Skeletal SystemSkeletal System

I. Functions of the SkeletonI. Functions of the Skeleton

A. SupportA. Support

B. Protection B. Protection

C. Aids in movementC. Aids in movement

D. Storage of mineralsD. Storage of minerals E. Blood cell formationE. Blood cell formation

II. Types of BonesII. Types of Bones

A. Long – FemurA. Long – Femur

B. Short - phalangesB. Short - phalanges

C. Flat - sternumC. Flat - sternum

D. Irregular - vertebraD. Irregular - vertebra

III. Bone FeaturesIII. Bone Features

A.A. Epiphysis – endsEpiphysis – ends

B.B. Diaphysis – central shaftDiaphysis – central shaft

C.C. Epiphyseal plate – bone Epiphyseal plate – bone growthgrowth

D.D. Medullary Cavity – space in Medullary Cavity – space in the epiphysis, filled with the epiphysis, filled with yellow bone marrow (fat).yellow bone marrow (fat).

E.E. Periosteum – wraps around Periosteum – wraps around the bone providing blood.the bone providing blood.

F.F. Endosteum – lines cavitiesEndosteum – lines cavities

G.G. Osteoblasts – forms new Osteoblasts – forms new bonebone

H.H. Osteocytes – mature bone Osteocytes – mature bone cells.cells.

A.A. LamellaLamella

B.B. LacuaneLacuane

C.C. Canaliculi Canaliculi

IV. Bone DevelopmentIV. Bone DevelopmentTwo Types of DevelopmentTwo Types of Development

A. IntramembraneousA. Intramembraneous

1. Begins during the 5th week after the formation of 1. Begins during the 5th week after the formation of embryonic membranes.embryonic membranes.

2. Osteoblasts from precursor cells begin to secrete mineral 2. Osteoblasts from precursor cells begin to secrete mineral salts.salts.

3. Plates of bone come together to form spongy bone.3. Plates of bone come together to form spongy bone.

4. Periosteum develops from surrounding membrane.4. Periosteum develops from surrounding membrane.

B. EndochondralB. Endochondral 1. Develop from cartilage 1. Develop from cartilage

template template (Chondrocytes & (Chondrocytes & collagen matrix).collagen matrix).

2. Primary Ossification begins in 2. Primary Ossification begins in the the periosteum of the diaphysis, after periosteum of the diaphysis, after

blood vessels are present.blood vessels are present.

Osteoblasts come in from blood & Osteoblasts come in from blood & produce mineral salts.produce mineral salts.

3. Secondary Ossification begins 3. Secondary Ossification begins to to convert cartilage to bone.convert cartilage to bone.

4. Epiphyseal Plate (Growth plate) 4. Epiphyseal Plate (Growth plate)

V. Microscopic bone structureV. Microscopic bone structureA. A. Osteoblasts Osteoblasts - present in - present in

youth of the bone.youth of the bone.B. B. Osteocytes Osteocytes - mature - mature bone bone cells.cells.C. C. Osteoclasts Osteoclasts - wonders in - wonders in

blood.blood.Osteon (Haversian Osteon (Haversian

canal) canal) SystemSystem

VI. Bone GrowthVI. Bone GrowthA. Interstitial Growth - A. Interstitial Growth - lengthlengthB. Appositional Growth – B. Appositional Growth – widthwidth

VII. Bone RemoldingVII. Bone RemoldingBone tissue is recycledBone tissue is recycledAreas of great stress - joints.Areas of great stress - joints.

IIX. Bone RepairIIX. Bone RepairA. Forms a clot.A. Forms a clot.B. Blood vessels invade the clot 2-3 days after the B. Blood vessels invade the clot 2-3 days after the injury.injury.C. Produce a fibrous network, which holds the C. Produce a fibrous network, which holds the bones together and fills the space from the break.bones together and fills the space from the break.D. Osteoblasts form new bone & is finished 4-6 D. Osteoblasts form new bone & is finished 4-6 weeks after the break, but complete healing may weeks after the break, but complete healing may take several months.take several months.D. Callus – zone of repairD. Callus – zone of repair

IX. Organization of SkeletonIX. Organization of Skeleton206 bones in the body in the skeleton & in divided into two 206 bones in the body in the skeleton & in divided into two portions.portions.

A. Axial SkeletonA. Axial Skeleton1. 1. Bones of the SkullBones of the Skull - 16 different bones - 16 different bones

Frontal (1)Frontal (1) Nasal (2)Nasal (2)Occipital Bone(1)Occipital Bone(1) Parietal (2)Parietal (2)Temporal Bone(2)Temporal Bone(2) Maxilla (1)Maxilla (1)Zygomatic bone(2)Zygomatic bone(2) Mandible (1)Mandible (1)Sphenoid bone(1)Sphenoid bone(1) Palatine Bone (2)Palatine Bone (2)Ethmoid (1)Ethmoid (1)

2. All holes in the skull are called foramen. 2. All holes in the skull are called foramen. For nerves & blood vessels.For nerves & blood vessels.a. Supra orbital - above the eyea. Supra orbital - above the eye

b. Foramen Magnum - in the occipital for b. Foramen Magnum - in the occipital for the the nerve cord.nerve cord.

c. Optic foramen - in the frontal for the c. Optic foramen - in the frontal for the eyes.eyes.

