Slides for Handout

Jeffery N. Lucas, PLS, Esq.Professional Land Surveyor

Attorney at Law© 2002‐2016 All Rights Reserved

E‐Mail: [email protected]

DISCLAIMERI Am Not Your Attorney. This seminar is not intended to provide you with legal advice. Seek legal advice from an attorney who is familiar with your particular situation and the facts in your particular case. The example contract clauses contained herein (if any) are intended as examples only and should be reviewed and modified by competent legal counsel to reflect variations in applicable state and local law specific to your circumstances.

WHO MOVED MY CHEESECHANGES IN THE PRACTICE OF LAND SURVEYING ARE INEVITABLE:

How we deal with the change is what matters.

WHO MOVED MY CHEESE“Finally, one day Haw began laughing at himself. ‘Haw, haw, look at us. We keep doing the same things over and over again and wonder why things don’t get better. If this wasn’t so ridiculous, it would be even funnier.’”

Johnson, Spencer, M.D., Who Moved my Cheese?, G.P. Putnam’s Sons, New York, 1998, at 43.

WHO MOVED MY CHEESETHE HANDWRITING ON THE WALL: Change Happens – They keep moving the cheese. Anticipate Change – Get ready for the cheese to move. Monitor Change – Smell the cheese often so you know when it is getting old. Adapt to Change Quickly – The quicker you let go of old cheese, the sooner you

can enjoy new cheese.


WHO MOVED MY CHEESETHE HANDWRITING ON THE WALL: Change – Move with the cheese. Enjoy Change – Savor the adventure and enjoy the taste of new cheese. Be Ready to Change Quickly and Enjoy it Again & Again – They keep moving the

cheese.


WHO MOVED MY CHEESE“It is extremely likely that virtually anyone will be able to achieve positions accurate to less than half-meter (some believe even as little as 10 cm), in real-time at the 95% confidence level, and this will be possible in the not-so-distant future. Research

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less than half-meter (some believe even as little as 10 cm), in real-time at the 95% confidence level, and this will be possible in the not-so-distant future. Research indicates this may be achievable without the need for any form of terrestrial augmentation (CORS, RTN, the FAA’s WAAS, DGPS, or observations at passive control points), and that these observations will be made with relatively inexpensive units that could be whatever will pass as a smartphone in 2020.’”

David Doyle, A New Datum, Professional Surveyor Magazine, August 2013 at 14.

THE GEOSPATIAL COMMUNITY“In order to safeguard life, health, and property and to promote the public welfare, the practice of land surveying in this state is a learned profession to be practiced and regulated as such, and its practitioners in this state shall be held accountable to the state and members of the public by high professional standards in keeping with the ethics and practices of the other learned professions in this state….”

Code of Ala.1975, Sec.31-11-2(c).

THE GEOSPATIAL COMMUNITY“(1) In order to safeguard the life, health, property and welfare of the public and to establish and maintain a high standard of integrity, skills, and practice in the professions of engineering and land surveying, the following Rules of Professional Conduct are promulgated in accordance with O.C.G.A. 43-15-6(1). …”

Georgia Admin. Code, Sec. 180-6-.01.

THE GEOSPATIAL COMMUNITY“To be a successful professional surveyor, one must have more than a narrow technical education. Technical education has to do with things. Employees at a lower professional scale deal with things; professionals deal with people, situations, and ideas.”

Evidence and Procedures, 5th Edition, Page 484.

THE GEOSPATIAL COMMUNITY“The surveyor, having made an evaluation of the evidence, forms an opinion as to where he believes the lines would be located if fully adjudicated in a court of law. The typical modern day surveyor sees himself as an expert evaluator of evidence. He strives to arrive at the same opinion of boundary location regardless of whether he was hired by his client or his client’s next door neighbor.”

Williams & Onsrud, What Every Lawyer Should Know about Title Surveys, Reprinted in “Land Surveys, A Guide for Lawyers,” Real Property and Trust Law Section American Bar Association, 1986.

COBB’S VALUE CURVEDETAILED FUNCTIONS:

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COBB’S VALUE CURVEDETAILED FUNCTIONS:1. The determination of the size and shape of the earth and the measurement of all

data needed to define the size, position, shape and contour of any part of the earth and monitoring any change therein.

2. The positioning of objects in space and time as well as the positioning and monitoring of physical features, structures and engineering works on, above or below the surface of the earth.

3. The development, testing and calibration of sensors, instruments and systems for the above mentioned purposes and other surveying purposes.

4. The acquisition and use of spatial information from close range, aerial and satellite imagery and the automation of these processes.

5. The determination of the position of the boundaries of public or private land, including national and international boundaries, and the registration of those lands with the appropriate authorities.

6. The design, establishment and administration of geographic information systems (GIS) and the collection, storage, analysis, management, display and dissemination of data.

7. The analysis, interpretation and integration of spatial objects and phenomena in GIS, including the visualisation and communication of such data in maps, models and mobile digital devices.

8. The study of the natural and social environment, the measurement of land and marine resources and the use of such data in the planning of development in urban, rural and regional areas.

9. The planning, development and redevelopment of property, whether urban or rural and whether land or buildings.

10. The assessment of value and the management of property, whether urban or rural and whether land or buildings or landed interests.

11. The planning, measurement and management of construction works, including the estimation of costs.

COBB’S VALUE CURVECOMMODITY SERVICES:1. The determination of the size and shape of the earth and the measurement of all

data needed to define the size, position, shape and contour of any part of the earth and monitoring any change therein.

2. The positioning of objects in space and time as well as the positioning and monitoring of physical features, structures and engineering works on, above or below the surface of the earth.


4. The acquisition and use of spatial information from close range, aerial and satellite imagery and the automation of these processes.

5. The determination of the position of the boundaries of public or private land, including national and international boundaries, and the registration of those lands

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6. The design, establishment and administration of geographic information systems (GIS) and the collection, storage, analysis, management, display and dissemination of data.

7. The analysis, interpretation and integration of spatial objects and phenomena in GIS, including the visualisation and communication of such data in maps, models and mobile digital devices.

8. The study of the natural and social environment, the measurement of land and marine resources and the use of such data in the planning of development in urban, rural and regional areas.




WHERE WE GO FROM HEREBRAND NAME SERVICES:2. The positioning of objects in space and time as well as the positioning and

monitoring of physical features, structures and engineering works on, above or below the surface of the earth.






WHERE WE GO FROM HEREEXCLUSIVE SERVICES:5. The determination of the position of the boundaries of public or private land,

including national and international boundaries, and the registration of those lands with the appropriate authorities.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYTen Significant Problems Facing the Land Surveying Profession

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Land Surveying Profession

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURY1. AN UN-EXPLOITED NICHEWe have an Exclusive Service that no one else can offer and we sell it for pennies on the dollar.

