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Skeletal System
HST III
Spring 2009
The skeletal system:
• Is made up of organs called bones• Provides a framework that supports the
body’s muscles, fat, and skin• Provides protection by surrounding
vital organs• Forms levers where muscles attach to
provide movement• Produces red and white blood cells and
platelets (hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis)
• Stores most of the calcium supply of the body in addition to phosphorus and fats
Long Bones
• Refers to the bones of the arms and legs, or extremities
Parts of Long Bones
• Diaphysis – long shaft• Epiphysis – the extremity or
end• Medullary canal – cavity
within the diaphysis, • Yellow marrow – fills the
medullary cavity; storage area for fat cells; contains cells that form leukocytes or white blood cells
Parts of Long Bones• Endosteum – membrane that
lines the medullary canal and keeps the yellow marrow intact; produces some bone growth
• Red marrow – found in certain bones, such as the vertebrae, ribs, sternum, cranium, and the proximal ends of the humerus and femur; produces erythrocytes (red blood cells), thrombocytes (platelets), and some leukocytes (white blood cells).
Red Marrow
• Because it is important in the manufacturing of blood cells, and is involved with the body’s immune response, it is used to diagnose blood diseases (ex. leukemia), and is sometimes transplanted in people with defective immune systems.
Parts of Long Bones
• Periosteum – tough membrane that covers the outside of bone; contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and osteoblasts (special cells that form new bone tissue); necessary for bone growth, repair and nutrition
• Articular cartilage – covers the epiphysis and acts as a shock absorber when two bones meet to form a joint
The Skeletal System is divided into two sections:
1. Axial skeleton – forms the main trunk of the body and is composed of the skull, spinal column, ribs, and breastbone
2. Appendicular skeleton – forms the extremities and is composed of the shoulder girdle, arm bones, pelvic girdle, and leg bones
The Skull:
• Composed of the cranial and facial bones
• Spherical structure that surrounds and protects the brain
The Skull:• Made of eight bones
1. Frontal (1)
2. Parietal (2)
3. Temporal (2)
4. Occipital (1)
5. Ethmoid (1)
6. Sphenoid (1)
Fontanels
• Soft spaces (soft spots), present at birth, that allow for the enlargement of the skull as brain growth occurs
• Made up of membrane and cartilage, and turn into solid bone by approximately 18 months of age.
There are 14 Facial Bones
• Mandible (lower jaw); (1)• Maxilla (upper jaw); (2)• Zygomatic (cheek); (2)• Lacrimal (inner aspect of eyes); (2)• Nasal (5)• Palantine (hard palate or roof of mouth); (2)
Sutures
• Are areas where the cranial bones have joined together
Sinuses
• Air spaces in bones of the skull that act as resonating chambers for the voice; lined with mucous membranes
Foramina
• Openings in bones that allow nerves and blood vessels to enter or leave the bone
Vertebrae
• Compose the spinal column (26-vertebrae)
• Protects the spinal cord and provides support for the head and trunk
• Divided into 5 sections: 1) cervical, 2) thoracic, 3) lumbar, 4) sacral, and 5) coccyx
Vertebrae• Cervical (neck);
(7)• Thoracic
(chest); (12)• Lumbar (waist);
(5)• Sacrum (back
of pelvic girdle); (1)
• Coccyx (tailbone); (1)
Intervertebral Disks
• Pads of cartilage tissue that separate the vertebrae
• Act as shock absorbers and permit bending and twisting movements of the vertebral column
Ribs (Costae)• 12 pairs of ribs• Attach to the thoracic vertebrae on the
dorsal surface of the body• The first 7 pairs are called true ribs
because they attach directly to the sternum, or breastbone, on the front of the body
• The next 5 pair are called false ribs, and attach to cartilage extending from the rib above
• The last 2 pairs of ribs are called floating ribs because they have no attachment on the front of the body
Sternum
• Breastbone• Consist of 3 parts: 1) Manubrium
( upper region), 2) Gladiolus (body), and the Xiphoid process (a small piece of cartilage at the bottom)
Two collarbones, or clavicles are attached to the manubrium by ligaments. The ribs are attached to the sternum with costal cartilages to form a “cage” that protects the heart an lungs.
