Slides on SPC Tools

8/9/2019 Slides on SPC Tools

1/38

1

Basic Measurement Tools


2/38

2

OVERVIEW

Tools for Analyzing ProblemsFlowchartCause and Effect Diagram

Pareto Chart Tools for Analyzing Data

Scatter DiagramHistogramRun Chart


3/38

3

FLOWCHART

DefinitionA Picture Which Describes The Main

Steps, Branches, and Eventual Outputs of

a ProcessWhen To Use It

At Steps 1, 2, And 6 Of The CIP


4/38

4

FLOWCHART EXAMPLE

DORMITORY OUTPROCESSING

3X5 Room

Discrepancy CardsLeave On Desk

For Lower-Class

SQ Maint Mobility

Officer

Start

Consolidate,

Pack, Ship,

or Discard

All Unneeded

Room Items

Clean Baggage,Computer, and

Chapel Room

Both SquadronCCs

Inspect

AreRooms

Clean?

Ensure

Room is

Neat & Orderly

Remove AllItems From

Room Before

Graduation

Place

Linen &Blanket

Outside Door

For Pickup

Squadron CCsPerform

Walk Through

Prior to FTO

FTO Inspects

Room

After Parade

Is Room

Clean?

FTO Locks RoomEnd

NO

YES

YES

NO


5/38

5

Interpreting ResultsCompare Actual Flow To Ideal Flow To

Identify Deviations In The Process

Examine Those Noted Differences ToIdentify Possible Areas To Reduce

Variation In The Process

FLOWCHART


6/38

6

FLOWCHART EXERCISE

Marching to the Dining Hall

Enter the Dining Hall

Leave the BldgStart

End

???


7/38

7

CAUSE & EFFECT DIAGRAM

DefinitionDiagram That Illustrates The

Relationship Between An Outcome And

The Factors That Affect It.When To Use It

At Step 3 Of The CIP


8/38

8

Lost Control

of Car

Mechanical

Personal Weather

Distribution Obstacles

Brakes

Tires

Kids

Spouse

Drugs

Alcohol

Sleepy

Snow

Rain

Sun

Causes Effect

Steering

Pothole

Animal

Construction

Fighting

Other Cars

BlindSpot

Wrong

TiresIce



9/38

9

Interpreting ResultsIdentify Possible Root CausesPrioritize List Of Causes

Look For Large Groupings Of Causes



10/38

10

Scenario:

There have been 4 security violations

in you squadron in the first three weeksof training. The Squadron Commander

wants to know what could be causing

these security violations.


EXERCISE


11/38

11

PARETO CHART

DefinitionBar Graph That Helps Determine The

Relative Importance Of Process

Problems. Pareto PrincipleWhen To Use It

At Steps 2, 3, And 5 Of The CIP


12/38

12

PARETO CHART EXAMPLE

CATEGORIES

COST QUANTITY TASTE OTHER 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

POOR

SERVICE


13/38

13

Interpreting ResultsBe CriticalLook At Problems Not Symptoms

Use Common Sense

PARETO CHART


14/38

14

PARETO CHART EXERCISE

1. Unexcused Tardiness

2. Security Violation

3. Improper Wear ofUniform

4. Personal Hygiene

5. Disrespect to a

Commissioned Officer6. Dorm Maintenance

3

1

15

2

5

6

5

5

2

4

5

2

ITEM

Num of

Demerits TOTALFrequency

8

6

17

6

10

8


15/38


16/38

16

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

PARETO CHART EXERCISE

Frequency Per Category

WEAR OF

UNIFORM

DIS-

RESPECT

TARDYDORM

MAINT

PERS

HYG

SECURITY

Frequency

CATEGORIES


17/38

17

CHECK THE DATA!!

CHECK IT AGAIN!!

