SimChurch by Douglas Estes, Chapter 1

8/14/2019 SimChurch by Douglas Estes, Chapter 1

1/26
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2/26

Kd yùr hourho ks fvfl toklikle jaùt stjrtkle jl kltfrlft hjnpus(`r ojs `lf jbrfjcy), toks a`ì soùbc af rfqukrfc rfjckle. Kt arkbbkjltbyh`llfhts tof c`ts aftwffl hourho okst`ry, tfhol`bèy, jlc hurrflt

toùeot jaùt `lbklf spkrktujb h`nnulkty. Uokbf kt c`fslt jlswfrfvfry qufstk`l (jlc l` a`ì hùbc, ekvfl tof lfwlfss `d tof suagfhtnjttfr), kt e`fs j b`le wjy t`wjrc rfs`bvkle tof qufry, Ks hourho lbklfrfjb0 Js jl kltfrlft hjnpus pjst`r, K tokli toks a`ì tfbbs kt bkif kt ks jlcwojt kt wkbb af. J w`rtowokbf rfjc d`r jly`lf kltfrfstfc kl rfjb nklkstryjlc rfjb h`llfhtk`l kl tof vkrtujb w`rbc.

A QKJL TJXKB KLSFQLFS HJN]VX ] JXS@Q DBJNKLE@ Q@JC HOVQHO

Horkstkjl tof`bèy ojs yft t` tjif dubb st`hi `d tof fnfreflhf `dvkrtujb w`rbcs tèftofr wkto kts pr`nksfs jlc pfrkbs d`r tof hourho.Cùebjs Fstfs hojbbflefs fltrflhofc wjys `d toklikle jaùt wojt kt

nfjls t` af tof hourho kl bkeot `d oks p`sktkvf jssfssnflt `d vkrtujbh`lerfejtk`ls. Uokbf toks a`ì njifs s`nf h`ltr`vfrskjb p`klts, jttof vfry bfjst kt rjksfs pr`v`hjtkvf qufstk`ls js kt jttfnpts t` sokdt tofaurcfl `d pr``d t` tof cfdflcfrs `d trjcktk`ljb n`cfbs `d hourho.

J C@LKX TKCV, ] OCJ XX@HKJSF ] Q@DFXX@Q @D SOF@B@E[

E@QC@L-H@LUFBB SOF@B@EKHJB XFNKLJQ[
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3/26
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4/26

W@LCFQTJL

XknHourhoH`pyrkeot 1==; ay Cùebjs Hojrbfs Fstfs

Soks tktbf ks jbs` jvjkbjabf js j W`lcfrvjl fa`ì.Tkskt www.z`lcfrvjl.h`n/fa`ìs.

Soks tktbf ks jbs` jvjkbjabf kl j W`lcfrvjl juck` fcktk`l.Tkskt www.z`lcfrvjl.dn.

Qfqufsts d`r kld`rnjtk`l soùbc af jccrfssfc t`7

W`lcfrvjl, Erjlc Qjpkcs, Nkhokejl 3;68=

Bkarjry `d H`lerfss Hjtjbèkle-kl-]uabkhjtk`l Cjtj

Fstfs, Cùebjs. XknHourho 7 afkle tof hourho kl tof vkrtujb w`rbc / Cùebjs H. Fstfs. p. hn. Klhbucfs akabkèrjpokhjb rfdfrflhfs. KXAL ;5?-=-8:=-1?5?3-: (s`dth`vfr) :. Hourho. 1. Sfhol`bèy Qfbkekùs jspfhts Horks tkjl kty. 8. Tkrtujbrfjbkty Qfbkekùs jspfhts Horks tkjl kty. 3. Horkstkjl kty jlc hubturf. K. Sktbf.AT4==.8.F?? 1==;141.==1?6 ch11 1==;==;;34

Jbb Xhrkpturf qu`tjtk`ls, ulbfss `tofrwksf klckhjtfc, jrf tjifl dr`n tof O`by Akabf, LfwKltfrljtk`ljb Tfrsk`l . LKT. H`pyrkeot :;58, :;5?, :;?3 ay Kltfrljtk`ljb Akabf X`hkfty.Vsfc ay pfrnkssk`l `d W`lcfrvjl. Jbb rkeots rfsfrvfc.

Jly Kltfrlft jccrfssfs (wfasktfs, abès, fth.) jlc tfbfpo`lf lunafrs prkltfc kl toks a`ìjrf `ddfrfc js j rfsùrhf. Sofy jrf l`t kltflcfc kl jly wjy t` af `r knpby jl flc`rsfnfltay W`lcfrvjl, l`r c`fs W`lcfrvjl vùho d`r tof h`ltflt `d tofsf sktfs jlc lunafrs d`rtof bkdf `d toks a`ì.

Jbb rkeots rfsfrvfc. L` pjrt `d toks puabkhjtk`l njy af rfpr`cuhfc, st`rfc kl j rftrkfvjbsystfn, `r trjlsnkttfc kl jly d`rn `r ay jly nfjls fbfhtr`lkh, nfhojlkhjb, po`t`h`py,rfh`rckle, r jly `tofr fxhfpt d`r arkfd qu`tjtk`ls kl prkltfc rfvkfws, wktoùt tof prk`rpfrnkssk`l `d tof puabksofr.

Kltfrk`r cfskel ay Nfbkssj Fbflajjs

]rkltfc kl tof Vlktfc Xtjtfs `d Jnfrkhj

=; := :: :1 :8 :3 :6 11 1: 1= :; :? :5 :4 :6 :3 :8 :1 :: := ; ? 5 4 6 3 8 1 :

Uf wjlt t` ofjr dr`n yù. ]bfjsf sflc yùr h`nnflts jaùt toksa`ì t` us kl hjrf `d zrfvkfwMz`lcfrvjl.h`n. Sojli yù.
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5/26

H`ltflts

D`rfw`rc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;]rfdjhf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:1

:. Hourho kl tof Tkrtujb U`rbc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :5

1. Sof Hyafr-Crkvfl Hourho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8: 8. J Sfbfprfsflt ]f`pbf `d E`c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 3. Sof Klhjrljtk`ljb Jvjtjr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 6. UkikU`rsokp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :=8 4. Jbnkeoty N`c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :86 5. Xyltoftkh Xkl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :65

?. Sof Kltfrlft Hjnpus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :56 ;. Tkrjb Nklkstry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :?; :=. Sof X`hkjb-Lftw`ri Hourho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1=6

H`lhbusk`l7 J Hourho `l Fvfry L`cf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11:Qfh`nnflcfc Qfjckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115L`tfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11?

Klcfx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
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6/26

;

D`rfw`rc

H`nf Js [ù Jrf,

Gust ]ut X`nf Hb`tofs @l!

J dfw yfjrs je`, K fxpfrkflhfc j nklkstry dkrst.

X`nf`lf wjbifc klt` ur bàay lucf. Xof sjt c`wlkl j hojkr kl dr`lt `d sfvfrjb `tofr pf`pbf kl tof bàay

jlc ckc l`t spfji t` jly`lf. K rfhfkvfc j po`lf hjbb dr`n j v`bultffrfxpbjklkle jbb `d toks. K e`t tofrf js s``l js K hùbc, jlc surf flùeo,tofrf sof wjs, h`npbftfby ljifc skttkle kl ùr BkdfHourho.tv bàay!

K p`bktfby jsifc ofr t` put s`nf hb`tofs `l jlc t`bc ofr tojt sof

wjs wfbh`nf ofrf, aut tojt sof wùbc lffc t` h`vfr up. Xof h`ltkl-ufc t` skt qukftby wkto l` rfsp`lsf. K `lhf jejkl jsifc ofr t` h`vfrup, aut sof sknpby rfdusfc jlc ckc l`t jlswfr. K tofl t`bc ofr tojt sofwùbc ojvf t` bfjvf jlc qukhiby rfn`vfc ofr dr`n tof pr`pfrty.

L`w . . . jbb `d toks ojppflfc kl ùr vkrtujb hjnpus `l Xfh`lc Bkdf.Uf `pflfc ùr c``rs tofrf kl Njrho 1==5 jlc ojvf sklhf wfbh`nfcvkskt`rs dr`n jbb `vfr tof w`rbc.

