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Skeletal System
Axial Division
The Axial Skeleton You will see that each bone has special features
(overviewed in section I below) that provide
Sites of Attachment (for muscles, ligaments,
tendons, etc.) and Sites of Passage (for blood
vessels and nerves).
Study the prefixes, suffixes, and roots from
Lecture 1. These terms are used repeatedly
during the remainder of the course to describe
various parts of all of the major systems.
STUDY and KNOW these word components.
They will be an enormous aid in learning the
terms of GROSS Anatomy.
• From this point on, there is no substitute for STUDYING.
Do not do it all in one sitting. Constant review and
quizzing each other is the best way to learn it and know
it.
• One super way to learn all of the terms you are about to
be bombarded with is to make 3'X 5' FLASH CARDS.
Write the term on one side and where it is located on the
other. These are extremely useful when it comes to
quizzing yourself in the lab and certainly in reviewing for
quiz/midterm/final. The process of making the cards
themselves is very didactic. I cannot overemphasize
how useful flashcards can be in learning anatomical
terminology.
I. Different Bone Markings -
Essential Terminology Depressions and Openings
A. fissure-cleft-like opening between adjacent
parts of bones through which vessels & nerves
pass
B. foramen-hole through which blood vessels,
nerves, ligaments can pass
C. meatus-tunnel-like passageway through a bone
D. sinus-cavity within a bone with narrow
opening
E. sulcus-groove or depression that
accommodates a soft structure such as
vessels, nerve, or tendon
F. fossa-depression in/on a bone; generally at
a joint
G. process-prominent projection or point of
attachment
Articular Processes (of the
joints)
H. condyle-large, rounded articular
(joint) prominence
I. head-rounded articular projection
supported by a more constricted
portion of a bone (neck)
J. facet-smooth, flat surface on a bone
Processes for Attachment
(tendons, ligaments, etc.)
K. tubercle-small, rounded process
L. tuberosity-large, rounded, usually rough process
M. trochanter-large, blunt projection; only on the femur
N. line-less prominent ridge than a crest
O. spine-sharp, slender process
P. epicondyle-prominence found "above" a condyle
II. Curvature of the Vertebral
Column
A. Normal Curves in Vertebral Column
1. cervical curve - concave posteriorly
2. thoracic curve - convex posteriorly
3. lumbar curve - concave posteriorly
4. sacral-coccygeal curve - convex posteriorly
B. Abnormal Curves of the Vertebral
Column
1. kyphosis-exaggerated thoracic curve
(hunchback)
2. lordosis - exaggerated lumbar curve
(slumping)
3. scoliosis-S-shaped deviation out of
midsagittal plane
III. Identifying
Characteristics of Different
Vertebrae
A. cervical * C1 (atlas) no body, no spine
* C2 (axis) bifid spine, dens (head)
* C3-6 bifid spine
* C7 non-bifid spine, bulges from
lower neck
* transverse foramen vessel+nerve)
*vertebral foramen (down->smaller)
B. thoracic * T1 sup. whole facet : inf. demifacet
* T2-8 two demifacets; sup. large/inf.
small
* T9 single superior demifacet
* T10-12 whole facet for individual rib
* long, inferior-directed spinous
processes
* transverse processes are long and
heavy
C. lumbar * all have largest, thickest bodies
* spinous processes are oblong and heavy
D. sacral * 5 bones fused at middle age to
form sacrum
E. Coccygeal * 3/5 bones fused to form coccyx
IV. Intervertebral Disc
A. Functions
1. absorb stress/shock on the vertebral column
2. provide surface for vertebra to twist
B. Structure
1. annulus fibrosus - outer ring of fibrocartilage
2. nucleus pulposus - inner structure, highly
elastic
C. Herniated Disc
1. nucleus pulposus ruptures through the fibrocartilage
2. generally ruptures at L3-5 (lower back slipped disc)
3. most often occurs in posterior direction
4. can compress spinal nerves and spinal cord