3. 12 Sinuses or Cavities to 3. 12 Sinuses or Cavities to moisten & warm incoming moisten & warm incoming

air.air.

a. Frontal (2)a. Frontal (2)

b. Maxillary b. Maxillary (2)(2)

c. Sphenoidal c. Sphenoidal (2) (2)

d. Ethmoidal d. Ethmoidal (6)(6)

B.B. Bones of the vertebrae Bones of the vertebrae ColumnColumn

33 separate bones plus 33 separate bones plus fused fused bonesbones

7 Cervical 7 Cervical vertebratevertebrate

12 Thoracic 12 Thoracic vertebratevertebrate

5 Lumbar 5 Lumbar vertebratevertebrate

5 Sacral vertebrate 5 Sacral vertebrate fused into fused into

the the saccrum.saccrum.

3-5 Coccygeal 3-5 Coccygeal vertebrate fused vertebrate fused

into into the coccyx.the coccyx.

C. Bone of the Thoracic C. Bone of the Thoracic CageCage

12 pairs of ribs12 pairs of ribs

SternumSternum

ManubriumManubrium

Body of the Body of the sternumsternum

Xiphoid processXiphoid process

B. B. Appendicular SkeletonAppendicular SkeletonUpper ExtremitiesUpper Extremities

A. Scapula (2)A. Scapula (2)

1. Acromion Process1. Acromion Process2. Coracoid Process2. Coracoid Process3. Spine3. Spine4. Glenoid cavity4. Glenoid cavity5. Supraspinous fossa5. Supraspinous fossa6. Infraspinous fossa6. Infraspinous fossa7. Lateral border7. Lateral border8. Medial border8. Medial border

B. Humerus (2)B. Humerus (2)olecranon fossaolecranon fossa

C. Radius (2)C. Radius (2)D. Ulna (2) Olecranon D. Ulna (2) Olecranon

ProcessProcess

E. Carpal Bones (16)E. Carpal Bones (16)F. Metacarpal (10)F. Metacarpal (10)G. Phalanges(10)G. Phalanges(10)H. Clavicle (2)H. Clavicle (2)

E. Carpal Bones E. Carpal Bones (16)(16)

F. F. Metacarpal Metacarpal (10)(10)

G. G. Phalanges(10)Phalanges(10)

C. C. Lower ExtremitiesLower ExtremitiesH. Pelvis (3)H. Pelvis (3)

Ilium (1)Ilium (1)Pubis (1)Pubis (1)Ischium (1)Ischium (1)Pelvic inletPelvic inletObturator foramenObturator foramenAcetabulumAcetabulum

I. Femur (2)I. Femur (2)

J. Patella (2)J. Patella (2)

K. Tibia (2)K. Tibia (2)

L. Fibia (2)L. Fibia (2)

M. Tarsal (14)M. Tarsal (14)

TalusTalus

CalcaneusCalcaneus

N. Metatarsal N. Metatarsal (10)(10)

O. Phalanges O. Phalanges (10)(10)

X. Joints/Articulation - interactions X. Joints/Articulation - interactions between two or more bones.between two or more bones.

3 major types of joints3 major types of joints

A. Immovable-A. Immovable-SynarthrosisSynarthrosis

Fibrous Joints - dense Fibrous Joints - dense material between the material between the

bonesbones

Suture – skull (frontals)Suture – skull (frontals)

Gomphoses – teethGomphoses – teeth

Syndesmoses – ligaments Syndesmoses – ligaments holding the distal end of holding the distal end of

the the radius and ulna.radius and ulna.

B. Slightly movable – B. Slightly movable – AmphiarthrosisAmphiarthrosis

Catilaginous- Catilaginous- FibrocartialgeFibrocartialge

PelvisPelvis

ribs & cartialgeribs & cartialge

C. Freely movableC. Freely movable (Synovial Joints)- (Synovial Joints)-DiarthrosisDiarthrosis

Fluid (Synovial fluid) filled Fluid (Synovial fluid) filled space (Synovial cavaty).space (Synovial cavaty).

Articular cartilageArticular cartilage

Joint cavityJoint cavity

Joint capsuleJoint capsule

Synovial membraneSynovial membrane

Synovial fluidSynovial fluid

Bursa – not in all joints-Bursa – not in all joints-reduces friction.reduces friction.

