Sleeman Sports Complex Initial Assessment Report · PDF file · 2014-07-22increased, with the Brisbane SX facility and now the proposed Velodrome. This is seen as a significant

Appendix 9

Bushfire Management Plan

Report compiled by Bushfire Risk Reducers for Sleeman Sports Complex, March 2014 Page 1

BUSHFIRE MANAGEMENT PLAN

Sleeman Sports Complex - Chandler Lot 1 SP150590

Client Reference: 003.03.14


DISCLAIMER The following report is made on the basis of the assessment undertaken at this location by Bushfire Risk Reducers in March 2014. Whilst Bushfire Risk Reducers uses its best endeavors to ensure that the information contained in this report is valid and comprehensive, the company makes no representations or warranties about its accuracy, reliability, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose and disclaims all responsibility and all liability (including without limitation, liability in negligence) for all expenses, losses, damages (including indirect or consequential damage) and costs which might be incurred as a result of the data being inaccurate or incomplete in any way and for any reason. Should the Client have any concerns arising from this report or its content, they are requested to contact Bushfire Risk Reducers directly.

REPORT AUTHOR Alistair Hill

Director - Bushfire Risk Reducers

Grad Dip Bushfire Planning and Design

FPAA BPAD-A Certified Practitioner

Certification Number: BPD-PA-19034

COPYRIGHT

© Bushfire Risk Reducers

All rights are reserved.

®


Contents

Executive Summary

5

1.0 Introduction – Establishing the Context of the Plan 1.1 Why have this Plan

1.2 Scope of this Plan 1.3 Legal Basis for this Plan 1.4 Stakeholders in this Plan 1.5 Basic Purpose of this Plan 1.6 Aims Objectives and Outcomes Required of this Plan 1.7 Identifying the Hazard 1.7.1 Vegetation 1.7.2 Slope 1.7.3 Hazard Classification 1.7.4 Fire Thresholds 1.7.5 Fire History 1.7.6 Ignition Sources and Causes 1.7.7 Fire Season 1.7.8 Potential Fire Direction, Intensity and Behavior

6 6 8 9

10 10 11 11 11 12 13 13 15 15 15 16

2.0 Identification of Risks 2.1 Identifying the Assets 2.1.1 Human Assets 2.1.2 Economic Assets 2.1.3 Infrastructural Assets 2.1 4 Environmental Assets 2.1 5 Cultural Assets

20 20 20 20 20 21 22

3.0 Risk Analysis and Risk Evaluation 3.1 Risk Analysis – Grouping Assets 3.2 Risk Analysis – Consequence and Likelihood Assessment for each Asset Group 3.3 Risk Analysis – Bushfire Risk Register 3.4 Risk Evaluation 3.5 Risk Acceptability

23 23 23 27 27 27

4.0 Risk Treatment Options 4.1 Risk Treatment Options Available 4.2 Risk Treatment Options Proposed 4.2.1 Building Construction and Design 4.2.2 Asset Protection Zones and Landscaping 4.2.3 Access and Egress Management 4.2.4 Water Supplies and Utilities 4.2.5 Emergency Management Arrangements

27 27 29 29 30 31 31 34

5.0 Communication and Consultation 5.1 Communication and Consultation Plan 5.1.1 Objectives of the Communications Plan 5.1.2 Participants in the Communications Plan / Target Audience 5.1.3 Information relayed/ Exchanged and Essential Message 5.1.4 Engagement Mechanisms and Communications Plan 5.1.5 Emergency Response and Evacuation Planning

36 36 36 36 36 37 38


5.1.6 Disaster Recovery Planning 5.2 Documentation

38 38

6.0 Monitor and Review 6.1 Key Performance Indicators 6.2 Monitor and Review Documentation

38 38 38

7.0 Conclusions and Recommendations

39

8.0 References

40

Appendix 1 Fuel Assessments – October 2013 Appendix 2 Bushfire Risk Register Appendix 3 Native species of low combustibility

41 51 54


Executive Summary This assessment and report have been commissioned by the Sleeman Sports Complex, as part of their Duty of Care to all staff and visitors at the Subject Site. It represents an update of the previous Bushfire Management Plan (BMP) of March 2010, and reflects current Australian Standards, current fuel situation and latest bushfire modeling along with current site layout and proposed changes, including a new Velodrome, additional Park ‘n Ride capacity and future sporting facilities proposed for the northern site areas adjacent to Cleveland Road. The Sleeman Sports Complex at Chandler occupies an area of approximately 27.44 ha, and incorporates the Brisbane Aquatic Centre, the Chandler Velodrome (being relocated closer to continuous area of intact fuel), Brisbane SX (bmx facility), Chandler Theatre, Arena and Gymnastics Hall. Six Class 3 residential buildings, referred to as Chandler Lodge and Cabins, provide temporary accommodation for guests on site. The site was developed in a zone of largely dry sclerophyll forest and numerous small patches of this vegetation are retained on site, the largest being one hectare in extent. A marshland community with a high degree of biodiversity also exists on BCC land to the south east, and to the southwest a raised watertable gives rise to a sedgeland community around the BCC Water Treatment Plant. School study trips regularly visit to study the ecology of the area. Sleeman Sports Complex management aims to mitigate risk of any injury to site staff and visitors, whilst integrating the operations of the complex with the ecological values of the area. This includes the cost effective and ecologically sensitive management of vegetated areas. Since the 2010 BMP was produced, Complex Management has completed most of the proposed risk reducing recommendations, including:

Significantly fragmenting and reducing available fuel on site, suppressing ground fuel development with mulch which also enhances line of sight capacity;

Desilting one of the lakes and using the silt to establish lush lawned areas and landscaping more resistant to fire;

Lopping overhanging tree limbs near the cabins and installing metal mesh screens;

Establishing a comprehensive framework of Fire Wardens and Assistant Fire Wardens, across all areas of the Complex, equipped with the means to implement Emergency Response Plans; and practicing a series of drills with Emergency Services;

Protecting and maintaining water supply points and introducing new ones. Effective Asset Protection Zones (APZs) exist around most built assets on site, with the possible exception of the Chandler Lodge and Cabins. A continuous tarred ring road surrounds the entire complex, approximately 3m inside the property boundary. This provides a break from much larger areas of hazardous vegetation which exists on neighboring land. Bushfire hazard mapping prepared by Brisbane City Council (BCC) and Queensland Department of State Development, Infrastructure and Planning (DSDIP) designates neighboring land to the west and south as bushfire prone. Wildfire has occurred on BCC land fairly regularly, and twice since 1993. On those occasions the time of fire and benign prevailing conditions served to moderate fire intensity. It is likely that wildfire will recur in these areas in the future as a consequence of arson or more natural causes.


This report establishes the potential nature and severity of bushfire attack on the Sleeman Complex, under predictable worst case fire weather conditions. This is used to provide a basis for a bushfire management plan for the site and activities which are undertaken there. The bushfire management plan contains recommendations for enhanced APZs, and fuel zone management; and in particular, focuses on emergency response plans relating to bushfire attack from surrounding land.

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Why have this Plan

This assessment and report have been commissioned by the Sleeman Sports Complex (owned by Stadiums Queensland and operating under the Queensland Ministry of Sport) as part of their Duty of Care to all staff and visitors at the Subject Site, located on Lot 1 SP150590, south of Old Cleveland Road and east of the Belmont Range, in the Brisbane suburb of Chandler. Figure 1 shows the location of the Sleeman Sports Complex.

Figure 1. Broader Area showing site location. The site has been identified by BCC as being “bushfire prone”, classified as a “High” and “Medium Bushfire Hazard Area”; and by DSDIP as a Bushfire Prone Area (BPA) with high potential bushfire intensity. It is


located adjacent to approximately 550ha of dry sclerophyll forest surrounding the site, on land under control of the Belmont Range, Energex (power corridor) and BCC with multiple potential ignition sources. With up to 30 staff and between 100 and 5000 visitors potentially on site during the day, when the greatest potential impact from bushfire is most likely, it is crucial that appropriate measures are taken for the protection of life and property on the site.

Figure 2. Closer view of Subject Site. Contours shown are 10m. Figure 3 shows proposed site layout following changes to Velodrome and Parking Facilities. Figure 2 shows the Site itself, on relatively flat land (between 20 – 40m ASL) draining east and ultimately into Tingalpa reservoir. Note that Sleeman Sports Complex has no control over the fuel zone which surrounds the facility. These areas are under the control of Brisbane City Council, Belmont Range and Energex, with multiple fire lines visible in Figure 2. The internal Ring Road is shown, with three egress points (two on Tilley Road, one on Old Cleveland Road) and two access points (both on Tilley Road). The proposed new site layout is shown more clearly in Figure 3. First fire response is Queensland Fire and Rescue Service – Capalaba Station (226 Mt Cotton Road) approximately 8km away, and normally within 10 minutes response time. Camp Hill Fire Station would provide support from approximately 10km away by road.


Figure 3. Proposed Site Layout showing new Velodrome location and additional Parl ‘N Ride Area . Since the 2010 BMP was produced, the amount of infrastructure at the southern bushland interface has increased, with the Brisbane SX facility and now the proposed Velodrome. This is seen as a significant change and the requirement for “defendable space” in the southern area has, in our opinion, increased. The Ring Road operates in one direction (clockwise), and this study pays closer attention to this interface, and the potential role of the adjacent fire management block on BCC controlled land to the south. The Prposed extra Park ‘N Ride area also potentially adds many more people to the site.

1.2 Scope of this Plan

The Sleeman Sports Complex have in place an Emergency Evacuation Management Plan (EEMP) provided by ........... , issued .... 2013 and valid until ....... The EEMP addresses a range of potential emergencies, including bushfire, but stops short of more site specific detail in determining the potential nature and severity of bushfire attack, and addressing the broader range of bushfire protection measures in combination, which are specific to this site. Therefore the Scope of this Bushfire Management Plan is to address these elements directly and provide site specific risk treatment options and recommendations which should be seen as complimentary to the EEMP, which is the primary working document for emergency evacuation.


The plan is intended to provide a template and framework for continuous improvement in risk levels facing this facility over time. Bushfire Management Plans are generally reviewed approximately every 5 years in order to maintain currency and a high degree of preparedness for bushfire, and a providing a process for continuous improvement in reduction and management of risk levels. Since the first BMP was produced in 2010, several changes have occurred and are proposed to occur with this site.

Figure 4. The Risk Management Process (AS/NZS ISO 31000:2009) with recommended regular review As a consequence of regular repetition of the process, the plan is intended to operate indefinitely, constantly “refreshing” itself, and thereby remaining current and up to date with future changes. The current nature of the hazard changes in response to seasonal conditions, burn programs and maintenance regimes. The nature of risk changes with modifications to infrastructure and the people present on site. A regular review is recommended as the most appropriate way to reassess, implement and monitor progress of bushfire risk mitigating measures at this exposed site.

1.3 Legal Basis for this Plan

The Work Health and Safety Act (2011) requires as a Primary Duty of Care of any Person Conducting a Business or Undertaking (PCBU) to ensure the health and safety of workers, so far as is reasonably practicable. Workers include volunteers, contractors and contractors’ workers. PCBUs also have the same duty of care to any other people who may be at risk from work carried out by the business (eg. visitors). AS3745 – 2010 Planning for emergencies in facilities provides the framework for the EMEP, and a framework with which this BMP must be consistent.


Other than this Act, the most relevant legislation specific to planning for bushfire is Single State Planning Policy – Natural Hazards, December 2013 (which replaces State Planning Policy SPP 01/03 Mitigating the Adverse Impacts of Flood, Bushfire and Landslide). SSPP Natural Hazards 2013 provides broad guidelines for planning, to be considered when assessing a development application:

Development avoids natural hazard areas or mitigates the risk of the natural hazard;

Development supports, and does not unduly burden, disaster management response, or recovery capacity and capabilities;

Development directly, indirectly and cumulatively avoids an increase in the severity of the natural hazard and the potential for damage on the site or to other properties;

Development avoids the risk to public safety and the environment from the location of hazardous materials and the release of these materials as a result of a natural hazard; and

Development maintains or enhances natural processes and the protective function of landforms and vegetation that can mitigate risks associated with the natural hazard.

