrees), those of
you who believe and who have been granted Knowledge”you who believe and who have been granted Knowledge”
((Qur’an: Mujadilah: 58: 11Qur’an: Mujadilah: 58: 11))
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TaqlidTaqlid is in fact “ is in fact “wajibwajib” (obligatory) for every Muslim who are non-” (obligatory) for every Muslim who are non-
MujtahidMujtahid. .
This has been the consensus (This has been the consensus (ijma’ijma’ ) of Islamic scholars since the ) of Islamic scholars since the
Prophet’s time – to follow those who are the learned, and the Qur’anic Prophet’s time – to follow those who are the learned, and the Qur’anic
basis are many viz:basis are many viz:
““Is Is TaqlidTaqlid haramharam (forbidden)” ? (forbidden)” ? #1
All Rights Reserved© Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2013)
TaqlidTaqlid is in fact “ is in fact “wajibwajib” (obligatory) for every Muslim who are non-” (obligatory) for every Muslim who are non-
MujtahidMujtahid. .
This has been the consensus (This has been the consensus (ijma’ijma’ ) of Islamic scholars since the ) of Islamic scholars since the
Prophet’s time – to follow those who are the learned, and the Qur’anic Prophet’s time – to follow those who are the learned, and the Qur’anic
basis are many viz:basis are many viz:
““Is Is TaqlidTaqlid haramharam (forbidden)” ? (forbidden)” ? #1
““O ye who believe! Obey Allah and obey the Messenger O ye who believe! Obey Allah and obey the Messenger
and those charged with authority among you”and those charged with authority among you”
((Qur’an: An-Nisa’: 4: 59Qur’an: An-Nisa’: 4: 59))
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Study in the lives of the Study in the lives of the Khulafa’ RashidunKhulafa’ Rashidun, Ibn Mas’ud, Mu’adz, Ibn , Ibn Mas’ud, Mu’adz, Ibn
‘Abbas, Ibn ‘Umar, A’ishah, Umm Salamah, etc. show that they not only ‘Abbas, Ibn ‘Umar, A’ishah, Umm Salamah, etc. show that they not only
convey convey AhadithAhadith, but also give “, but also give “iftahiftah” religious rulings on certain matters.” religious rulings on certain matters.
This is where This is where MadzhabMadzhab has its beginnings – i.e. during the Prophet’s has its beginnings – i.e. during the Prophet’s
time – “time – “Madzhab SahabyMadzhab Sahaby”” (juristic opinions of the Companions). And (juristic opinions of the Companions). And
the Prophet s.a.w. knew and even sanctioned this practice.the Prophet s.a.w. knew and even sanctioned this practice.
““Is Is TaqlidTaqlid haramharam (forbidden)” ? (forbidden)” ? #1
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Some scholars advocate “it-tiba’ “ i.e. “following ” by also
understanding the basis (dalil) for a decision. This is to prevent
laziness and cult-like blind adherence (ta’assub) merely to
personalities and charisma.
Howbeit, this “it-tiba’ “ is still regarded as “Taqlid ” because the
person (muttabi’) still has to rely upon whatever the scholars have
presented, for he (who obviously is not mujtahid) has no competency
to adequately assess the basis from its sources independently.
““Is Is TaqlidTaqlid haramharam (forbidden)” ? (forbidden)” ? #1
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His knowing of the basis is not compulsory, but only encouraged as a
learning process i.e. as encouragement to aspire to upgrade himself
towards becoming knowledgeable of the Deen; as well as for him to
appreciate and learn the methodology.
It is only in matters of Aqeedah or in matters that outwardly opposes
known principles and teachings of Islam, that “Taqlid “ (in the sense of
following blindly) is Haram (forbidden) i.e. for those who can think and
can verify.