Jdtfr fgfhtkle tof ljifc bjcy, K afejl t` w`lcfr kd K ckc tof rkeottokle. Uf `dtfl sjy wf c`lt ojvf j crfss h`cf, aut kl tojt n`nfltK rfjbkzfc wf c`! K pràjaby wùbc ojvf rfsp`lcfc ckddfrfltby kd
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7/26

:= | XknHourho

sof sknpby ojc sjkc s`nftokle kl rfsp`lsf. Uf ojvf rubfs `l tofksbjlc, jlc kt ks hbfjrby bkstfc js j pbjhf tojt c`fs l`t jbb`w njturf(jcubt) h`ltflt. K t`ì ofr skbflhf js cfdkjlhf jlc jl ulwkbbklelfss

t` bkstfl. Njyaf K wjs rkeot9 njyaf K wjs wr`le. Aut l` njttfr o`wwf ojlcbf sktujtk`ls bkif toks, wf hjl af jssurfc tojt nklkstry kl`lbklf jlc vkrtujb flvkr`lnflts prfsflts s`nf lfw jlc kltfrfst-kle hojbbflefs.

Uojt C`fs Soks Nfjl d`r tof Hourho0

@vfr tof bjst `lf oulcrfc yfjrs, tfhol`bèy ojs kldbuflhfc lfjrbyfvfry hubturf `l tof pbjlft.

J djrnfr kl jl Jdrkhjl vkbbjef hjl l`w eft prkhfs `l oks erjkl ayuskle oks nàkbf po`lf.

Erjlcpjrflts kl Klckj hjl sff jlc tjbi t` tofkr erjlchokbcrfl klJnfrkhj torùeo j vkcf` hojt tojt h`sts l`tokle.

J hourho bfjcfr kl jl urajl jrfj `d tof VI hjl sojrf kcfjs jlc

rfsùrhfs wkto j pjst`r kl Justrjbkj, trjlsdfrrkle dkbfs jlc fxhojleklefnjkbs kl sfh`lcs.

Kl ùr bkdftknf, tfhol`bèy ojs trjlsd`rnfc l`t `lby tof wjy wfh`nnulkhjtf aut jbs` tof h`ltfxt kl wokho wf h`nnulkhjtf. Ufdklc ùrsfbvfs djhfc wkto j stfjcy strfjn `d lfw nfto`cs d`r kltfr-jhtkle wkto fjho `tofr lfw t``bs jlc fvfl lfw flvkr`lnflts.

Kl djht, t`cjy, kltfrjhtk`ls ojvf fxpjlcfc afy`lc tof poyskhjbrfjbn klt` vkrtujb w`rbcs bkif Xfh`lc Bkdf jlc Nftjvfrsf. Soùeo kts stkbbcfajtfc ay s`nf, lf hùbc jreuf tojt tofsf lfw nfto`cs d kltfrjh-tk`l ojvf hrfjtfc lfw `pp`rtulktkfs d`r h`nnulkty t` tjif pbjhf.

Js wf fxpfrkflhf h`nnulkty `lbklf jlc h`llfht kl vkrtujbw`rbcs bkif Xfh`lc Bkdf, wfrf rfcfdklkle rfbjtk`lsokps jlc wojt tofynfjl kl s`hkfty, ausklfss, p`bktkhs, jlc tof hourho.

Js j pjst`r, Kn `dtfl fvjbujtkle tof knpbkhjtk`ls `d `lbklf jlcvkrtujb-w`rbc kltfrjhtk`l d`r tof hourho. Xoùbc wf flejef kl tofsflfw flvkr`lnflts0 Jlc kd s`, o`w0 Ukto tof rjpkc pjhf `d hojlef
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8/26

:: | D`rfw`rc

tojts tjikle pbjhf ebàjbby, wfrf jt jl kcfjb n`nflt kl okst`ry d`rtof hourho t` jsi tofsf qufstk`ls jlc fxpb`rf tof `pp`rtulktkfs tojtjrksf dr`n lfw cfvfb`pnflts.

Jt BkdfHourho.tv, wfvf affl h`lskcfrkle tofsf qufstk`ls prjyfr-dubby. Ufrf h`nkle t` ùr `wl h`lhbusk`ls, puttkle s`butk`ls klpbjhf, jlc h`ltklukle t` jsi n`rf qufstk`ls js wf n`vf d`rwjrc.Njly hourhofs jrùlc tof w`rbc jrf fnajrikle `l toks pr`hfss,wrfstbkle wkto tofkr rfsp`lsfs jlc wojt tofy nfjl d`r rfjhokletofkr h`nnulktkfs.

KlXknHourho, Cùebjs Fstfs tjifs `l tofsf knp`rtjlt qufstk`lsjlc pr`vkcfs tof drjnfw`ri t` ofbp us jrrkvf jt ùr `wl jlswfrs.Uojt c`fs tof Akabf sjy jaùt vkrtujb hourho0 Uojt hjl wf bfjrljaùt toks kssuf dr`n hourho okst`ry0 O`w c` wf jccrfss tof sjhrj-nflts, ajptksn, jlc `tofr hourho trjcktk`ls kl tofsf vkrtujb w`rbcs0

Fstfs e`fs afy`lc gust p`skle tofsf qufstk`ls jlc fxpb`rfsrfjb-bkdf fxjnpbfs `d wojt nklkstrkfs jrf hurrfltby c`kle, o`w tofyrf

w`rikle, jlc wojt kt jbb nfjls kl tof h`ltfxt d Xhrkpturf. Jb`le tofwjy, of ofbps us cfvfb`p j h`nn`l bjleujef s` tof h`lvfrsjtk`lhjl af jppr`prkjtfby ckshussfc.

Uoftofr yùrf j tfho fxpfrt `r j sifptkh, XknHourho c`fs j njs-tfrdub gà `d arklekle fvfry`lf klt` toks knp`rtjlt h`lvfrsjtk`l.Qfejrcbfss `d wofrf yù dklc yùrsfbd `l tofsf kssufs, kts hrktkhjb wf

jsi ursfbvfs wojt lbklf h`nnulkty jlc vkrtujb flvkr`lnflts hjlnfjl d`r ùr hourhofs. Xtfp klt` XknHourho jlc afekl fxpb`rklelfw cknflsk`ls `d nklkstry.

A @AA[ EQVFLFUJBC ,BKDFHOVQHO. ST ] JXS@Q,

KLL@TJSK@L BFJCFQ
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9/26

:1

]rfdjhf

Tkrtujb hourhofs jrf ojppflkle. Njly `d usojvf ofjrc `d vkrtujb hourhofs `r rfjc s`nf lfwsrfp`rts jaùt tofn aut ojvf lfvfr rfjbby vflturfc klt tofkrw`rbc. Vp t` l`w, n`st stuckfs `d vkrtujb hourhofs ojvf affl dr`nj bknktfc, ftolèrjpokh, s`hkjb-shkfltkdkh pfrspfhtkvf wo` tofy

jrf, wojt typfs d pf`pbf tofy jrf rfjhokle, o`w pf`pbf dffb jaùttofn. Sojts erfjt, aut wojt jaùt tof tof`bèy jlc fhhbfsk`bèy`d vkrtujb hourhofs0 Uojt c` tofy afbkfvf jaùt c`kle hourhojlc afkle tof hourho0 Ukbb vkrtujb hourhofs hojlef tof wjy wfc` hourho kl tof rfjb w`rbc0 Ks w`rsokp tof sjnf jt jl kltfrlfthjnpus js kt ks jt j rfjb-w`rbc hourho0 Hjl yù fvfl ojvf j rfjb

hourho `l tof kltfrlft0 Sofrf jrf j toùsjlc jlc `lf qufstk`lswf hùbc jsi.Bfts jsi s`nf toùeotdub qufstk`ls. Kt sffns tojt njly pf`pbf

tjbikle jaùt lbklf nklkstry jrf fktofr wkcf-fyfc ckekt`pkjls tofkltfrlft wkbb hrfjtf j lfw ut`pkj `r wkcf-fyfc jbjrnksts tofkltfrlft ks tof sùrhf `d jbb skl. : X`rry, aut wojt tof hourho jt bjreflffcs ks n`rf nfjsurfc, bfss sflsjtk`ljb, cffpfr ckjbè `l tofnfrkts jlc cfnfrkts `d vkrtujb hourhofs. Soks a`ì ks j snjbb stfp kltojt ckrfhtk`l. J ebjlhf jt Jnjz`l.h`n rfvkfws `d a`ìs jaùt tofvkrtujb w`rbc rfvfjbs tojt tof lunafr-`lf hrktkhksn ks tojt a`ìs `l
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10/26

