Slides for Sociology W3480: Part 3 of 3 Revolutions, Social Movements, and Contentious Politics Columbia College Spring 2007 Prepared by Charles Tilly

Slides for Sociology W3480: Part 3 of 3

Revolutions, Social Movements, and Contentious Politics

Columbia College

Spring 2007

Prepared by Charles Tilly and

Ernesto Castañeda

send questions to [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

Local, National, and TransnationalLocal, National, and TransnationalSocial MovementsSocial Movements

April 16th, 2007

(Tilly & Castañeda 2007) 2

Local Movements Going NationalLocal Movements Going National


Repertoire DiffusionRepertoire Diffusionfrom Greensboro, NC to all the other Southern States from Greensboro, NC to all the other Southern States

(TT 07) Figure 9.2: Sit-Ins in the American South, February 1 to April 14, 1960

Source: Andrews and Biggs 2005: Figure 2. 4(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)

Source: Courtesy of J. Craig Jenkins. In TT 2007. Chapter 9.

Figure 9.1 African-American Total Movement and Protest Events

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1946

1950

1954

1958

1962

1966

1970

1974

1978

1982

1986

1990

1994Year

Nu

mb

er

of

Even

ts

All EventsProtest Events

Brown 1954

Greensboro 1960

March on Washington 1963

Campaigns in Many States

5

Transnational ContentionTransnational Contention

6(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)

Transnational ContentionTransnational Contention

a) objects of claims- go beyond the nation-state, including: transnational corporations, international organizations such as the UN, WB, IMF, WTO, etc. and sets of countries such as EU, NATO, G8, etc.

b) claimants– are not necessarily members of the state, are part

of multinational coalitions.


Internationalization of claimsInternationalization of claimsCLAIMANTS: International Internationalization National Regional Local Local Regional National International OBJECTS OF CLAIMS 8(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)

Transnational contention yesterdayTransnational contention yesterday

• Religious mobilizations e.g. Protestant Reformation, Zionism, Islamism.

• Formation of consolidated states, concentrated claims at a higher level (national);

• Nevertheless, transnational action occurred: antislavery and temperance movements, Irish independence, anti-colonial mobilizations, world socialist federations, etc.

• We’ve seen transnational targets and actors: interstate wars, nationalist wars, Rwandan civil war, Catholic visionaries, Soviet disintegration, antiwar protests.


Is something new happening?Is something new happening?

Shift of reformist, emancipatory and revolutionary hopes from national to international arenas: Global civil society (subject) - Empire (object)

Is this Justified?• Reasons for saying YES:

– INGO expansion, transnational networks, new technologies, globalization.

• Reasons for saying NO:– persistent importance of strong social ties and trust

networks for mobilization, local issues and persistence of social movement repertoire.


YesYes Global Civil Society Events June-July 2003 (Tilly Global Civil Society Events June-July 2003 (Tilly 2006 Table 8-1)2006 Table 8-1)

• 6/1-3 Evian, France: 150,000 protesters demonstrate against the G8 meeting.

• 6/7-10 Lisbon, Portugal: first Portuguese Social Forum

• 6/16 China: in response to international anti-dam campaign, government admits that cracks have appeared in controversial Three Gorges Dam

• 6/16-29 Cartagena de Indias, Colombia: following up Third World Social Forum, activists stage a forum on democracy, human rights, war, and drug trafficking

• 6/20-22 Thessaloniki, Greece: first Greek Social Forum, marking culmination of protests during Greek presidency of the European Union

• 6/20-25 Sacramento, USA: activists demonstrate at World Trade Organization [WTO] ministerial conference on agricultural science and technology.

• 6/21-23 Cairo, Egypt: international women’s and children’s rights groups hold a three-day conference on legal instruments for the prevention of female genital mutilation.