STEELE v. CALLAHANIndiana Court of Appeals970 N.E.2d 799July 17, 2012

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURY2. WE ARE AFRAID OF PROPERTY LINESWe are the only profession licensed and qualified to deal with the on-the-ground

location of property lines, but we are not dealing with the on-the-ground location of property lines.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYSurveying Property:“In keeping with recent legal decisions, we have somewhat modified some of the terminology. For instance, seldom is the term property line or property boundary used. It is our belief that property rights, including property boundaries, are legal questions and as such are not addressed by land surveyors. Surveyors locate boundaries, or land boundaries or deed lines. They do not and cannot locate property rights.”Robillard, Walter G., Donald Wilson, Evidence and Procedures for Boundary Location, Sixth Edition, 2011, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, at 2.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYSurveying Property:“One of the reasons for giving surveyors the exclusive privilege of marking boundaries is to prevent the unskilled from monumenting lines that encroach on the bona fide rights of others.”Brown, Curtis M., The Professional Status of Land Surveyors, 1961, “Surveying and Mapping,” Vol. XXI, No. 1, at 63-71.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYSurveying Property:“The surveyor does have moral obligations to the public and among them is the duty to never subtract from the rights of adjoiners. Every boundary survey for a client establishes the boundary of an adjoiner.” Brown, Curtis M., The Professional Status of Land Surveyors, 1961, “Surveying and Mapping,” Vol. XXI, No. 1, at 63-71.

McGHEE v. YOUNGFlorida Court of Appeals606 So.2d 1215

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Florida Court of Appeals606 So.2d 1215October 7, 1992

HARRIS v. ROBERTSONSupreme Court of Arkansas813 S.W.2d 252July 8, 1991

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURY3. WE ARE A HOUSE DIVIDEDWe are divided over the Fundamental Precepts of land surveying.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYA House Divided:“Every kingdom divided against itself is brought to desolation; and every city or house divided against itself shall not stand.”Matthew 12:25, King James

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYFundamental Precepts: You are either and original surveyor laying out the property lines for the very first

time, or you are a following surveyor finding where the lines have already been established on the ground.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYFundamental Precepts: But we can’t agree on who the original surveyor was. Was it the first surveyor to

draw a line on a map or the first surveyor to attempt to put the lines on the ground?

KNERR v. MAULDINCalifornia Court of AppealsSecond Appellate DivisionDivision Six2006 Cal.App.Unpub. LEXIS 6749August 2, 2006

From the CLSA Amicus BriefThe Superior Court sought to determine the location of the boundary in question by assessing which testimony was "more credible." Although it paid lip service to the concept of "following in the footsteps" of the original surveyor--being one Mr. Davy who, in 1926, surveyed the boundary of Chatsworth Lake View Annex and created the protracted lots within--it does not appear to have understood how that is done.

From the CLSA Amicus BriefThe Superior Court refused to recognize the importance of actually retracing the original surveyor's 1926 work, instead accepting the boundary location of

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The Superior Court refused to recognize the importance of actually retracing the original surveyor's 1926 work, instead accepting the boundary location of respondent's surveyor, South Bay Engineering…. If this Court adopts the Superior Court's approach to determining boundaries, property rights will rest on witness credibility assessments at trial, instead of on proper survey procedure and boundary control, and the quest for evidence of the original surveyor's work.

From the CLSA Amicus BriefThe advance of technology has allowed for the increase in precision and reliability of locating evidence with ever-increasing efficiency. It must be made clear that simply locating or collecting evidence is not boundary surveying. Evaluation and interpretation of the collected evidence is what constitutes boundary surveying. It is possible to locate a boundary in the wrong location with a high degree of precision.

From the CLSA Amicus BriefPrimary Authorities Cited in the CLSA Brief:De Escobar v. Isom (1952) 112 Cal.App.2d 172, quoting Diehl v. Zanger, 39 Mich 601

(1878).Bullard v. Kempff (1897) 119 Cal. 9, 15 quoting Diehl, supra.

From Diehl v. Zanger“The plaintiffs in error submitted evidence conducing to show, among other things, that lots thirty-nine and forty, as well as other contiguous lots in the subdivision, had for twenty years and upwards been identified and defined in their position and extent upon the ground by buildings, fences and harmonious occupancy, and that at the very time of the grant to defendants in error the physical evidences of recognized and long admitted bounds which plaintiffs in error contend for, were visible and apparent to everybody.”Diehl v. Zanger, 1878 Mich.LEXIS 375 (Mich.1878). Opinion by Cooley

From Diehl v. Zanger“There was no conflicting evidence in regard to these facts. They were not disputed, and there is no evidence that the practical locations and proprietary and possessory recognitions ever deviated until after the remarkable results of the late survey.”Diehl v. Zanger, 1878 Mich.LEXIS 375 (Mich.1878). Opinion by Cooley

From Diehl v. Zanger“This litigation grows out of a new survey recently made by the city surveyor. This officer after searching for the original stakes and finding none, has proceeded to take measurements according to the original plat, and to drive stakes of his own. According to this survey the practical location of the whole plat is wrong, and all the lines should be moved between four and five feet to the east.”Diehl v. Zanger, 1878 Mich.LEXIS 375 (Mich.1878). Opinion by Cooley

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From Diehl v. Zanger“Nothing is better understood than that few of our early plats will stand the test of a careful and accurate survey without disclosing errors. This is as true of the government surveys as of any others, and if all the lines were now subject to correction on new surveys, the confusion of lines and titles that would follow would cause consternation in many communities.”Diehl v. Zanger, 1878 Mich.LEXIS 375 (Mich.1878). Opinion by Cooley

From Diehl v. Zanger“Indeed the mischiefs that must follow would be simply incalculable, and the visitation of the surveyor might well be set down as a great public calamity.”Diehl v. Zanger, 1878 Mich.LEXIS 375 (Mich.1878). Opinion by Cooley

From Diehl v. Zanger“The surveyor has mistaken entirely the point to which his attention should have been directed. The question is not how an entirely accurate survey would locate these lots, but how the original stakes located them.”Diehl v. Zanger, 1878 Mich.LEXIS 375 (Mich.1878). Opinion by Cooley

From Diehl v. Zanger“No rule in real estate law is more inflexible than that monuments control course and distance—a rule that we have frequent occasion to apply in the case of public surveys, where its propriety, justice and necessity are never questioned.”Diehl v. Zanger, 1878 Mich.LEXIS 375 (Mich.1878). Opinion by Cooley

California Law“Where, as here, there is an established interior monument near the lots being surveyed, it is that monument that should be used. (See, e.g., State of California v. Thompson (1971) 22 Cal. App. 3d 368, 379, 99 Cal. Rptr. 594 [“Although respondent contends that [appellant's surveyor] ought to have commenced his survey from the east in order to literally ‘follow in the footsteps’ of [the original surveyor], this argument is without merit. A survey from the nearest established corner is least liable to error.”Knerr v. Mauldin, 2006 Cal.App.Unpub. LEXIS 6749 (Cal.App.2006).

California Law“If the position of the line always remained to be ascertained by measurement alone, the result would be that it would not be a fixed boundary, but would be subject to change with every new measurement. Such uncertainty and instability in the title to land would be intolerable.”

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change with every new measurement. Such uncertainty and instability in the title to land would be intolerable.”Young v. Blakeman, 95 P. 888 (Cal.1908).

California Law“As we view the case, however, the sole and only question for determination, in so far as the rights of plaintiffs (who are respondents here) are concerned, is whether the description contained in this deed, corrected as above stated, embraces the parcel of land in dispute. The deed, in so far as it purports to describe the tract of land conveyed by the city to Bonilla is free from ambiguity or uncertainty.”Hunt v. Barker, 151 P. 165 (Cal.App.1915).