:8 | ]rfdjhf

vkrtujb w`rbcs jrf `dtfl dbudd pkfhfs prftty pkhturfs, lkhf kcfjs,aut bkttbf suastjlhf. Ny e`jb wjs t` c` `tofrwksf t` strueebfwkto s`nf cffpfr kssufs jlc iffp prfckhtk`l jlc spfhubjtk`l t`

j nklknun.Urktkle toks a`ì pflfc j ouef hjl d w`rns d`r nf. O`w hjl K

tjbi jaùt tof`bèy jlc fhhbfsk`bèy kl tof vkrtujb w`rbc wofl tofrfjrf s` njly rfjb-w`rbc erùps jt ccs vfr tofsf vfry tokles0 Nuho`d tof w`ri `l fhhbfsk`bèy kl tof bjst hfltury ojs affl s` djccksoyùc tokli kt wjs j djsok`l so`w d`r hourhofs. 1 Kl tof flc, fvfljs K trkfc t` wrktf kl eflfrjbktkfs tojt jrf jhhfsskabf t` Horks tkjls `dckddfrflt strkpfs, K ckc wojt `tofrs n`rf jstutf kl fhhbfsk`bèy tojlnf jbs` ojvf c`lf jlc dfbt wjs afst7 tjif j eflfrjb p`sktk`l s` jst` erùlc tof ckshussk`l. 8 Xklhf K jn h`nnkttfc t` tof Drff Hourhon`cfb, toks pfrspfhtkvf ulcfrbkfs ny w`ri. Xknkbjr t` Ojls Ile, nye`jb kl wrktkle toks a`ì `l jl ulusujb jrfj `d tof`bèy ks t` h`n-aklf hjto`bkhkty, j arfjcto jlc jwjrflfss `d tflsk`ls, wkto fvjlefbk-

hjb h`lhfltrjtk`l. 3 S` jhh`npbkso toks, K ojvf ifpt tof ckshussk`l arkfd, fspfhkjbby

wofl kt h`lhfrls okst`rkhjb fhhbfsk`bèy jlc pokb`s`poy. A`to`d tofsf jrfjs hùbc h`ltrkautf erfjtby t` toks ckshussk`l, aut tofa`ì wùbc af nuho n`rf cflsf jlc bfss jhhfsskabf t` tof jvfr-jef rfjcfr. Kl sfvfrjb pbjhfs, K ojvf trkfc t` oklt jt s`nf `d tof erfjt

ulcfrbykle jrfjs `d pokb`s`poy jlc tof`bèy jlc o`w tofy jddfhtùr rfjs`lkle jaùt j lfw d`rn `d hourho. Afy`lc toks, ny o`pfks tojt toks a`ì wkbb eflfrjtf n`rf `d tofsf iklcs `d ckshussk`ls jtjbb bfvfbs. K suspfht l`t `lby tojt wojt wf bfjrl jaùt hourho kl tofvkrtujb w`rbc wkbb kldbuflhf rfjb-w`rbc hourhofs aut jbs` tojt wojtwf bfjrl jaùt pf`pbf kl tof vkrtujb w`rbc wkbb ofbp t` sojpf o`w wfpfrhfkvf pf`pbf kl tof rfjb w`rbc.

Fvfl jdtfr wrktkle toks a`ì, K ojvf n`rf qufstk`ls tojl jlswfrs.Bfts jsi qufstk`ls tèftofr tojt wkbb bfjc t` ofjbtokfr hourhofs klfvfry w`rbc.
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11/26

:3 | XknHourho

Fvfry a`ì eflfrjtfs qufstk`ls, toks `lf n`rf tojl n`st. Sojlis t` fvfry`lf wo` wjs wkbbkle t` ckjbè wkto nf jaùt vkr-tujb hourhofs jlc t` wrfstbf wkto tofsf kssufs. Xpfhkjb tojlis e`t` Njri Ar`wl (Jlebkhjl Hjtofcrjb), ]jn Xnkto (k-hourho jlc Xt.]kxfbs), Aàay Eruflfwjbc (BkdfHourho.tv), jlc Arkjl Tjskb (Dbjnkle`Q`jc) jbb tof str`lefst `d pk`lffrs. Sojlis jbs` t` Skn Outho-kles, Akbb Hojstjkl, Gòl Ojnnftt, Jlcrfw Sjbb Xiklly Ikwk G`lfs,Jlcrfw Hjrfjej, jlc Skn Hojbbkfs, js wfbb js fvfry`lf fbsf wo` wjs

klv`bvfc kl tof h`lvfrsjtk`l.Erfjt jpprfhkjtk`l jbs` e`fs t` jbb `d tof w`lcfrdub pf`pbf jt

W`lcfrvjl wo` hjrf jaùt tof hourho kl kts fvfry d`rn d`r erffl-bkeotkle toks pr`gfht, fspfhkjbby ny fckt`r, Cjvkc Drffs.

Dkljbby, Kc bkif t` tojli jbb tof jwfs`nf pf`pbf jt ny hourho kltof rfjb w`rbc, Afrryfssj Tjbbfy Hourho9 pbus Cjn`l Cjvflp`rt jlctof d`bis jt AukbctofTkbbjef.`re9 Arjlc`l Nfrrkhi jt Horkst tof BkdfButofrjl Hourho9 Ejry Suhi, tof stjdd, jlc ny stucflts jt UfstfrlXfnkljry9 Srfv`r vjl Bjjr9 Arkjl ]okpps jlc Horks Djll jt W`lcfr-vjl9 Arjlc`l C`ljbcs`l jt BkdfHourho.tv9 Xh`tt Xwjkl9 Nkif jlcGujlktj Bfwks9 Ejry jlc Njry Jppfb9 Qfx Xokpnjl9 Xh`tt jlc Gfs-skhj Ar`ìsokrf9 FEK O`stkle9 Bkbbkf A``tof9 Gjs`l U``cs9 Ifl Nfjrs9Njri O`wf9 Xh`t NhIlkeot9 Houhi jlc Njrkvkh N`rj9 Gjs`l Fstfs9Frkh Fstfs9 Cùebjs Q. Fstfs Gr.9 jlc tof rfst `d ny fxtflcfc djnkby.Erfjtfst tojlis t` ny n`n, Ljcklf, jlc ja`vf jbb t` ny wkdf, L`b,s`l, Uyjtt, jlc cjueotfr, Arkceft Nuleu wjajrkik sjlj !
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12/26

:6

Ofrnjs ilfw t`cjys Xjaajto wùbc af ckddfrflt.Jt bfjst, of toùeot kt wùbc af. Kt stjrtfc ùt js kt

jbwjys ojc Qo`cj prfpjrkle tof hokbcrfl d`r w`rsokpjt syljeèuf, jrrjlekle d`r tof sfrvjlts t` h`nf t`syljeèuf sfr vkhfs t``, spflckle hofrksofc n`nflts`d djnkby tknf tojt tof drffc`n `d tof Xjaajto cjyjbb`wfc. Js tof tknf d`r syljeèuf hjnf, Ofrnjs jlcoks djnkby bfdt tof ejtf `d tofkr o`nf jlc stfppfc `lt`tof w`rl hkty strffts `d tofkr o`nft`wl `d Kh`lkun.

Kt wjs tof djnkbkjrkty d tof strffts bklfc wkto jprkh`ttrffs ùtskcf oks oùsf tojt hjusfc Ofrnjs nklc t`wjlcfr jofjc t` syljeèuf. O`w njly tknfs ojc ofwjbifc tof sjnf strffts t` ofjr tof Xhrkpturfs rfjccurkle sfr vkhfs0 O`w njly tknfs ojc of dùlc h`n-d`rt curkle tknfs `d ojrcsokp kl tof hb`sf-ilkt h`nnu-

lkty `d oks syljeèuf0[ft t`cjy wjs ckddfrflt. Sofy wfrf l`t e`kle t`

syljeèuf9 tofy wfrf e`kle t` tof oùsf d Futojbkj, t`j ejtofrkle hjbbfc j hourho.

Ofrnjs rfnfnafrfc o`w kt jbb ojc stjrtfc sfvfrjbn`ltos je`. Sw` d`rfkel Gfws ojc so`wl up jt jl`tofrsyljeèuf kl Kh`lkun jlc stjrtfc tfjhokle, aut tfjho-kle jaùt tof Ujy, rjtofr tojl sknpby klstruhtkle dr`ntof S`rjo. Kt hjusfc j erfjt dur`r, jlc tof jttflcjlt `dtof shr`bbs e`t klt` j soùtkle njtho wkto `lf `d to`sfGfws. Uktokl j wffi, tof njriftpbjhf wjs jauzz wktotjbi `d tof Ujy, `d tof truf Nfsskjo, `d E`cs n`vf-nflt kl tof w`rbc. Ofrnjs rfnfnafrfc tof cjy Qo`cj

hjnf o`nf dr`n njrift s` fxhktfc, s` g`yùs. J d`rfkelGfw ljnfc Ajrljajs ojc affl kl tof njrift tfjho-kle `d tof Ujy, jlc Qo`cj ojc h`nf t` afbkfvf. Xof
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13/26

:4

wjltfc Ofrnjs jlc tof djnkby t` àsfrvf tof Xjaajtojt tof hourho jt Futojbkjs oùsf. Ofrnjs ojc eruce-kleby jerffc.

