V ne '211','No. 4484

lETTERs 'Maroevoluto Confer-ence: D. J. Futuyma et al; A. R. Templeton andL-V. Giddings; H. L. Carson; E. C. Olson; J. E. Armstng andB.. A. Drimmiontd; Lasers in Space: M. B. Callaham; B.Bova .............

EDTRALLa-oatory Safety...............................

ARTICLEs Prudent Pratices for Handling Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories:B. C. MeKuzick...

Geologic Remote Sensing: A. F. H. Goetz and L. C. Rowan-.7The Judiciary: WHaRole in Health Improvement? D. L. Bazelong ..........

-~~~~~~~~~~C~ SIM -af of G.:mndasesin SaeM.BCalhmB.ov............................................ .0

NESAD COMMEN Ca-~pi nMrt fGanEmbargo- EPAmOd Idustry Pursue -Regulatory Options.7:

yS . . . . ...........

sNlYN"UaL LabKNatorySafe.. ..... .... .............................

Bn##i:,cieneSbcomittes et~ww Chairmen;- Air Academy*~~~~~: Drp inq~silo ares ugtCtesCi AWay_at Sciene

art~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.i,4ft C

A H se on Coner0tOno Moments.7. .

titut& i4 for Hughes's B ns... . . . ....................-1

T .Wiition of Mh dical: rdof Superior Research.60.......... .

E B.C.MNESatte, ...e......................................

*e Judicwuy:S VhaT ools Am Improvest ...................................EolPrediction of Huge Peruvian Quakes Quashe..................

SOCHREVIWS The Evolutionary, Synthesis., review#d by M. Ruse; Plasticity of Muscle,M. B4n y Bai oxication F. P. Guengerich;

CEm;atryve Biology andRegulaorypinsry ..l.nsh.OfTree Shews

e~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -0 AP 0 a .-- .......................,... .. -, ...........

R-;-.Mar*in; L W Funa1 an Fa D cs, R J R

ooktsR:eceqon(>sfivjnoouedts.... -

REPORTS Measurements of the Volcanic Plumes of Mount St. Helens in theStratosphere and Troposphere: Introduction: J. B. Pollack ..... ........... 815

Airborne Studies of the Emissions from the Volcanic Eruptions of MountSt. Helens: P. V. Hobbs et al . ......................................... 816

Trajectories of the Mount St. Helens Eruption Plume: E. F. Danielsen .......... 819

Gaseous Constituents in the Plume from Eruptions of Mount St. Helens:E. C. Y. Inn et al. . ................................................... 821

Changes in Stratospheric Water Vapor Associated with the Mount St. HelensEruption: D. G. Murcray et al .......................................... 823

Measurements of Cloud Condensation Nuclei in the Stratosphere Around thePlume of Mount St. Helens: C. F. Rogers, J. G. Hudson, W. C. Kocmond . 824

Filter Measurements of Stratospheric Sulfate and Chloride in the EruptionPlume of Mount St. Helens: B. W. Gandrud and A. L. Lazrus ............. 826

Trace Element Composition of the Mount St. Helens Plume: StratosphericSamples from the 18 May Eruption: T. Vossler et al ...................... 827

Characterization of Aerosols from Eruptions of Mount St. Helens:*R. L. Chuan, D. C. Woods, M. P. McCormick ...... .................... 830

Size Distributions and Mineralogy of Ash Particles in the Stratosphere fromEruptions of Mount St. Helens: N. H. Farlow et al ....................... 832

Absorption of Visible Radiation by Aerosols in the Volcanic Plume ofMount St. Helens: J. A. Ogren et al . ................................... 834

Measurements of the Imaginary Part of the Refractive Index Between 300and 700 Nanometers for Mount St. Helens Ash: E. M. Patterson .... ...... 836

Marine Macrophytes as a Global Carbon Sink: S. V. Smith ..... ................ 838

Fate and Transport of Dieldrin in Coralville Reservoir: Residues in Fishand Water Following a Pesticide Ban: J. L. Schnoor ..... ................ 840

Protein Antigens from Staphylococcus aureus Strains AssociaI withToxic-Shock Syndrome: M. L. Cohen and S. Falkow ..................... 842

