Situation assessment of PPR and Way forward for SAARC countries

Dr. Bimal Kumar Nirmal1 and Mr. Shyam Prasad Poudel21CVO  and Director General , Department of Livestock Services, Nepal 

2Joint Secretary, Ministry of Livestock Development, Nepal

• PPR is contagious disease of small ruminants and priority TADs.• OIE notifiable disease• Goats are more susceptible than sheep.• characterized by fever,lacrimation,nasal discharge erosive 

stomatitis, diahorrea, bronchopneumonia, dehydration and death• Caused by Morbilli virus of Family paramyxoviridae 

– Virus may resist 60°C/60 min and Stable at pH 4.0‐10.0– Susceptible to alcohol, ether, detergents– Susceptible to most disinfectants, e.g. phenol, 2% NaOH– Survives for long periods in chilled and frozen tissues

• Transmission: Direct contact • Sources of virus: Tears, nasal discharge, coughed secretions, and 

all secretions and excretions of incubating and sick animals • Only one serotype, No carrier statge• Vaccine induces long lasting immunity

ALL OF WE KNOW

• South Asia is the hub for the major Livestock endemicdiseases that play an essential role in livelihood andfood security.

• One of the main factors limiting the growth ofsustainable small ruminant production is the presence ofinfectious diseases such as PPR.

• SAARC countries are endemic for PPR except Sri Lanka• It causes great Impact on food security and livelihood.• Control and eventual eradication of the disease wouldbring a major positive impact on improved smallruminant health and livelihoods of farmers.

WHY WE NEED TO FOCUS ON IT

Small Ruminant density distribution in the world

20

231 28.9

11 98.8 <1

<1 <1

Small ruminant population(in million) in

SAARC countries

390 million population of small ruminants in the SAARC region

Global outbreak situation of PPR

Source: OIE WAHIS and FAO EMPRES-i

Outbreaks of PPR in Small ruminant

<100

<200

70 <100

<10

Free from PPR

Badakhshan,Balkh andHeratprovinceshave higheroutbreaks

Westernprovinces havehigher outbreaks

16 states includingwest Bengal,Andhra Pradesh,Karnataka andMaharastra havehave higheroutbreaks

Central part ofPunjab andremote ruralareas of Sindhand Baluchistanhave higheroutbreaks

Gafu Alifu

Outbreaks of PPR in

SAARC countries

So far 68 district had outbreak.However, it is limited to only 54district during last 5 year.

• PPR was first seen in South Asia during 1990.• Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Nepal which 

constitutes about 99% of the small Ruminant population are now endemic for PPR.

• Bhutan has confirmed PPR only in 2010.• Maldives has outbreak in 2009 and 2016. • Nigerian strain (75/1) vaccine being used in Afghanistan• Indigenous virus PPR Sungri/96 and Arasur/87 strains are used far a 

live attenuated vaccine production in India.• Nigerian strain (75/1) and local strain (Tito)is being used in 

Bangladesh for vaccine production.• Nigerian strain (75/1) is being used in Nepal for vaccine.

Vaccination is one of the major tool to control PPR in SAARC countries

• PPR was first reported in India in 1989 in the southern peninsula.

• By 1994 the disease was wide spread and endemic throughoutIndia during 1995‐96.

• 16 states of India have reported this disease including WestBengal.

• Mean sero‐prevalence of PPR was reported to be 36.5% (35% for1996‐ 2003, and 40% for 2004‐ 2010) (Singh, 2013).

• The economic loss due to PPR in India is estimated to beapproximately USD 2,612.million (FAO, ECTAD, 2016).

Country wise: India

• India has taken comprehensive steps to deal with PPR throughdevelopment and production of potent vaccines andmonoclonal‐antibody‐based diagnostic kits, a live attenuatedhomologous vaccine using PPRV lineage IV, called Sungri‐96.

• India started PPR control program against PPR in some of thestates. Vaccination program in Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradeshand Karnataka have resulted in about 75 percent reductionin disease over the years (FAO ECTAD regional meeting 2016).

• From that experience, India has planned to start vaccinationagainst PPR in the small ruminant's population throughoutthe country by 2017.

Country wise: India

• PPR is a notifiable disease in Bangladesh.• Available report indicates that PPR is endemic in Bangladesh

with its west provinces being the most affected part.• Disease is affecting meat and leather industry which in turn is

creating a negative effect on the poverty alleviation program ofthe country (FAO/SAARC/EC, 2013).

• Bangladesh has been producing >4.5 million doses of vaccine• There is no specific PPR control strategy for Bangladesh, but

passive surveillance by monthly reporting has been practiced.• Some routine vaccinations including cluster and ring

vaccination are being carried out.• The government is investing to create awareness through

farmers training and operation of 24 quarantine stations inports.

Country wise: Bangladesh

• Recognized first time in 1991. • Initial reports based on Clinical & epidemiological observations • Lab Confirmation in 1994 (Amjad et al. 1994, Athar et al. 1995) • PDS activity revealed presence of PPR in different parts of country 

(Zahur et al. 2006) • Prevalence and Laboratory confirmation of PPR outbreaks in 

Punjab (Khan et al. 2007, 2008 & 2011) • ELISA based Laboratory confirmation and incidence of PPR 

(Abubakar et al. 2008, 2009 & 2011) • Molecular characterization of PPR Virus (Munir et al. 2012) • Outbreak control activities including emergency vaccination.• Preventive vaccination in selected areas (one tehsil / district) in 

each administrative unit 

Country wise: Pakistan

• PPR is a notifiable disease • Prevent incursion, rapid detection and containment, leading to 

control and eradication of PPR • clinical surveillance and lab sampling done • Vaccination – started in March 2016 based on risk assessment • Import regulations – compulsory vaccination at source • Communication – Awareness of owners and paraprofessionals 

on disease & control measures through mass media, website and trainings 

Country wise: Bhutan

• Prevent incursion, rapid detection and containment, leading to control and eradication of PPR 

• Vaccination – Annual  • Import regulations • Prevent spread of disease to neighboring atolls  if occurs• There were outbreaks in 2016 but it is under control now

Country wise: Maldives

• PPR has never been recorded in Sri Lanka.• Sero surveillance program is in place• 1073 samples collected from 10 Districts have been subjected

to competitive ELISA and all the samples were found to benegative for antibodies against PPR.