Of ojc n`rf tojl j dfw h`lhfrls. Uojt wùbc tokshourho af bkif0 Ofrnjs hùbc dffb tof erjlcfur `doks E`c wokbf skttkle kl tof sojc`w `d tof h`bunls `doks syljeèuf, `hhjsk`ljbby pffikle ùt `vfr tof r``ds`d tof lfjray oùsfs dr`n tof fbfvjtfc jlc sjhrfcsktf, aut wojt erjlcfur wùbc tofrf af kl j oùsf0

Of hùbc sflsf j h`llfhtk`l wkto tof jlhkflt djtofrswofl tof rubfr `d tof syljeèuf rfjc dr`n tof S`rjokl tof syljeèuf, aut wojt h`llfhtk`l wùbc tofrf afwkto E`c kl toks lfw hourho0

Zukhiby tofy jrrkvfc jt Futojbkjs, jlc s` Ofrnjsojc t` st`w oks dfjrs jlc h`lhfrls. Jt tof ejtf, sfvfrjb

drkflcs dr`n tofkr `bc syljeèuf erfftfc Ofrnjs jlcoks djnkby, fjho rjckjtkle wjrnto jlc drkflcsokp. Sofyfltfrfc tof oùsf. J lfw h`nnulkty d`r tof pf`pbf`d E`c ojc afeul.
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14/26

:5

hojptfr :

Hourho kl tof Tkrtujb U`rbc

S cjy j lfw h`nnulkty `d tof pf`pbf d E`cojs afeul. Uf w`lt dklc kt l tof strffts d ur hktkfs.

Njly `d us w`lt fvfl rfhèlkzf kt js j hourho. Uf jbb il`whourhofs s`nf jrf trjcktk`ljb, s`nf jrf n`cfrl, s`nf jrf nfej,jlc s`nf jrf fnfreflt. D`r jbb `d tofkr jppjrflt ckddfrflhfs, fjho`d tofsf hourhofs ks ajskhjbby tof sjnf vjrkjtk`ls `l tof poyskhjbhourho kl tof n`cfrl frj. : ]jrtksjls `d `lf `d tof tokrty-tw` dbjv`rs`d n`cfrl hourhofs njy pr`tfst, aut jt tof flc `d tof cjy, tofy jbb

afb`le t` sknkbjr djkto h`nnulktkfs kl tof rfjb w`rbc. Fjho `lf ojs jaukbckle wkto j dr`lt c``r tojt yù `pfl9 fjho `lf ojs pf`pbf wo`sojif yùr ojlc9 fjho `lf ojs pjst`rs, nklkstfrs, fbcfrs, `r bfjcfrswo` pr`hbjkn E`cs U`rc t` yù9 fjho `lf ks rfjb, tjlekabf, poysk-hjbby prfsflt. Sofrf jrf ckddfrflhfs, aut tofrf jrf n`rf sknkbjrktkfs.

J hojlef ks `hhurrkle kl tof Horks tkjl hourho tof bkifs `d wokhoojs l`t ojppflfc d`r hflturkfs. Jt tof afekllkle d tof twflty-dkrsthfltury, tof hourho ks afekllkle t` af ckddfrflt l`t kl stybf, vfluf,dffb, `r v`bunf aut kl tof w`rbc kl wokho kt fxksts. J lfw ejtofrkle`d afbkfvfrs ks fnfrekle, j hourho l`t kl tof rfjb w`rbc `d arkhis jlc
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15/26

:? | XknHourho

n`rtjr aut kl tof vkrtujb w`rbc `d K] jccrfssfs jlc sojrfc fxpfrk-flhfs. Soks typf `d hourho ks ulbkif jly hourho tof w`rbc ojs fvfrsffl. Kt ojs tof p`wfr t` arfji c`wl s`hkjb ajrrkfrs, ulktf afbkfv-

frs dr`n jbb `vfr tof w`rbc, jlc aukbc tof iklec`n `d E`c wkto jwkc`ws nktf `d dkljlhkle. Kt ks j h`npbftfby ckddfrflt typf `d hourhodr`n jly tof w`rbc ojs fvfr sffl.

Jllus Tkrtujbks

Uf jrf jbb djnkbkjr wkto tof kltfrlft, `r hyafrspjhf. Sof kltfrlftfxpb`cfc `lt` tof shflf kl tof bjst cfhjcf `d tof twfltkfto hfltury.Hyafrpr`pofts prfckhtfc tof flc `d tof w`rbc js wf ilfw kt, j prf-ckhtk`l tojt pr`vfc t` af kljhhurjtf. Sof rfjb w`rbc ks ofrf t` stjy,toùeo tof kltfrlft rfnjkls j bjref pjrt `d ùr h`bbfhtkvf s`hkfty.Uojt ojppflfc0 Sofsf hyafrpr`pofts nksulcfrst``c tof ljturf `dtof fxpb`sk`l. Js wkto jbb rfv`butk`ljry jcvjlhfs, tofrf ks j pfrk`c`d ulhfrtjklty jlc fxpb`rjtk`l knnfckjtfby d`bb`wfc ay j tknf `d

jcgustnflt. D`r fxjnpbf, fvfl toùeo Lki`bj Sfsbj klvfltfc tofrjck` kl tof fjrby :?;=s, kt wjs jbn`st d`rty yfjrs afd`rf tof w`rbcrfjbby dkeurfc ùt o`w t` usf kt. 1 Sof sjnf ks truf `d tof kltfrlft9fvfl toùeo tof kltfrlft ks j hrfjtk`l `d tof twfltkfto hfltury, wfwkbb af wfbb klt` tof twflty-dkrst hfltury afd`rf ùr w`rbc h`nprf-oflcs jlc dubby utkbkzfs kts hjpjhkty.

Jbrfjcy tof kltfrlft ks j nkeoty d`rhf. Kl 1==5, tof lunafr `dkltfrlft usfrs pjssfc `lf akbbk`l d`r tof dkrst tknf. 8 Uokbf toks ks `lbyj bkttbf n`rf tojl 1= pfrhflt `d tof w`rbcs p`pubjtk`l, jt l` `tofrtknf kl okst`ry sklhf tof tknf `d Eflfsks ojs n`rf tojl 1= pfrhflt`d tof w`rbcs p`pubjtk`l affl kl ckrfht h`nnulkhjtk`l wkto fjho`tofr. Soks stjtkstkh jb`lf ks tof`bèkhjbby sàfrkle. F-h`nnfrhf ojsjbs` ifpt up wkto tof kltfrlft p`pubjtk`l a``n9 n`rf tojl tw` trkb-bk`l c`bbjrs hojlefc ojlcs `vfr tof kltfrlft kl 1==5. 3 @lby j dfwyfjrs je`, a`ìsfbbfrs s`bc :== pfrhflt `d tofkr a`ìs kl rftjkb st`rfs,aut t`cjy n`rf tojl 88 pfrhflt `d jbb a`ìs s`bc jrf s`bc `lbklf. 6


16/26

:; | Hourho kl tof Tkrtujb U`rbc

Soks ks aut tof tkp d tof khfafre. Kl tof fjrby cjys `d tof kltfrlft,fbfnfltjry jppbkhjtk`ls suho js fnjkb jlc aubbftkl a`jrc systfnswfrf tof l`rn. Sofsf fjrby jppbkhjtk`ls sffnfc trjlsd`rnjtkvf, aut

tofy ojrlfssfc `lby j vfry snjbb pfrhfltjef `d tof p`wfr `d tofkltfrlft. S`cjy j lfw wjvf `d fxpfrkflhfs dr`n sfbd-puabksofcckektjb h`ltflt t` abès t` wkiks t` NN@Es 4 ojs jltkqujtfc to`sffjrby jppbkhjtk`ls jlc pusofc tof kltfrlft `lf stfp hb`sfr t` tof cjywofl tof w`rbc wkbb rfjbkzf kts dubb hyafrhjpjhkty. Kd s`nf`lf t`bcyù kl :;?= tojt yù hùbc hrfjtf yùr `wl n`vkf `r wrktf yùr `wla`ì jlc sfbb kt kl j st`rf tojt sfrvfs tokrty nkbbk`l pf`pbf, wktoùttof ofbp `d puabksofrs, stuck`s, bjwyfrs, `r njriftfrs, yù wùbcojvf sjkc tofy wfrf hrjzy. 5 L`w kts p`sskabf.