Bursitis-inflammationBursitis-inflammation

Tendon sheathTendon sheath

Menisci – Concave shock Menisci – Concave shock absorbing fibrocartialge absorbing fibrocartialge padspads

1. Plane or Gliding- two flat 1. Plane or Gliding- two flat surfaces. Wrist & anklesurfaces. Wrist & ankle

2. Hinge – one plan movement, knee 2. Hinge – one plan movement, knee & elbow& elbow

3. Pivot – rotation around a single 3. Pivot – rotation around a single axis, Axis & atlasaxis, Axis & atlas

4. Saddle – right angles to each 4. Saddle – right angles to each other. Ex. Thumbother. Ex. Thumb

5. Ball & Socket – ball at one bone 5. Ball & Socket – ball at one bone end & a socket at another. end & a socket at another. shoulder & hipshoulder & hip

XI Types of movementsXI Types of movements

A. Flexion - decrease in A. Flexion - decrease in angle between 2 bones.angle between 2 bones.

B. Extension - increase in B. Extension - increase in angle between 2 bones.angle between 2 bones.

Hyperextension Hyperextension angle angle past normal past normal anatomical anatomical position.position.

Plantar flexion - foot Plantar flexion - foot is is position as in position as in standing standing on the toes.on the toes.

Dorsiflexion-walking Dorsiflexion-walking on on heelsheels

C. Abduction - movement C. Abduction - movement away from the midline.away from the midline.

D. Adduction - movement D. Adduction - movement towards the midline.towards the midline.

E. Circumduction - distal limb in circular patterns.E. Circumduction - distal limb in circular patterns.

F. Rotation - movement around the central axis.F. Rotation - movement around the central axis.

G. Pronation - point palm of a hand downward.G. Pronation - point palm of a hand downward.

H. Supination – palm of hand upwards.H. Supination – palm of hand upwards.

I. Inversion - point sole of foot inward.I. Inversion - point sole of foot inward.

J. Eversion - point sole of foot outward.J. Eversion - point sole of foot outward.

K. Protraction - moving body part straight outward.K. Protraction - moving body part straight outward.

L. Retraction - Body part straight back.L. Retraction - Body part straight back.

M. Elevation – closing the mouth.M. Elevation – closing the mouth.

N. Depression – opening the mouth.N. Depression – opening the mouth.

O. Excursion – side to side.O. Excursion – side to side.

P. Opposition – thumb to little fingerP. Opposition – thumb to little finger

Q. Reposition – returns the thumbQ. Reposition – returns the thumb

XII. Bone AbnormalitiesXII. Bone AbnormalitiesA. Fractures - broken A. Fractures - broken bonesbones

1. Chipped1. Chipped2. Cracked2. Cracked3. All the way 3. All the way

throughthrough

B. Dislocation - B. Dislocation - displacement of a bone displacement of a bone from its original position.from its original position.

C. Sprain -Tearing of the C. Sprain -Tearing of the soft tissue that holds soft tissue that holds bones together at a joint.bones together at a joint.

1. Partial1. Partial2. Complete2. Complete

D. Strain - Stretching or D. Strain - Stretching or tearing of muscles or tearing of muscles or tendons.tendons.

E. Arthritis - inflammatory disease of the E. Arthritis - inflammatory disease of the jointjoint

Over 100 different disorders that affect Over 100 different disorders that affect more than 17 million.more than 17 million.Range from slight aches to twisted Range from slight aches to twisted limbs.limbs.

Most common are Osteoarthritis & Most common are Osteoarthritis & Rheumatoid Arthritis.Rheumatoid Arthritis.

1. Osteoarthritis - 1. Osteoarthritis - Degenerative Degenerative joint joint disease (DJD) disease (DJD)

Related to wear & tear Related to wear & tear with older with older age. age.

Deterioration of bones & joints.Deterioration of bones & joints.

Heredity, injuries, & diet in Heredity, injuries, & diet in some cases.some cases.

Anti-inflammatory & pain Anti-inflammatory & pain killers to killers to help with discomfort.help with discomfort.

Effects 85% of people over 70.Effects 85% of people over 70.

Knees & hips (weight bearing Knees & hips (weight bearing joints).joints).

2. Rheumatoid Arthritis - inflammation of connective tissue.2. Rheumatoid Arthritis - inflammation of connective tissue.

Similar to osteoarthritis, but more serious.Similar to osteoarthritis, but more serious.

3x’s more common in women then men.3x’s more common in women then men.

Develop at any age, but more common between ages 20 - Develop at any age, but more common between ages 20 - 45.45.

Destroys the boney ends of joints.Destroys the boney ends of joints.

Not sure of the cause, but is believed to be a result of an Not sure of the cause, but is believed to be a result of an autoimmune disorder in response to a microorganism.autoimmune disorder in response to a microorganism.

Remedy - bone fusion.Remedy - bone fusion.

F. Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa F. Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa

shoulders & elbows are common.shoulders & elbows are common.

G. Bunions – is a bursitis that develops over the joint G. Bunions – is a bursitis that develops over the joint of the big toe.of the big toe.

XIIV Effects of agingXIIV Effects of aging

A. Age 30 – bone density is the highestA. Age 30 – bone density is the highest

B. After 35 – decreases - .3-.5% a year. B. After 35 – decreases - .3-.5% a year. (women maybe up to 3-5% a year)(women maybe up to 3-5% a year)