California Law“If in running the lines as called for upon the ground it should appear that the calls of distance and course are in fact inconsistent with natural monuments called for, then such calls as to distance and course must, under the well-recognized rule, yield to the latter, provided the location of such monuments can be found.”Hunt v. Barker, 151 P. 165 (Cal.App.1915).

California Law“And the same is true with reference to natural boundaries, since they, as well as monuments, control calls of courses and distances in conflict therewith. Bland v. Smith(Tex. Civ. App.) 26 S.W. 773; Stoll v. Beecher, 94 Cal. 1,29 P. 332; Kimball v. McKee, 149 Cal. 435, 86 P. 1089; 4 Am. & Eng. Encyc. Law, p. 765.”Hunt v. Barker, 151 P. 165 (Cal.App.1915).

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYFundamental Precepts:“The surveyor who is attempting to relocate a tract of land must remember that the original survey is presumed to be absolutely correct, no matter how inaccurately the work may have been done. Thus, wherever an original corner can be found, that corner shall be considered correctly located.” Clark, Frank Emerson, Fundamentals of Law for Surveyors, 1939, International Textbook Company, Scranton, Penn. at 23.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYFundamental Precepts:“In re-establishing the lines of a survey the footsteps of the original surveyor should be followed, and it is immaterial that the lines actually run by him are not correct. Courses and distances yield to natural monuments and boundaries. This rule is so strict that even the government itself cannot question it.” Calder v. Hillsboro Land Co., 122 So.2d 445 (Fla.App.1960).

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Calder v. Hillsboro Land Co., 122 So.2d 445 (Fla.App.1960).

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYFundamental Precepts:“A survey of a description does not determine title to land but seeks to find and identify the land embraced within the description. In resurveying a tract of land according to a former plat or survey, the surveyor’s only function or right is to relocate, upon the best evidence obtainable, the corners and lines at the same places where originally located by the first surveyor on the ground.” Gilbert v. Geiger, 747 N.W.2d 188 (Wisc.App.2008).

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYFundamental Precepts:“That is, Rushing did not attempt to locate the original boundary line; he simply tried to restore the shortage that arose due to the floating error by establishing a new line. The court also found this practice to be in conflict with established land survey practices, where surveyors try to retrace old boundaries by ‘walking in the shoes of the original surveyor’ and ‘following in the tracks of the original surveyor.’” In Re: Boundary Dispute Between Lots 97 & 98, 681 S.E.2d 553 (N.C.App.2009).

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYFundamental Precepts:“That is, Rushing did not attempt to locate the original boundary line; he simply tried to restore the shortage that arose due to the floating error by establishing a new line. The court also found this practice to be in conflict with established land survey practices, where surveyors try to retrace old boundaries by ‘walking in the shoes of the original surveyor’ and ‘following in the tracks of the original surveyor.’” In Re: Boundary Dispute Between Lots 97 & 98, 681 S.E.2d 553 (N.C.App.2009).

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYFundamental Precepts: Despite every court in every jurisdictions saying, basically, the same thing, land

surveyors had to interject a new surveyor-contrived concept—the “first surveyor” concept.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYFundamental Precepts:“At times, the surveyor must determine whether he or she is retracing an ‘original survey’ or a ‘first survey.’ … Initially the surveyor must determine whether the creating surveyor actually ran the creating line and then reduced the survey to notes or the description was created on paper and then a surveyor subsequently placed that description on the ground.”Robillard, Walter G., Donald Wilson, Curtis M. Brown, Evidence and Procedures for Boundary Location, Fifth Edition, 2006, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, at 310.

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at 310.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYFundamental Precepts:“When a parcel or parcels are created on paper, without a survey being conducted, and the surveyor is later requested to place one of these paper-described parcels on the ground, this survey should be considered the ‘first’ survey, in that it is the first survey to be placed on the ground after the description.”Robillard, Walter G., Donald Wilson, Curtis M. Brown, Evidence and Procedures for Boundary Location, Fifth Edition, 2006, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, at 310.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYFundamental Precepts:“The difference is that whereas the original survey controls, the first survey is nothing more than an opinion by the surveyor of where the written description should be placed. As such, it is always open to collateral attack.”Robillard, Walter G., Donald Wilson, Curtis M. Brown, Evidence and Procedures for Boundary Location, Fifth Edition, 2006, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, at 310.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYThe results of this philosophy are not hard to find. The pincushion corner is the physical manifestation of our collective confusion over our duties and responsibilities towards property boundaries.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURY“Always open to collateral attack.”Robillard, Walter G., Donald Wilson, Curtis M. Brown, Evidence and Procedures for Boundary Location, Fifth Edition, 2006, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, at 310.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYFundamental Precepts:“If the position of the line always remained to be ascertained by measurement alone, the result would be that it would not be a fixed boundary, but would be subject to change with every new measurement. Such uncertainty and instability in the title to land would be intolerable.”Young v. Blakeman, 95 P. 888 (Cal.1908).

ADAMSON v. INNOVATIVEMISSOURI COURT OF APPEALS 284 S.W.3d 721 March 27, 2009

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURY4. WE HAVE AN INFERIOR PROFESSION

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RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURY4. WE HAVE AN INFERIOR PROFESSIONOur Low Standards of Practice, have turned us into an inferior profession with too

many examples of unethical behavior.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYLow Standards of Practice:“Without superior knowledge, we have an inferior profession. … The major deterrent to our becoming a learned profession is our low requirements for the right to practice. So long as we have low admission requirements, we will have low standards of practice and low public opinion.”Brown, Curtis M., The Professional Status of Land Surveyors, 1961, “Surveying and Mapping,” Vol. XXI, No. 1, at 63-71.

KENDALL V. LOWTHERSupreme Court of Iowa356 N.W.2d 181September 19, 1984

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYEthical Issues as a Result of Our Low Standards: Because of our low standards of practice and low admission requirements, we have

too many examples of unethical behavior.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURY“When a surveyor is employed to establish the position of a point or line in which two or more persons are interested he should act as an honorable, unprejudiced party and seek to find the true position, regardless of consequences. … It is therefore of the utmost importance that the surveyor should act in the same manner as does a judge on the bench rather than as a partisan employee of one of the persons concerned. By performing his duties in this way, the surveyor makes friends and also gains the reputation of being just.”Clark, Frank Emerson, Fundamentals of Law for Surveyors, 1939, International Textbook Company, Scranton, Penn. at 1.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURY“Ethics are often unenforceable. True professional stature arises from obedience to the unenforceable.”Brown, Curtis M., The Professional Status of Land Surveyors, 1961, “Surveying and Mapping,” Vol. XXI, No. 1, at 63-71.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURY5. WE LICENSE THE MINIMALLY COMPETENTOnce licensed, the minimally competent are then allowed to perform the equivalent

of open-heart surgery.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYMinimally Competent:

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RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYMinimally Competent: Why aren’t we treated like the doctors and the lawyers? Because we don’t act like the doctors and the lawyers.