Sofsf lfw jppbkhjtk`ls jrf `lby tof sfh`lc wjvf `d tof vkrtujbtsuljnk tojt ks trjlsd`rnkle ùr w`rbc. ? S` erjsp tof njelktucf `dwojt ks ojppflkle, kt ks vktjb tojt wf sff tof kltfrlft l`t js j tfhol`-bèkhjb t``b aut js j pjrjcken sokdt kl tof wjy tof w`rbc kltfrjhts `l

j dulcjnfltjb bfvfb. ; D`r fxjnpbf, yù hùbc b`ì jt j nàkbf po`lfjs j tfhol`bèkhjb t``b j tfbfpo`lf wkto l` wkrfs. [ft t` c` s`nkssfs tof p`klt. Sof nàkbf po`lf ks j snjbb pjrjcken sokdt kl ùrw`rbc afhjusf kt njifs us l` b`lefr kljhhfsskabf. Ukto tof nàkbfpo`lf, djnkby, drkflcs, h`bbfjeufs, jlc s`bkhkt`rs hjl rfjho us kl tofhjr, kl tof tofjtfr, kl tof a`jrcr``n, `r kl tof ajtor``n. Sof ckddfr-

flhf aftwffl tof knpjht `d tof nàkbf po`lf jlc tof kltfrlft kstof njelktucf `d tof sokdt7 tof kltfrlft ks hjuskle j pjrjcken sokdt joulcrfc tknfs erfjtfr tojl tojt `d tof nàkbf po`lf.

Uf hjl sff toks sokdt jbrfjcy pbjykle ùt kl a`to tof fcuhjtk`ljlc ausklfss w`rbcs. Njly VX puabkh sho``bs l`w `ddfr vkrtujbjhjcfnkfs d`r fbfnfltjry sho``bhokbcrfl. J stucflt d okeofr fcu-hjtk`l usfc t` af d`rhfc t` trjvfb t` jttflc jl klstktutk`l jlc t` sktkl j rfspfhtfc hbjssr``n kl `rcfr t` bfjrl, aut t`cjy njly h`bbfefsjlc ulkvfrsktkfs `ddfr vkrtujb hbjssfs, jlc njly `d tofsf klstktutk`ls`ddfr vkrtujb cferffs. := Fvfl vflfrjabf Ojrvjrc Vlkvfrskty ojs j snjbb
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17/26

1= | XknHourho

hjnpus kl tof vkrtujb w`rbc. Xknkbjrby, tof ausklfss w`rbc ojs afeult` fnarjhf vkcf` h`ldfrflhkle jlc trjklkle wfakljrs. Jlc toks ks`lby tof afekllkle. Sof hourho ks surf t` d`bb`w.

D`r tof rfnjklcfr `d tof a`ì, Kn e`kle t` af hjrfdub wofl K usftfrns suho js kltfrlft `r w`rbcwkcf wfa afhjusf tofy hjl ashurf tofckektjb rfv`butk`l tojt ks jt ojlc. Klstfjc, K wkbb spfji n`rf kl tfrns`d tof vkrtujb w`rbcs tojt jrf `pflkle up jrùlc us vkrtujb w`rbcstojt s``l wkbb njif tof kltfrlft d t`cjy sffn klhrfckaby bknktfc. Sofduturf `d tof kltfrlft bkfs l`t kl kts afkle j t``b d`r fnjkbkle `tofrsaut kl kts afkle jl knnfrskvf w`rbc wofrf njly pf`pbf wkbb spflc jsnuho tknf js tofy c` kl tof rfjb w`rbc. :: Kl tof lfxt dfw cfhjcfs, tofvkrtujb w`rbc wkbb fqujb `r surpjss tof rfjb w`rbc kl kts rfjho klt` jlcp`sktk`lkle kl njly jspfhts `d ùr bkvfs. D`r njly pf`pbf, tof vkrtujbw`rbc wkbb af tof w`rbc wofrf tofy hjrry `l n`rf kltfrjhtk`ls jlch`lcuht n`rf trjlsjhtk`ls tojl kl tof rfjb w`rbc. Kt wkbb af tof pbjhfwofrf tofy dklc b`vf, s``tof tofkr dffbkles, njif cfjbs, jlc w`rsokp.

X`nf njy cksnkss toks js oypf `r shkflhf dkhtk`l. Jdtfr jbb, ckclts`hk`-tfhol`bèkhjb eurus kl tof fjrby twfltkfto hfltury prfckht tojtwfc ojvf dbykle hjrs jlc n``lajsfs afd`rf tof yfjr 1===0 Sofyckc, jlc s` wf hjl jerff tojt prfckhtkle tof duturf ks j sojiy ausk-lfss. Lfvfrtofbfss, njly `d tof cfvfb`pnflts wf wkbb spfji `d jrfojppflkle jbrfjcy, fvfl kd kl j bknktfc wjy. Sof fvkcflhf ks str`le

tojt tofy wkbb h`ltkluf t` ojppfl kl tof lfxt torff cfhjcfs. @d tof`lf akbbk`l pf`pbf `lbklf, jl fstknjtfc sfvflty nkbbk`l jrf jbrfjcyrfeubjr pjrtkhkpjlts kl vkrtujb w`rbcs, :1 jlc tojt lunafr h`ltklufs tèr`w crjnjtkhjbby. :8 Tkrtujb w`rbcs jrf eflfrjtkle jl fstknjtfc dùrakbbk`l c`bbjrs kl jllujb rfvfluf. Jlc tof sàfrkle stjtkstkh7 wokbf l``lf il`ws fxjhtby o`w nuho tknf rfskcflts spflc kl vkrtujb w`rbcs,j bjref pfrhfltjef spflc twflty `r n`rf oùrs pfr wffi , jlc njlyspflc nuho, nuho n`rf. :3

Jt Xfh`lcbkdf.h`n, wf eft j e``c ebknpsf d wojt ks l tof o`rk-z`l. ]jrt `d tof sfh`lc wjvf `d tof vkrtujb fv`butk`l, Xfh`lc Bkdf
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18/26

1: | Hourho kl tof Tkrtujb U`rbc

ojs affl er`wkle fxp`lfltkjbby sklhf kts klhfptk`l kl 1==8. Kt a`jstsdùrtffl nkbbk`l nfnafrs jbrfjcy. Xfh`lc Bkdf ks l`t j wfasktf pfrsf9 kts j vkrtujb w`rbc wofrf jl klckvkcujb hrfjtfs jl jvjtjr, afh`nfs

j rfskcflt, jlc t``bs jrùlc t`wl jhh`npbksokle njly `d tof sjnftokles j pfrs`l kl tof rfjb w`rbc ks jabf t` jhh`npbkso. Sofrfs n`rf.Js `d 1==5, Xfh`lc Bkdf rfskcflts fxhojlef n`rf tojl `lf jlc j ojbdnkbbk`l c`bbjrs kl h`nnfrhf fvfry cjy kl tojt vkrtujb w`rbc. Xfh`lcBkdf fvfl ojs kts `wl hurrflhy (tof Bklcfl c`bbjr), j rfjb-fstjtf njr-ift, vkrtujb nkbbk`ljkrfs jlc hrknf rkles, jlc vkrtujb hourhofs.

J Arjvf Lfw U`rsokp U`rbc

S`cjy j lfw h`nnulkty d`r tof pf`pbf d E`c ojs afeul. Sof hourhoks fv`bvkle dr`n tof rfjb w`rbc klt` tof vkrtujb w`rbc. Jt toks p`klt,n`st hourhofs ojvf nfrfby stuhi tofkr bkttbf t`fs klt` tof wjtfrs `dtof vkrtujb w`rbc9 tofy ojvf j wfasktf wkto bknktfc kltfrjhtk`l, bkttbfn`rf tojl j rucknfltjry, dkrst-wjvf akbba`jrc. X`nf ojvf hjueot

tof sfh`lc wjvf jlc jrf j akt n`rf jcvjlhfc, `ddfrkle j cferff`d kltfrjhtk`l `r spkrktujb klstruhtk`l torùeo abès, c`wlb`jcjabftfjhokle p`klts, `r sfrn`l p`chjsts. Jlc j lunafr `d hourhofsojvf prfpjrfc d`r duturf wjvfs ay hrfjtkle w`rsokp fxpfrkflhfs kltof vkrtujb w`rbc.

@lf suho hourho ks BkdfHourho.tv, ajsfc kl Fcn`lc, @ibjo`nj.