Other related legislation includes the following:

The Vegetation Management Act (1999) relates to the management of remnant vegetation, some of which is mapped on the subject site. The vegetation present that is potentially most hazardous is located on land managed by Brisbane City Council.

The Fire and Rescue Service Act (1990) deals with hazard reduction burning, issues of permits and notification of neighbours, with which BCC complies.

The Building Fire Safety Regulation (2008) deals with ensuring that people can safely evacuate a building and ensure that the prescribed fire safety installations for buildings are maintained. The existing EMEP deals with evacuation aspects of these requirements. The scope of this BMP does not address the fire safety installation requirements for structural fire, but where relevant, makes recommendations related to inform emergency response, for which there are differences for bushfire, compared to structural fire.

1.4 Stakeholders in this Plan

The key stakeholders in this Plan include:

Sleeman Sports Complex (and Stadiums Queensland).

Brisbane City Council, managing adjacent land. With the bushfire “hazard” on BCC managed land, beyond the direct control of Sleeman Sports Complex, the complex relies upon the cooperation and support of BCC in order to have Asset Protection Zones (APZs) in place. The scale, design and maintenance of current APZs are evaluated in this report. BCC also represents the many users of the Sleeman Sports Complex who pursue their interests within the facility, not wanting them to be exposed to safety incidents in the process.

Queensland Fire and Rescue Service – relies upon residents and businesses in bushfire prone areas to have in place relevant bushfire protection measures including APZs that offer defendable space for fire fighters, adequate access to water for fire fighting and emergency management arrangements that are prepared and practiced, and minimise the demands and imposts on incident management.


1.5 Purpose of this Plan

The purpose of this Plan is to achieve an improvement in risk amongst key risk criteria:

Potential fatalities – the study indicates only a low risk faced by this facility.

Injury - under very high or severe fire weather conditions, the potential for significant injury arises directly from fire itself, and indirectly from smoke related accidents and injury on the local road network.

Property loss – could arise from the vulnerability of assets located at the bush land interface; although the resilience of Site owned assets reduces this risk.

Business and employment loss – which could arise (although unlikely) as a consequence of facilities being damaged or lost on the subject site.

Ecological, cultural and heritage values. Biodiversity and conservation values on the site are recognised and encouraged by Sleeman Management.

1.6 Aims Objectives and Outcomes Required of this Plan

The AIM of this plan is the reduction of risk to human life and property at the Sleeman Sports Complex at Chandler. The OBJECTIVES and desired OUTCOMES are specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and targeted:

Apply protection measures for human life, infrastructure and property, which are compatible with the ecological management of the area.

Objectively determine the nature and severity of potential bushfire attack, and develop measures which reduce the current levels of exposure.

Decrease the risk posed to emergency services through provision of defendable space, improvements in accessibility to water supplies, and elevated preparedness of occupants and visitors for evacuation or sheltering in position.

1.7 Identifying the Hazard This section of the Plan deals with objective assessment of the hazard in order to quantify as well as possible, the nature and severity of the worst case bushfire scenarios. Vegetation, slope and prevailing fire weather are key determinants of hazard.

1.7.1 Vegetation

Vegetation communities present are as identified in the 2010 BMP, except that on the Subject Site they have been modified further with a general lowering of available fuel levels on site and a reduction in potential fire pathways. In terms of AS3959-2009, the main vegetation type is “forest”, and in terms of SPP01/03 the vegetation community is “Eucalypt forest (and paperbark heath) with dry shrub ladder fuels”. As seen in Figure 1, intact forest vegetation stretches back a considerable distance from the Subject Site. Fire Management Blocks potentially exist on adjacent land, defined by the firelines present, but most recent fires appear to have been unplanned rather than planned.


The 4 main vegetation communities assessed for available fuel are as follows, with locations shown in Figure 5 below:

1. Eucalypt Forest with grassy and shrubby understorey – distinct mid storey. 2. Eucalypt Forest with thick sedge understorey, and shrubby recruiters. 3. Eucalypt Forest with grassy understorey, becoming increasingly shrubby. 4. Melaleuca swampland, limited inundation. 5. 1ha Eucalypt Forest with grassy understorey, becoming increasingly shrubby. 6. Fragment Eucalypt Forest understorey being suppressed by mulching. 7. Fragment Eucalypt Forest retained besides cabins (< 0.25ha BAL – LOW Exclusion). 8. Fragment (0.3ha) Eucalypt Forest retained besides carpark and velodrome.

Figure 5. Vegetation and fuel zones. Other areas with a canopy cover obvious in Figure 5 have been subjected to landscaping and the Vegetation Management Plan in the 2010 BMP. As a consequence, and with ongoing maintenance, they are no longer classified as potentially hazardous areas; however this should be reviewed in another 4 – 5 years. Fuel assessments in locations/zones 1 to 8 in Figure 5, were determined using the Overall Fuel Hazard Assessment - DSE Victoria (Oct 2010). The results are provided in Appendix 1. This provided an indication of where fuel accumulation values can reach before the likely reintroduction of managed fire.


1.7.2 Slope Slopes under vegetation are generally flat, with some upslope to approximately 3⁰ to the southwest, which current fire modelling treats as flat. Section 1.7.8 objectively calculates and determines the potential nature and severity of bushfire attack. This serves as a basis for determining the construction and other bushfire protection measures outlined in this BMP.

1.7.3 Hazard Classification The Draft Brisbane City Plan 2013 Bushfire Hazard Overlay Mapping identifies areas adjacent to the site as “bushfire prone areas”, as a result of its “medium” and ‘high” fire hazard status in accordance with SPP01/03. Buffer areas in the south overlap with the proposed Velodrome. As the Control Authority charged with the responsibility to designate “bushfire prone areas”, Council would therefore require compliance with their Bushfire Hazard Overlay Code, and for the construction of any new building, compliance with the bushfire performance requirements of the Building Code of Australia (BCA) and AS3959- 2009 where relevant, although this does not apply to velodromes. Until the New City Plan 2014 is introduced, BCC do not have a Bushfire Hazard Overlay Code, and rely on SPP01/03 to provide guidelines.

Figure 6. Councils Bushfire Hazard Overlay Mapping (Source: Draft New City Plan 2014) Appendix 1 provides an assessment of available fuel loads and hazard rating according to SPP01/03.

1.7.4 Fire Thresholds BCC fire management plans may exist for the areas adjacent to the Sleeman Sporting Complex, and it is uncertain whether they target conservation or protection related fire intervals.


“Protection” objectives (designed to achieve consistently fuel-reduced protection zones) would involve more frequent burning, but with some adverse consequences for biodiversity and the local ecology. It is suggested that there could still be a place for a “Protection Zone” in the fire management block immediately south of the Complex, because of the increased amount of infrastructure now interfacing with this southern fuel zone. Section 1.7.8 assesses the relative impact of keeping fuel levels in this potential Protection Zone at permanently low levels (no higher than 8t/ha). If this fire management zone can be managed this way, its fire interval would be less (3 – 4 years); but this would enable the area further south to be burnt at a somewhat longer fire interval. Too frequent fire does not allow plants to recover from fire, to flower and produce enough seed to replace individuals lost in the burn. Shrubby species can be lost in this way, making the vegetation more open and therefore unsuitable for birds and animals which rely on the undergrowth for food and shelter. Proliferation of fine fuel also occurs which can also exacerbate fire risk. Too infrequent fire also has the adverse effect on local ecosystems. Short lived plants species may become locally extinct, and plant species which only regenerate after fire cannot survive if adults have died and viable seed is no longer available. Some birds and animals move out of country that hasn’t burnt for a long time, because the plants on which they feed are shaded out or become old and die. Periodically clearing out the understorey with fire allows eucalypt regeneration, and preservation of eucalypt forest and the animals and plants which rely on eucalypt sap, and fauna which rely on eucalypt flowers. Optimal fire frequency differs for different vegetation and habitat types, and evolving guidelines provide assistance in using fire to preserve ecological values and biodiversity at the same time as reducing fuel loads and avoiding larger, less frequent, unplanned fires. The South East Queensland Fire and Biodiversity Consortium provide the following set of guidelines:

Habitat type Suggested fire frequency Creekside vegetation In general don’t burn. These strips provide a buffer against erosion. Will often

naturally exclude fire, but may burn in a wildfire.

Rainforest and scrubs Not fire adapted and should not be burnt. Will generally naturally exclude fire. May burn in extreme conditions, especially if flammable weeds have invaded.

Wet eucalypt forest Needs a hot fire to burn out the understorey, if this vegetation type is to survive. Intervals between hot fires should probably exceed 20 years, where possible. Hot fires, however are dangerous, so these regimes may not be possible except in large wilderness areas.

Dry eucalypt forest/woodland with a shrubby understorey

Fire adapted, vary intervals between 7 and 25 years.

Dry eucalypt forest/woodland with a grassy understorey

Fire adapted, vary intervals between 3 and 6 years.

Heath Fire adapted. Coastal and sub-coastal heath; vary intervals between 7 and 20 years. Heaths of rocky areas; depends on relationship to surrounding vegetation; intervals generally between 15 and 50 years.

Melaleuca wetlands Fire adapted, vary intervals between 15 and 30 years.

Table 1. Fire Interval Guidelines (Source: SEQ Fire and Biodiversity Consortium) The timing of fire should not coincide with vulnerable stages of fauna life cycles, and the intensity of prescribed fire should be managed to minimise harmful ecological effects of excessively intense fire (including the loss of the duff layer or organic layer, the destruction of grass seed bank or growing points of grasses, the destruction of juvenile canopy species, or the propagation of mass germinations of one or two tree species which increase long term hazard levels and reduce the biodiversity upon which ecosystems depend).


In order to manage hazard and also optimise the outcomes for the ecology of the area, a prioritisation and order of mosaic burns has been proposed. The capacity to safely conduct prescribed burns relies on appropriate fire lines (Fire trails, fire breaks and other natural or man made barriers) which enable the prescribed burn to be managed and contained. These already exist to the south and west of the site.

1.7.5 Fire History This study found considerable evidence of fire history on the site and in surrounding bushland. The most recent fires occurred in 2003 and 2005, approaching the site from the south, but stopped at the ring road. One of these fires was at night, and neither were subject to high FDI (Fire Danger Index) conditions.

1.7.6 Ignition sources and causes As an accessible area of bushland close to an urban environment, there is considerable opportunity for ignition, by accident or arson, in addition to natural causes or “escapes” in prescribed burning. During Total Fire Ban days the number of potential ignition sources is further reduced, but not eliminated.

1.7.7 Fire Season The “typical fire season” in this area peaks between September and November. The predominant winds in the area are south easterly, however during the fire season, hot gusty westerlies of over 30 kph can be expected, with Relative Humidity falling to 10% and less. Temperatures on these days can climb over 35⁰C , and for two or three days a year, fire weather conditions equivalent to Fire Danger Index (FDI) levels of around 60 - 70 can be anticipated. Note that this is in contrast to the value of 40 which are currently used in the recently revised AS3959 – 2009 to determine Bushfire Attack Levels (BALs).

Figure 7. State Government revised FDI values to FDI 60 for the area involved. (CSIRO, 2014)


Section 1.7.8 of this Plan applies an FDI value of 60 to fire modelling for the site.

1.7.8 Potential Fire Direction, Intensity and Behaviour Unplanned “wildfire” attack could come from almost any direction, but most likely from the west or south associated with worst case anticipated fire weather conditions and/or longest potential fire runs. Bushfire attack comes in a number of forms: direct flame, radiant heat, embers, smoke and wind. Research shows that over 80% of houses lost to bushfire in Australia can be attributed to ember attack, within 100m of bushland.

Figure 8. Most likely directions of attack. Dotted arrows represent embers/burning brands causing potential fire spotting.