Exercise Hyperpnea and Locomotion: Parallel Activation from theHypothalamus: F. L. Eldridge, D. E. Millhorn, T. G. Waldrop ..... ....... 844

Mutualism Among Sessile Invertebrates: A Mediator of Competition andPredation: R. W. Osman and J. A. Haugsness ...... ..................... 846

COVER

Graphic representation of large-scalefluctuations in the ocean and atmo-sphere referred to as El Niino. Theevent is characterized by excessivelywarm ocean water (fourth panel) off thecoast of Peru (second panel). During ElNifio warm water accumulation is ex-cessive, upwelling ceases completely,

-and large anchovy fishery (bottom panel) almost ceases. Coastal birds (middlepanel), which depend on fish for food,die in large numbers. This natural ca-tastrophe is linked to large-scale vari-ations in the tropical atmosphere (up-per panel). See Science, 2 January,page 22. [Design by W. C. Patzert,Scripps Institution of Oceanography,La Jolla, and Calvin Woo, HUMANI-GRAPHIC, San Diego.]

20 February 1981, Volume 21 1, Number 4484

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ratory SafetyLlly every teaching and research laboratory conducting studies inral sciences does so wit,, some measure df risk to personnel. Thehazards vary from field to field, but there is a widespread use of

Is, some of which are toxic. Fortunately, the dangers can be4d if some simple techniques are followed. The procedures ared at length in a new report of the National Research Council (NRC).Its of the report are presented (page 777) in this issue of Science.e time chemists were often exposed to many chemicals. This wasirly trie in academic institutions, where the halls of chemistrys usually reeked. But times are changing, and chemistry depart-many universities are cleaning up their act. In this effort they areehind the major chemical companies. I have visited chemicalries in five majori companies and in none of them could I detectchemicals. The reason was proper ventilation; chemical operationsg volatile substances were conducted in hoods. Besides exposurethe respiratory system, chemicals can enter the body through thehe mouth. Use of gloves and protective clothing can minimize entrythe skin. Personal hygiene, avoidance of mouth pipetting, and useion sense can preveht entry through the mouth.g academic chemists, awareness of potential hazards is leading toin laboratory practices both in research and in classwork. Use offunctioning hoods is becoming more widespread. Student experi-

re being changed to use smaller amounts of reagents and to avoidixic chemicals. Substances such as benzene and carbon tetrachlo-disappearing from reagent shelves. Safety officers are being

ed to monitor practices in laboratories. Lectures on chemicalare being given, and examinations are including questions bnIn other laboratories, where noncherfists are working, there arecilities for coping with chemical hazards. Means of ventilation, andirly hoods, are sometimes inadequate. There is also often lessIge about the toxic properties df various substances.current climate of litigiousness, all organizations dealing with

Is face dangers of costly suits. These can be minimized if prudents are implemented. At present, uniform regulations do not exist, butupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is likely toYulations to labotatories soon. Federal and state-supported labora-,e exempt from standards mnandated by OSHA and will formulatein, often differing, regulations. However, OSHA standards willus influence others.mulating its policies, OSHA has been constructively influenced by- report. In turn, the motivation for preparing the report was whats perceived as a threat to scietitific research in this country.*in 1977, OSHA had begun to engage in eontroversial activities and;sof misuse of its power emerged. The quality of informationLby OSHA at that time indicated an absence of competence in theto deal with chemical matters. Moreover, the top administrator,igham, did not respond to offers of assistance from Philip Handler,ident of the National Academy of Sciences. Scientists feared thattic regulations would be promulgated. In particular, there wasthat OSHA would impose on university laboratories the kinds ofins that would be issued for production plants where workers arelto a chemical 40 hours a week, year after year.3HA comment in the Federal Register on 22 January 1980 indicatesagency now recognizes that there may be a difference betweenty laboratories and production plants. When OSHA publishes itsins scientists can determine how much the agency has learnedhe past 4 years. If it has improved its posture, at least part of theill be due to the NRC report.-PHILIP H. ABELSON

kbelson, Science, 13 October 1978. p. 139.