Bfc ay Xflk`r ]jst`r Hrjke Er`fshofb, Kll`vjtk`l ]jst`r AàayEruflfwjbc, jlc Kltfrlft Hjnpus ]jst`r Arjlc`l C`ljbcs`l,BkdfHourho.tv `ddfrs sfvfrjb wffiby w`rsokp fxpfrkflhfs kl tofkrvkrtujb hourho. X`nf `d BkdfHourho.tvs w`rsokp fxpfrkflhfs usf jlkltfrlft-hjnpus n`cfb ar`jchjstkle sfr vkhfs wkto tfxt kltfrjh-tk`l aut BkdfHourho.tv jbs` ojs hrfjtfc tof afekllkles `d j nuhon`rf knnfrskvf vkrtujb hourho kl Xfh`lc Bkdf. BkdfHourho.tv aùeotrfjb fstjtf, okrfc j cfvfb`pfr, aukbt j hourho aukbckle, jlc hrfjtfcsfjtkle d`r jvjtjrs t` jttflc hourho fjho wffi. Curkle kts afstwffiflc kl 1==5, BkdfHourho.tvs kltfrlft hjnpus (ar`jchjst, pbus
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19/26

11

UOJS KX J TKQSVJB U@QBC0

Afhjusf vkrtujb w`rbcs jrf kl tofkr kldjlhy, tofrf ks l` sknpbf cfdk-

lktk`l d`r tofn, jlc tofrf ks j erfjt cfjb `d h`ldusk`l jaùt w`rbcs kl

eflfrjb. N`st rfsfjrhofrs hojrjhtfrkzf j vkrtujb w`rbc js s`nf d`rn `d

h`nputfr-nfckjtfc h`nnulkhjtk`l (wokho klhbucfs l`t `lby s`nf

pjrts `d tof kltfrlft aut jbs` jly `tofr ckektjb lftw`ri `r fbfhtr`lkh

kltfrdjhf). J vkrtujb w`rbc ks kl njly wjys n`rf bkif vkrtujb rfjbkty tojlfnjkb `r abèekle kl tojt vkrtujb w`rbcs nust ojvf tw` ajskh fbfnflts7

klcwfbt hrfjtfc spjhf jlc s`hkjb kltfrjhtk`l. j Nksulcfrstjlckle fltfrs

tof pkhturf wofl pf`pbf try t` cfshrkaf j vkrtujb w`rbc uskle w`rcs suho

js rfjb `r knjekljry . Soks ks tof rfjs`l Fcwjrc Hjstr`l`vj, j vkrtujb-

w`rbc pk`lffr, sueefsts wf rfdfr t` vkrtujb w`rbcs js syltoftkh w`rbcs

t` jv`kc tof jssunptk`l tojt tofy jrf djif r l`t rfjb. a Tkrtujb w`rbcs jrf

rfjb, aut tofyrf hrfjtfc ay pf`pbf klstfjc `d ay E`c.

@lf wjy t` h`nf t` tfrns wkto tof kcfj `d tof vkrtujb w`rbc ks t`

h`ltrjst kt wkto `tofr w`rbcs. J qukhi tùr `d h`lhfptujb w`rbcs rfvfjbs

tojt tofrf jrf njly p`sskabf w`rbcs, toùeo wfbb tùho `l `lby j dfw

ofrf. Dkrst, tofrf ks tof rfjb w`rbc . Sof rfjb w`rbc ks yù, l`w, rfjckle toks

a`ì. Dr`n j akabkhjb pfrspfhtkvf, n`st `r jbb `tofr w`rbcs jrf suasfts `d

tof rfjb w`rbc, aut tofy rfbjtf t` tof rfjb w`rbc kl vfry ckddfrflt wjys. J

vkrtujb w`rbc ks j hrfjtfc spjhf wofrf pf`pbf hjl kltfrjht js kd kl tof rfjb

w`rbc, aut torùeo s`nf typf `d tfhol`bèkhjb nfckun. ]frojps tof

afst fxjnpbf `d vkrtujb w`rbcs t`cjy jrf kltfrlft-ajsfc nkbkfus suho js
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20/26

18

Xfh`lc Bkdf, U`rbc `d Ujrhrjdt, `r Bklfjef. Fvfl toùeo vkrtujb w`rbcs

ckddfr kl sfvfrjb skelkdkhjlt wjys dr`n tof rfjb w`rbc, vkrtujb w`rbcs, kl

tofkr fssflhf jlc ljturf, jrf gust js rfjb js tof rfjb w`rbc. h

Kl h`ltrjst t` tofsf tw` typfs `d w`rbcs jrf sfvfrjb `tofrs. J dkh-

tk`ljb w`rbc ks j w`rbc hrfjtfc kl tof nklc `d j rfjcfr wokbf rfjckle

j a`ì, wjthokle j n`vkf, `r flejekle kl jly typf `d knjekljtkvf

jhtkvkty. Kd yù rfjc S`bikfl `r Bfwks `r wjtho Sr`l `r _-Nfl jlc h`l-

struht kl yùr nklc tof fvflts tofsf w`ris cfpkht, yù ojvf bjkc tof

erùlcw`ri d`r j dkhtk`ljb w`rbc. c J dkhtk`ljb w`rbc ks l`t tof sjnf js

j vkrtujb w`rbc afhjusf j dkhtk`ljb w`rbc ks j n`cf `d p`sskakbkty jlc

j vkrtujb w`rbc ks j n`cf `d rfjbkty. Jl knjekljry w`rbc ks jly typf `d

w`rbc tojt ks cksh`llfhtfc dr`n tof rfjb w`rbc. Fxjnpbfs klhbucf cjy-

crfjns `r nytokh pbjhfs suho js Jsejrc `r tof jstrjb pbjlf. J vkrtujb

w`rbc hjl af jl knjekljry w`rbc (js kl tof hjsf `d FvfrZufst `r Hkty `d

Ofr`fs), aut kt c`fslt ojvf t` af9 j vkrtujb w`rbc tojt àfys tof bjws `d

poyskhs, c`fslt jbb`w jlknjb jvjtjrs, jlc s` `l, c`fslt qujbkdy js jl

knjekljry w`rbc. Bft nf sjy kt jejkl7 vkrtujb w`rbcs hjl af knjekljry,

aut tofy c`lt ojvf t` af9 fqujtkle j vkrtujb w`rbc wkto jl knjekljry

w`rbc bfjcs t` kljhhurjtf h`lhbusk`ls jaùt djkto jlc hourho kl vkrtujb

w`rbcs. Dkljbby, jl juenfltfc w`rbc ks j typf `d rfjb w`rbc flojlhfc

torùeo tfhol`bèy. f J erfjt fxjnpbf `d toks ks tof usf `d `nlkprfsflt

jlc h`nnulkhjtkvf Qjck` Drfquflhy Kcfltkdkhjtk`l cfvkhfs, o`bèrjn

tfhol`bèy, `r hyafrlftkhs. J vkrtujb w`rbc ckddfrs dr`n jl juenfltfc


21/26

13

w`rbc kl tojt j vkrtujb w`rbc `hhurs kl j hrfjtfc spjhf, wofrfjs jl jue-

nfltfc w`rbc `rkekljtfs kl tof rfjb w`rbc.

Bfts rfhjp. Uf bkvf kl tof rfjb w`rbc. Uf hjl fltfr j vkrtujb w`rbc

torùeo j ckektjb kltfrdjhf, klcwfbbkle j syltoftkh spjhf jlc kltfrjhtkle

wkto `tofr d`bis dr`n tof rfjb w`rbc. J vkrtujb w`rbc ks l`t jl juenfltfc

d`rn `d tof rfjb w`rbc, kts l`t typkhjbby j dkhtk`ljb w`rbc, jlc kt hjl af

aut ks l`t lfhfssjrkby jl knjekljry w`rbc. N`st knp`rtjlt d`r ùr ckshus-

sk`l, j vkrtujb w`rbc ks n`rf bkifby tojl l`t t` af j typf `d rfjb w`rbc kl

syltoftkh spjhf.

j. @lf `d tof afttfr cfdklktk`ls7 vkrtujb w`rbcs jrf ckektjbby h`lstruhtfc flvkr`lnfltswofrf pffr-t`-pffr kltfrjhtk`l hjl tjif pbjhf. Xff Njrkj Afjtrkhf Akttjrfbb`, Jl tofr Sknf, Jl`tofr Xpjhf7 Tkrtujb U`rbcs, Nytos jlc Knjekljtk`l, @lbklf-Ofkcfbafre Gùr-ljb `d Qfbkek`ls `l tof Kltfrlft 87: (1==?)7 134.

a. Fcwjrc Hjstr`l`vj, Xyltoftkh U`rbcs7 Sof Ausklfss jlc Hubturf `d @lbklf Ejnfs (Hok-hje`7 Vlkvfrskty `d Hokhje` ]rfss, 1==4).