Figure 9. Main Bushfire Attack mechanisms (Image courtesy of Ramsay & Rudolf 2003) Applying the data from fuel assessments (refer to Appendix 1) to fire modelling for the key elevations of the Subject Site, worst case fire scenarios are depicted in Table 2 below. To illustrate the potential difference that frequently burnt “Protection Zone” could make, scenarios are included where the available fuel load reaches a maximum of 8 - 10t/ha.

Fire Scenario – Locations 1,2,3, 4 West and South FDI 60 Method 2 AS3959-2009 Forest @ 15/25t/ha. Ave Slope under vegetation Flat

Fire Scenario – Locations 1,2,3, 4 West and South FDI 60 Method 2 AS3959-2009 Regular Hazard Reduction Burning to 8/10t/ha. Ave Slope under vegetation Flat

Fire Scenario – Location 5 East FDI 60 Method 2 AS3959-2009 Forest @ 15/25t/ha. Ave Slope under vegetation Flat Fire Run Factor 0.7

Fire Scenario – Location 5 East FDI 60 Method 2 AS3959-2009 Forest @ 8/10t/ha. Ave Slope under vegetation Flat Fire Run Factor 0.7

Fire Intensity (Byram, 1959) 13 950kW/m




Rate of Spread (Noble et al, 1980) 1.08kph




Flame Height (modified Mc Arthur V equation, NSW RFS 2001) 10.02m




Flame Width 100m Flame Width 100m Flame Width 50m Flame Width 50m

Elevation of Receiver 2.4m Elevation of Receiver 2.4m Elevation of Receiver 2.4m Elevation of Receiver 2.4m

Radiant Heat generated (View Factor Method – see graph below)




Table 2. Calculated fire values for worst case fire scenarios. Table 2 relates to the main intact fuel zones identified in Figures 5 and 8 and assessed in Appendix 1. It shows the theoretical calculated fire parameters for fire occurring in each of the fuel locations/types identified.


Figure 10. Potential Radiant Heat Flux for different fire scenarios.

Figure 10 indicates how far the effects of radiant heat could be felt beyond the intact vegetation/ fuel zones. Implications for the Southern and Western interface: On the South and West with potentially up to 25t/ha of total available fuel, radiant heat extends at dangerous levels for 40 – 50m (black curve in Figure 10). “Defendable space” for emergency services, including firefighters in adequate PPE, requires radiant heat levels below 4 – 5kW/m². The velodrome will be within 20 – 30m of intact fuel to the south exposed to radiant heat levels up to 17kW/m². The Ring Road, whilst providing a useful fireline and firebreak, is exposed to “Flame Zone” with the arrival of a fire front. The blue curve illustrates the benefit of keeping fuel loads below 10t/ha in the area immediately south of the site, clearly making the interface substantially safer, although smoke would still be a significant temporary hazard. Whilst reducing fuel loads in this area is beyond the control of the Subject Lot management, a request may potentially be put to BCC to undertake more regular hazard reduction burning in the adjacent fire management zone/s to the south. Section 4.2.2 indicates where this “Protection Zone” could be located.

Implications for the Eastern (1ha) interface: The likelihood of this isolated zone ( Zone 5) becoming involved with fire is low, but possible, and the red and green curves in Figure 10 illustrate the hazard posed to the access points and Ring Road in this area. It is recommended that fuel loads are kept well below 8t/ha in Zone 5 to provide protection for the two access points to the site.


Table 3 shows the significance of various levels of radiant heat flux.

Table 3. Significance of various RHF levels (Source: NSW RFS, 2006)


2.0 Identification of Risk

2.1 Identifying the Assets 2.1.1 Human Assets With up to 30 staff and between 100 and 5000 visitors potentially on site during the day, when the greatest potential impact from bushfire is most likely, it is crucial that appropriate measures are taken for the protection of life and property on the site. People exposed to smoke and heat represent the greatest risk on site. Vehicles potentially jammed on the Ring Road with the arrival of a fire front is an unlikely but conceivable prospect Some staff and visitors to the site may have physical disabilities which increase their vulnerability and AS3745-2010 requires these to be identified, in order to develop relevant Personal Emergency Evacuation Plans (PEEPs). The typical work wear worn by staff and visitors is not of a personal protective nature, in that garments of low flammability, with long sleeves, complemented by feet protection, head protection, eyes and respiratory protection are not normally worn. It is recommended that any Staff with Warden or Assistant Warden responsibilities, and who may be directing traffic or persons on site (whether before or after the arrival of QFRS) are provided with such PPE, including respiratory protection (minimum P2 smoke mask) and smoke goggles..

2.1.2 Economic Assets The Sporting and Cultural Facilities at the Complex represent a significant economic asset. In general, the asset is set back from bushfire hazard, and is resilient in construction. Each of the structures shown in Figure 3 has been regarded as an Asset. “Assets” also relate to dangerous goods and their storage. Chemical Storage - Pool chemical storage facilities require protection from external fire.

2.1.3 Infrastructural Assets The main community “infrastructure” on site is Park “N Ride capacity, which is located away from the main hazard, and is resilient to bushfire. Incidents within the parking areas are forseeable with the arrival of a firefront, with smoke and human behavior requiring management by emergency services. Wardens would potentially have a role to play in managing orderly evacuation or sheltering in place. Three electricity sub stations are located on site, with the most exposed being protected as shown in Figure 24 (Fuel Zone 6). Water reticulation infrastructure is located across the site, supporting the mains reticulation and hydrant system.


2.1.4 Environmental Assets The Subject Site contains vegetation mapped as having environmental significance, and despite much being modified, care and pride is taken by Complex management in providing habitat for fauna, and retaining native vegetation. The site it is largely surrounded by land managed by BCC which is mapped is supporting remnant vegetation and valued regional ecosystems.

Figure 11. Regional Ecosystem (RE) Mapping – Version 6.1. Figure 11 shows current RE mapping, including Regional Ecosystem 12.11.5 (Of Least Concern). Wet conditions to the south and east of the site encourages other plant species including Melaleuca sp which increase the relative wildfire hazard. The Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage Protection provide the following RE Description: 12.11.5 Of Least Concern Open-forest complex in which spotted gum is a relatively common species. Canopy trees include Corymbia citriodora subsp. variegata, Eucalyptus siderophloia or E. crebra (sub coastal ranges), E. major and/or E. longirostrata and E. acmenoides or E. portuensis and/or E. carnea and/or E. eugenioides. Other species that


may be present and abundant locally include Corymbia henryi, C. intermedia, C. trachyphloia, Eucalyptus tereticornis, E. propinqua, E. biturbinata, E. moluccana, E. melliodora, E. fibrosa subsp. fibrosa and Angophora leiocarpa. Lophostemon confertus often present in gullies and as a sub canopy or understorey tree. Mixed understorey of grasses, shrubs and ferns. Occurs on hills and ranges of Palaeozoic and older moderately to strongly deformed and metamorphosed sediments and interbedded volcanics. (BVG1M: 10b) OPTIMAL FIRE SEASON: Summer to winter. INTENSITY: Low to moderate. INTERVAL: 4-25 years. STRATEGY: Aim for 40-60% mosaic burn. Burn with soil moisture and with a spot ignition strategy so that a patchwork of burnt/unburnt country is achieved. ISSUES: The fire regime should maintain a mosaic of grassy and shrubby understoreys. Control of weeds is a major focus of planned burning in most areas. Careful thought should be given to maintaining ground litter and fallen timber habitats by burning only with sufficient soil moisture. Burning should aim to produce fine scale mosaics of unburnt areas. Variability in season and fire intensity is important, as well as spot ignition in cooler or moister periods to encourage mosaics. The Complex wishes to maintain and enhance ecological values on and around the site. Its management, by fragmentation, of landscaped areas is also supported by a reticulation capacity which relies on stored water. The majority of the water stored for landscaping (and potential “wetting down”) is held in dams, with the eastern dam limited in capacity due to siltation. Removing the silt and increasing its capacity would enable the Complex to irrigate more during dry spells and maintain a more lush and less vulnerable landscaping over the traditional fire season.

2.1.5 Cultural Assets There are no known cultural assets of significance to Australias First Peoples on the Subject Site, or within 100m of the site. The Facilities do however provide a social and cultural service in various ways for Brisbane.


3.0 Risk Analysis and Risk Evaluation

3.1 Risk Analysis – Grouping Assets Assets present are grouped into the 5 categories identified above, forming an Asset Register.

Table 4. Asset Register

3.2 Risk Analysis – Consequence and Likelihood Assessment for each Asset Group

Evaluation of risks was based on the NSW RFS Bushfire Risk Register Version 1.2 (2005). For each asset group assessed and entered into the Risk Register a consequence rating is calculated based principally on distance from the hazard and vulnerability (preparedness, resilience, replaceability). In the case of economic assets, recovery costs and local/regional/state significance is included. Consequence ratings are described in the Table below:



Table 5. Consequence classification generated by the NSW RFS Bushfire Risk Register V1.2 (NSW Rural Fire Service 2005) Likelihood (of injury/loss/damage) is attributed from the following table:

Table 6. Likelihood definition


The Risk Register uses the following Risk Mating Matrix to determine risk based on consequence and likelihood:

Table 7. Risk Rating Matrix

The comparative assessment of risks to asset types can be seen in Table 5. This provides a basis for prioritizing the need for Risk Treatment and determining priority for action in treating the risks identified:

Table 8. Basis for prioritizing importance and need for Risk Treatment Table 8 helps to provide a structure which includes identification of responsibility for management.


3.3 Risk Analysis – Bushfire Risk Register The Bushfire Risk Register developed for the site is provided in Appendix 2.

3.3 Risk Evaluation The Risk Register provided in Appendix 2 shows a “high” risk faced by people on the subject site under worst case foreseeable fire weather conditions. This risk is faced by staff and visitors during evacuation and also during sheltering in place, if evacuation is prevented. The latter risk is closely tied to the “medium” risk faced by the Main Building as a potential shelter point. The Human Risk is also potentially “high” for Emergency Services crews responding and needing to gain access to water. Risks rated as “high” or “medium” warrant planned action and management attention. The Risk Register proposes, and Section 4 expands on recommended risk treatments.

3.4 Risk Acceptability In some cases, the analysis which came out above indicates that risk is probably acceptable to all buildings apart from the Main Building, and that no action may be required.

The Main Building came up as medium risk, and where used as a shelter point potentially a high risk which is not acceptable, warranting consideration of a number of actions for risk treatment.

4.0 Risk Treatment Options

4.1 Risk Treatment Options Available The basic options for treating risk are:

Avoid the risk – for example by not having the asset or activity in the area. It is an option that certain work does not have to be undertaken at this particular site during high fire danger weather, and this is dealt with under risk treatments recommended.

Accept the risk – and prepare to deploy resources in response to the risk. For Low and Medium risks identified, this is seen as an appropriate treatment option.

Reduce the likelihood of occurrence – and modify the hazard and level of exposure. This option is used in this study for a the managing the hazard at the southern bushland interface.


Reduce the consequences – by modifying the susceptibility and/or increasing the resilience of the asset. This is the most obvious option to consider for most of the exposed assets in this case study. Given the high or extreme hazard which they face, increasing resilience and preparedness for bushfire is an important strategy, involving a number of different actions, outlined in the proposed Risk Treatment Plan.

Transfer the risk – through sharing the risk with another party. Sleeman Sports Complex has engaged with the other stakeholders involved with bushfire and its possible consequences for the site. Site Insurance transfers much of the existing risk to insurers.

Retain the risk – plan to manage its consequences and the aftermath. Despite the Risk Treatment Plan proposed, even if it is fully undertaken, there will still be a degree of residual risk for this site. Adverse consequences from a major fire are not likely to have a sufficient impact on the Complex itself.

Classically there are a number of generic “control approaches” for managing risk over the long term:

Elimination

Substitution

Engineering o Many engineering approaches can be used to reduce bushfire risk, not just in the

obvious sense of design and construction of the asset, but in terms of Alternate Solutions involving all the Bushfire Measures used in Combination. (PBP, 2006).