Global Civil Society Events June-July 2003 Global Civil Society Events June-July 2003 (Tilly 2006 Table 8-1)(Tilly 2006 Table 8-1)

• 6/26 Sharm al Shaikh, Egypt: WTO holds unofficial ministerial meeting, with NGO representatives (Greenpeace among them) excluded from closed sessions but present in public

• 6/29 Calcutta, India: first gay pride march in India

• 7/1 Hong Kong, China: 500,000 people march against new national security legislation for the region

• 7/6 Reading, England: after worldwide controversy, canon Jeffery John, a gay celibate priest, withdraws his nomination as Anglican Bishop of Reading;

later appointed Dean of Reading Cathedral

• 7/15 Damascus, Syria: following human rights and civil liberties campaign, Syrian president pardons hundreds of prisoners and orders end of judicial pursuit

for head of Syrian Human Rights Organization.

• 7/16 Internet: site launched for World Campaign for In-depth Reform of the System of International Institutions.


Global Civil Society Events 2003Global Civil Society Events 2003

• 7/18 São Paulo, Brazil: judge suspends eviction of 4,000 members of Workers Without a Roof, who are squat-ting on a plot owned by

Volkswagen

• 7/21-24 Tegucigalpa, Honduras: fourth Foro Mesoamericano meets, campaigning against Free Trade Area of Americas and neo-liberalism

• 7/23 Colombia: trade union members call for worldwide boycott of Coca-Cola, alleged to have employed militias for the murder of union

members

• 7/23 Juarez, Mexico: Mexican and international NGOs plus UN observers meet with government officials to demand end of violence including

murders of women and children in Juarez.

• 7/28-30 Montréal, Canada: during a WTO pre-meeting, hundreds of protesters demonstrate, some smashing storefront windows of multinational brands

(Tilly 2006; summarized from Anheier, Glasius, Kaldor & Holland 2005: 354-355).(Tilly & Castañeda 2007) 13

Migrant Transnational CommunitiesMigrant Transnational Communities

Based on fieldwork, photos, and working papers by Ernesto Castañeda


Theoretical FrameworkTheoretical Framework

Transnational practices link migrants with both the sending country and the receiving country, thus spanning national borders (R.C. Smith 1998, 2005; Levitt 2001; Massey et al 1987; Glick-Schiller et al. 1992; Goldring 1996)

Transnational practices include:• Physical the movements of people• Transfers of goods and money (remittances)• Exchanges of ideas, information and cultural values• Peggy Levitt (2001) calls social remittances, to the set of

habits, values, created needs and expectations brought home from another country.


New York-Guerrero Transnational Networks


Transnational Household EconomiesTransnational Household Economies

• By transnational household we mean nuclear or extended families divided in two countries where their shared combined income is used to support the life of a family (Smith, Castañeda, Martino et al. 2004).

• The concept of transnational household economies captures both the economic and familial dimensions of social life and everyday practices

• Transnational Household Economies also raise the issues of the division of labor across countries. E.g. child bearing and nurturing in Mexico, working cycle in the US, retiring in Mexico.

• “Tele-parenting” and creating distorted population demographics.


Communication and TechnologyCommunication and Technology

• Communication with families

- telephone in home - telephone at community telephone stations - via messages from the indigenous radio station

• Videos from community celebrations (Levitt 2001, Smith 1993, 2005).

• Computer technology capacity in Mexico - limited number of Internet cafes in rural areas,

- e-Mexico (government run computer rooms)


Transmigration as a rare and temporal Transmigration as a rare and temporal phenomenonphenomenon

• Not a new phenomenon• Circular migration• Not all migration is transnational• Household transnational practices may be

temporary • The state matters


Further Research QuestionsFurther Research Questions

• Do these flows and practices show the existence of a transnational community?

• What are the economic and social prospects for these communities?


Migration, Remittances and their Different Migration, Remittances and their Different Social MeaningsSocial Meanings

Thursday May 17th, 2007411 Fayerweather Hall11:00 am to 4:00 p.m.

-Kai Ho, Remittances and Rural-Urban Migration in Contemporary China, 1989 to 2004

-Jesus Fernandez-Huertas Moraga, New Evidence on Emigrant Selection

-Randa Serhan, Building Uninhabited Villas: Resisting Occupation Through Construction in the West Bank

-Ernesto Castaneda-Tinoco, Migration, Remittances, and Their Missing Link to Development


New Transnational New Transnational Social Movements?Social Movements?


