27 June 1975Volume 188, No. 4195

NEWS ANI

RESEA

BOC

SCItE NOE

LETTERS Law of the Sea Negotiations: W. T. Burke; D. Shapley; Tetrapod GaitPatterns: R. J. Wassersug; "Ecology": A Clarification: R. P. McIntosh

EDITORIAL Solar Power in the Middle East: D. Hayes .........................

ARTICLES An Intercontinental Array-A Next-Generation Radio Telescope:G. W. Swenson, Jr., and K. I. Kellermann ...... ..............

Spatial Configuration of Macromolecular Chains: P. J. Flory...........

Social Consequences of Policy Toward Mental Illness: F. N. Arnhoff. . . ..

D COMMENT The CIA's Mail Cover: FAS Nearly Uncovered It. . . ..........

XYY: Harvard Researcher under Fire Stops Newborn Screening .........

Energy and the Coastal Zone: Pulling and Hauling among the Feds. . . ....

Federal Task Force Supplies Fuel for Fluorocarbon Debatee.............

ARCH NEWS Double Radio Sources: Energetic Evidence That Galaxies Remember.....

DK REVIEWS The Winds of Tomorrow, reviewed by R. C. Hunt; Ion Beams, B. R. Appleton;Inorganic Solids, F. A. Cotton; Sozialpolymorphismus bei Insekten,E. 0. Wilson; Books Received.............................

REPORTS Lunar Gravity: The First Farside Map: A. J. Ferrari . . . .. . . . . ..

. . . . . 1256

... 1261

. . 1263

. . . 12681277

. 12821284

. . . 1285

1286

. . . 1289

. . . 1293

. 1297

OARD OF DIECTOfRS ROGER REVELLE MChairan MARGARET MEAD WILLIAM D. MC ELROY RICHARD H. BOLT. EMILIO Q. DADDARIORetiring President, Chimn President President-Elect KENNETH B. CLARK EDWARD E. DAVID. JR.

MATHEMATICS (A) PHYSICS (B) CHEMISTRY (C) ASTRONOMY (D)O AR N A Victor L. Klee Victor F. Weisskopf William E. Hanford Carl SaganSSOREVARIS OF Truman A. Botts Rolf M. Sinclair Leo Schubert ArloU. Landolt

PSYCHOL.OGY (J) SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SCIENCES (K) HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE (L) ENGINEERING (M)Richard:. Atkinson Seymour M. Lipset Roger C. Buck Edward Wenk. Jr.Edwin P. Hollander Daniel Rich George Dasalla Paul H. Robbins

EDUCATION (Q) DENTISTRY (R) PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES (5) N FORMATION. COMPUTING. AND COMMUNICAP. James Rutherford Clifton 0.. Dummett James T. Doluisio Martin GreenbergerPhillip R. Fordyce Sholom PearmOan Raymond Jang Joseph Becker

ALASKA DIVISION PACIFIC DIVISION SOUTRWESTERN AND ROCKY MOUNTAINS William E. Davis Irma Duncan George A. Zentmyer Robert T. Orr :oseph A. chule Max P. Dunforc

ChairMman, Executive Committee Executive Secretary President Secretary Treasurert President Executive Offic

1ulseellicxettels ekI ecember,but wIth an *ftra WOOu ethe lutb*Tea In N*eme, y thAeican AsOcIt for the AdvancemnUt oSCOeceZ4 ae t Ave., NW W t C. 20. NowcomIned wIth Second-class postagep idatWht rooi D. and additional entry. Cpyright?t1975

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AMERICAN A$SSOCIATION FOR ITHE ADVANCEMENT or SCIENCE

REPORTS Psi Particles and Dyons: J. Schwinger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...............1300

Picosecond Kinetics of Events Leading to Reaction Center BacteriochlorophyllOxidation: K. J. Kaufmann et al. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......1301

A Tunneling Spectroscopy Study of Molecular Degradation Due to Electron Irradiation:P. K. Hansma and M. Parikh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................1304

Earthquakes, Active Faults, and Geothermal Areas in the Imperial Valley, California:D. P. Hill, P. Mowinckel, L. G. Peake ..... . ... ......................................... 1306

HL-A LD (Lymphocyte Defined) Typing: A Rapid Assay with Primed Lymphocytes:M. J. Sheehy et al.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1308

Lactosyl Ceramidosis: Normal Activity for Two Lactosyl Ceramide f-Galactosidases:D. A. Wenger et al. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1310

Visual Membranes: Specificity of Fatty Acid Precursors for the Electrical Responseto Illumination: T. G. Wheeler, R. M. Benolken, R. E. Anderson ...... ..................... 1312

Parasite Reproductive Strategy and Evolution of Castration of Hosts by Parasites:S. Obrebski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................1314

Reciprocation of Renin Dependency with Sodium Volume Dependency in Renal Hypertension:H. Gavras et al. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........1316

Insulin-Unresponsive Tissues Respond to Superactive Insulin-Like Material:T. Oka and Y. J. Topper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................1317

Adenosine Diphosphate Effect on Contractility of Human Muscle Actomyosin:Inhibition by Ethanol and Acetaldehyde: S. Puszkin and E. Rubin . . . . . . . . . . . . ........1319

Intracellular Distribution of Free Potassium in Chironomus Salivary Glands:L. G. PalmerandM. M. Civan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................1321

Technical Comments: BCG Inhibition of Melanoma: Specific?: G. L. Bartlett andJ. W. Kreider................................................................. 1322

PRODUCTS ANDMATERIALS

Recorder with Stimulator Module; Fluidized Bath; Miniature Portable Pyrometers;Radial Immunodiffusion Plate Viewer; Radiometer; Dissolved Oxygen Meter;Liquid Chromatograph; FORTRAN/RT-l 1 Software; Freezer; Literature ............. 1323

M. DAVISD H. GOOD)ENOUGHOGY AND GEOGRAPHY (E)Im E, Bensonon E. BsqueCAL SCIENCES (N)rt AustrianirdJ.JohnsISTICS (U)N.BennettGlas:er :X

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imerican Association for the Advancement of Science was founded in 1848 and incorporated in 1874. Itsts are to further the worli of Scientists, to facilitate -cooperation. among them, to improveItheeetOf sciencewInthe promotion of human welfare, andto increasepublicunderstantdin andappreciatonofnportance and promise of the methods of Ience in human progress., Pstmaster: Send Form 3519 to4CE. 1515 Mssachusetts Avenue. NW, Washington, D.C. 20005.