Administration. o Administrative controls help to prevent further escalation of risk as the fire danger

index escalates. The Risk Register in Appendix 2 outlines the recommended risk treatment options for the site. No single risk treatment removes risk and it is a combination of risk treatments that lowers risk.


4.2 Risk Treatment Options Proposed in Combination

Figure 12. Bushfire Planning Measures in Combination (Source: NSW RFS, 2006)

Figure 12, taken from Planning for Bushfire Protection (NSW Rural Fire Service, 2006) illustrates that there are other factors and measures which need to be integrated to mutually support one another to provide protection against bushfire. Simply removing the hazard (bushland) is one possible way of removing risk to life and property, but this approach is hardly desirable. The safety of life and property can be achieved whilst retaining the natural amenity and value of bushland areas, provided these integrated bushfire protection measures are applied.

4.2.1 Building Construction and Design The BCA does not require non residential buildings (ie, Classes other than 1, 2 or 3) to have any bushfire related functional performance, but where a Duty of Care to employees, visitors or the business warrants, facility owners may still refer to the relevant Australian Standard (AS3959-2009) for guidance. Existing Class 1, 2 and 3 buildings (including the Chandler Lodge and Cabins) are not required to comply with construction requirements for new buildings but BCA and AS3959-2009 may be applied in consideration of protection options as a Duty of Care.

The 2010 BMP recommended ember protection enhancement including metal screens (since supplied), non combustible gutter guards (yet to be considered/fitted), and provision of a minimal setback from available fuel (still recommended as 3 -4m minimum).


4.2.2 Asset Protection Zones and Landscaping Asset Protection Zones provide the most strategically valuable defense against radiant heat and flame, and to a lesser extent embers. The relationship between radiant heat level and distance is not linear, as shown in Figure 10. The function of the Inner Protection Area (IPA) is to distance the Asset from Flame and Radiant Heat. The Outer Protection Area (OPA) separates ground fuels from canopy fuels, causing canopy fires to collapse and become ground fires.

Figure 13. Components of an Asset Protection Zone (APZ) The IPA within 10m of potentially vulnerable assets is strategically most important, and the Sleeman Complex aims to maintain the entire site as a combination of IPA and OPA. Figure 13 shows the suggested OPA achieved if BCC can undertake regular hazard reduction burning in the immediate fire management block south of the site. This should be supported by a removal of fine fuel in Fuel Zone 8, either by mulching the understorey and mid storey or by landscaping with select low combustibility plants, or by removal of this area of fuel entirely to make way for velodrome parking or other infrastructure. Plants retained in or introduced into the IPA should be selected based on low combustibility, by virtue of high moisture content, low volatile oil content, high leaf mineral levels, large fleshy leaves and absence of shedding bark. Plant arrangement is just as important as low combustibility. Plants should be placed so as to minimize either vertical or horizontal connectedness of plant material. Combustible mulches should not be used. Appendix 1 provides examples of less hazardous plant species. Combustible vegetation shall not be allowed to come into contact with combustible parts of buildings. Trees shall not be allowed to directly overhang roof lines. The OPA should be subject to routine maintenance with low/ minimal ground fuels, free of understorey or mid storey, and with separation of at 2 -5m between tree canopies.


Figure 14. Suggested Protection Zone requested of BCC, burnt to a maximum 8-10t/ha available fuel.

4.2.3 Access and Egress Management First fire response is Queensland Fire and Rescue Service – Capalaba Station (226 Mt Cotton Road) approximately 8km away, and normally within 10 minutes response time. Camp Hill Fire Station would provide support from approximately 10km away by road. The internal Ring Road is shown, with three egress points (two on Tilley Road, one on Old Cleveland Road) and two access points (both on Tilley Road). If threatened by wildfire the southern part of the Ring Road is jeopardised, but risk is reduced if BCC agree to support hazard reduction burning in the suggested Protection Zone, shown in Figure 14.

4.2.4 Water Supplies and Utilities Reticulated mains water supplies service the Complex facilities and the hydrant system, fully installed in accordance with AS2419.1 (2005).


Figure 15. Irrigation supplied to a large percentage of the landscaped area. This potentially provides a wet-down area to serve as a firebreak for ground fire moving across the grassed areas. The irrigation reticulation main is a 50mm PVC pipe, which also supplies plug in points for 19mm high pressure hoses (shown in Figure 16 below). These points should be clearly signposted for use in emergencies.


Figure 16. Plug in points for 19mm high pressure hose.

Figure 17. More plug in points recommended close to Velodrome.


The Sleeman Complex Fire Safety Plan describes the Cogen Plant that generates electricity for the Complex, backed up by a backup power generator, which maintains select power supplies on site. It is recommended that the irrigation system and main dam pump are included in the protected power supplies, in case of a failure of Cogen power at the time of fire. Electricity supplies are overhead to the site, then trenched underground and not locally vulnerable to severance. Telecommunications wiring is underground.

4.2.5 Emergency Management Arrangements Emergency management arrangements for the site have significantly advanced since 2010. It is not the intent of this BMP to duplicate the EEMP, but merely to focus on the wildfire (unplanned bushfire) component, to apply the same planning principles to the Subject Site and thereby provide site specific guidance. Incident Control for the Site is at the Fire Panel in the Reception Area. This provides appropriate access to communication (Fire EWS, Phone and UHF – Emergency Channel 1). The current Warden/Assistant Warden Structure is appropriate for management of bushfire related incidents, although eye and respiratory protection is recommended for Staff attempting to direct visitors and others from external positions exposed to smoke. Appendix 2 emphasises the importance of keeping traffic and people away from exposed positions in the southern areas of the site. Actions for Wardens to Take (for incorporation in Check Lists) are as per the 2010 BMP: 1. Actions for Wardens to Take (when a bushfire threatens the Complex)

Sound the General ALERT Fire Warning Signal (Beep Beep) … not the structural fire evacuation (Whoop Whoop) signal, which will send people outside where they ought not to be.

Establish the approximate size, location and intensity of the fire if possible. Chief Warden notifies FIRECOM (000).

Assess prevailing wind and other weather conditions, as to whether these are driving fire in the direction of the Sleeman Complex, or away from it.

Establish whether staff, or visitors are exposed in the southern area of the site.

If the fire is approaching the site, relocate exposed persons in the south of the site indoors, or to Car Park P3.

If the Brisbane MX or Velodrome are in operation, and if there is time to evacuate, request an orderly evacuation of the area …. (Calmly) using the Emergency Warning System.

If there is no time to evacuate adjacent carparks, request all persons to move to the north of the Complex and take shelter (the Aquatic Centre appears to be appropriate … or other buildings away from smoke and effects of fire until it has passed).

If the fire has not yet arrived activate sprinkler irrigation systems across the southern part of the site.


2. Actions for Wardens to Take (as the fire front gets close)

Retreat to shelter.

Watch for signs of passing of the fire front.

Communicate (via fire EWS, radio or loudhailer) the need to remain indoors, windows and doors closed, until further advice.

3. Actions for Wardens to Take (when the main fire front has passed)

If safe to do so, venture carefully outside and ensure that conditions are bearable (if not, return to shelter).

Once back outside, redeploy fire fighting equipment to extinguish spot fires that are burning.

Communicate (via fire EWS, radio or loudhailer ) the need to remain indoors, windows and doors closed, until further advice.

4. Actions for Wardens to Take (having ensured the safety of conditions outside, and having confirmed with QFRS, by now on site, that it is suitable for people and vehicles to start using the road system and leaving the site.)

Communicate (via fire EWS, radio or loudhailer ) the “Situation under control”, and the opportunity to move carefully outdoors, emphasizing “Take Your Time, Do not Rush”.

Advance warning of adverse fire weather conditions is available to the Complex, although the standard Fire Danger Rating signs are not located in the immediate area.

Figure 18. Fire Danger Rating and corresponding FDI values

QFRS communicates Fire Danger Ratings and total fire ban days on ABC radio, and also publishes a four day

forecast the FDR/ FDI on a district basis, on the Rural Operations website at the following URL:

http://www.ruralfire.qld.gov.au/FDRG.html

If Very High or Severe (or worse) fire weather conditions are forecast the Site Manager should ensure that: 1. the grounds around the site are rechecked for tidiness and freedom from leaf litter and other

fine available fuel that may have recently blown in. The groundsman would recheck gutters.

http://www.ruralfire.qld.gov.au/FDRG.html


2. a periodic check for ignition is made, possibly by conferring with Wardens at the other Channels.

3. fire drills have been practised recently (in the past 6 months). If not, it is recommended that

a practice fire drill is conducted, reminding staff of basic response procedures, including:

a. evacuating (if safe to do so .... or if not:), b. “sheltering-in-place” in the Reception and adjacent offices c. deployment of 19mm hoses or even fire extinguishers for small spot fires started by embers

5.0 Communication and Consultation

5.1 Communication and Consultation Plan

5.1.1 Objectives of the Communication and Consultation Plan The reason for communication and consultation is to obtain a shared understanding of the current situation and agreement on the most relevant measures to take to reduce current risk levels. Key stakeholders are likely to have insights that they can contribute to the Plan, allowing it to be refined and agreed upon, prior to introduction to staff and other users of the Plan.

5.1.2 Participants in the Communication and Consultation Plan The analysis presented in this report needs to be communicated and consulted, firstly:

1. with external key stakeholders to obtain comment or agreement where required on actions proposed.

2. with management to achieve an understanding of risks faced and a commitment to actions deemed appropriate in the treatment of risk.

Once a commitment has been obtained to recommended action, staff should be made aware of the report, its conclusions and actions being taken. Emergency Evacuation Plans and Sheltering in Place should then be practiced with observers, allowing them to be refined where opportunities for improvement are identified.

5.1.3 Information Relayed Words to be chosen carefully for communication to Staff, but basic messages are as follows……


“Fire Season Rules” – agreed policy of attendance/non attendance or acceptance of large bookings according to forecast FDI

You should be advised of any planned fires in the area as BCC will notify the Chief Fire Warden and you will have been told.

If un announced fire is noticed - Report fire to Chief Warden

Wait for instructions from Chief Fire Warden

If the site is threatened, evacuation will commence (if safe to do so) via the Old Cleveland Road egress point. Wait for instructions from Chief Fire Warden

If evacuation is unsafe, sheltering in place will commence, location determined by direction of attack. Wait for instructions from Chief Fire Warden/Incident Control.

If the order is given to evacuate, it will have been deemed safe to do so, but vehicles must depart in an orderly fashion, those closest to the gate first. Pay attention to traffic directors. Do not panic and risk blocking the egress route. Head directly to the offsite Emergency Assembly Area at …………. and report to the Fire Warden present for roll call.

If unforeseen circumstances block the path of your evacuation and you are trapped in your vehicle: o Position the vehicle away from the direction of the oncoming fire front, and ideally facing

the fire. o Lights and hazard light on o Engine on, A/C on full – set on recycle o Keep drinking water (approx 1 glass worth every 15 minutes) o When the fire front arrives – put your face mask on and get down low and cover your body

with any low combustible fabrics or clothing you have. o Wait until sound outside indicates the fire front has passed. o Do not leave the vehicle until smoke starts to clear and the heat subside, unless the vehicle

has caught alight. o Protect your airways and exposed skin as much as possible upon leaving the vehicle. Be

aware of radiant heat and try to have something shielding you from the sources of greatest radiated heat.

5.1.4 Engagement Mechanisms and Communication Plan It is recommended that this Draft Plan is reviewed by Key Stakeholders and discussed at a meeting of Key Stakeholders prior to June 2014. The objective is to finalize the Plan with details acceptable to the Key Stakeholders, and enable the Emergency Response and Evacuation Planning to be rolled out, tested and practiced well ahead of the 2015 fire season. Engagement with staff should take a number of forms:

Bushfire Awareness Presentation and Explanation of the Bushfire Management Plan

Development of PEEPs for any individuals with disability

Incorporation of Bushfire Awareness into staff induction and training materials

Incorporation of specific functions into staff roles, job descriptions and work schedules where required eg. Grounds maintenance, fuel removal, broadcasting FDI forecasts, backup for Chief Fire Warden if absent etc

Incorporation of attendance of Response Drills in staff objectives


5.1.5 Emergency Response and Evacuation Planning Once agreement has been achieved on the Bushfire Emergency Response Plan (Section 4.2.5 above) the condensed form of this plan (for Staff and Visitors) needs to be produced in a simple and useable form as a small version, for Wardens’ clip boards.