h. Kt ks afy`lc tof sh`pf `d toks a`ì t` cfdflc toks stjtfnflt. Xuddkhf kt t` sjy tojtrfjbkty c`fslt ojvf nuho t` c` wkto o`w j pfrs`l pfrhfkvfs tof w`rbc9 kt ojs n`rft` c` wkto tof fssflhf `r ljturf `d tof w`rbc ktsfbd. Fvfl toùeo wojt wf pfrhfkvf klj vkrtujb w`rbc njy l`t sffn rfjb jt tknfs, tojt c`fslt jhtujbby sjy jlytokle jaùttof fssflhf d tof tokle wf pfrhfkvf. Uokbf tofrf jrf sfvfrjb hrktkqufs d tof rfjbkty dvkrtujb w`rbcs, tofrf jrf njly n`rf skelkdkhjlt pr``ds. @d hùrsf, nuho cfpflcs `lo`w `lf cfdklfs tof w`rcs rfjb jlc w`rbc . Jejkl, suho j h`lvfrsjtk`l ks vfry knp`r-tjlt aut ks afy`lc tof sh`pf `d toks a`ì afhjusf `d kts tfholkhjb ljturf.

c. K ojvf wrkttfl fbsfwofrf l tof ljturf d w`rbcs, fspfhkjbby tof h`ltrjst aftwffl dkh-

tk`ljb w`rbcs jlc rfjb w`rbcs. Xff Cùebjs Fstfs, Sof Sfnp`rjb Nfhojlkhs d tof DùrtoE`spfb7 J Sof`ry d Ofrnflfutkhjb Qfbjtkvkty kl tof E`spfb d Gòl , Akabkhjb Kltfrprftjtk`lXfrkfs ;1 (Bfkcfl7 Arkbb, 1==?), 18= 83.

f. Juenfltfc w`rbcs wkbb pbjy j njg`r r`bf kl tof fv`butk`l d tof hourho kl tof twflty-dkrst hfltury, aut tofy jrf l`t hfltrjb t` ùr t`pkh. Js jl fxjnpbf, js o`bèrjn tfho-l`bèy knpr`vfs, kt wkbb rfcfdklf tof nubtksktf hourho ay jbb`wkle j pjst`r t` afo`bèrjnnjtkhjbby tfbfprfsflt jt sfvfrjb ckddfrflt rfjb-w`rbc w`rsokp vflufs jt tofsjnf tknf.


22/26

16 | Hourho kl tof Tkrtujb U`rbc

Xfh`lc Bkdf) a`jstfc jl jttflcjlhf d n`rf tojl dùrtffl oulcrfcpf`pbf. :6 Uojt ks n`rf, tofkr kltfrlft hjnpus bjulhofc kts dkrst rfjb-w`rbc nkssk`ls trkp kl 1==5. ]f`pbf wo` ojc nft `lby kl tof vkrtujb

w`rbc g`klfc t` aukbc up tof iklec`n `d E`c kl tof rfjb w`rbc.BkdfHourho.tv ks ay l` nfjls jb`lf. Afbkfvf kt `r l`t, tof dkrst vkr-

tujb hourho wjs hrfjtfc wjy ajhi kl :;?6, fvfl afd`rf tof jcvflt`d tof wfa9 jl ulljnfc pk`lffrkle erùp `d afbkfvfrs w`rsokpfctèftofr torùeo tfxt-`lby kltfrdjhf. Xklhf tojt tknf, `tofr pk`lffrsojvf sb`wby pbjltfc n`rf hourhofs jnkc tof rjpkc hojlefs t` vkr-tujb-w`rbc kltfrdjhfs. Ay s`nf fstknjtfs, tofrf wfrf jppr`xknjtfbytokrty vkrtujb hourhofs ay tof yfjr 1===. :4 N`st `d tofsf fjrby vkrtujbhourhofs wfrf pbjltfc ay tfho-sjvvy klckvkcujbs wkto bkttbf `r l`supp`rt. Jbb `d tojt hojlefc kl 1==3. Ukto tof ajhikle `d tof Nfto-`ckst Hourho (VI), jl fxpfrknfltjb 8C vkrtujb hourho hjbbfc Hourho`d D``bs wjs bjulhofc. Afhjusf Hourho `d D``bs wjs jl fxpfrknflt,kt dulhtk`lfc d`r `lby dùr n`ltos, aut `l kts pfji cjy, d`rty-`lf

toùsjlc pf`pbf bèefc `l d`r w`rsokp sfr vkhfs.:5 S`cjy tofrf jrfjbrfjcy j hùpbf `d h`ldkrnfc vkrtujb nfejhourhofs, jlc tofrf jrfn`rf kd yù hùlt oyarkc strfjnfrs. Sofrf jrf vkrtujb wfcckles,vkrtujb H`nnulk`l sfr vkhfs, vkrtujb ajptksns, jlc vkrtujb snjbberùps c`kle rfjb-w`rbc nkssk`ls trkps. Dr`n tof Hourho `d Fle-bjlcs k-hourho t` Xt. Okbcjs Horkstkjl E`to Hourho (Xfh`lc Bkdf) t`

tof Jlebkhjl Hjtofcrjb kl Xfh`lc Bkdf (wkto sfvfl w`rsokp sfr vkhfsj wffi jlc er`wkle) t` tof oulcrfcs `d `tofr vkrtujb hourhofs, tofhourho ks afekllkle t` af sjbt jlc bkeot kl ùr vkrtujb w`rbcs. :?

Sof ]`st-Hourho Hourho

Xifptkhs njy w`lcfr woy j pfrs`l wùbc ho``sf t` jttflc j vkrtujbhourho, `r fvfl woftofr toks kssuf njttfrs. Sofy njy dffb tojt vkrtujbhourhofs jrf tof sjnf js rjck` sfrn`ls jlc tfbfvksk`l nklkstrkfs jpjrt d tof n`cfrl hourho aut l`t rfjbby jbb tojt ckddfrflt. Sofy wùbcaf wr`le. Kl h`ltrjst t` rjck` jlc ST nklkstrkfs, vkrtujb hourhofs


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14 | XknHourho

jrf pr`cuhts `d tw` klfxojustkabf t`rrflts rfckrfhtkle twflty-dkrst-hfltury ounjl cfvfb`pnflt7 tof fxp`lfltkjb rjtf `d tfhol`bèk-hjb er`wto, jlc p`stn`cfrlksn. Sof h`ldbuflhf `d tofsf tw` erfjtstrfjns ks hrfjtkle j dfrtkbf db``cpbjlf d`r vkrtujb hourhofs t` er`wkl. Sofsf hourhofs wkbb l`t af sojc`ws `d rfjb-w`rbc hourhofs,rfh`rcfc jlc p`chjst, aut s`nftokle fltkrfby lfw.

Sof r`bf `d rjck` jlc tfbfvksk`l kl tof nklkstry `d tof hourhocfvfb`pfc kl tof n`cfrl frj. Qjck` jlc ST jrf jvflufs d`r h`nnu-lkhjtk`l, aut jt tofkr h`rf tofy jrf ulkltfbbkeflt ar`jchjstfrs7 tofkrerfjtfst strfleto bkfs kl tofkr usf d sknpbf ulkckrfhtk`ljb n`l`bès.Js pr`cuhts `d tof n`cfrl frj, tofy pr`cuhfc erfjt wjttjef d`rhourhofs jlc nklkstrkfs, aut j n`cfrl pfrs`l wùbc lfvfr h`ldusftof hourho wkto j ST prèrjn `r rjck` so`w. J n`cfrl pfrs`l bkv-kle kl tof n`cfrl w`rbc nkeot wjtho tofkr djv`rktf pjst`r `l ST `rbkstfl t` okn `l tof rjck`, pfrojps fvfl c`kle s` n`rf `dtfl tojljttflckle j arkhis jlc n`rtjr hourho, aut tofy wùbc lfvfr h`ldusf

@lf `d njly vkrtujb hourhofs kl tof vkrtujb w`rbc.
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15 | Hourho kl tof Tkrtujb U`rbc

to`sf nklkstrkfs wkto j hourho. Sofy wùbc lfvfr dffb tojt tof 1Cpjst`r `l tofkr l`ksf a`x wjs tofkr pjst`r. Js j wo`bf, tofy wùbclfvfr dffb tojt hourho nfnafrsokp nfjls j h`nnktnflt t` bkstfl-

kle t` j rjck` sfrn`l.:;