JONES v. GRESHAMMississippi Court of Appeal965 So.2d 581August 21, 2007

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURY6. WE ARE TRAINING TECHNICIANS NOT PROFESSIONALSWe are teaching our student surveyors How to be Technicians, not professionals.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYProfessionals or Technicians: As a general proposition, our geomatics programs are not teaching students how

to be professional surveyors; they are teaching about things, GIS, CAD programs, computations, remote sensing, etc.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYProfessionals or Technicians: What is the difference between being a professional and being a mere technician? The BIG THREE are (1) Clergy, (2) Doctors, and (3) Lawyers. What separates the big

three from the rest?

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYProfessionals or Technicians:“To be a successful professional surveyor, one must have more than a narrow technical education. Technical education has to do with things. Employees at a lower professional scale deal with things; professionals deal with people, situations, and ideas.”Robillard, Walter G., Donald Wilson and Curtis Brown, Evidence and Procedures for Boundary Location, Fifth Edition at 484.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYTechnicians Deal with Things: Introduction to Geomatics Introduction to Surveying Instruments Introduction to Maps and GIS Measurement Science Surveying Computations Plane Surveying (Math) Automated Surveying and Mapping Engineering and Construction Surveying

Geodetic Positioning Systems (GPS)

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Engineering and Construction Surveying Geodetic Positioning Systems (GPS) GIS Applications GPS for Mappers Geodesy and Geodetic Coordinates Mapping by Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYProfessionals Deal with: Things such as Facts People Situations IdeasAdd: A special relationship with client. A Trust.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYProfessionals or Technicians: Since the land surveyor’s exclusive jurisdiction is the performance of professional

services relative to the on-the-ground location of real property boundaries, not only must the professional land surveyor deal with the people and the situation, but with the ideas that are in play.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYWhat Did the Patriarchs of Surveying Think:“The Surveyor in the field has no opportunity to consult authorities, to counsel with others, or hold under advisement for subsequent adjudication. He must think and act for himself, and that quickly and firmly. In the discharge of his duties he combines the three-fold character of attorney, jury and judge. Of attorney, in bringing out and collecting the evidence; of jury, in determining the facts from the evidence; and of judge, in applying the law to the facts so ascertained.” Enos, A.Z., The Early Surveyors and Surveying in Illinois, 1891, Springfield Printing Company, Springfield, Illinois at 7.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYWhat Did the Patriarchs of Surveying Think:“I have generally found that this line of reasoning appeals pretty strongly to all parties interested and that there is general willingness to abide by a decision so reached. The fact that you have been willing to collect all data possible and hear all side of the case begets confidence, and the rest is largely a matter of common sense.” Mulford, A.C., “Boundaries and Landmarks,” 1912, D.Van Nostrand Co., New York, at 42-43.

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RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYWhat Did the Patriarchs of Surveying Think:“If, however, the evidence for and against re-locating an old line in a certain place is pretty evenly divided, it is my belief that a conference of all parties interested should be arranged with a view to establish a line by agreement, as a sure and safe way of preserving the peace and fixing the boundary for years to come.” Mulford, A.C., “Boundaries and Landmarks,” 1912, D.Van Nostrand Co., New York, at 42-43.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYWhat Did the Patriarchs of Surveying Think:“In an old settled country, the principal work of the surveyor is to retrace old boundary lines, find old corners, and relocate them when lost. In performing this duty, he exercises, to a certain extent, judicial functions. He usually takes the place of both judge and jury, and acting as arbiter between adjoining proprietors, decides both the law and the facts in regard to their boundary lines.” Hodgman, F., M.S., C.E., A Manual of Land Surveying, The F. Hodgman Co., Climax, Mich. 1913, at Page 289.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYWhat Did the Patriarchs of Surveying Think:“He does this not because of any right or authority he may possess, but because the interested parties voluntarily submit their differences to him as an expert in such matters, preferring to abide by his decisions rather than go to law about it.” Hodgman, F., M.S., C.E., A Manual of Land Surveying, The F. Hodgman Co., Climax, Mich. 1913, at Page 289.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYWhat Did the Patriarchs of Surveying Think:“Surveyors and engineers should be acquainted with those laws and practices that are closely associated with their profession. They should be familiar with their legal rights, responsibilities, liabilities, and duties under various circumstances.”Clark, Frank Emerson, Fundamentals of Law for Surveyors, 1939, International Textbook Company, Scranton, Penn. at 1.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYWhat Did the Patriarchs of Surveying Think:“The surveyor is a professional man, and the laws pertaining to the rights and liabilities of professional men apply, in a general way, to him. When a surveyor is employed professionally by a private party, he is expected to exercise the degree of care that would be exercised under the same or similar circumstances by a skilled surveyor of ordinary prudence. For failure to exercise such care, he can be held liable in damages, to the extent of the injury to the employer.”Clark, Frank Emerson, Fundamentals of Law for Surveyors, 1939, International Textbook Company, Scranton, Penn. at 1.

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RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYThe Ideas that are in Play: Real Property Law Estates in Land Easements and Rights-of-Way Deeds and Conveyances Real Property Title and Recording Statutes Property Rights and Remedies

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYThe Ideas that are in Play: Boundary Law The Boundary Establishment Doctrines Monuments and Corners The Public Land Surveying System Lot and Block Surveying Metes and Bounds Surveying Water Boundaries

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYThe Ideas that are in Play: Liabilities and Limitations on Liability Standard of Care Professional Negligence Trespass Fraud Slander of Title Statutes of Limitations Discovery Rule Repose

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYThe Ideas that are in Play: Evidence and Procedures Applicable Rules of Evidence The Ultimate Issue Rule

Evidence Gathering

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The Ultimate Issue Rule Evidence Gathering Evidence Evaluation Evidence Standards Weighing the Evidence Rendering a Well-Reasoned Opinion on the Ultimate Issue

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYThe Ideas that are in Play: Alternative Dispute Resolution Conflict Resolution Mediation Boundary Line Agreements

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYWhat Did the Patriarchs of Surveying Think:“When a surveyor is employed to establish the position of a point or line in which two or more persons are interested he should act as an honorable, unprejudiced partyand seek to find the true position, regardless of consequences.”Clark, Frank Emerson, Fundamentals of Law for Surveyors, 1939, International Textbook Company, Scranton, Penn. at 1.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYWhat Did the Patriarchs of Surveying Think:“It is therefore of the utmost importance that the surveyor should act in the same manner as does a judge on the bench rather than as a partisan employee of one of the persons concerned. By performing his duties in this way, the surveyor makes friends and also gains the reputation of being just.”Clark, Frank Emerson, Fundamentals of Law for Surveyors, 1939, International Textbook Company, Scranton, Penn. at 1.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYThe Trust: Land surveyors are, or should be, the stewards of the nation’s property boundaries,

giving equal consideration to the interests of his client and well as the adjoining property owner. The land surveyor advocates for the true property line and honors bona fide rights acquires in good faith. Borrowing from the Marine Corps, his motto should be semper fidelis ad proprietatem limes—always faithful to the property boundary.

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RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURY7. REACHING CRITICAL MASSWhen our falling numbers reach a certain Critical Mass, Traditional land surveying will

become irrelevant.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYCritical Mass:“The minimum amount or number required for something to happen, begin , etc.”Webster’s New World College Dictionary, Fourth Edition.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYCritical Mass: When the reduced number of traditional land surveyors, those licensed by the

state to locate property boundaries, reaches a certain critical mass—that is to say, when a willing purchaser of land surveying services can no longer readily find a willing provider of those services at reasonable rates—land surveying, as we currently know it, will become irrelevant.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYWhy Our Numbers are Falling: Aging profession. Not attracting young people. Perceived as a second-class profession. Four-year degree requirement? Double-edged sword?