Are there appearing new transnational protest Are there appearing new transnational protest repertoires?repertoires?

Relation between regimes and repertoires– little change of the repertoire has occurred as

social movements have become increasingly transnational in scope (Tilly, Regimes and Repertoires, 198).

– And in that sense subjects are targeting the same type of objects.

– Nonetheless, Donatella de la Porta claims that new repertoires are appearing e.g. social fora.


International-NGOs World CapitalsInternational-NGOs World Capitals

1. Brussels (1392)2. London (807)3. Paris (729)4. Washington (487)5. New York (390)6. Geneva (272)7. Rome (228)8. Vienna (190)9. Tokyo (174)10. Amsterdam (162)

11. Madrid (140)12. Stockholm (133)13. Buenos Aires (110)14. Copenhagen (108)15. Berlin (101)16. Nairobi (100)17. Oslo (95)18. Mexico City (87)19. Montréal (86)20. Milan (82)

(List as of 2001)Source: Tilly R&C 2006:200 taken

from Glasius, Kaldor & Anheier 2002: 6. 24

(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)

WarningsWarnings• Avoid technological determinism;

– recognize that most new features of social movements result from alterations in their social and political contexts rather than from technical innovations as such.

• Notice that communications innovations always operate in a two-sided way: – on one side, lowering the costs of coordination among activists who are already

connected with each other; – on the other, excluding even more definitively those who lack access to the new

communications means, and thus increasing communications inequality. And they also allowing larger state coordination and possibilities for repression.

• Remember that most social movement activity continues to rely on the local, regional, and national forms of organization

• Avoid the supposition that globalization and anti-globalization movements now dominates the social movement scene

Despite internationalization, local, regional, and national issues in social movements persist.(Adapted from Tilly, Social Movements:98).


Other References:Other References:

Tilly, Charles. 2006. Regimes and Repertoires. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Tarrow,Sidney. 2005. The New Transnational Activism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Tarrow, Sidney and Donatella della Porta, eds. 2005. Transnational Protest and Global Activism. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

McAdam, Doug, Sidney Tarrow and Charles Tilly. 2001.Dynamics of Contention. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Fisher, Dana. 2006. Activism Inc. How the Outsourcing of Grassroots Campaigns Is Strangling Progressive Politics in America. Stanford: Stanford University Press.


Possible Trade-Offs Possible Trade-Offs (depending on the case)

• Professionalization• Institutionalization• Lack of Accountability

• WUNC• Grassroots• Democratization


Globalization and ContentionGlobalization and Contention

April 18th, 2007


GlobalizationGlobalization high impact of average GLOBAL- intercontinental I ZATION transaction/ equal impact of average local or regional transaction low

low high proportion of all transactions intercontinental


Globalization & De-GlobalizationGlobalization & De-Globalization

• Globalization occurs when a distinctive set of social connections and practices expands from a regional to a transcontinental scale.

• Globalization as a proxy for long distance transactions.• Transactions e.g. telephone calls, travel, transfers of funds,

communications, trade, coordination of collective action, etc.• But if the relative size and impact of local or regional

transactions actually increases faster than the proportion of all transactions passing between continents, de-globalization occurs.

• Globalization is a two-way process, not an unstoppable force.


Waves of Globalization Waves of Globalization (after 1500)

I. 1500-1650. – Growth of European influence in the old world, Africa, the Pacific,

and the recently-discovered Americas. – Growth of the Ottoman Empire. – Parallel expansions of Chinese and Arab merchants networks into

the Indian Ocean and Pacific. – In the 17th century large amounts of silver mined in South

America were ending up in Chinese treasuries, drawn by the export of precious Chinese commodities to the West.

II. 1850-1914. - Spread of railroads, steamships, telephone, and telegraph.- Unprecedented levels of trans-continental trade and investment

that increased global disparities. III. Post-1945 - ?

– Lost of state capacity to control transnational flows such as: capital, goods, labor, contraband, arms, etc.