““Is Is TaqlidTaqlid haramharam (forbidden)” ? (forbidden)” ? #1
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Some erroneously assumed that this reliance upon the authority whose
competency can be generally ascertained to be forbidden, while they
conveniently forget that this itself is in fact complying to Allah’s
commandment:
““Is Is TaqlidTaqlid haramharam (forbidden)” ? (forbidden)” ? #1
““... Ask from those who possess the Message (az-Zikr : the ... Ask from those who possess the Message (az-Zikr : the
remembrance) in matters which you do not know.“remembrance) in matters which you do not know.“
((Qur’an: al-Nahlu: 16: 43Qur’an: al-Nahlu: 16: 43))
WaAllaahu a’lamWaAllaahu a’lamAll Rights Reserved© Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2013)
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If by “Bid’ah “ we mean strictly to refer to any “ innovation” i.e.
“something which has not been done by the Prophet s.a.a.w. himself ” -
then yes, of course it is “Bid’ah “.
This was because there was no necessity for the Prophet s.a.a.w. to be
following any one else’s opinion on religious matter.
““Is following Is following MadzhabMadzhab a a Bid’ahBid’ah (innovation) ? ” (innovation) ? ” # 2
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Yet, amongst the Companions of the Prophet, there are those whom he
specifically pointed out to be referred by others, because these were
acknowledged by him as competent scholars and teachers in the
Prophet’s absence.
So if by “madzhab “ we mean “school of thoughts in matters of juristic,
Qur’anic interpretations”, then this is clearly already advocated by the
Prophet s.a.w. himself during his life-time.
““Is following Is following MadzhabMadzhab a a Bid’ahBid’ah (innovation) ? ” (innovation) ? ” # 2
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So, if some practices occur which is known to the Prophet s.a.w. and
he consented (by not forbidding it) then, technically it is to be
regarded as a Sunnah (Taqririyya).
So, here in fact is the argument supports that following “madzhab ” is
not a “Bid’ah ” but rather is actually a “Sunnah ” . It baffles us that
this point has be avoided or ignored by the so-called ‘advocates’
calling for the returning to the “Qur’an and As-Sunnah” who callously
ruled that “following a Madzhab is “Bid’ah”?!
““Is following Is following MadzhabMadzhab a a Bid’ahBid’ah (innovation) ? ” (innovation) ? ” # 2
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As to the concern of varieties of views amongst the Madzaahib, yes,
there were already “ikhtilaaf ” (differences) in the opinions even
among the companions themselves, although few, but it was wisely
tolerated by the Prophet s.a.w. himself. We should take the lesson
that, the Prophet’s toleration was in fact to teach us how we are
supposed to regard differences of opinions with Adab, amongst the
learned.
These differences are even regarded as a mercy.
WaAllaahu a’lam.
““Is following Is following MadzhabMadzhab a a Bid’ahBid’ah (innovation) ? ” (innovation) ? ” # 2
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Although the slogan “Let’s go back to Al-Qur’an and As-Sunnah” may
be correct and in vogue, yet it is a general statement which must be
read with a caveat – i.e. “only for those knowledgeable and who truly
are competent to do so” – which therefore is not a licence for just
everyone.
The general Muslims are required to refer to Islamic jurists and
scholars whose opinions, explicitly or implicitly as a rule, must be
founded upon the Qur’an and As-Sunnah.
“ “Why must we follow Why must we follow MadzhabMadzhab when we can go when we can go to the Qur’an and Ahadith ourselves ? ”to the Qur’an and Ahadith ourselves ? ”
# 3
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So the obvious response to the above is crucially with a question –
“Are you a ‘Mujtahid’? “
The claim of one’s ability to “going back to Al-Qur’an and Ahadith”
must first be ascertained and verified . Without which one still has to
rely upon those who can.
And all “Madzaahib” are in fact a body or collegiate of competent
Islamic scholars whose task are to refer matters to the Qur’an and As-
Sunnah.
“ “Why must we follow Why must we follow MadzhabMadzhab when we can go when we can go to the Qur’an and Ahadith ourselves ? ”to the Qur’an and Ahadith ourselves ? ”
# 3
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Today those whose advocacy is : “We do not follow any Madzhab”
are spewing a contradiction because they are in fact setting up a new
“Madzhab” i.e. technically it is still “a madzhab of those who reject
traditional Madzhab”, except that they may not even be learned
themselves.