The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
Is made up of:• 2 clavicles (collarbones) and 2
scapulas (shoulder bones)• The scapula is utilized in the
attachment of the upper arm bones
Bones of each arm include:
• 1 humerus (upper arm)• 1 radius (lower arm on thumb side) that
rotates around the ulna to allow the hand to turn freely
• 1 ulna (larger bone of lower arm)with a projection called the olecranon process at its upper end, forming the elbow
Bones of each arm include:
• 8 carpals (wrist)• 5 metacarpals (palm of hand)• 14 phalanges (three on each
finger, and two on the thumb)
The Pelvic Girdle is:
• Made up of 2 os coxae (coxal, or hip bones)
• Join the sacrum on the dorsal part of the body
• Fuse together a joint called the symphysis pubis on the ventral part of the body
Pelvic Girdle
• Each coxae is made up of 3 fused sections: 1) ilium, 2) ischium, and 3) the pubis
• Contains 2 recessed areas or sockets called acetabula, which provide for the attachment of the smooth rounded head of the femur (upper leg bone)
Pelvic Girdle
• An opening between the ischium and pubis, called the obturator foramen, allows for the passage of nerves and blood vessels to and from the legs
Each leg consists of:
• 1 femur (thigh bone)• 1 patella (kneecap)• 1 tibia (larger weight bearing bone of
the lower leg; shin bone)• 1 fibula (slender, smaller bone of the
lower leg that attaches to the proximal end of the tibia
Each leg consists of:
• 7 tarsals (ankle bones)• 5 metatarsals (instep of foot)• 14 phalanges (2 on the great toe and 3
on each of the other 4 toes)• The heel is formed by the large tarsal
bone called the calcaneous
Joints
• Areas where two or more bones join together
• Connective tissue bands, called ligaments, help hold long bones together at joints
• There are 3 main types of joints: 1) Diarthrosis or synovial, 2) Amphiarthrosis, and 3) Synarthrosis
Diarthrosis or Synovial Joints
• Freely movable• Examples include the ball
and socket joints of the shoulder, hip, or the hinge joints of the elbow and knee
Amphiarthrosis Joints
• Slightly movable• Examples include the
attachment of the ribs to the thoracic vertebrae and the symphysis pubis
Synarthrosis Joints
• Immovable• Examples include the suture
joints in the cranium
Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
Arthritis
• A group of diseases involving inflammation of the joints
• 2 main types: 1) Osteoarthritis and 2) Rheumatoid arthritis
Osteoarthritis
• The most common form of arthritis
• Chronic disease• Usually occurs as a result of
aging• Frequently affects the hips and
knees
Rheumatoid Arthritis• Chronic inflammatory disease• Affects the connective tissues and
joints• 3 times more common in women than
in men• Onset often occurs between ages 35-45 • Progressive attacks can cause scar
formation and atrophy of bone and muscle tissue which result in permanent deformity and immobility
Bursitis
• Inflammation of the bursae, which are small, fluid-filled sacs surrounding the joints
• Frequently affects the shoulders, elbows, hips, or knees
Fracture
• Is a crack or break in a bone• There are 8 types of bone
fractures
Greenstick Fracture
• The bone is bent and splits• Causes a crack or incomplete
break• Common in children
Simple or Closed Fracture
• Complete break of the bone with no damage to the skin
Compound or Open Fracture
• Bone breaks and ruptures through the skin
• Increased chance of infection
Impacted Fracture
• Broken bone ends jam into each other
Comminuted Fracture
• Bone fragments or splinters into more than two pieces
Spiral Fracture
• Bone twist, resulting in one or more breaks
• Common in skiing and skating accidents
Depressed Fracture
• A broken piece of skull bone moves inward;
• Common in severe head injuries
Colles Fracture
• Breaking and dislocation of the distal radius that causes a characteristic bulge at the wrist
• Caused by falling on an outstretched hand
Before a fracture can heal, the bone must be put back into its proper alignment. This process is called reduction.
Closed Reduction
• Positioning the bone in correct alignment, usually with traction, and applying a cast or splint to maintain the position until the fracture heals
Open Reduction
• Involves surgical repair of the bone• In some cases special pins, plates, or
other devices are surgically implanted to maintain correct position of the bone
Dislocation
• When a bone is forcibly displaced from a joint
• Frequently occurs in the shoulders, fingers, knees, and hips
• After the dislocation is reduced, or replaced back in the joint, it is immobilized with a splint, a cast, or traction
Sprain
• When a twisting action tears ligaments at a joint
• Wrist and ankles are common sites
Osteomyelitis
• A bone inflammation usually caused by a pathogenic organism
• Causes the formation of an abscess within the bone and an accumulation of pus in the medullary canal
Osteoporosis
• Increased softening of the bones causes the bones to become weak, soft, brittle, and prone to fracture
Caused by:• Metabolic disorder caused by hormone
deficiency • Prolonged lack of calcium in diet• Sedentary lifestyle