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYThe Calls for a New System are Already out There:“Deciding who owns what in dirt-space has been slow and expensive for as long as people have relied on paper rather than force to decide it. The process still often begins with a search for a musty sheaf of papers buried in some distant archive. Then, from another source, come the paper maps needed to locate the dirt in question.”Huber, Peter, Good Data Makes Good Fences, May 19, 2008, Forbes Magazine.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYThe Calls for a New System are Already out There:“Digital technologies are now easily powerful enough to draw precise boundaries around anything, anywhere, and instantly link the delineated space to any written record that affects ownership and use. The boundary lines come from companies like Garmin and Trimble, which make the GPS hardware that can report exactly where anything is located in dirt-space.”Huber, Peter, Good Data Makes Good Fences, May 19, 2008, Forbes Magazine.

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anything is located in dirt-space.”Huber, Peter, Good Data Makes Good Fences, May 19, 2008, Forbes Magazine.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYThe Calls for a New System are Already out There:“They also come from Navteq and Tele Atlas, which compile Google-scale databases that map where everything in dirt-space is located relative to everything else..”Huber, Peter, Good Data Makes Good Fences, May 19, 2008, Forbes Magazine.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYThe Calls for a New System are Already out There:“Google, Microsoft and Oracle have what it takes to provide instant, intelligent access to every registry, court record, contract and government pronouncement that affects who claims what interest in this particular acre or building, or the oil under this dirt, or the fish or shipwreck under these waters.”Huber, Peter, Good Data Makes Good Fences, May 19, 2008, Forbes Magazine.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYThe Calls for a New System are Already out There:“The private sector (with a big boost from government surveyors and military satellites) now has the dirt-space mapping and locating well in hand.”Huber, Peter, Good Data Makes Good Fences, May 19, 2008, Forbes Magazine.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYThe Calls for a New System are Already out There:“Mayors and governors should now be scrambling to digitize every scrap of information already stored in their dirt-space registries, along with every administrative and judicial record that addresses related rights.”Huber, Peter, Good Data Makes Good Fences, May 19, 2008, Forbes Magazine.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYThe Calls for a New System are Already out There:“The objective should be a system so wired that courts won't enforce any claim that isn't digitally recorded and linked to every sliver of dirt-space it targets.”Huber, Peter, Good Data Makes Good Fences, May 19, 2008, Forbes Magazine.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYThe Calls for a New System are Already out There:“The cost of getting official clearance to build, develop, fence off, subdivide, mine, buy, mortgage, sell or inherit will drop sharply. The poor will benefit the most.”

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“The cost of getting official clearance to build, develop, fence off, subdivide, mine, buy, mortgage, sell or inherit will drop sharply. The poor will benefit the most.”Huber, Peter, Good Data Makes Good Fences, May 19, 2008, Forbes Magazine.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYThe Calls for a New System are Already out There:“Quick, cheap, reliable answers provide liquidity—they let markets move wealth easily and often between dirt-space, cash-space and virtual forms of wealth (like stocks and bonds). Private wealth, free markets and global prosperity all hinge on our property-defining skills.”Huber, Peter, Good Data Makes Good Fences, May 19, 2008, Forbes Magazine.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYThe Calls for a New System are Already out There:“The precision, speed and accuracy of the property-defining technologies now at hand are poised to unlock wealth and stimulate growth worldwide.”Huber, Peter, Good Data Makes Good Fences, May 19, 2008, Forbes Magazine.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYA Slow, Cumbersome and Expensive Process: Why is locating property in dirt-space so slow, cumbersome and expensive?

ZEN BUDDHIST v. NELIDOV“We agree. Gardner did not record his survey to advance the object of the litigation, that is, to resolve the boundary dispute. By his own admission, he filed it based on an erroneous perception of a misguided duty. And once he did so, the Nelidovs were impotent. Because they could not expunge the recorded survey while the quiet title action proceeded, the survey actually accomplished what the litigation might not—permanently clouding their title.” Zen Temple v. Nelidov, 2006 Cal.App.Unpub. LEXIS 2766.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYFour-Year Degree—Double-Edged Sword? Reducing our numbers—sending us towards irrelevancy. Eliminates a traditional path to licensure that was a big supplier of numbers. Doesn’t gaurantee more professional competence. Not teaching the exclusive niche of traditional land surveying.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYFour-Year Degree—Double-Edged Sword? The programs are generally run by non-traditional surveying types with PHDs in

non-traditional surveying.There are no advanced degrees related to traditional property boundary surveying

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non-traditional surveying. There are no advanced degrees related to traditional property boundary surveying

because there is no one qualified to teach them. Therefore, the emphasis is on geodesy, geography, cartography, geographic

information technology, measurement science and computations.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYFour-Year Degree—Double-Edged Sword? There is no path for those with other four-year degrees to sit for the land

surveying exam short of taking two or three more years of college-level courses, putting the potential surveying candidate directly in competition with other fields requiring an advanced degree, such as accounting, legal and even medical, when you add on the apprenticeship requirement post graduation.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYFour-Year Degree—Double-Edged Sword?Surveyor Path Four-Year Degree, non-surveying = 4 Years Two Years Surveying Courses = 2 Years Apprenticeship, post-graduate = 2 Years

Total = 8 Years Attorney Path Four-year degree, non-law. = 4 Years Law School = 3 Years Apprenticeship = 0 Years

Total = 7 Years

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYFour-Year Degree—Double-Edged Sword? Cannot have a first class profession without educated first-class professionals. Many of the tools utilized in geomatics classes are attractive to young people, e.g.

computers, GIS, GPS, etc. But apparently not attractive enough. Also puts us in direct competition with other, more lucrative professions.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYFour-Year Degree—Double-Edged Sword? I’m all for more education for land surveyors, but the burden is in place before the

fixes have been made to the practice of land surveying that could potentially provide the reward/incentive to obtain the degree, as opposed to becoming an engineer, architect or any other profession with a four-year degree requirement.

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engineer, architect or any other profession with a four-year degree requirement.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYAs a result, the incompetent are allowed to practice right along side the competent,

and consequentially, exclusive services that can only be provided by the licensed land surveyor have become some of the cheapest services in all of the geospatial community.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYGood Practice and Bad In the medical profession it’s not OK to amputate the wrong leg. In the land

surveying profession it’s perfectly OK as long as you do it with precision.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYGood Practice and Bad Our minimum technical standards, to a certain extent, are to blame. They are technical standards written by technician for technicians. Over time they became the “maximum” technical standards. They measure accuracy by how precisely one measures. They do not differentiate between good practice and bad.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURY“A ‘standard’ is a ‘type, model or combination of elements acceptable as correct or perfect,’ according to Black’s Law Dictionary. In the context of land surveying, a standard of professional practice would describe the acceptable elements of ‘correct’ practice.”Lucas, Jeffery N., “What is a Standard of Practice?” P.O.B. Magazine, April, 2012.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURY“The idea of what is acceptably correct can’t be divorced from the professional standard of care. The standard of care for all professional service providers in all jurisdictions is the same. It is what the reasonably prudent professional would do under like or similar circumstances.”Lucas, Jeffery N., “What is a Standard of Practice?” P.O.B. Magazine, April, 2012.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYGood Practice and Bad Our technical standards do not define the standard for correct practice, therefore,

the incompetent are allowed to practice side-by-side with the competent. The most important work the land surveyor does is the rendering of a well-

reasoned opinion on the location of property lines. This is the only reason land surveyors are licensed.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYGood Practice and Bad

But we license the minimally competent and then allow them to perform open-

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Good Practice and Bad But we license the minimally competent and then allow them to perform open-

heart surgery. No other profession allows the incompetent to continue to practice. In the land surveying profession, the incompetent not only are allowed to practice,

they become the presidents of our surveying societies and sit on our regulatory boards.