Thus, it is a misguidance of the misguided. May Allah safeguard us all
from every kinds of misguidance.
WaAllaahu a’lam.
“ “Why must we follow Why must we follow MadzhabMadzhab when we can go when we can go to the Qur’an and Ahadith ourselves ? ”to the Qur’an and Ahadith ourselves ? ”
# 3
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All Rights Reserved© Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2013)
No! Madzaahib in Islam is not the same as ‘denomination’ or
‘sects’ as in Christianity because:
[1] Muslim scholars of every Madzhab adhere to similar principles –
Al-Qur’an, As-Sunnah, Ijma’, Qiyas, etc. – they differ only in some
few secondary matters of interpretations, but are generally in
agreement in most fundamental issues.
“ “Would not following Would not following MadzhabMadzhab a form of sectarianism a form of sectarianism like the denominations of the Christian churches ? ”like the denominations of the Christian churches ? ”
# 4
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No! Madzaahib in Islam is not the same as ‘denomination’ or ‘sects’
as in Christianity because:
[2] Whereas in Christianity, ‘denominations’ amongst them differ in
regard to fundamentals and primary sources viz. the Bible, their
dogmas, their rites , etc.
“ “Would not following Would not following MadzhabMadzhab a form of sectarianism a form of sectarianism like the denominations of the Christian churches ? ”like the denominations of the Christian churches ? ”
# 4
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No! Madzaahib in Islam is not the same as ‘denomination’ or ‘sects’
as in Christianity because:
[3] All Muslims are to aspire to become ‘Ulama (scholars) to some
degree, and they can re-check whatever opinions with other scholars
- whereas in Christianity, most of their Church cleric has almost an
exclusive authority, and are unquestionably followed by the ordinary
congregation.
“ “Would not following Would not following MadzhabMadzhab a form of sectarianism a form of sectarianism like the denominations of the Christian churches ? ”like the denominations of the Christian churches ? ”
# 4
WaAllaahu a’lamWaAllaahu a’lam
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All Rights Reserved© Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2013)
Everyone should begin following only one Madzhab first.
It is not only following the final juristic decision, but also to learn the
principles, methods and approaches to its juristic interpretation.
“ “Must we follow only one Madzhab? Can we not move Must we follow only one Madzhab? Can we not move to the opinion of other Madzaahib ?”to the opinion of other Madzaahib ?”
# 5
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Because, there are differences in the methodological preferences used
between Madzaahib – viz. what is stressed strictly (‘azeemah); what
can be given dispensation (rukhshah); etc. therefore, changing or
mixing opinions of Madzaahib before knowing each of the basis, is
forbidden as it can lead to confusion for novice.
This is to prevent ‘hybrid’ opinion which strictly speaking is neither of
this madzhab nor of that – termed ‘talfiq’.
“ “Must we follow only one Madzhab? Can we not move Must we follow only one Madzhab? Can we not move to the opinion of other Madzaahib ?”to the opinion of other Madzaahib ?”
# 5
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However, for those advanced in following a Madzhab, are known to
adopt views or juristic opinions from other Madzaahib after
comparing the basis used, as well as to consider which opinions can
offer the best solution to an issue at hand (but avoiding the error of
‘talfiq’) .
Yet even so, they do not have to declare, nor is it necessary to regard
themselves to have changed Madzhab.
WaAllaahu a’lam
“ “Must we follow only one Madzhab? Can we not move Must we follow only one Madzhab? Can we not move to the opinion of other Madzaahib ?”to the opinion of other Madzaahib ?”
# 5
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All Rights Reserved© Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2013)
MAIN RIVER SOURCE
DISTRIBUTARIESDISTRIBUTARIES
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All distributaries emanate from the main river source.All distributaries emanate from the main river source.
The nearer it is to the source, the purer will be the water.The nearer it is to the source, the purer will be the water.
None of the distributaries alone can claim to represent the None of the distributaries alone can claim to represent the
entire main river, yet as long as they are connected to the entire main river, yet as long as they are connected to the
main source, they are all part of the river system (no main source, they are all part of the river system (no
doubt).doubt).