BREAK, BREAK, BREAK


18/38

18

SCATTER DIAGRAM

DefinitionA Picture Representation Of Possible

Relationships Between Two Variables In

A Process.When To Use It

At Steps 3 And 5 Of The CIP


19/38

19

SCATTER DIAGRAM EXAMPLE

Average Workload versus worker-hours

0

100

200

300

400

500

0 50 100 150

Average Workload (cause variable)(monthly item records loaded; thousands)

Work hours(effect Variable)

data

point


20/38

20

Interpreting ResultsLook For A General Pattern Of Plotted

Points

Tightness Of Grouping Indicates RelativeCorrelation

SCATTER DIAGRAM

POSITIVE

CORRELATION

NEGATIVE

CORRELATION

NO

CORRELATION


21/38

21

Plot the possible relationship of the

travel time to work versus distance

from job.

TIME

DISTANCE

SCATTER DIAGRAM EXERCISE


22/38

22

HISTOGRAM

DefinitionA Bar Graph Representing The Amount

Of Variation Within A Process.When To Use ItAt Steps 2, 3 And 5 Of The CIP


23/38

23

Weights Of 80 Officers

0

5

10

15

20

109 133.8 158.6 183.4

Weight (lbs)

# of

Officers

(Frequency)

HISTOGRAM EXAMPLE


24/38


25/38

25

Determine The Intervals:

this manyIf you have

data points:< 5050 - 99100 - 249

> 250

Use thisnumber of

intervals (K):5 -76 - 107 - 12

10 - 20

for this example K = 8

HISTOGRAM EXAMPLE


26/38

26

Determine The Range:

where R = range:

R = X largest - X smallest

Example:

R = 208 - 109 = 99

HISTOGRAM EXAMPLE


27/38


28/38

28

Determine The Starting Point ForEach Interval:

Interval Lower

Boundary

1 109

2 121.4

3 133.8

4 146.2

5 158.66 171.0

7 183.4

8 195.8

HISTOGRAM EXAMPLE


29/38

29

Plot The Data:Interval Tally (Frequency) Total

109 under 121.4 II 2

121.4 under 133.8 IIIII II 7

133.8 under 146.2 IIIII III 8

146.2 under 158.6 IIIII IIIII IIIII 15

158.6 under 171.0 IIIII IIIII IIIII III 18

171.0 under 183.4 IIIII IIIII IIII 14

183.4 under 195.8 IIIII IIIII 10195.8 under 208.2 IIIII I 6

HISTOGRAM EXAMPLE


30/38

30

WEIGHTS OF 80 OFFICERS

0

5

10

15

20

109 133.8 158.6 183.4

Weight (lbs)

# of

Officers

(Frequency)

HISTOGRAM EXAMPLE


31/38

31

Interpreting ResultsLook For Normal Distributions

Investigate Abnormalities

HISTOGRAM


32/38

32

RUN CHART

DefinitionGraphically Represents Changes In A

Process Over Time (Trends)

When To Use ItAt Steps 1, 2, And 5 Of The CIP

0

10

20

30

40

50

6070

80

90

1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr


33/38

33

#of

people

TDY

avg. = 6.8

RUN CHART EXAMPLE

Number of People TDY per Week

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 2 4 6 8 10

Week


34/38


35/38

35

Use the data listed below to construct a Run ChartWEEK OF TRAINING

2

4

6

8

10

1214

16

DEMERITS

400

450

300

200

350

300150

50

AVERAGE = 275AVERAGE = 275

RUN CHART EXERCISE


36/38

36

RUN CHART EXERCISE (ANSWER)

AVG = 275

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

WEEK OF TRAINING

DEMERITS


37/38

37

FlowchartPicture Of Process Use It To Analyze Problems Compare Current And Ideal Process

Cause And Effect Diagram Shows Relationship Between Causes And Outcomes In Process

Used To Analyze ProblemsIdentify Possible Root Causes

Pareto ChartBar Chart Of Major Problems Pareto Principle Used To Analyze Problems

Identify Possible Root Causes

SUMMARY


38/38

38

SUMMARY

Scatter DiagramId Possible Relationships Use At Step 3 Of CIP Tighter Groups--strong Relationship

Histogram

Shows Variation In Process Comprehend Total VariabilityInvestigate Abnormalities

Run Chart Graphically Represents Trends

Recognize Abnormal BehaviorInvestigate Points Away From Average

Documents

Slides on SPC Tools