ELTON v. DAVISMissouri Court of Appeals Western District123 S.W.3d 205October 14, 2003

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYHalf of the 57,000 licensed land surveyors do not see that there is A

problem.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYNo Problems—No Worries: My anecdotal evidence from teaching seminars and traveling the country talking

to surveyors, literally, from Key West Florida to Fairbanks Alaska—Holton Maine to San Diego California, indicates to me that half of the surveyors in the United States do not see a problem with the way land surveying is being practiced.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYNo Problems—No Worries: This means that half of the surveyors who sit on our regulatory boards don’t see a

problem either. If your regulatory board is filled with engineers, then all of the engineers on that

board don’t see a problem. This means that the land surveying profession may not have the willpower to make

the changes necessary to change our course towards inevitable irrelevancy.

FARRELL v. GARDNERMaine Superior Court2003 Me.Super. LEXIS 250December 5, 2003

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURY10. DO NOTHING BOARDSWhen the perception becomes that our regulatory boards are “surveyors taking care

of surveyors,” then deregulation will follow.

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of surveyors,” then deregulation will follow.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYSurveyors Taking Care of Surveyors:“A North Carolina Board of Dentistry case is being reviewed by the US Supreme Court. The specific issue involved the Board’s declaration that a ‘teeth whitener’ was practicing dentistry without a license. The courts held that the disciplinary action amounted to unfair restraint of free trade, because the dental profession elected (i.e., appointed) the members of the Dentistry Board. In other words, outsiders saw it as ‘dentists taking care of dentists.’Dr. Dan Turner, Reporting to ASPLS Board Members on the May, 2014, NCEES Board of Director’s Meeting.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYSurveyors Taking Care of Surveyors:NCEES has requested to file a brief in support of the dental board because of the profound impact to engineering and surveying boards if the Supreme Court upholds the judgment of lower courts.”Dr. Dan Turner, Reporting to ASPLS Board Members on the May, 2014, NCEES Board of Director’s Meeting.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYTen Solutions to Save Traditional Land Surveying and Remain Relevant

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURY1. DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN GOOD PRACTICE AND BADWe must differentiate between good surveying practice and bad practice. In other

words, Results Matter.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYDifferentiate Between Good Practice and Bad: We would do well to understand the difference between accurate results and

precise measurement.

2011 MINIMUM STANDARDSSec. 1. Purpose - For a survey of real property, and the plat, map or record of such survey, to be acceptable to a title insurance company for the purpose of insuring title to said real property free and clear of survey matters certain specific and pertinent information must be presented for the distinct and clear understanding between the insured, the client, the title company, the lender, and the surveyor professionally responsible for the survey.2011 Minimum Standard Detail Requirements for ALTA/ACSM Land Title Surveys, Sec. 1, Para. 2. Effective Date of Feb. 23, 2011.

2011 MINIMUM STANDARDSSec. 1. Purpose - In order to meet such needs, clients, insurers, insureds, and lenders are entitled to rely on surveyors to conduct surveys and prepare associated plats and

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Sec. 1. Purpose - In order to meet such needs, clients, insurers, insureds, and lenders are entitled to rely on surveyors to conduct surveys and prepare associated plats and maps that are of a professional quality and appropriately uniform, complete and accurate. 2011 Minimum Standard Detail Requirements for ALTA/ACSM Land Title Surveys, Sec. 1, Para. 3. Effective Date of Feb. 23, 2011.

2011 MINIMUM STANDARDSSec. 3. D. Boundary Resolution - The boundary lines and corners of any property being surveyed as part of an ALTA/ACSM Land Title Survey shall be established and/or retraced in accordance with appropriate boundary law principles governed by the set of facts and evidence found in the course of performing the research and survey.” 2011 Minimum Standard Detail Requirements for ALTA/ACSM Land Title Surveys, Section 3. D.

2011 MINIMUM STANDARDSSec. 3. E. iii. Measurement Standards - … Relative Positional Precision is a measure of how precisely the surveyor is able to monument and report those positions; it is not a substitute for the application of proper boundary law principles. A boundary corner or line may have a small Relative Positional Precision because the survey measurements were precise, yet still be in the wrong position (i.e. inaccurate) if it was established or retraced using faulty or improper application of boundary law principles. 2011 Minimum Standard Detail Requirements for ALTA/ACSM Land Title Surveys, Sec.3.E.iii.

2011 MINIMUM STANDARDSSection 5. Field Work – The survey shall be performed on the ground … and the field work shall include … A. The location of any monuments or lines that control the boundaries of the surveyed property.2011 Minimum Standard Detail Requirements for ALTA/ACSM Land Title Surveys, Sec.5.A.i.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYAn Evidentiary Exercise, Not a Measurement Task: We need true “Standards of Practice,” not the technical standards we currently

have. We need recognize that the survey of property is an evidentiary exercise, not a

measurement task, and our standards of practice need to reflect this. We have to define the standard of care in our standards of practice. And we need to understand that the preponderance of the best available evidence

is the evidentiary standard.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYStandard of Care:

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RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYStandard of Care:“It is the duty of a _____________ in his (her) profession to use that degree of knowledge, skill, and care ordinarily possessed and used by members of that profession, and to perform any service undertaken as a _____________, in a manner that a reasonably prudent _____________ would use under the same or similar circumstance.” Alabama Pattern Jury Instructions, Sec. 25.20, Malpractice, Non-Medical Professionals.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURY“I have been led to adopt in my own work the ‘Principle of Cumulative Evidence.’ It seems that, either rightly or wrongly, it is incumbent on the surveyor to collect all the evidence in each case and to carry his work along the lines of the preponderance of probability. In nearly all cases, while some of the data are either ambiguous or even conflicting, there is usually a large preponderance of evidence which point more or less clearly to one solution of the problem, and my own experience, containing some few examples, leads me to believe that this generally indicated solution is probably the right one.” Mulford, A.C., “Boundaries and Landmarks,” 1912, D.Van Nostrand Co., New York, at 42-43.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYStandard of Care:“In a professional negligence action, the plaintiff bears the burden of presenting evidence which establishes the applicable standard of care, demonstrates that this standard had been violated, and develops a causal relationship between the violation and the harm complained of.” Bell v. Jones, 523 A.2d 982 (D.C.App.1986).