5.1.6 Disaster Recovery Planning The effects of any disaster are physical, psycho-social, financial and far ranging. Disaster Recovery Planning is not within the scope of this report, is an unlikely scenario, but should be carried forward for further assessment.

5.2 Documentation This draft Bushfire Management Plan forms the basis of documentation which enables risk treatment, monitoring and review of the current Plan. Checklists and the reviews of emergency response drills should be retained for review of the workability of the Plan. Where opportunities appear to improve aspects of this Plan, they should not be held back until the next formal review, but provided directly to the Sleeman Sports Complex custodian of the Plan (The Chief Fire Warden), and the author of the Plan.

6.0 Monitor and Review ISO 31000-2009 describes the importance of monitoring and reviewing various parts of the Plan:

The Context of the Plan

Risk Assessment (Identification, Analysis, Evaluation)

Risk Treatment It is recommended that along with the monitoring of these elements, a review of this Plan is conducted at least annually, or at most biannually.

6.1 Key Performance Indicators Key Performance Indicators should include such relevant measures as:

% of Staff having this Plan explained (by presentation) and being provided clear emergency response guidelines

% of Staff participating in Emergency Response drills.

Recommended risk reduction measures completed.

% of staff with disability having PEEPs developed for wildfire (and other) emergencies.

6.2 Monitor and Review Documentation Retention of KPI data and documentation arising from Communication and Consultation enables a more thorough and efficient review of this Plan by the scheduled date.


7.0 Conclusions and Recommendations The Sleeman Sports Complex is in an exposed and potentially vulnerable situation, with some potential risk to life and property if worst case foreseeable wildfire should occur in this location. The Risk Assessment in Appendix 2 indicates medium to low levels of risk with some management action required but generally managed by routine procedures. The proposed Velodrome and Brisbane SX effectively increase the amount of site use and numbers of people closest to the bushland interface and elevating bushfire protection measures are warranted. It is recommended that these measures include:

1. Enhancement of APZs on the site: a. Promoting a landscaping program which selects for less flammable species, and which

fragments landscaping areas by paths, rocky drainage swales and other non combustible design features.

b. Continuing the program of suppressing surface fuels through mulching, also enhancing line-of-sight, including Zones 5,6 and 8. (Regular Hazard reduction burning is an alternative option, but for this to occur a fireline would need to be constructed adjacent to the fence in Zone 5).

c. Increasing the capacity to irrigate generously during dry times – desilting the eastern lake to increase its capacity.

d. Increasing setback from intact fuel around the cabins to a minimum of 4m, particularly to the west.

e. Limiting fuel accumulation in the 1 ha (Zone 5) area on the eastern side of the site, either by the use of fire or by mulching.

2. Additional Protection Zone on adjacent land to protect the Ring Road and increase defendable

space in the southern portion of the site. It is recommended that an approach is made to BCC to consider increasing the fire frequency on the fire management block immediately south of the Complex, designating it as a Protection Zone for the Sleeman Sports Complex. Burn frequency would be guided by fuel accumulation levels, aimed at not exceeding 8 – 10t/ha total available fuel. This should be supported by removal of available fuel in Fuel Zone 8 as explained in Section 4.2.2.

3. If large capacity events are sheduled coinciding with the September to November (peak fire season)

period, ensure that additional preparation and wildfire practice drills are conducted in the month or two beforehand.

4. Enhanced emergency management arrangements, including:

a. drills which practice large scale site evacuation and also sheltering on site, selecting the areas within the Aquatic Centre and Theatre which are best sealed against smoke entry.

b. Equipping fire wardens and assistant fire wardens with P2 smoke mask and smoke goggles in the kits held at the existing emergency response stations.

5. Enhanced water access options for emergency services, including the static tanks east of the

Brisbane SX facility. Continued protection and maintenance of hydrants and 19mm plug in points.

6. This Plan should be reviewed for currency and adequacy at least every 5 years or immediately following any unplanned bushfire incident impacting the site.


8.0 References ABCB (2012), Building Code of Australia, Australian Building Codes Board, Canberra. Bowden, J. (1999) Living with the environment in Pine Rivers Shire, Pine Rivers Shire/ Moreton Bay Regional Council, Queensland. Environmental Protection Act (1994), Queensland Government, Queensland. Fire and Rescue Service Act (1990), Queensland Government, Queensland. Queensland Government Department of Local Government and Planning (May 2003), State Planning Policy 01/03, Queensland. Queensland Government Department of Infrastructure and Planning (December 2013), State Planning Policy Guideline – Natural Hazards, Queensland. NSW Rural Fire Service (2006), Planning for Bushfire Protection, NSW. Ramsay, C. and Rudolph, L.. (2003), Landscape and Building Design for Bushfire Areas, CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria. Standards Australia (2005), AS 2419.1– 2005, Fire hydrant installations – System design, installation and commissioning, Sydney, NSW. Standards Australia (2009), AS/NZS ISO 31000-2009 Risk Management – Principles and guidelines, Sydney, NSW. Standards Australia (2009), AS 3959 – 2009, Construction of buildings in bushfire-prone areas, Sydney, NSW. (including Amendment 1). Standards Australia , (2010), AS 3745 – 2010 Planning for Emergencies in Facilities Sustainable Planning Act (2009), Queensland Government, Queensland. Vegetation Management Act (1999), Queensland Government, Queensland. Webster, J. (2000), The Complete Bushfire Safety Book, Random House Australia, NSW. Work Health and Safety Act (2011), Queensland Government, Queensland.


Appendix 1 Fuel Assessments – March 2014

1. Vegetation / Fuel Zone 1 – Open Eucalypt Forest with distinct mid storey

Figure 19. Fuel Hazard Assessment Location/ Zone 1 Fuel hazard estimate Location /Zone 1.

Date: 11th

March 2014

Layer Rating Description / Comments Equivalent fuel load t/ha

Surface and near surface Very High High surface fine fuel hazard with litter bed height 30 mm, very high near surface fuels grassy and shrubby.

15

Elevated High to Very High

3 - 4

Bark Very high Melaleuca and fibrous barked eucalypts 4

Overall rating Very high 22 - 23t/ha

Bushfire hazard assessment Location /Zone 1.

Date: 11th

March 2014

Characteristic Description Hazard score

Vegetation Eucalypt forest with dry shrub ladder fuels 8

Slope Plain < 5% 1

Aspect Land under 5% slope 0

Total hazard score Medium 9

Table 10. Fuel and Hazard Assessment Location / Zone 1 Last fire at least 15 – 20 years ago. Very high fuel accumulation, with 25t/ha applied to fire modeling in Section 6, 15t/ha of which is surface and near surface fuel. Fire could cross grassy powerline corridor readily


and ignite fuel zones adjacent to the site, as well as provide spotting with the capacity to ignite retained intact fuel zones on the site itself. The second part of Table 10 validates council bushfire hazard mapping as “medium” hazard.

2. Vegetation / Fuel Zone 2 – Open Forest , grassy and thick sedge understorey

Figure 20. Fuel Hazard Assessment Location/Zone 2 Fuel hazard estimate Location / Zone 2.

Date: 11th

March 2014


Surface and near surface Very high High surface fine fuel hazard with litter bed height 30 mm, very high near surface fuels mainly sedge tussocks, senescing and suspending leaf litter. Elevated water table near water treatment plant

12 - 16

Elevated High Very high in places with Melaleuca regrowth

4 - 5

Bark High Range of fibrous barked Eucalypts and Melaleuca.

3

Overall rating High 19 - 23t/ha


Bushfire hazard assessment Location /Zone 2.

Date: 11th

March 2014


Vegetation Eucalypt forest with dry shrub ladder fuels 8

Slope Plain < 5% 1



Table 11. Fuel and Hazard Assessment Location / Zone 2 Supported fire twice since 1993 – burnt in 2003 and 2005. Wet soil conditions supporting very high fuel accumulation, with 25t/ha applied to fire modeling in Section 6, 15t/ha of which is surface and near surface fuel. Wildfire under adverse conditions could provide spotting with the capacity to ignite retained intact fuel zones on the site itself. The second part of Table 11 validates council bushfire hazard mapping as “medium” hazard.

3. Vegetation / Fuel Zone 3 – Open Eucalypt Forest, grassy understorey becoming increasingly shrubby

Figure 21 . Fuel Hazard Assessment Location/Zone 3


Fuel hazard estimate Location / Zone 3.

Date: 11th

March 2014


Surface and near surface High High surface fine fuel hazard with litter bed height 20 - 30 mm, with very high near surface fuels

10 - 12

Elevated High Whipstick recruiters including Melaleuca 2 - 4

Bark High Some stringy barked eucalypts and Melaleuca

2

Overall rating Moderate to High

14 – 18t/ha

Bushfire hazard assessment Location / Zone 3.

Date: 11th

March 2014


Vegetation Eucalypt forest with dry-shrub ladder fuels 8

Slope Plain < 5% 1



Table 12. Fuel and Hazard Assessment Location / Zone 3 This area is disturbed and regenerating after most recent fires in 2003 and 2005. Fuel loads reaccumulated to 18t/ha, with further accumulation likely with development of thick whipstick midstorey. Applying precautionary principal to fuel accumulation, 25t/ha applied to fire modeling in Section 6, 15t/ha of which is surface and near surface fuel. Wildfire under adverse conditions could provide spotting with the capacity to ignite retained intact fuel zones on the site itself. The second part of Table 12 validates council bushfire hazard mapping as “medium” hazard.


4. Vegetation / Fuel Zone 4 – Melaleuca Swampland

Figure 22. Fuel Hazard Assessment Location 4 Fuel hazard estimate Location / Zone 4.

Date: 11th

March 2014


Surface and near surface High Moderate surface fine fuel hazard with litter bed height 25mm, and considerable near surface fuels – high % dead fallen material.

12 - 15

Elevated High Casuarinas falling post fire 2

Bark Very high High % Melaleuca , otherwise Forest Red Gum, Swamp box.

5



Date: 11th

March 2014



Slope Plain < 5% 1



Table 13. Fuel and Hazard Assessment Location / Zone 4


Fuel continuing to accumulate since last assessed in 2010, but limited in area. For the purposes of fire modeling in Section 6, 25t/ha total available fuel load has been applied to the entire southern fuel interface, 15t/ha of which is surface and near surface fuel.

5. Vegetation / Fuel Zone 5 – 1 ha Open Eucalypt Forest initially mulched (2009) now grassy and becoming increasingly shrubby

Figure 23. Fuel Hazard Assessment Location 5 Fuel hazard estimate Location / Zone 5.

Date: 11th

March 2014


Surface and near surface Very high 20 – 30mm surface fine fuel hazard with variable cover of grasses including Themeda establishing in a decomposed mulch bed.

8 - 9

Elevated High Regrowth partially controlled, recruitment higher to south..

2

Bark High Range of fibrous barked eucalypts. 2




Date: 11th

March 2014



Slope Plain < 5% 1



Table 14. Fuel and Hazard Assessment Location / Zone 5 Forest mulching removed the mid storey in 2009 and regeneration is slowly occurring. 2010 BMP recommended a fire line inside fence line to enable planned use of fire, keeping available fuel loads below 8t/ha on site and to act as a study area. This remains an alternative to the other practice which is being applied on site – placing a layer of woodchip mulch over the soil surface to suppress grass growth and improve line of site visibility (See below). If Zone 5 is left to regenerate with no intervention, fuel accumulation to similar levels as Zones 1 and 3 can be anticipated. Section 6 models theoretical fire in this fragment because it is significant in its location, in relation to site access.

