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Skin Injuries
Skin Is the largest organ in the body Protect the body from injury and infection Maintain a constant body temperature
Layers of the skin Epidermis – outer layer Dermis – inner layer Subcutaneous fats, nerves, blood vessels,
muscles, and bones
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Skin InjuriesBurns
Types of burns Scald Friction burn Electrical burn Chemical burn Radiation burn
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Skin InjuriesBurns
Objectives To remove heat and relieve pain Maintain open airway Treat associated injuries/shock Minimize risk of infection Transport of casualty to hospital
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Skin InjuriesBurns
Treatment Cool the affected part with water for at least 10
minutes Continue cooling until the pain is relieved. Remove jewelries and clothing on the affected
skin if it is not stuck to it before the injured part swells
Cover to prevent infection Monitor vital signs and treat for shock if any
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Skin InjuriesBurns
Treatment (severe burns) Ensure casualty lie on the ground Burnt area should not be in contact with the ground Urgent removal to hospital
Treatment (burns to airway) Ensure open airway – loosening of clothing
around the neck Give ice or small sips of cold water to reduce
swelling
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Skin InjuriesBurns
Treatment (chemical burns) Wash the burn area with water for 20 mins Remove contaminated clothing before dousing the
burn area. Precaution
Do not remove anything sticking to the burn Do not touch the burn area Do not burst any blisters Do not apply lotions, ointment, fat, or adhesive tapes
to the burnt area Do not neutralize acids and alkali unless trained
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Skin Injuries
Electrocution
Types of Electrical Current Low Voltage – Homes. High Voltage – Power lines, overhead high
tension cable.
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Skin InjuriesElectrocution
High Voltage Current
Signs and Symptoms Fatal Burns Unconscious Fractures – casualty thrown some distance on
contact with current
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Skin InjuriesElectrocution (High Voltage)
Precaution High voltage electricity may move and jump up to 18m. The power must be terminated and isolated before
approaching. Maintain safe distance for spectators
Treatment Unconscious – open airway CPR to revive heart and lungs Monitor pulse and respiration every 10 minutes. Seek medical attention
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Skin InjuriesElectrocution
Low Voltage Current
Signs and Symptoms Burns at entry and exit points of the body. Unconscious
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Skin InjuriesElectrocution (Low Voltage)
Precaution DO NOT TOUCH THE PATIENT Break the contact between the casualty and
electrical supply. Switch off Remove the electrical plug at the socket. Remove the cable manually at the unexposed side. Use non conducting material to remove wire.
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Skin InjuriesElectrocution (Low Voltage)
Treatment Unconscious – open airway CPR to revive heart and lungs Treat external injuries Monitor pulse and respiration every ten minutes Seek medical attention
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Skin InjuriesElectrocution
Lightning Electricity discharged from the atmosphere
Outcome Death Fractures Clothing on fire
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Skin InjuriesElectrocution (Lightning)
Treatment Clothing on fire – roll casualty on the floor to kill
fire CPR – to revive heart and lungs Unconscious – maintain clear airway Fracture – immobilise Monitor pulse and respiration every
ten minutes Seek medical attention
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Skin InjuriesFever
Overview Fever is higher-than-normal body temperature
(Normal temperature - 37˚C ) Indicates an abnormal process in the body Fever is a symptom and not a disease.
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Skin InjuriesFever
Causes Hot weather Childhood immunization or adult vaccination Bacterial/viral infection Allergy to medication
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Skin InjuriesFever
Symptoms Hot flushed face Lack of appetite in food Nausea Vomiting Head and body ache Constipation Diarrhea
High fever can bring about: Delirium or confusion Fits
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Skin InjuriesFever
Treatment Monitor temperature using a thermometer Remove excess clothing Keep the person in a cool place Give a sponge bath in tepid water Give plenty of fluids Do not wrap the person in blankets / warm
clothing Seek medical attention
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Skin Injuries
Heat Stroke Failure of the thermostat in the brain, which
regulates body temperature Is a life threatening emergency
Causes High fever Prolonged exposure to heat
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Skin InjuriesHeat Stroke
Signs and symptoms Headache, dizziness, and discomfort Restlessness and confusion Hot, flushed, and dry skin Decrease in level of response Bounding pulse Body temperature above 40 degrees Celsius
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Skin InjuriesHeat Stroke
Treatment Remove the casualty to a cooler place Remove as much of the clothing as possible Wrap the casualty in a cold wet sheet. Keep it wet
till the temperature decrease to 38 degrees Celsius
Once the temp decreases, replace the wet sheet with a dry one
Monitor vital signs It the temperature rises again, repeat the process
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Skin Injuries
Heat Exhaustion Loss of salt and water from the body due to
excessive sweating. It is more common than heat stroke
First aid objective To replace body fluids and salt Decrease temperature if necessary
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Skin InjuriesHeat Exhaustion
Signs and symptoms Headache, dizziness, and confusion Nausea and loss of appetite Hot, flushed, and dry skin Sweating with pale clammy skin Cramps on the legs, arms or abdominal wall Rapid, weakening pulse and breathing
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CS Spray (2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile) Solvent spray used by police forces for riot control
and self protection It irritates the eyes and upper airway May cause vomiting Effect wears off in 15 minutes Use on asthma patient, can bring about asthmatic
attack
Skin InjuriesChemical Spray
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Signs and symptoms Tearing Coughing and sneezing Burning sensation in the skin and throat Chest tightness and breathlessness
Skin InjuriesChemical Spray
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Treatment Move to well ventilated area Reassure casualty Prevent casualty rubbing his eyes Fan the eyes to speed up evaporation of
chenicals Seek medical help
Skin InjuriesChemical Spray
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Precaution Washing the eye is not necessary as it may
prolong the irritation Prevent rubbing of the affected eye
Skin InjuriesChemical Spray