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Silicon Valley Mathematics
Initiative
Principal As Instructional
LeaderMathematics
Network Meeting
Mathematics Instruction for
English Language Learners
What do English
Language Learners
need?
…learn vocabulary
…learn vocabulary
…learn the mathematics register
…learn vocabulary
…learn the mathematics register
…participate in discourse around mathematics
What doTeachers of
English Language Learners
need?
…teach vocabulary
…teach the mathematics register
…engage students in meaningful discussions around mathematics
My premise…
Planning lessons with dual goals of developing
mathematics understanding and academic language will
improve ELLs ability to become proficient in DOING mathematics.
TODAY
subtleties of language
mathematics register vs. social register
the function of language in reasoning about mathematics
First, a bit more about me…
Norwood Street School, Los Angeles
Lawrence Hall of ScienceUniversity of California, Berkeley
Center for Mathematics
Excellence and Equity
"Excellence in mathematics education requires equity - high
expectations and strong support for all students."NCTM, Principles and Standards for School Mathematics (2000)
Literacy
Mathematics
Mathematics
Literacy
Mathematics
ELDLiteracy
Mathematics
ELD
MELD
Literacy
Two foundationaldefinitions
Language
MathematicsProficiency
What is Language?
A definition…
Language
is
a
System
for
communicating
concepts
ideas
feelings
and
thoughts…
through
sounds
gestures
signs
and
marks
A definition…
Language
is
a
System
for
communicating
concepts
ideas
feelings
and
thoughts…
through
sounds
gestures
signs
and
marks
Language is a system of finite arbitrary symbols combined according to rules of grammar for the purpose of communication. Individual languages use sounds, gestures and other symbols to represent objects, concepts, emotions, ideas, and thoughts.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language
In mathematics, logic and computer science, a formal language is a set of finite-length words (i.e. character strings) drawn from some finite alphabet, and the scientific theory that deals with these entities is known as formal language theory. Note that we can talk about formal language in many contexts (scientific, legal, linguistic and so on), meaning a mode of expression more careful and accurate, or more mannered than everyday speech.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language
What about…
Academic Language?
You write to ask me for my opinion of X, who has applied for a position in your department. I cannot recommend him too highly nor say enough good things about him. There is no other student of mine with whom I can adequately compare him. His thesis is the sort of work you don’t expect to see nowadays and in it he has clearly demonstrated his complete capabilities. The amount of material he knows will surprise you. You will indeed be fortunate if you can get him to work for you.
The
Language
of
each
discipline
used
to
communicate
about
that
discipline.
To communicate
what about that
discipline?
concepts
ideas
feelings
and
thoughts…
through
sounds
gestures
signs
and
marks
What is Mathematical Proficiency?
National Research Council. (2001) Adding it up: Helping children learn mathematics. J. Kilpatrick, J. Swafford, & B. Findell (Eds.)
Educating ELLs—The Vision
native-like levels of proficiency in English;
native-like levels of proficiency in English;
maintenance and promotion of students’ native language;
everyone in school is responsible for the education of ELLs;
everyone in school is responsible for the education of ELLs;
first-rate services and full access to those services;
knowledge of more than one language and culture is an advantage.
About Language…
Language is functional.
Language is functional.
Language varies.
Language is functional.
Language varies.
Language learning is cultural learning.
Language acquisition is a long-term process.
Language acquisition is a long-term process.
Language acquisition occurs through meaningful use and interaction.
Language processes develop interdependently.
Language processes develop interdependently.
Native language proficiency contributes to second language acquisition.
Social and academic language proficiencies are necessary for school success.
Why pay attention to langauge?
Travieso
SOLO
SOLO
PARTNER
SOLO
PARTNER
TABLE
SOLO
PARTNER
TABLE
WHOLE GROUP
How did it feel to have to solve a problem in language different from yours?
How did it feel to have to solve a problem in language different from yours?
Did you feel you had access to the problem? …to the language? …to the mathematics?
How do you design instruction with attention to English language development; in particular academic language development?
Isn’t that just good teaching?
English learners have a triple challenge…
For ELs, the ongoing triple challenge of handling “everyday” and [Academic] English, unfamiliar contexts/cultural norms, and content, all at the same time [particularly] during an on-demand setting can be quite daunting.