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYStandard of Care:“This court has not had occasion to define a particular standard of care for surveyors; to that extent, this is a case of first impression in the District of Columbia. However, from our own cases involving other professions and from pertinent cases in other jurisdictions, we conclude that a surveyor should apply the proper standard of care any other surveyor of ordinary skill and prudence would exercise under the same or similar circumstances.” Bell v. Jones, 523 A.2d 982 (D.C.App.1986).

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYStandard of Care:“We agree with Morrison’s gloss on Noble, and we see no reason to treat surveyors differently from architects and physicians. Accordingly, we hold that the standard of care by which the professional acts of surveyors are measured is a national standard, not a local or regional one.” Bell v. Jones, 523 A.2d 982 (D.C.App.1986).

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Bell v. Jones, 523 A.2d 982 (D.C.App.1986).

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYStandard of Care: As true professionals, we have the privilege of liability. If not, we are mere

technicians.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURY“Since we as surveyors are liable, one of the greatest deterrents to substandard work is this liability. While liability to the individual may be considered a disadvantage, it is an advantage to a profession as a whole. Without liability, I fear that those willing to do poorer work for less money would soon ruin the professional standing of all land surveyors. And so I say, professional liability is a privilege tending to prove the land surveyor’s professional standing. Brown, Curtis M., The Professional Status of Land Surveyors, 1961, “Surveying and Mapping,” Vol. XXI, No. 1, at 63-71.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYSurveying Property: After defining the standard of care, we have to define what it means to survey

property. Then, you are either surveying property or you are doing something else. How about some true in advertising?

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURY2. DEFINE WHAT IT MEANS TO SURVEY PROPERTYYou are either surveying property of you are doing something else.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYDefinition:Property Boundary Survey shall mean a survey of property, the primary purpose of which includes, but is not limited to, determining the perimeters of the property being surveyed by establishing in the first instance original property lines, or by retracing the lines and corners of previously established property lines. A property boundary survey is a professional opinion on the physical location of property lines based on appropriate boundary law principles governed by the facts and evidence gathered and evaluated during the course of the survey. A property boundary survey may further include describing and locating fixed improvements, platting or dividing property and preparing descriptions of property. A property boundary survey includes the setting or recovery of corner monuments.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYProperty Boundary Surveying:A. The surveyor shall make an accurate determination of the location of the property boundary in as complete accord as possible with the description as contained in the deed or other instrument of conveyance, based upon appropriate boundary law principles governed by the evidence gathered and evaluated during the course of the

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deed or other instrument of conveyance, based upon appropriate boundary law principles governed by the evidence gathered and evaluated during the course of the survey.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYB. When the deed description of the subject property and the deed description of the adjoining properties do not resolve the unique location of the corners and lines of the property being surveyed, the surveyor shall consult other sources of information in order to assemble the best available evidence of the true location of every corner and line of the property being surveyed. These sources include, but are not limited to, records of earlier deeds and conveyances, deeds of adjoining properties, previous surveys, etc., etc., and testimony of locals with knowledge concerning reputation as to boundaries or customs affecting boundaries in the community.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYC. All property surveys shall be based upon the record evidence gathered and a thorough field investigation to gather physical evidence of the boundaries of the subject property. The surveyor shall make a thorough search for physical monuments, other evidence of boundary lines (i.e. fences, walls, occupied lines, etc.), and shall confer with the owner(s) of the property being surveyed. In addition, the surveyor shall when necessary confer with the owner(s) of adjoining property and take statements.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYD. When retracing existing property boundary lines, as opposed to laying out new lines for the very first time, if a monument (or monuments) already exists in the vicinity of any give property corner and the surveyor decides that a new monument is warranted, the surveyor shall give a detailed explanation on the face of the survey drawing as to why a new monument needed to be set and the appropriate boundary law principle(s) being applied. Failure to perform at or above the “standard of care” when recovering, finding, locating and reporting existing monumentation is a presumed violation of these standards. This presumption is rebuttable if the surveyor can demonstrate that the standard was otherwise met.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYE. All monuments, found or placed, shall be described on the survey drawing with data given to show their location upon the ground in relation to the boundary lines. When the property corner cannot be set, a witness monument shall be placed with data given to show its location upon the ground in relation to the boundary lines or corner. The monument descriptions shall state the size, material, and cap identification of the monument, as well as whether the monument was found or set. When a parcel has a natural and/or artificial feature such as a bluff, river, lake, beach, marsh, stream, or other irregular boundary as one or more of its boundaries, then a monumented meander or survey line shall be established either directly along or near the feature. Dimensions shall be shown between the meander or survey line and the boundary line sufficient to show the relationship between the two.

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RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYF. The survey shall be referenced to the source of information used in conducting the survey such as the recorded deed, record plats, other instruments purporting to convey property, oral testimony taken, datum sources, and any other appropriate references. All information called for in the deed or other instrument of conveyance, such as point of commencement, point of beginning, lot number(s), block number(s), section corner(s), aliquot part(s), recording information, etc., will be shown on the survey drawing. Any discrepancies between the survey results and such sources of information shall be shown and/or explained in appropriate notes on the face of the survey drawing.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYSurveying Property, or Doing Something Else: You are either doing that, or your are doing something else. If you are doing something else, you are not allowed to set monuments.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYSurveying Property, or Doing Something Else:Forensic Survey - The application of surveying science to the elucidation of questions before courts of law and equity. Forensic surveys are not boundary surveys and, as such, no opinions are given as to the status of property lines or property corners, nor are property corners established or re-established as a result. The most common utilization of forensic surveys is for courtroom exhibits to advance legal theories, to support facts to be proven and to buttress expert witness testimony

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURY3. TRAIN YOUNG PROFESSIONALS IN THE ART OF BOUNDARY SURVEYING We need teach students of land surveying how to be professionals and how to survey

property.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYHow to Survey Property: Measurement science is good and necessary, but in the final analysis, it’s technical

work that can be taught to a monkey. GIS is a tool for technicians. GPS is a tool for technicians. A robotic instrument is a tool for technicians. A total station is a tool for technicians.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYHow to Survey Property: In addition to the technicalities of measurements and calculations, students of land

surveying must be taught the ideas (the law) that governs the determination of the location of property boundaries.

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surveying must be taught the ideas (the law) that governs the determination of the location of property boundaries.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYHow to Survey Property: Surveying property is an evidentiary exercise, not a measurement task. The “Ultimate Issue” rule and rendering a well-reasoned opinion on the ultimate

issue. Alternative dispute resolution techniques. Boundary line agreements.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURY4. A STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS ON BOUNDARY LINESIn the civil context, there is a statute of limitations for every activity under the sun—

except the surveying of boundary lines. After 30 years it should be a done deal.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURY“Since McArthur v. Carrie's Admr., 32 Ala. 75 (1858), this State has followed a rule of repose, or rule of prescription, of 20 years. This principle of repose or prescription is similar to a statute of limitations, but not dependent upon one, and broader in scope. It is a doctrine that operates in addition to laches. Unlike laches, however, the only element of the rule of repose is time. It is not affected by the circumstances of the situation, by personal disabilities, or by whether prejudice has resulted or evidence obscured. It operates as an absolute bar to claims that are unasserted for 20 years.”McDurmont v. Crenshaw, 489 So.2d 550 (Ala.1986).