• Vaccination is not allowed.• Early diagnosis for better control• Plan to collect serum samples from goats in order to detect

0.1% sero prevalence of PPR at 95% confidence interval .• restriction of Importation of goats and sheep from infected

country, quarantine, slaughter, disposal, decontamination .• Public awareness targeted at the general public on PPR using

media, print media, talk shows on TV and radio programs.

Country wise: Sri Lanka

• First outbreak of PPR was reported in Terai districts of Nepal in1994 as epidemic disease of goats and officially recognized asPPR in 1995.

• First outbreaks of PPR was reported from Dhanusha,Mahottari, Bara, Sarlahi, Rauthat and Gorkha districts.

• The disease was then spread to other districts and by the endof 2001, it was reported in 52 districts when mass vaccinationwas started.

• As per VEC record, PPR has so far affected 68 districts andestablished as endemic disease in many districts.

• vaccination against disease is proved to be effective incontrolling PPR, however, vaccination coverage is inadequateto reduce the incidence of disease

Country wise: Nepal

Dolpa

0 30 60 90 12015Miles

N

EW

S

Number of PPR outbreak and districts since 2010 =588

Total districts with outbreaks =54Total districts without outbreaks=21

Legend

District_Levelppr_out_up

01 - 23 - 45 - 67 - 89 - 1011 - 1213 - 1516 - 2122 - 5152 - 108

3.3 million doses of vaccines were used in 2016

Total susceptible population11million

DRAFT

Country wise: Nepal

PPR Roadmap Table for Stage 1 Outcome 1.a

Please report in this Table the activities above that have been partially or Not achieved at all

Activity Timeframe Responsible staff

Activity 1 Expert of team formulation and mobilization for assessment of laboratory capacity in CVL, RVL and DLSOs

6 month Staff from DLS,DAH,CVL,VEC (PPR working Group)

Activity 2  PPR control strategy, surveillance plan, SOP for outbreak investigation and diagnosis  one year DAH,CVL,VEC

Activity 3  Training to RVL, CVL and DLSO staff involved in PPR diagnosis Two years DAH,CVL,VEC,RVL

PPR Roadmap Table for Stage 1 Outcome 1.b

Please report in this Table the activities above that have been partially or Not achieved at all

Activity Timeframe Responsible staff

Activity 1 SOP preparation for handling PPR samples one year  DAH,CVL,VEC

Activity 2 Training on handling to ship samples to all staff Two year DAH,CVL,RVL,VEC

PPR Roadmap Table for Stage 1 Outcome 2Please report in this Table the activities above that have been partially or Not achieved at all

Activity Timeframe Responsible staffActivity 1 Development of Surveillance Plan  Two year outsourcing Activity 2 Value chain,  Risk analysis including Socioeconomic impact assessment Two year outsourcing 

Activity 3 ‐ CE for technical personnel Two year outsourcing 

PPR Roadmap Table for Stage 1 Outcome 3Please report in this Table the activities above that have been partially or not achieved at all

Activity Timeframe Responsible staffActivity 1  Review of veterinary education curricula One year Veterinary education institutes, NVC, DLS

Activity 2 Continue education to involved technical manpower Two years NVC,DLSActivity 3 Involvement of private veterinarians in disease control program Two years DLS PPR Roadmap Table for Stage 1 Outcome 4Please report in this Table the activities above that have been partially or not achieved at all

Activity Timeframe Responsible staffActivity 1  Formulation of National PPR Committee 6 months DLS

Country wise: Nepal

Country Incidence(Million US$)

Mortality (Million US$)

Production loss (Million US$)

Treatment loss (Million US$)

Overall loss(Million US$)

Bangladesh 4.86 114.4 149.16 24.30 287.56Bhutan 0.01 0.07 0.28 0.04 0.40India 43 968.00 1386.00 215.00 2569.00Nepal 1.95 46.14 59.62 9.76 115.24Total 49.82 1128.61 1595.06 249.1 2972.5

Economic impact per annum in South Asia(GALVmed south Asia strategy 2012-17)

Pakistan :Annual losses of more than US $342 million through high levels of morbidity and mortality and the resulting depletion of genetic stock

First PPR Roadmap meeting for the formulation of a Regional Approach to the control and Eradication of PPR in the SAARC region, Nagarkot, Kathmandu, Nepal, 11-14 April, 2016

All or Some of you may be here !!

PPR Stages progression 2016 – 2030 in SAARC Countries

• Development of National PPR control and eradication strategy and program (for those who don’t have)

• Use of PPR Monitoring and Assessment Tool (PMAT) • Implementation of risk-based vaccination aiming at

reaching at least 70% immunity of the herds in hotspots.• Use of quality certified vaccines by (OIE/FAO certified)• Regional PPR Proficiency Test (PT) as means to assess

the participating laboratories capabilities in PPR diagnosis• Lab and Epi Network sustainability and strengthening• Stakeholder ‘s engagement• Regional approach is necessary to control the disease.

Way Forward

Thank you for your kind attention