COVER

(Upper left) Three hundred-meter tele-scope, Max Planck Institut fur Radio-astronomie, Bonn, Germany; (upperright) 90-foot telescope, Owens ValleyObservatory, California Institute ofTechnology; (center) 120-foot telescope,Vermillion River Observatory, Universityof Illinois; (lower left) 130-foot telescope,Owens Valley Observatory, CaliforniaInstitute of Technology; and (lower right)85-foot telescope, Hat Creek Observa-tory, University of California, Berkeley.See page 1263. [G. W. Swenson, Jr.,University of Illinois at Urbana-Cham-paign, Urbana]

27 June 1975, Volume 188, Number

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and discussion of important issues related to the advance-ment of science, including the presentation of minority orconflicting points of view, rather than by publishing onlymaterial on which a consensus has been reached. Accord-ingly, all articles published in Science-including editori-als, news and comment, and book reviews-are signed andreflect the individual views of the authors and not officialpoints of view adopted by the AAAS or the institutionswith which the authors are affiliated.

Editorial Board1975

H. S. GUTOWSKYN. BRUCE HANNAYDONALD KENNEDYDANIEL E. KOSHLAND, JR.

DONALD LINDSLEYRUTH PATRICKRAYMOND H. THOMPSON

1976ALFRED E. BROWN FRANK PRESSJAMES F. CROW FRANK W. PUTNAMHANS LANDSBERG MAXINE SINGEREDWARD NEY ARTHUR M. SQUIRES

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SCIE:NCE4195

Solar Power in the Middle EastThe richest Middle Eastern oil state is seriously considering a major pro-

gram of solar development. There is talk of Saudi Arabia becoming the world'sfirst "solar economy" and of "using solar power to make the desert bloom."The motivations behind a major Arabian solar effort would be diverse. The

Saudis are acutely aware that their petroleum stocks are finite. They genuinelylament the explosive projected demand for oil as fuel and would welcome an al-ternative energy source which could serve to stretch their oil supply over alonger period. Global leadership in solar research could lead to continued Saudiimportance in global energy affairs.There also seems to be a genuine Arab desire to help their Third World sister-

states. The Saudis committed about 13 percent of their 1974 gross nationalproduct to foreign aid (compared to 0.25 percent for the United States). Manyof the world's poorer countries lie in geographical areas of high solar flux. If amajor Arab solar effort is embarked on, if progress is made in reducing the dol-lar cost and initial energy investment in manufacturing solar devices, and if thistechnology spreads around the equatorial band, the future geographic distribu-tion of global economic activity could be significantly influenced.Most of the current energy demand in nonindustrialized countries is for low-

grade heat. At present this energy is typically released from the combustion offirewood and animal dung both of which are in short supply. Indeed, the "fire-wood crisis" exacts its toll from more of mankind than does the oil crisis.Mass production of inexpensive solar stoves could substantially reduce the

demand for firewood. Solar hot air systems, useful for such purposes as spaceheating or crop drying, are being adapted to local conditions in many countries.Solar water heaters are already common in Israel, Cyprus, India, and Japan.

Solar water pumps have been available in the desert regions of the world fordecades, albeit at high prices. Frank Shuman built a 55-horsepower solar irri-gation pump near Cairo, Egypt, in 1913. Today the governments of Niger,Mauritania, Senegal, and Upper Volta are operating solar pumps, in hopesthat this technology may eventually help stem desert encroachment.Such inexpensive, elementary solar technologies could play an important role

in the Third World. What has not been so well recognized, however, is that thedevelopment of sophisticated solar technologies capable of providing economichigh-grade energy may have far-reaching implications for development pat-terns. Much of the global South has a greater solar potential than the industrialNorth. The ground-level solar flux in Saudi Arabia is roughly twice as high as inthe contiguous United States.

Progress has been slow in the development of competitive solar devices toprovide high-grade energy. But this situation is changing rapidly. Proposals formass-produced photovoltaic cells, solar thermal electric farms, bioconversionplantations, and wind power generators are no longer dismissed lightly.

Funding continues to be the central problem. Solar research has multipliedfivefold in the United States over the past 2 years, but solar technology re-mains among the lowest-priority items in the nation's energy budget. Thisfiscal year's federal outlay for fission nuclear research will be $678 million; forfusion it will be $147 million; for fossil fuel research it will be $253 million; andfor solar it will be $25 million, up from $9 million last year. (Next year's U.S.solar budget should be larger, reflecting the field's new political credibility.)

Technical research has tended to be limited to the highly developed nations,all of which are in the temperate zones. The recent spread of vast oil revenues tootherwise poor desert countries may change this pattern. Several Middle East-ern states have been contracting with American and European institutions todevelop new research "centers of excellence" in that region. This developmentcan be expected to lead to an increased research emphasis on topics of equa-torial concern. There could be no clearer indication of such a shift than thefunding of a major solar effort, designed to meet the needs of the global Southas well as the North.-DENIs HAYES, The Worldwatch Institute, 1776 Massa-chusetts A venue, NW, Washington, D. C. 20036