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It may even merge into one another. Or some may It may even merge into one another. Or some may
completely disappear from the earth’s surface. Or pure completely disappear from the earth’s surface. Or pure
water from the sky may be added to it.water from the sky may be added to it.
Each of these distributaries could also be affected by the Each of these distributaries could also be affected by the
soil upon which it flows through, or impurities may have soil upon which it flows through, or impurities may have
been thrown into them, or other pollutants inadvertently been thrown into them, or other pollutants inadvertently
introduced as when irrigation or dam have to be introduced as when irrigation or dam have to be
constructed etc..constructed etc..All Rights Reserved© Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2013)
Thus, the concern is for users of each distributary to be
cautious when drinking from it, lest they may consume
something harmful - although yet one has to still drink
from it - or else die from thirst.
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To deprive anyone from the available water that they
already can access to, with the excuse that it has become
polluted, is foolish; just as long as the stream they are
drinking from still contain the water which is from the main
source. Our concern is only that they should be mindful ,
not to totally forbid them of their distributary they are
upon.
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Similarly foolish is to argue “my distributary is better
than your distributary” when both actually possess
life-sustaining water (H₂O).
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Those who have collected for themselves clean water may
share them with others – but, it would be sheer arrogance
to ‘incite’ common people who have always relied upon
these distributaries for their sustenance, to abandon
benefitting from the abundant flow of these streams, for
the sake of ‘small insignificant cisterns and tanks’ being
offered.
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It is equally foolish, nay irresponsible, to confuse – or
rather to “scare and confound”- the common people
whose need for water does not necessarily require him to
be expert chemists themselves – only for them to heed
whatever advice of the medical experts amongst them as
well as from the “water authority”.
WaAllaahu a’lamWaAllaahu a’lam..
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REMEMBER THIS IMPORTANT COMMANDREMEMBER THIS IMPORTANT COMMAND
““O ye who believe! if you are conscious of and fear Allah O ye who believe! if you are conscious of and fear Allah
((TAQWATAQWA), He will grant you a criterion (), He will grant you a criterion (FURQANFURQAN-to judge -to judge
between right and wrong), remove from you (all) evil (that may between right and wrong), remove from you (all) evil (that may
afflict) you, and forgive you: for Allah is the Lord of grace afflict) you, and forgive you: for Allah is the Lord of grace
unbounded.”unbounded.”
((Qur’an: Anfaal: 8: 29Qur’an: Anfaal: 8: 29))
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IMPORTANT DU’AIMPORTANT DU’A
ALLAA-HUM-MA – ARI-NAL-HAQ-QA - HAQ-QANALLAA-HUM-MA – ARI-NAL-HAQ-QA - HAQ-QANWAR- ZUQ-NAT - TI-BAA- ’AWAR- ZUQ-NAT - TI-BAA- ’A
WA-ARI-NAL – BAA-TWILA – BAA-TWI-LAANWA-ARI-NAL – BAA-TWILA – BAA-TWI-LAANWAR-ZUQ-NAJ – TI –NAA - BAHWAR-ZUQ-NAJ – TI –NAA - BAH
““O Allah! Make us see the Truth to be true O Allah! Make us see the Truth to be true and grant us ability to follow it.and grant us ability to follow it.And make us see Falsehood to be false And make us see Falsehood to be false and grant us the ability to reject it.”and grant us the ability to reject it.”
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All Rights Reserved© Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2013)
All welcome to visit my web-blog:All welcome to visit my web-blog:
http://an-naseehah.blogspot.com/http://an-naseehah.blogspot.com/
http://introductiontotauhid.blogspot.com/http://introductiontotauhid.blogspot.com/
http://oyoubelievers.blogspot.com/http://oyoubelievers.blogspot.com/
http://al-amthaal.blogspot.com/http://al-amthaal.blogspot.com/
http://zhulkeflee-archive.blogspot.com/ http://zhulkeflee-archive.blogspot.com/
http://criteriaforaholybook-quran.blogspot.com/http://criteriaforaholybook-quran.blogspot.com/
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