6. Vegetation / Fuel Zone 6 – Open Eucalypt Forest surface mulched.

Figure 24 . Fuel Hazard Assessment Location / Zone 6


This zone is too small in size to pose a significant hazard, but illustrates the effectiveness of a mulching strategy to suppress grass and shrubby regrowth (in conjunction with a herbicide program) to improve line of sight across the Complex.

7. Vegetation / Fuel Zone 7 – Open Eucalypt Forest beside Cabins

Figure 25. Fuel Hazard Assessment Location / Zone 7 Following the recommendations of the 2010 BMP overhanging tree branches have been lopped, metal screens installed on windows, and 2 – 3m setback provided for the cabins. The cabins and accommodation are the only buildings to which the BCA would apply bushfire related functional performance requirements on site, through conformance with AS3959-2009 if they were ne buildings. This Standard doesn’t apply to existing buildings. The current version was applied in Queensland after the 2010 BMP, and under the Exclusions (Section 2.2.3.2.c) of the Standard, this retained fuel zone can be classified as BAL LOW with no bushfire related construction requirements for new structures. The measures taken however to at least provide a minimal fuel free Asset Protection Zone (APZ) of 3 – 4 m is nevertheless a worthwhile precautionary routine activity consistent with enhancing safety to life and property within “striking range” of embers. This zone is 70m from the larger continuous fuel zones to the south west and it potentially represents an unnecessary fuel zone in close proximity to residential facilities.


8. Vegetation / Fuel Zone 8 – 0.3 ha Eucalypt Forest retained beside carpark and proposed Velodrome site.

Figure 26. Fuel Hazard Assessment Location / Zone 8 Approximately 0.3ha in extent this fragment of intact fuel can be regarded as small but not insignificant. Being within 20m of larger intact fuel zones to the south, it potentially represents an unnecessary fuel zone in close proximity to the proposed Velodrome, potentially threatening provision of “defendable space” in this area. It is recommended that available fuel loads in this fragment are reduced by either:

mulching and suppressing of surface, near surface and elevated fuels

landscaping selecting species of lower combustibility (Refer to Appendix 3)

regular burning to maintain available fuel below 8t/ha.

Appendix 2

Bushfire Risk Register – Sleeman Sports Complex

Asset Type Cause of Loss Consequence Likelihood RiskRisk Treatment Options Strategy Actions Responsibility Timing Repeat Timing

Human

Site evacuation impacted by wildfire causing injury or loss of life , including Ring Road Major Possible Medium Avoid the risk

Traffic Control restricting public access to southern part of Ring Road if threatened by fire Police and Emergency Services

Reduce the likelihoodReduce the numbers of people attempting late evacuation

If not possible to avoid maximum site capacity events during the peak of the fire season, then ensure wildfire practice drill is conducted in the month or two prior.

Establish PEEPs for persons with disability.

Reduce the consequences

Reduce the level of hazard to the south of the site

Suggest and support more regular hazard reduction burning in Protection Zone created south of the Complex

Practise Evacuation Drills Annual practice before fire season

Sheltering in place impacted by loss of shelter as buildings succumb to wildfire (particularly smoke) attack Moderate Possible Low Avoid the risk

Attempt early safe evacuation of public wherever possible if FDI > 25 (Very High)

Reduce the likelihoodSelect and nominate resilient Shelter Points on site

Avoid guests sheltering in Cabins. Staff, guests and visitors shelter in most suitable complex - Aquatic Centre. If more space required, use Theatre.

Consider reducing the number of people on site if Forecast FDI > 50 (Severe)

Monitor FDI forecasts and advise all but "skeleton staff" the day ahead, to work from home. (Apply to Staff with PEEPs and Visitors).

Increase APZs for FacilitiesOngoing maintenance of landscaping - minimum available fuel around buildings

Approach BCC with request/proposal for additional APZ or new "Protection Zone"

Emergency Services Crews exposed to excessive Radiant Heat Flux Moderate Possible Low Avoid the risk

Reduce the level of hazard to the south of the site

Suggest and support more regular hazard reduction burning in Protection Zone created south of the Complex

Reduce the likelihoodMaximise options for water access points

Ensure ready access to static water supplies beside Brisbane SX, with 50mm ballvalve and male camlock fitted.

Increase capacity to irrigate more in dry times

Consider desilting eastern dam to increase water storage capacity for irrigation.

Economic

Brisbane Aquatic Centre and Offices

Parts of Main Building succumb to ember attack during or after passing of fire front Moderate Rare Insignificant Reduce the likelihood

Maintain fire detection and supression systems

Brisbane SX Resilient Minor Rare Insignificant

Chandler Arena



Gymnastics Centre



Chandler Lodge and Cabins

Buildings succumb to ember attack during or after passing of fire front Moderate Unlikely Insignificant Reduce the likelihood

Maintain minimum 4 m APZ as IPA

Chandler Theatre



Bushfire Risk Register Page : 1 of 2

Asset Type Cause of Loss Consequence Likelihood RiskRisk Treatment Options Strategy Actions Responsibility Timing Repeat Timing

Chandler Velodrome Constructed to be resilient Minor Rare Insignificant

Fuel and Chemical Storages

Storage area succumbs to ember attack during or after passing of fire front Moderate Unlikely Insignificant Reduce the likelihood

Maintain storage conditions free of fine fuels and exclude embers

Infrastructural

Park 'N Ride Resilient Insignificant

Electricity Substations Constructed to be resilient Insignificant

Water reticulation systems

vulnerable and potentially melted causing loss of pressure and function. Moderate Unlikely Insignificant Reduce the likelihood

Maintain immediate area free of fine fuels and/or shield vulnerable components

Environmental

Local ecological assets on site are impacted by groundfire or ember attack. Minor Likely Low Reduce the likelihood

Maintain fragmentation of fuel zones on site

Creation of a Protection Zone diminishes conservation values adjacent to Complex Minor Likely Low Reduce the likelihood

Longer fire intervals in fire management zones beyond the Protection Zone encourage greater biodiversity

CulturalCommunity Services supplied by Facilities Minor Unlikely Insignificant

Bushfire Risk Register Page : 2 of 2

Appendix 3

Less combustible native plants list Source: Bowden, J (1999)

~10Scientific Name CommonName Form Fire Retardance CommentsCommelinaceaeAneilema acuminatum Aneilema HGc un Us SaAneilema biflorum (-) Aneilema HGc l..Jn Us SaCommelina cyanea Scurvy Plant HGc 1m Us OpPollia crispata Snake Weed HGc 1m Us SaPollia macrophylla Large Snake Weed HGc un Us Sa

DioscoraceaeDioscorea transversa Native Yam V l..Jn Us Sa

LillaceaeBulbine bulbosa (-) BulbineLily H LmSI OaDianella brevipedunculata Blue Flax Lily H l..Jn UsOaSaDianella caerulea Blue Flax Lily H l..Jn Us OaSaDianella revoluta Flax Lily H l..Jn Us Oa SaDrymophila moorei (-) Orange Berry H l..Jn Us SaTripladenia cunninghamii Bush Lily H 1m Us Sa

OrchidaceaeDendrobium gracilicau.le Spotted Orchid eO 1m SaDendrobium X gracillimum Natural Hybrid eO 1m SaDendrobium monophyllum Lily of the Valley

Orchid eO 1m SaDendrobium schoeninim(D. beckleri) Pencil Orchid eO .l..Jn SaDendrobium speciosum King Orchid eO 1m SaDendrobium teret~folium Bridal Veil Orchid eO l..Jn SaDendrobium tetragonum Spider Orchid eO un Sa

PhilesiaceaeEustrephus latifolius Wombat Berry V 1m Us Oa SaGeitonoplesium cymosum Scrambling Lily V 1m Us Sa

PhilydraceaePhilydrum lanuginosum Frogsmouth aH LmSI Oa Wet arcas

SmilacaceaeSmilax glycophy//a Sweet Sarsparilla V Ul1 Us Sa

XanthorrhoeaceaeLomandra confertifolia Mat Rush H 1m OaLomandra hystrix Creek Mat Rush H 1m Us SaLomandra longifolia Long-leaf Mat Rush H 1m Us Oa SaLomandra flliformis Fine-leaf Mat Rush H 1m OaLomandra multiflora Many-flower Mat

Rush H l..Jn OaLomandra spicata Mountain Mat Rush H l..Jn Us Oa Sa

ZingiberaceaeAlpinia arundeliana Wild Ginger H un Us SaAlpinia coerulea Native Ginger H un Us Sa

Form: S = Shrub; T =Tree; V =Vine; H = Herb; Gc =Ground cover; eO = epyphytic Orchid;eF = epyphytic Fern; tF = terrestrial Fern.

Comments: Wb = suitable for windbreak/fire barrier; Ad = suitable as addition to windbreak/fire barrier 11II11I111as main species; Us = suitable for understory of windbreak/fire barrier; Oa = suitable for open areas near 111111ISa = suitable for sheltered areas near house; Pf = suitable if protected from direct flames; De = DecidlllllHI IIIwinter, in flower or in dry periods

Fire-Retardant Plants for Small Gardens

ZamaceaeLepidozamia peroffskyanaMacrozamia lucidaMacrozamia miquelii

AgavaceaeCordy/ine petiolarisCordyline rubraCordy/ine strica

AmaryllidaceaeCrinum pedu.ncu.latumDoryalllhes palmeri (-)Proiphys cunninghamii

AraceaeAlocasia brisbanensisGymnostachys ancepsPothos longipesTyphoniwn brownii

ArecaceaeLinospadix monostachya

Shining BurrawangPineapple ZamiaWild Pineapple

l..Jn Us Sa1m Us Sal..Jn Us Oa Sa

1m Us Sa1m Us Salm Us Sa

Broad-leaf Palm LilyRed-fruit Palm LilySlender Palm Lily

River Lily I-I LmSI Us Oa SaSpear Lily H un Sl Us Oa SaBrisbane Lily H LmSI Us Sa

Cunjevoi H 1m Us SaSettlers Flax H un Us SaPothos V 1m Us SaStinking Lily H 1m Us Sa

Walking Stick Palm P lm Us Sa

APPENDICES

- --Scientific Name CommonName Form Fire Retardance Comments Scientific Name Common Name Form Fire Retardance Comments~Croton ph/eba/iodes Narrow-leaf Croton S 1m Us SII LythraceaeCroton verreauxii Native Cascarilla SIT 1m Us SII Lagerstroemia archeriana (-) Native Crepe Myrtle SIT Lm Us Oa Sa DcMacaranga tanarius Macaranga SIT 1m UsMallotus c/aoxyloides Scrub Odour Bush SIT 1m Us $11 MalvaceaeOmalanthus nutans Pavonia hastata(-) Pavonia S 1m Oa S"(0. populifolius) Qld Bleeding Heart SIT 1m Us Sa Hibiscus heterophyllus Native Rosella SIT 1m Us Sa

Hibiscus geranioides (-) S Lm OaEupomatiaceaeEupomatia bennettii Small Bolwarra S 1m Us SaEupomatia laurina Bolwal1ll S 1m Us Sa Melastomaceae

Me/astoma affine Pink Lasiandra S un Us Sa 0"EscaloneaceaeCuttsia viburnea (-) Native Elderberry T 1m Us S:I Meliaceae

Turraea pubescens (brownii)Native Witch-Hazel SIT 1m Us SaFabaceae'Abrus precatorius Crabs Eye Vine V 1m Us Oa SII MenispermaceaeAotus lanigera Pointed Aotis S 1m Oa Sa Pleogyne australis Pleogyne V un Us SaGlycine e!andestina Twining Glycine V 1m OaGlycine tomentella Wooly Glycine V 1m Oa MimosaceaeHardenbergia violacea False Sarsparilla V 1m Oa Acacia complanata Flat-stem Wattle S Oa PfHovea linearis Common Hovea S 1m Oa Acacia hubbardiana Yellow Prickly Moses S Oa PfHovea longipes (-) Brush Hovea S 1m Sa Acacia inorata BlueSkin S Oa Pffndigophora australis Australian Indigo S 1m Oa Acacia myrtifolia Myrtle Wattle S Oa PfKennedia rubicunda Dusky Coral Pea V 1m Oa Acacia suaveolens Sweet Wattle S Oa PfOxylobium ilicifolium (-) Holly Pea S 1m Oa Acacia ulicifolia Prickly Moses S Oa PfOxylobium scandens (-) Netted Shaggy Pea S 1m Oa Archidendron lovelliae (-) Baconwood SIT 1m Us SaPultenaea retusa Blunt-leaf Bush Pea S 1m OaPultenaea spinulosa (-) Prickly Pea S 1m Oa MonimiaceaePultenaea villosa (-) Hairy Bush Pea S 1m Oa Wilkiea huegeliana Tetra Beech SIT 1m Us SaSwainsona galegifolia Darling Pea S 1m Oa Wilkiea macrophylla Large-leafWilkiea SIT Ull Us Sa