Influenza across the WorldInfluenza across the World

• In 1918 influenza (called the Spanish flu) caused 40 million deaths, as compared with 10 million in combats of World War I. The spread of the disease was aided by military personal mobilizations in World War I.


International MigrationInternational Migration

• People coming out of Africa 40,000+ years ago.• 1500-1650.

– Large intercontinental migrations out of China, Europe, and the Middle East, slave trade.

• 1850-1914. – 3 million Indians, – 9 million Japanese,– 10 million Russians,– 20 million Chinese, and– 33 million Europeans


Wave TurnersWave Turners

• Wars e.g. World War I, World War II, “war on terror”?• Great depression of 1929.• Keynesian revolution.• Social Democracy.• 1850-WWI, states regularized national passports and their firm

attachment of citizens to particular states (Torpey 2000). – In the process working agreements emerged among

governments, capital, and organized labor at the national scale.

– Those bargains eventually turned states from free trade toward protection of industries that combined large labor forces with extensive fixed capital e.g. chemicals, steel, and metal-processing industries.


The Washington ConsensusThe Washington ConsensusDuring the 1980s and 1990s, major capitalist powers including the United States

generally agreed on a set of reforms for developing economies that people called the “Washington Consensus.” It included these elements:

• Fiscal discipline• Redirection of public expenditure toward education, health, and infrastructure

investment• Broadening the tax base and cutting marginal tax rates• Market determined, positive, and moderate interest rates• Competitive exchange rates for national currencies• Trade liberalization, which involved replacement of protective tariffs by low,

uniform tariffs• Openings to foreign direct investment• Privatization of state enterprises• Abolition of regulations impeding entry into national markets, restricting

competition within them – with exceptions for protection of personal safety, the environment, consumers, and financial institutions

• Legal security for property rights


The World Bank Changes Focus The World Bank Changes Focus The World Bank, a powerful worldwide financial institution based in Washington D.C., issues an annual report on the world economy, with special emphasis on prospects for economic development. The Bank began organizing its annual report thematically in 1991. Titles of reports from 1991 to 2005 give an idea of the great lender’s changing preoccupations:

• 1991: The Challenge of Development• 1992: Development and the Environment• 1993: Investing in Health• 1994: Infrastructure for Development• 1995: Workers in an Integrating World• 1996: From Plan to Market• 1997: The State in a Changing World• 1998: Knowledge for Development• 1999: Entering the 21st Century• 2000/2001: Attacking Poverty• 2002: Building Institutions for Markets• 2003: Sustainable Development in a Dynamic World• 2004: Making Services Work for Poor People• 2005: A Better Investment Climate for Everyone

During the early years, annual reports centered on capital investment and return, with special attention to poor countries and post-socialist regimes. They moved dramatically away from the assumption that integration into world markets would more or less automatically promote capitalism and development toward the view that market capitalism required extensive institutional underpinnings, including property rights and the rule of law. The most recent two years show a further shift toward concern about poverty and equal opportunity.


Globalization ProcessesGlobalization Processes

Monday April 23rd, 2007Tilly and Castañeda


A Good Provider Is One Who LeavesA Good Provider Is One Who Leaves“On June 25, 1980 (a date he would remember), a good-natured Filipino pool-maintenance man gathered his wife and five children for an upsetting ride to the Manila airport. At 36, Emmet Comodas had lived a hard life without growing hardened, which was a mixed blessing given the indignities of his poverty. Orphaned at 8, raised on the Manila streets where he hawked cigarettes, he had hustled a job at a government sports complex and held it for nearly two decades. On the spectrum of Filipino poverty, that alone marked him as a man of modest fortune. But a monthly salary of $50 did not keep his family fed.” So he migrated to Saudi Arabia (…)“Two years later, on Aug. 2, 1982 (another date he would remember), Emmet walked off the returning flight with chocolate for the kids, earrings for Tita and a bag of duty-free cigarettes, his loneliness abroad having made him a chain smoker. His 2-year-old son, Boyet, considered him a stranger and cried at his touch, though as Emmet later said, “I was too happy to be sad.” He gave himself a party, replaced the shanty’s rotted walls and put on a new roof. Then after three months at home, he left for Saudi Arabia again. And again. And again and again: by the time Emmet ended the cycle and came home for good, he had been gone for nearly two decades. Boyet was grown (DeParle 2007).”