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURY“As a matter of public policy and for the repose of society, it has long been the settled policy of this state, as of others, that antiquated demands will not be considered by the courts, and that, without regard to any statute of limitations, there must be a time beyond which human transactions will not be inquired into.”McDurmont v. Crenshaw, 489 So.2d 550 (Ala.1986).

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURY5. DEVELOP A NEW PRACTICE MODELWe need a New Practice Model that will level the playing field and increase our

success rate.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYA New Practice Model: Fence-Line Surveyor or Deed-Staker, works the same either way. In the vast majority of cases, there is always a status quo. Conduct your survey and you will either be maintaining the status quo or your will

not.

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RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYMaintain the Status Quo: If the results of your survey maintains the status quo, there is nothing left for you

to do other than finish your survey and move on.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYUpset the Applecart: If the results of your survey are going to upset the applecart (break the status

quo), then before the survey is completed the following actions must be taken:

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYAction List:1. Consult all available boundary location doctrines to see if any apply that will

maintain the status quo. If not then,2. Explain to your client why you feel you must upset the status quo;3. Then have a conference with your client and any other affected landowner;4. Explain to all affected parties why you feel you must change the status quo. From

this conference will come one of three possible outcomes:

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYThree Possible Outcomes: 1. They will agree with you.2. They will disagree with you.3. They tell you to go away.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYThey Agree with You: At this point your job becomes to help them memorialize the agreement and finish

the survey.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYThey Disagree with You: They disagree with you and want to maintain the status quo. At this point your job

becomes to help them memorialize their agreement to maintain the status quo no matter how much you want to upset the applecart.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYThey Tell you to Go Away: At this point you go away. No harm no foul.

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At this point you go away. No harm no foul.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURY6. STANDARD CONTRACTS FOR BOUNDARY SURVEYING SERVICESWe need standardized contracts, like the architects have, when performing property

boundary survey. This will help level the playing field and tend to ensure that all surveyors are all working off the same page.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYStandard Contracts Defines the services to be performedProfessional services—the rendering of a well-reasoned opinion on the location

questionContingency clause Termination clauseAddresses guarantees and warranties Limitation on liability Etc.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURY7. A TIERED LICENSEA “Masters” license for boundary surveying, whereby only “Master Property

Surveyors” can perform boundary surveying, mark boundary lines, set & rehabilitate boundary corners.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYMaster Property Surveyor (MPS) Boundary SurveysRight-of-Way SurveysLand Surveyor (LS) Topographic SurveysHydrographic SurveysGeodetic SurveysConstruction StakingRecord (As-Built) SurveysQuantity Surveys

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURY8. A MULTI-JURISDICTIONAL LICENSEAllow the Master Property Surveyor to operate across jurisdictional boundaries.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYMaster Property Surveyor (MPS) Operate Across Jurisdictional Boundaries with Similar Land Tenure Systems This Would Help with our Critical Mass Problem

This Would Help to Insure that Only the Qualified were Able to Practice Property

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This Would Help with our Critical Mass Problem This Would Help to Insure that Only the Qualified were Able to Practice Property

Boundary Surveying

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURY9. WE MUST ATTACT NEW PRACTITIONERSIt is absolutely essential that new blood be brought into our ranks.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYAttracting New Practitioners Trig-Star Efforts Increased Fees for Boundary SurveyingQuasi-Judicial Status Regain the Trust First-Class Profession

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURY10. START WITH “WHY”“People don’t buy what you do, they buy why you do it.” Simon SinekThe “why” is your passion—you do what you do because of why you do it, not the

reverse.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYStar with WHY! “If we are interested in saving traditional surveying then we have to re-brand ourselves and that re-branding has to start with ‘Why.’ Why does society need land surveyors?”Lucas, Jeffery N. , “Why? Because…” P.O.B. Magazine, August 2014.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYStart with WHY! “My observation over a career spanning nearly 40 years is that this profession hasn’t put into a few words a statement that capsulizes the essence of land surveying. We don’t have a 30-second sound bite that explains why we do what we do and why the public needs us. Maybe because we don’t know why ourselves.”Lucas, Jeffery N. , “Why? Because…” P.O.B. Magazine, August 2014.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYStart with WHY! “Another observation that I’ve made over the past decade travelling across this grand country of ours is that there is a great deal of diversity of opinion over just what it is that we are supposed to be doing, how we are supposed to do it, and the conversation is almost devoid of why we do it.”Lucas, Jeffery N. , “Why? Because…” P.O.B. Magazine, August 2014.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYStart with WHY!

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RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYStart with WHY! “I recently saw Simon Sinek on a TED talk video entitled ‘Start with Why.’ Sinek is an author and may be best known for popularizing what he calls the ‘golden circle.’ Sinek’s argument is that most sales pitches (or whatever message you are trying to convey) start with what you do, how you do it and then the one being persuaded will understand why you do it.”Lucas, Jeffery N. , “Why? Because…” P.O.B. Magazine, August 2014.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYStewards of the Nation’s Property Boundaries: “I see passion for this profession in the vast majority of surveyors I encounter. Without it, they wouldn’t be land surveyors. You could certainly make more money doing something else. We’ve got to channel that passion into why we do what we do. That discussion has to start with the word ‘because.’” Lucas, Jeffery N. , “Why? Because…” P.O.B. Magazine, August 2014.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYStewards of the Nation’s Property Boundaries: “Because land surveyors are the stewards of the Nation’s property boundaries. That’s why.” Lucas, Jeffery N. , “Why? Because…” P.O.B. Magazine, August 2014.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYStewards of the Nation’s Property Boundaries: Recognize first what our role in society is. We are the Stewards of the Nations

Property Boundaries. New mantra: “MAINTAIN THE STATUS QUO.”

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYOur 30 Second Sound-Bite: “Because land surveyors are the stewards of the nation’s property boundaries our duty and responsibility is to help ensure the American Dream of real property ownership by providing property boundary location services. No one can locate your property boundaries on the ground, map and certify that location except for a state licensed land surveyor. Do not entrust the most valuable asset you have on this Earth, your real property, to chance. Call a licensed land surveyor today.” Lucas, Jeffery N. , “Why? Because…” P.O.B. Magazine, August 2014.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYOur 30 Second Sound-Bite: “Buying a home, making improvements, putting up a fence? Do you know where your property lines are located? Land surveyors are the stewards of the nation’s property boundaries. We ensure the American Dream of real property ownership by providing reliable property boundary location services. No other professional can do that. Do not entrust your most valuable asset to chance. Call a licensed land surveyor today. And when you do, make sure they are a member of the Alabama Society of

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not entrust your most valuable asset to chance. Call a licensed land surveyor today. And when you do, make sure they are a member of the Alabama Society of Professional Land Surveyors.”

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYHow do we Create a Tipping Point? How can we go from our current failed practice model to a new practice model in

keeping with why we do what we do?

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYNeeds Moving Forward: ADR Training and Skills. Standardized Contracts. Contingency and Termination Clauses. Establishment Doctrines and How They Apply. Various Vehicles for Memorializing Boundary Agreements/Adjustments. Legislative Efforts. Revised Standards of Practice.

RELEVANCY IN THE 21ST CENTURYDoing Nothing is not an Option if we are to Remain Relevant well into the 21st Century.

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