O`wfvfr, js p`stn`cfrlksn klhrfjskleby afh`nfs tof w`rbcscfdjubt vkfwp`klt, tof h`lhfpt `d tof hourho strfthofs jlc kts a`r-cfrs afh`nf bfss pr`lùlhfc. Uokbf p`stn`cfrlksn c`fs l`t nfjl tojt fvfrytokles rfbjtkvf, kt c`fs nfjl tojt akljry rfjs`l-kle (fktofr/ r, kd/tofl, =/:) ks l`t tof dùlcjtk`l d`r cfhksk`l-njikle.Js djr js p`stn`cfrl hubturf ks h`lhfrlfc, j pfrs`l ks l`t bknktfct` j ho`khf aftwffl, d`r fxjnpbf, afkle fktofr j Horks tkjl `r j Auc-cokst9 of `r sof hjl af fktofr, lfktofr, a`to, `r j oftfrèflfùs `ro`nèflfùs nkxturf `d tofsf tw` spkrktujbktkfs. Sof sjnf pfrs`lhjl af j nfnafr `d j rfjb-w`rbc hourho, `r j vkrtujb-w`rbc hourho, `ra`to, `r lfktofr, `r s`nfwofrf kl aftwffl. Soks njy jppfjr kbbèkhjbt` s`nf n`cfrl rfjcfrs, aut K jssurf yù, kt ks l`t. 1=

Sof vkrtujb w`rbc ks rjpkcby afh`nkle n`rf 8C, `r knnfrskvf.Uofrfjs rjck` jlc ST typkhjbby jrf n`l`bès, vkrtujb-w`rbc fxpfrk-flhfs jrf kltfrjhtkvf jlc knnfrskvf. Klstfjc `d sknpby afkle ar`jc-hjst t` `r n`l`bèfc jt, cflkzfls `d tof vkrtujb w`rbc jrf hrfjtkleh`lvfrsjtk`ls jlc okvf nklcs tojt pr`cuhf truby h`bbja`rjtkvffxpfrkflhfs. D`r j er`wkle lunafr d pf`pbf, fspfhkjbby klckvkcujbs

kl tof Nkbbfllkjb eflfrjtk`l jlc afy`lc, vkrtujb-w`rbc kltfrjhtk`lshjl af djr n`rf jutofltkh jlc djr bfss jwiwjrc tojl rfjb-w`rbc rfbj-tk`lsokps, jlc d`r njly yùlefr pf`pbf, kltfrjhtkle kl tof vkrtujbw`rbc ks tof prfdfrrfc nfto`c d`r s`hkjb lftw`rikle. 1: Js tof vkrtujbw`rbc afh`nfs n`rf jlc n`rf jhtujbkzfc kl tof h`nkle cfhjcf,n`rf jlc n`rf pf`pbf wkbb turl t` kt d`r fvfrycjy kltfrjhtk`ls,klhbuckle tof dubdkbbnflt `d tofkr spkrktujb lffcs.

Bft nf af hbfjr7 K jn l`t sjykle tojt kl tof lfjr duturf, rfjb-w`rbchourhofs wkbb hfjsf t` fxkst jlc jbb tokles spkrktujb wkbb h`nf `lbydr`n tof vkrtujb w`rbc. Soks wkbb lfvfr ojppfl. Uojt wkbb ojppfl ks
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1? | XknHourho

tojt sfenflts `d s`hkfty wkbb af nfnafrs l`t gust `d j rfjb-w`rbchourho aut jbs` `d j vkrtujb hourho. Njly klckvkcujbs, suho js to`sfwo` h`nf dr`n fktofr tfho-`rkfltfc `r l`lnjklstrfjn ajhi-

erùlcs, wkbb prfdfr t` w`rsokp kl tof vkrtujb w`rbc afhjusf `d tofdbfxkakbkty, trjlspjrflhy, ckvfrskty, jlc `tofr klljtf strfletos dùlckl n`st vkrtujb hourhofs. Sofy wkbb dkrst sffi ut spkrktujb fxpfrkflhfsjlc h`lvfrsjtk`ls kl tof vkrtujb w`rbc, d`r rfjs`ls wf wkbb ckshuss kltof d`bb`wkle hojptfrs. Sof rfjb-w`rbc hourho wkbb hojlef t``, js tofvkrtujb-w`rbc h`ltklufs t` jddfht kt.

@ur Tkrtujb O`rkz`l

S`cjy j lfw h`nnulkty `d tof pf`pbf d E`c ojs afeul, j h`nnu-lkty `l tof fcef `d tof vkrtujb w`rbc. Gust js d`bb`wfrs `d E`c kl tofdkrst hfltury JC bfdt tofkr syljeèufs d`r oùsf hourhofs kl sfjrho`d n`rf dubdkbbkle djkto h`nnulktkfs, s` t`` jrf flsukle eflfrjtk`lsp`ksfc t` bfjvf rfjb-w`rbc hourhofs d`r vkrtujb-w`rbc hourhofs. Gust

js tof Horks tkjl ckjsp`rj dr`n syljeèuf t` hourho hrfjtfc j hrktk-hjb lffc d`r j tof`bèy `d tof hourho, s` t`` c`fs tof fnfreflhf`d vkrtujb hourhofs hrfjtf tof lffc d`r j tof`bèy `d vkrtujb hourho.Xuho jl knp`rtjlt tjsi nust l`t af bfdt t` tof prjenjtkh jlc frrjtkhhurrflts `d tof vkrtujb w`rbc.

Kl toks a`ì, wf wkbb fxpb`rf njly tof`bèkhjb kssufs tojt rfbjtf

t` tof hourho kl tof vkrtujb w`rbc. Bft nf af hbfjr jt tof ùtsft7 K wkbbrjksf qufstk`ls n`rf tojl pr`vkcf jlswfrs. Soks ks tof afekllkle `dtof h`lvfrsjtk`l, l`t tof rfhjp. Js Njri Ar`wl, prkfst kl hojref `dtof Jlebkhjl Hjtofcrjb kl Xfh`lc Bkdf, jcnkttfc t` nf, oks hourhoojs lby jaùt 8 pfrhflt d kt dkeurfc ut9 ;5 pfrhflt ks h`ltklujb trkjbjlc frr`r. Uf c`lt ojvf tof jlswfrs, Njri sjkc. Uf c`lt ojvf jnjlujb. Uofl yù h`lskcfr jbb `d tof b`le-stjlckle cfajtfs `vfrtof ljturf jlc prjhtkhfs `d tof hourho, jlc tofl djht`r kl tof ckddfr-flhfs jn`le L`rto Jnfrkhjl jlc Fur`pfjl jlc Jskjl trjcktk`ls `dtof hourho jbb `d wokho fltfr tof ckshussk`l ojnnfrkle ùt j
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26/26

tof`bèy `d vkrtujb hourho sffns jl jbn`st knp`sskabf tjsi. X` tìffp tof ckshussk`l njljefjabf, wfbb flejef kl torff spofrfs `dklqukry tof`bèkhjb, nkssk`ljb, jlc ftokhjb jlc K ojvf sfbfhtfc

sfvfrjb kssufs tojt K afbkfvf jrf `d pjrjnùlt knp`rtjlhf d`r vkr-tujb hourhofs. Kl tof tof`bèkhjb spofrf, wf wkbb ckshuss tof ljturf,purp`sf, p`sskakbktkfs, jlc bknktjtk`ls `d vkrtujb hourhofs. Js nuhojs p`sskabf, K wkbb try t` tjif klt` jhhùlt ckddfrflt djkto trjcktk`ls,aut n`stby K wkbb `ddfr eflfrjb klskeot jlc rjksf eflfrjb qufstk`ls. Kltof nkssk`ljb spofrf, wf wkbb d`hus `l tof r`bf `d jvjtjrs, `l vkrtujbspkrktujbkty jlc nklkstry, jlc l tof cfvfb`pnflt d h`nnulkty kl jvkrtujb hourho. Dkljbby, kl tof ftokhjb spofrf, wf wkbb tjif up h`lhfrlssuho js tof qufstk`l `d vkrtujb kcfltkty, pfrs`ljb o`bklfss, jlc tofcjlefrs jlc bknktjtk`ls `d lkhof nklkstrkfs.

J dkljb toùeot afd`rf wf n`vf `l. Sof Horks tkjl hourho ksflejekle djr bfss tojl : pfrhflt `d tof sfvflty nkbbk`l pf`pbf wo`jrf jhtkvf kl tof vkrtujb w`rbc. Soks nfjls tof vkrtujb w`rbc ks ay djr

tof bjrefst ulrfjhofc pf`pbf erùp `l pbjlft Fjrto. Xkn`l Gfl-ikls, `lf `d tof dùlcfrs `d Hourho `d D``bs, rfnjris tojt kts bkifs`nf`lf ojs hrfjtfc j lfw t`wl jlc l` `lf ojs toùeot t` aukbc jhourho tofrf. Kts jbn`st shjlcjbùs. 11 Uf ojvf erfjt w`ri t` c`.
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Documents

SimChurch by Douglas Estes, Chapter 1