Goodeniaceae MyoporaceaeGoodenia rotundifolia Star Goodenia HGc 1m Oa Eremophila debi/is Winter Apple S Gc un asScaevo/a aemula (-) Fairy Fan Flower HGc 1m Oa Myoporwn boninenseScaevo/a albida (-) Fan Flower H 1m Oa (M. elliplicum) Boobialla S Gc un OsScaevola calendu/acea (-) Scented Fan Flower HGc 1m Oa Myoporum monlanum Mountain Boobialla S un OsScaevola ramosissima (-) A Fan Flower HGc 1m Oa

MyrsinaceaeLamiaceae Aegiceras corniculalum Milky Mangrove SIT Lm St Oa CoastalAjuga australis Southern Bugle H 1m Oa Rapanea howittiana Scrub Muttonwood SIT 1m Us S"Plectranthus argentatus (-) Silver Native Coleus H 1m Us Sa Rapanea subsessilis Red Muttonwood SIT Ull Us S:IPlectranthus graveolens Native Coleus H 1m Us SaPlectranthus parvi/iorus Cocks pur Flower H 1m Us Sa

IMyrtaceae

Prostanthera ovali/olia Oval-leaf Mint Bush S 1m Os Sa Archirhodomyrlus beckleri (-) Rose Myrtle S 1m Us $:1Austromyrtusfi"agrantissima (-)Sweet Myrtle T un Us Sa

Lauraceae

IAustromyrlus hi/Iii Scaly Myrtle SIT un lis S"

CryptocQlya /aevigata Glossy Laurel SIT 1m Us Sa Austromyrtus inophloia Thread-bark Myrtle SIT Ull lis SaCryptocarya meisneriana Thick -leaf Laurel SIT 1m Us Sa Austromyrtus ajf. lasioc/ada (-)Velvet Myrtle T un Us S"

Austromyrtus metrosideros (-) S un lis S:IPilidiosligma glabrum (-) Plum Myrtle S Ull IJs $:1

Leeaceae Pilidiostigma rhytisperma Small-leafPlul11 Myrtle S IJ11 Us SaLeea indica (-) Bandicoot Berry S 1m Us Sa Rhodamnia acuminala (-) Cooloola Ironwood S un Us Sa

256 LIVING WITH THE ENVIRONMENT IN PINE RIVERS SHIRE FIRr RI TARDANT NATIVE PLANTS 257

APPENDICES

= ---Scientific Name CommonName Form Fire Retardance Comments Scientific Name CommonName Form Fire Retardance Comments

Rhodamnia dumicola Rib-fruit Malletwood srr 1m Us Sa Canthium microphyllum Small-leafCantlUum S 1m Us SaRhodamnia maidenii (-) Smooth Scrub Turpentine S 1m Us Sa Jxora bleckleri Brown Coffee wood srr 1m Us SaRhodomyrtus psidioides Native Guava S 1m Us Sa Morinda acutifolia Veiny Morinda V 1m Us SaSyzygium wilsoni (-) Powder-puff Lilly Pilly S 1m Us Sa Morinda jasminoides Sweet Morinda V 1m Us Sa

Pavetla australiensis Pavetta S 1m Us SaNyctaginaceae Psychotria daphnoides Smooth Psychotria S 1m Us SaPisonia aculeata Native Bougainvillia V 1m Us Sa Psychotria loniceraides Hairy Psychotria S 1m Us Sa

P:;ychotria simmondsiana Small Psychotria S l.m Us SaOleaceae Randia benthamiana Native Gardenia S l.m Us SaJasminum simplicifolium Stender Jasmine V 1m Us Sa Randia chartacea Narrow-leaf Gardenia S l.m Us SaNotelaea ovata Netted Mock Olive S 1m Us SaNotelaea venosa Veined Mock Olive S 1m Us Sa Rutaceae

Clausena brevistyla (-) Clausena S 1m Us SaPassifloraceae Microcitrus australasica (-) FingerLime S 1m Us SaPassiflora aurantia Red Passion Flower V 1m Us Oa Sli Murraya ovatifoliolata (-) Native Murraya srr 1m Us SaPassiflora herbertiana Yellow Passion Flower V 1m Us Oa Sli Phebalium woombye (-) Phebalium S 1m Oa

Peperomiaceae SambucaceaePeperomia blanda Sambucus australasica Yellow Elderben'y S 1m Us Sa(leptostachya) Native Peperomia H 1m Us SaPeperomia tetraphylla Native Peperomia H 1m Us Sa Sapindaceae

Alectryon coriaceus (-) Beach Bird 's Eye srr 1m Wb OaPittosporaceae Alytera micraphylla (-) Dwarf Coogara S 1m Us SaCitriobatus linearis Black-fruit Thombush S 1m Us Sa Cupaniopsis newmanii (-) Long-leafTuckeroo T 1m Us Sa OaCitriobatus paucifloris Orange Thornbush S 1m Us Sa Cupaniopsis serrata Rusty Tuckeroo srr 1m Us Sa OaPitlosporum revolutum Brisbane Laurel S 1m Us/Wb Sa/Oil Cupaniopsis wadsworthii (-) DwarfTuckeroo S 1m Us Sa

Harpullia alata (-) Wing-leaf Tulip S 1m Us SaProteaceae Mischocarpus sundaicus Red Pear-fruit T 1m Us SaBanksia oblongifolia DwarfBanksia S Oa PfBanksia robur Swamp Banksia S Oa Pf SapotaceaeGrevillea leiophylla Wallum GreviHea S Oa Pf Planchonella myrsinoides Yellow Plum wood srr 1m Us SaGrevillea 'Robyn Gordon' G. 'Robyn Gordon' S Oa PfGrevillea sericea Pink Spider Flower S Oa Pf ScrophulariaceaeGrevillea 'Shirley Howie' G. 'Shirley Howie' S Oa Pf Artenema fimbriatum Koala bells H 1m OaGrevillea 'Superb' G. 'Superb' S Oa PfHakea florulenta Hakea S Oa Pf TetragoniaceaeHakea purpurea Purple Hakea S Oa Pf Tetragonia tetragonioides Native Spinach HGc St Sc OaLambertia formosa (-) Mountain Devil S Oa PfLomatia siiaifolia Crinkle Bush S Oa Pf SolanaceaeStenocarpus angusifolia (-) S Oa Pi Duboisia myoporoides Corkwood srr 1m Us Sa

Solanum aviculare Kangaroo Apple S 1m Us Sa OaRhizophoraceae Solanum densevestitum (-) Furry Nightshade S 1m Us SaBruguiera gymnorrhiza Orange Mangrove srr Lm St Oa Coastal Solanum stelligerum (-) Star Nightshade S 1m Us SaCeriops tagal Yellow Mangrove srr Lm St Oa Coastal

I

Rhizophora stylosa Stilted Mangrove srr Lm St Oa Coastal I SterculiaceaeBrachychiton bidwillii Little Kurrajong S 1m Us S" 011

Rosaceae Commersonia fraserii Scrub Kurrajong S 1m Us Sa 011Rubus parvifolia Pink Raspberry S 1m OaRubus rosifolius Native Raspberry S 1m Us Sa SymplocaceaeRubiaceae Symplocus baeuerlenii (-) Shrubby Hazelwood S un Us SaCanthium coprosmoides Coast Canthium srr 1m Us OaSaCanthium lamproph yllum Large-leaf Canthium srr 1m Us Sa

258 LIVING WITH THE ENVIRONMENT IN PINE RIVERS SHIRE FIRE RETARDANT NATIVE PLANTS 259

APPENDICES

ScientificName Common Name Form FireRetardance Comments Scientific Name CommonName Form FireRetardance Comments

Ebenaceae MyoporaceaeDiospyl'os australis BlackPlum T 1m Us/Wb Myoporum acuminatum Coast Boobialla SIT 1m Wb OaDiospyl'os geminata Scaly Ebony T 1m Us/WbDiospyros mabacea (-) Red-fruited Ebony T 1m Us Myrsinaceae

Rapanea val'iabilis Muttonwood T 1m UsEscalloniaceaeAnoptel'us mac!eayanus (-) Queensland Laurel T 1m Us MyrtaceaePolyalthia nitidissima Canary Beech T 1m Us Acmena smithii

(small varieties) CreekLiIlyPilly T 1m Us/WbEuphorbiaceae Decaspermum humile Silky MYltle SIT 1m UsClaoxylon australe Brittlewood SIT 1m Us Metrosideros queenslandica (-)pink Myrtle T 1m UsCroton achronychioides Thick-leaved Croton SIT 1m Us Rhodamnia rubescens Brown Malletwood T 1m Us/WbCroton insularis Queensland Cascarilla SIT 1m Us Syzygium hodgkinsonia (-) Smooth-bark Rose Apple T 1m UsCroton stigmatosus White Croton T 1m Us

OleaceaeFabaceae Notelaea johnsonii Veinless Mock Olive SIT 1m UsEl'ythl'ina vespertilio Bat's Wing Coral Tree T 1m Ad De Notelaea longifolia Large Mock Olive SIT 1m Us/Wb

Notelaea microcarpa Velvet Mock Olive SIT I.rn Us/WbHernandiaceaeHernandia bivalvis Cudgerie T 1m Wb Pittosporaceae

Hymenosporum jlavum Native Frangipani T 1m Us AdLauraceae Pittosporum undulatum Mock Orange T 1m Us/WbCryptocarya bidwilli Yellow Laurel T 1m WbCryptocarya meisneriana Thick -leaf Laurel T 1m Wb ProteaceaeCryptocarya sclerophylla Boonah Laurel T 1m Wb Buckinghamia celsissima (-) Ivory Curl Flower T 1m WbCryptocarya triplinervis Brown Laurel T 1m Wb Grevillea helmsiae (-) T 1m Us PfCl'yptocal'ya tl'iplinervis var. Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia (-) Red Boppel Nut T I.rn Us Ad Pfpubens Hairy Brown Laurel T 1m Wb Lomatia arborescens (-) Tree Lomatia SIT 1m Us Pf

Macadamia integl'ifolia Queensland Nut T I.rn WbMeliaceae Macadamia ternifolia Maroochy Nut T 1m WbOwenia venosa Crow's Apple T 1m Us/Wb Macadamia tetraphylla Rough Shell Bush Nut T 1m WbSynoum glandulosum Scentless Rosewood SIT 1m Us Triunia youngiana Spice Bush T 1m UsTul'raea pubescens(T bl'ownii) Native Witch-Hazel T 1m Us Rubiaceae

Coelospermum paniculatum Coelospennum V I.rn SaMenispermaceae Hodgkinsonia ovatiflora Golden Ash T [m Us/WbStephania japonica val'.discolor Tape Vine V 1m Sa Oa Rununculaceae

Clematis glycinoides Headache Vine V I.rn SaMimosaceaeAcacia aulacocarpa Hickory Wattle T 1m Wb/Pf RutaceaeAcacia implexa Light Wood T 1m Wb/Pf Acl'onychia impelforata Coast Aspen SIT 1m U~/WbAcacia melanoxylon Blackwood T I.rn Wb/Pf Acronychia pauciflora Soft Acronychia SIT 1m UsAcacia cincinnata Wattle SIT 1m Wb/pf Microcitrus australis Round Lime S 1m UsParal'chidendron pl'uinosum Snow wood T 1m Us/Wb