A Good Provider…A Good Provider…“Deprived of their father while sustained by his wages, the Comodas children spent their early lives studying Emmet’s example. Now they have copied it. All five of them, including Rowena, grew up to become overseas workers. Four are still working abroad. And the middle child, Rosalie — a nurse in Abu Dhabi — faces a parallel to her father’s life that she finds all too exact. She has an 18-month-old back in the Philippines who views her as a stranger and resists her touch. What started as Emmet’s act of desperation has become his children’s way of life: leaving in order to live.”

This quotes show the family aspects behind migration, and remittances.

[Having recently gotten out of the hospital Chuck came to class and read part of this article the day after it was published in the Sunday NYT Magazine.]

Source: De Parle, Jason. 2007. “A Good Provider Is One Who Leaves.” New York Times. April 22, 2007. Full text free at: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D04E7D6113FF931A15757C0A9619C8B63&sec=&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink


http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D04E7D6113FF931A15757C0A9619C8B63&sec=&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink

http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D04E7D6113FF931A15757C0A9619C8B63&sec=&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink

Technological Determinism in Explaining GlobalizationTechnological Determinism in Explaining Globalization

(Proposed by technology enthusiasts such as Howard Rheingold)

1833 introduction of the telegraph

1876 introduction of the telephone

1895 Marconi’s demonstration of radio

1920s experimental television 1966 initiation of satellite communication

1977 first mobile telecommunications system (Saudi Arabia)

1978 first computer modem

1989 initial plan for World Wide Web

1995 public internet established in US

1996 Wireless Application Protocol

(adapted from UNDP 2001: 33)


Country Internet Connections

per 1,000 people 2003

New Zealand 788

Iceland 772

Sweden 756

Malta 750

Denmark 696

Korea, Rep. of 657

Australia 646

United States 630

Finland 629

United Kingdom 628

Canada 626

Netherlands 614

Source UNDP http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/statistics/indicators/124.html(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)

41

Mediated MediationMediated Mediation• “Most friends and relatives with whom we maintain socially

close ties are not physically close. These ties are spread through metropolitan areas, and often on the other side of countries or seas. Mail, the telephone, cars, airplanes, and now email and the Internet sustain these ties. Most people do not live lives bound in one community. Instead, they maneuver through multiple specialized partial communities, giving limited commitment to each. Their life is “glocalized”: combining long-distance ties with continuing involvements in households, neighborhoods, and worksites” (Haythornthwaite & Wellman 2002: 32 in Tilly 2004:93).

• Integration of communications innovations into existing social relations and practices extends projects that people already have under way

• The use of technology, media and communications is mediated by social relations.


Commercial, Social and Political CircuitsCommercial, Social and Political CircuitsCircuits have:1) a well-defined boundary with some control over

transactions crossing the boundary, 2) a distinctive set of economic transactions,3) distinctive media (reckoning systems and tokens of

value) employed in the pursuit of those transactions, and

4) meaningful ties among participants Circuits create an institutional structure that reinforces

credit, trust, and reciprocity within its perimeter, but organizes exclusion and inequality in relation to outsiders. (Zelizer 2004 in Nee & Swedberg, eds. The Economic Sociology of Capitalism).


Top Down GlobalizationMultinational corporations, International Financial Institutions (loans and conditionality packages), inter-government agreements (GATT-WTO), W.C., global media, copyright, internet protocols, and portals

Bottom Up Globalization

Migration flows, world music, environmental and social movements, open source media, wikis, end-user media, alternative media, civil society cooperation across borders, international education

INGO’s, organized crime and terrorist networks


Tilly’s PredictionsTilly’s Predictions

• Since top-down, bottom-up, and intermediate changes all increase connectedness among sites that share interests and, on the average, reduce the cost of communication, we might expect an increase in the frequency of campaigns involving similar or identical targets simultaneously at many different sites.