Ruptured Disk
• Also called herniated or slipped disk• Occurs when an intervertebral disk
ruptures or protrudes out of place and causes pressure on the spinal nerve
Spinal Curvatures• 3 forms• Caused by poor posture,
congenital/birth defects, structural defects of the vertebrae, malnutrition, and degeneration of the vertebrae
• Therapeutic exercises, firm mattresses, and/or braces are the main forms of treatment
• Severe deformities may require surgical repair
Kyphosis
• Hunchback• Rounded bowing of the back at
the thoracic area
Scoliosis
• Side-to-side, or lateral, curvature of the spine
Lordosis
• Swayback• Abnormal inward curvature of the
lumbar region
Pharmacology
Complete a Medication Worksheet for the following drugs:
• Tylenol• Motrin• Ben-Gay• Icy Hot
• Capsaicin• Counterirritants• Salicylates
Related Health Careers
Related Health Careers
• Athletic trainer• Chiropractor• Orthopedist• Orthoptist• Osteopathic
Physician• Radiologist
• Physical Therapist
• Podiatrist• Prosthetist• Radiologic
Technologist• Sports Medicine
Physician
Medical Terminology
Root Words: Cheir(o), Chir(o) denotes the hands
• Cheirarthritis – inflammation of the joint and of the hands
• Cheirobrachialgia – pain of the arm and of the hands
• Cheiroplasty – surgical repair of the hands
• Cheirospasm – involuntary contraction of the hands
• Cheiromegaly – enlargement of the hands
Root Word: Oste(o)denotes the bone
• Osteofibroma – swelling or tumor of the fibrous tissue of the bone
• Osteogenesis – condition of production/creation of the bone
• Osteoclasis – fracture of the bone• Osteomalacia – abnormal
softening of the bone• Osteoitis – inflammation of the
bone
Root Word: Syndesm(o) denotes ligament
• Syndesmorraphy – to suture the ligament
• Syndesmopexy – fixing or fstening of the ligament
• Syndesmoma – swelling/tumor of the ligament
• Syndesmoplasty – surgical repair of the ligament
• Syndesmotomy – surgical incision of the ligament
Root Word: Athr(o) denotes joint
• Arthralgia – pain of the joint• Arthritis – inflammation of the
joint• Arthrocentesis – surgical
puncture of the joint• Arthrodesis – binding together of
the joint• Arthrosynovitis – inflammation of
the synovial membrane of the joint
Root Word: Spondyl(o) denotes vertebrae
• Spondylitis – inflammation of the vertebra
• Spondylolisthesis – condition of the vertebra where
• Spondylotherapy – treatment of the vertebra
• Spondylotomy – incision into a vertebra or the vertebral column
• Spondylalgia – pain of the vertebra
Root Word: Ten(o), Tenorit(o), Tend(o) denotes tendons
• Tendoplasty – surgical repair of the tendons
• Tenonectomy – surgical removal of the tendon
• Tendodynia – pain of the tendon• Tenosynovitis – inflammation of
the synovial membrane of the tendon
• Tenodesis – binding together of the tendon
Root Word: Chondr(o) denotes cartilage
• Chondrodysplasia – defective formation of the cartilage
• Chondroma – swelling or tumor of the cartilage
• Chondrolysis – destruction/breaking down of cartilage
• Chondritis – inflammation of the cartilage
• Chondropathy – disease of the cartilage
Root Word: Myo(o) denotes the muscle
• Myasthenia – muscle without strength
• Myocardial – pertaining to the myocardium
• Myokinesis – movement of the muscle
• Myodynia – pain of the muscle• Myomalacia – abnormal softening
of the muscle
Root Word: Crani(o) denotes the cranium or skull
• Craniectomy – surgical removal of the skull or cranium
• Craniomalacia – softening of the skull or cranium
• Craniotomy – surgical incision of the skull or cranium
• Cranioplasty – surgical repair of the skull or cranium
• Cranispinal – pertaining to the vertebrae and skull or cranium
Root Word: Ili(o) denotes the superior portion of the hip bone or flank area
• Iliocostal – connecting/pertaining to the ilium or the ribs
• Iliac – pertaining to the superior portion of the hip bone
• Iliosacral – pertaining to the sacrum and the superior portion of the hip bone
• Iliopelvic – pertaining to the pelvis and the superior portion of the hip bone
• Iliolumbar – pertaining to the lumbar vertebrae and the superior portion of the hip bone.
Letter “C” Abbreviations
• C° - Degrees Celsius• C & S – Culture and Sensitivity• Ca – Calcium• CA – Cancer• ca – Calorie• Cap – Capsule• Cath – Catheter• CBC – Complete Blood Count• CBR – Complete Bed Rest• CC – Chief Complaint• CCU – Coronary Care Unit or
Critical Care Unit
• CDA – Certified Dental Assistant• CDC – Centers for Disease
Control• CEO – Chief Executive Officer• CHD – Coronary Heart Disease• CHF – Congestive Heart Failure• CHO – Carbohydrate• Chol – Cholesterol• CICU – Cardiac Intensive Care
Unit• Ck – Check• Cl – Chloride or Chlorine
• Cl liq – Clear liquids• CNS – Central Nervous System• C/O – Complains Of• CO – Carbon Monoxide• CO2 – Carbon Dioxide• Cont – Continued• COPD – Chronic Obstructive
Pulmonary Disease• CP – Cerepral Palsy• CPR – Cardiopulmonary
Resucitation
• CRTT – Certified Respiratory Therapy Technician
• CSF – Cerebral Spinal Fluid• CVA – Cerebral Vascular Accident
(Stroke)• Cx – Cervix; Complications
Questions?