SapindaceaeMoraceae Alectl'yon connatus Alectryon T 1m WI1 SlllW/l1Ficus col'onata Creek Sandpaper Fig T 1m Us/Wb firslFicus ji·asel'i A Sandpaper Fig T 1m Us/Wb Alectryon subcinereus Wild Quince T lm WI)Ficus opposita A Sandpaper Fig T 1m Us/Wb Alectl'yon subdentalus Holly-leafBird's Eye T 1m WI1Streblus bl'unonianus Alectryon tomentosus Hairy Bird's Eye T lm Wh(5. pendulinus) Whalebone Tree T 1m Us/Wb Arytera distylis Twin-leafCoogera T un Wh

262 LIVING WITH THE ENVIRONMENT IN PINE RIVERS SHIREFIRE RETAliDANT NA liVE I'LANTS 263

A P P END I C E S

Scientitic Name Common Name Form Fire Retardance Comments Scienlilic Name CommonName Form Fire Retardance CommentsArytera divaricata Rose Tamarind T 1m Wb FlagellariaceaeArytera foveolata Pitted Coogera T Lm Wb Flagellaria indica SuppJejack V 1m SaCupaniopsis parvifolia Small-leafTuckeroo T Lm WbCupaniopsis shirleyana (-) Wedge-leaf Tuckeroo T Lm Us/Wb PandanaceaeCupaniopsis lomentella (-) Boonab Tuckeroo T Lm Wb Freycinetlia excelsa Climbing Pandanus V 1m aElattostachys nervosa Beetroot T un Us/Wb Freycinettia scandens Climbing Pand,llius V un aElattostachys xylocalpa White Tamarind T Lm WbGuioa semiglauca Wild Quince T Lm Wb SmilacaceaeLepiderema pulchella (-) Fine-leafTuckeroo T Lm Wb Ripogonum alhum White Supplejack V un SaMischocarpus australis Red Pear-fruit T Lm Wb Ripogonum hrevifolium Supplejack V U11 SaToechima tenax Scrub Teak T U11 Wb Ripogonum discolor Prickly Supplejack V Un Sa

Ripogonum elseyanum Hairy Supplejack V un SaSapotaceaeUs SaPlanchpnella chartacea Thin-leaf Plum SIT Lm DICOTYLEDONS

Planchonella cotinifolia Small-leaf Plum SIT Lm Us Sa

AnacardiaceaeSimaroubaceae Euroschinus falcata Ribbonwood T 1m WbGuiltoylia monostylis Native Plum T W1 Us Rhodosphaera rhodanthema Deep Yellowwood T W1 Wb

Symplocaceae AnnonaceaeSymplocus thwaitesii Buff Hazelwood SIT Un Us Melodorum leichhardtii

(Rauwenhoffia I.) Zig-Zag Vine V 1m SaPTERIDOPHYTES

ApocynaceaeCyatheaceae Alstonia constricta QuinineTree T U11 WbCyathea australis Rough Tree Fern tF W1 Us Melodinus acutiflorus Merangarra V l.Jn SaCyathea cooperi CommonTree Fern tF W1 Us Melodinus australis Southern Melodinus V un SaCyathea leichhardtiana Prickly Tree Fern tF Lm Us Parsonsia eucalyptophylla Gargaloo V 1m Sa oa

Parsonsia fulva Furry Silkpod V un SaParsonsia lanceolata Northern Silkpod V un SaFire-Retardant Plants for Large Gardens, Acreage Blocks, Parks ami Parsonsia latifolia Monkey Vine V un SaFarms Parsonsia straminea Monkey Rope V un Sa OaParsonsia velutina VelvetSilkood V Un Sa oa

The following plants can be used in addition to the lists of plants for small and medium gardens. Parsonsia ventricosa Pointed Silkpod V W1 Sa

"""'- ArecaceaeScientitic Name Common Name Form Fire Retardance Comments Calamus muelleri Lawyer Cane V 1m Sa

GYMNOSPERMS A.-aliaceaeCephalaralia cephalohotrys CLimbingPanax V un SaAraucariaceae Polyscias elegans Celerywood T un Wb/Ad 0,\Agathis rohusta (-) QldKauri T un Pf - resin

SaAraucaria hidwillii (-) Bunya Pine T un Pf - resin Polyscias murrayi Pencil Cedar T un Ad oa SaAraucaria cunninghamii Hoop Pine T W1 Pf - resin

Podocarpaceae AsclepiadaceaePodocarpus elalus Brown or Plum Pine T U11 Pf - resin Marsdenia rostrata Common Milk Vine V un Sa

MONOCOTYLEDONS AtherospermataceaeDaphnandra micrantha Socketwood T 1m WbArecaceae (Palmae)

Calamus muelleri Lawyer Cane Vine V un Sa Oa

APPENDICES

~ ---Scientific Name CommonName Form Fire Retardance Comments Scientific Name CommonName Form Fire Retardance Comments=Dysoxylum mollissimum Ofeaceaessp. molle (D. muelleri) Red Bean T 1m Wb Olea paniculata Native Olive T 1m WbDysoxylum rufum Hairy Rosewood T 1m WbMelia azedarach White Cedar T 1m Wb/Ad III Piperaceaeowenia cepiodora Onion Cedar T 1m Wb Piper novae-hollandiae Native Pepper Vine V 1m SaToona australis Red Cedar T 1m Wb/A(! Iii

PittosporaceaeMenispermaceae Pittosporum rhombifolium Hollywood T 1m WbLegnephora moorei Wild Grape V 1m SaSarcopetalum harveyanum Pearl Vine V 1m Sa ProteaceaeStephania aculeata Prickly Snake Vine V 1m Sa Floydia praealta Ball Nut T 1m WbTinospora smilacina Snake Vine V 1m Sa Grevillea hilliana (-) Hill's Silky Oak T 1m PfTinospora tinosporoides Arrow-head Vine V 1m Sa Grevillea robusta Silky Oak T 1m Pf

Helicia glabriflora Smooth Helicia T 1m PfMimosaceae Macadamia integrifolia Queensland Nut T 1m WbAcacia aulacocarpa val'. Macadamia ternifolia Maroochy Nut T 1m Wbaulacocarpa Hickory Wattle T 1m Wb PI' Macadamia tetraphylla (-) Rough-shell Bush Nut T 1m WbAcacia bakeri Marblewood T 1m Wb PI' oriocallis pinnata (-) Pink Silky Oak T 1m PI'Acacia harpophylla (-) Brigalow Wattle T 1m Wb oriocallis wickhamii (-) Satin Oak T 1m PI'Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood T lJn Wb PI' (Alloxylon flammeum)Archidendron grandiflorum Lace Flower T 1m Wb Stenoca'1JUs salignus (-) Scrub Beefwood T 1m PI'

Stenocarpus sinuatus Wheel of Fire Tree T 1m WbMonimiaceaePalmeria scandens Anchor Vine V 1m Sa Rannnculaceae

Clematis aristata Old Man's Beard V 1m SaMoraceaeFicus macrophylla Moreton Bay Fig T lJn Wb RhamnaceaeFicus oMiqua Small-leafed Fig T 1m Wb Alphitonia excelsa Red Ash T 1m WbFicus platypoda Rock Fig T 1m Wb Alphitonia petrei Pink Ash T lJn WbFicus superba Val: henneana Deciduous Fig T 1m Ad De EmmenospermaFicus virens val'. sublanceolataWhite Fig T lJn Wb alphitonioides Yellow Ash T 1m WbFicus watkinsiana Nipple Fig T lJn WbMaclura cochinchinensis Rosaceae(Cudrania c.) Cockspur Thorn V lJn Oa Sa Rubus moluccanus MoluccaBrarnble V lJn SaMalaisia scandens BumyVine V lJn Sa

RutaceaeMyrtaceae ACI-onychia oblongifolia WhiteLiUy Pilly SIT 1m WbAcmena hemilampra Blush Satinash V lJn Wb Acronychia suberosa Corky Acronychia T 1m WbAcmena ingens Sarcomelicope simplicifolia Bauerel1a T 1m Wb(A. brachyandra) Red Apple V 1m WbAcmena smithii CreekLillyPilly T 1m Wb SapindaceaeLophostemon confertus Brush Box T lJn Wb Alectryon reticulatus Alectryon T 1m WIJSyncarpia glomulifera Turpentine T lJn Wb Arytera lautererana Corduroy Tamarind T 1m WIJSyzygium australe Scrub Cherry T 1m Wb Atalaya multijlora Broad-leaf Whitewood T 1m WIJSyzygium corynanthum Sour cherry T 1m Wb Atalaya salicijolia (A. virens) Scrub Whitewood T 1m WI!Syzygium crebrinerve Purple Cherry T 1m Wb Castanospora aphanandi (-) Brown Tamarind T 1m WliSyzygium moorei (-) Durobby T 1m Wb Cupaniopsis anacardioides Tuckeroo T 1m WI!

Cupaniopsis flagellijormis (-) Brown Tuckeroo SIT 1m WI!Nyctaginaceae Diploglottis campbellii (-) Small-leaf Tamarind T 1m WI!Pisonia aculeata Native Bougainvillea V 1m Sa Diploglottis cunninghamii Native Tamarind T 1m WIi/AiI

Harpullia hi/Iii Blunt-leaf Tulip T 1m WIIHarpullia pendula Tulipwood T lJn WI!

268 LIVING WITH THE ENVIRONMENT IN PINE RIVERS SHIRE FIRE RETIIIlDIIN I Nil IIVI PI ANIS 269

APPENDICES

Scientific Name Common Name Form Fire Retardance Comments

Jagera pseudorhus Foam Bark Tree T Un WbMischocarpus anodontus Veiny Pear-fruit T Un WbMischocOlpus pyriformis Yellow Pear-fruit T Un WbRhysotoechia hifoliolata (-) Twin-leaf Tuckeroo T Un WbSarcopteryx stipata Corduroy T Un WbToechima dasyrrhache Blunt-leaf Steel wood T Un Wb

SapolaceaeAmorphospermum antilogum Brown Pearwood T Un WbAmorphospermum whitei (-) Rusty Plum T Un WbPlanchonella australis Black Apple T Un WbPlanchonella laurifolia (-) Blush Coondoo T Un WbPlanchonella pohlmaniana Yellow Boxwood T Un Wb

SimaroubaceaeAilanthus triphysa WhiteSiris T Un WbGuilfoylia monostylis Native Plum T Un Wb

SiphonodonlaceaeSiphonodon australis Ivorywood T Un Wb

SterculiaceaeArgyrodendron actinophyllum Black Booyong T Un WbArgyrodendron trifoliolatum Brown Tulip Oak T Un WbBrachychiton acerifolius Flame Tree T Un Ad DeBrachychiton discolor Lace Bark T Un Ad DeBrachychiton populneus Kurrajong T Un WbBrachychiton rupestris (-) Qld BottJetree T Un Ad DeBrachychiton sp. (-) Ormeau BottJetree T Un Ad DeCommersonia hartramia Brown Kurrajong T Un Us/WbSterculia quadrifida Peanut Tree T Un Ad De

SymplocaceaeSymplocos stawelli White Hazelwood T Un Wb

UlmaceaeAphananthe philippinensis Native Elm T Un WbCeltis paniculata Investigator Tree T Un Wb

UrticaceaeDendrocnide excelsa Giant Stinging Tree T Un WbDendrocnide photinophylla Mulberry Stinger T Un Wb

VerbenaceaeGmelina leichhardtii White Beech T Un WbPremna lignum-vitae Lignum-vitae T Un Wb

VitaceaeCissus antarctica Kangaroo Vine V Un WbCissus hypoglauca Five-leafWatervine V Un WbCissus sterculiifolia Long-leaf Watervine V Un WbTetrastigma nitens Shining Grape V Un Wb

270 LIVING WITH THE ENVIRONMENT IN PINE RIVERS SHIRE

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Sleeman Sports Complex Initial Assessment Report · PDF file · 2014-07-22increased, with the Brisbane SX facility and now the proposed Velodrome. This is seen as a significant