• As for repertoires, we might expect decreasing reliance on expressions of program, identity, and standing claims that require the physical co-presence of all participants in favor of locally clustered performances connected by long, thin strands of communication. At the extreme, that trend would yield virtual performances requiring no physical co-presence whatsoever.

• When it comes to WUNC displays, we might expect an interesting bifurcation: on one side, ways of signaling WUNC to the world; and on the other side, increasingly localized WUNC codes for their local environments. E.g. Indonesian demonstrators wearing locally intelligible headbands but holding English-language signs up to television cameras illustrate the bifurcation.

• internationally-oriented performances combine codes linking participants closely to their own localities and groups with other WUNC codes of worldwide currency such as peace signs and chanting in unison.


Important distinctionsImportant distinctions

• Globalization as discourse vs. phenomena• Anti-globalization as discourse and as action• Global causes from global action• Responses to structural adjustment vs. group

claims and rights based claims

Source: Tilly, Charles. 2004. Social Movements 1768-2004. Chapter 5. Boulder: CO. Paradigm Publishers.


the present and future of contentious politicsthe present and future of contentious politics

Charles Tilly April 25th, 2007


ReferencesReferencesGoodin, Robert E. and Charles Tilly. 2006. The Oxford handbook of contextual political analysis. Oxford:

Oxford University Press.McAdam, Doug, Sidney G. Tarrow, and Charles Tilly. 2001. Dynamics of contention. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press.Tilly, Charles. 1998. Durable inequality. Berkeley: University of California Press.—. 2002. Stories, identities, and political change. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.—. 2003. Contention and democracy in Europe, 1650-2000. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.—. 2003. The politics of collective violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.—. 2004. Social movements, 1768-2004. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.—. 2005. Identities, boundaries, and social ties. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.—. 2005. Popular contention in Great Britain, 1758-1834. Boulder ,CO: Paradigm Publishers.—. 2005. Trust and rule. New York: Cambridge University Press.—. 2006. Regimes and repertoires. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.—. 2006. Why? Princeton: Princeton University Press.—. 2007. Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.—. 2008. Contentious performances. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.—. 2008. Credit and blame. Princeton: Princeton University Press.—. 2008. Explaining social processes. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.Tilly, Charles and Sidney Tarrow. 2007. Contentious politics. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.


More on Professor Charles “Chuck” TillyMore on Professor Charles “Chuck” Tilly

Books http://web.gc.cuny.edu/dept/bildn/courses/tillybooks.shtml

Biohttp://web.gc.cuny.edu/dept/bildn/courses/tillybio.shtml

Conference in Honor of Tillyhttp://www.ssrc.org/hirschman/event/2008/agenda

Castañeda on Tillyhttp://ernestoetc.blogspot.com/search/label/Charles%20Tilly

More material at Davenport’s in Memoriamhttp://www.cdavenport.com/


http://web.gc.cuny.edu/dept/bildn/courses/tillybooks.shtml

http://web.gc.cuny.edu/dept/bildn/courses/tillybio.shtml

http://www.ssrc.org/hirschman/event/2008/agenda

http://ernestoetc.blogspot.com/search/label/Charles%20Tilly

http://www.cdavenport.com/

Copyright notes Copyright notes

• Instructors and students can use this material for educational purposes as long as they cite the source as: “Contentious Politics Class Slides and Notes. 2007. Prepared by Charles Tilly and Ernesto Castañeda. Columbia University.”

• Copyright note: the diagrams, texts, and pictures are reproduced here under fair use terms for educational not-for-profit purposes. Many of them come directly from Tilly’s computer files often from manuscripts of books and articles prior to publication. If you feel you are the owner of copyrighted material used here and want it removed from these slides please e-mail: [email protected]


Documents

Slides for Sociology W3480: Part 3 of 3 Revolutions, Social Movements, and Contentious Politics Columbia College Spring 2007 Prepared by Charles Tilly