Carl Lager, UC Santa Barbara
…learn vocabulary
…learn vocabulary
…learn the mathematics register
…learn vocabulary
…learn the mathematics register
…participate in discourse around mathematics
vocabulary
Sometimes a mob might grift all day without turning them over, but this is unlikely except in the case of a jug mob which takes a limited number of pokes. He
who has on his person more than one billfold is something of a hazard both to himself and to the
mob, for each billfold can count as a separate offense if he should be caught. Therefore, it is safer to have cash only. Class mobs usually count the money each
time they skin the pokes. One stall commonly is responsible for all of it, and an accounting in full is
made at the end of the day. When there is a woman with the mob, she usually carries the knock up
(Maurer, 1955, p.194)
Word Map Strategy
Dual Meaning Word Strategy
Cognate Strategy
Feature Analysis Strategy
Word Map Strategy
Dual Meaning Word Strategy
The scientist needs to stir the solution after adding mold and bark. Then test to see if there is a gas… and test to see if the material sticks.
The scientist needs to stir the solution after adding mold and bark. Then test to see if there is a gas… and test to see if the material sticks.
Cognate Strategy
A veces los problemas de matemática incluyen números, sistemas de medidas u otros datos innecesarios para encontrar la solución. La información que no se necesita se llama información irrelevante. En algunos problemas hay que asumir cierta iformación para poder resolverlos.
ExponenteFórmulaTabla de frecuenciaNúmero racionalEcuación linealMultiplicarPropiedadNúmero negativo
ÁreaFraccionesCalcularApproximarSoluciónCírculoEcuaciónEstimarTriángulo
Feature Analysis Strategy
What does it mean to plan lessons with dual goals in mind?
In terms of language
Prior knowledge
Access content
Extend language
Prior knowledge
The procedure is actually quite simple. First you arrange items into different groups, of course one pile may be sufficient depending on how much there is to do. If you have to go somewhere else due to lack of facilities that is the next step; otherwise you are pretty well set. It is important not to overdo things. That is it is better to do too few things at once than too many. In the short run this may not seem important but complications can easily arise. A mistake can be expensive as well. At first the whole procedure will seem complicated. Soon, however, it will become another facet of life. It is difficult to forsee any end to the necessity for this task in the immediate future, but then one never can tell. After the procedure is completed one arranges the material into different groups once again. Then they can be put into their appropriate places. Eventually they will be used once more and the whole cycle will then have to be repeated. However, that is part of life. (Bransford & Johnson, 1972)
Students are not blank slates
Access content
Extend language
Which vocabulary words should be a focus of instruction in content areas that has English language learners in mind?
What does it mean to know a word?
When should vocabulary instruction happen for English language learners?
How do you teach content vocabulary to English language learners?
What shouldTeachers do?
Pick the right words
Pick the right words
Present them in motivating ways (texts)
Pick the right words
Present them in motivating ways (texts)
Provide learner-friendly definitions
Teach word-learning strategies (morphology, inferring from context)
Teach word-learning strategies (morphology, inferring from context)
Motivate ‘word awareness’
Teach all-purpose academic words:
Words for thinking: hypothesize, evidence, criterion
Words for thinking: hypothesize, evidence, criterion
Words for classifying: vehicle, utensil, process
Words for communication: emphasize, affirm, negotiate
Words for communication: emphasize, affirm, negotiate
Words for expressing relationships: dominate, correspond, locate
the mathematics
register
Academic Language
Is not anyone’s primary language.
Is not anyone’s primary language.
Does not work well in everyday situations.
It is an essential part of learning each subject.
It is an essential part of learning each subject.
To learn science includes learning the language of science.
Logic, analogy, and explanatory narrative dominate the text structures.
There are often pictures, demonstrations, diagrams, realia, experiments, and revisitation.
Many features of the academic language cross linguistic boundaries.
For example, mathematical equations and graphical displays are like sub-languages shared across languages.
The diagrams of how DNA works look the same in any language.
Everyday English (EE) vs.
Academic English (AE)
AE requires several proficiencies…
phonological
lexical
grammatical
discoursal
strategic
metalinguistic
Phonological
Phonological
Sounds:
Phonological
Sounds: tens vs. tenths
Phonological
Sounds: tens vs. tenths sixty vs. sixteen
Phonological
Sounds: tens vs. tenths sixty vs. sixteen sum vs. some
Phonological
Sounds: tens vs. tenths sixty vs. sixteen sum vs. some whole vs. hole
Phonological
Sounds: tens vs. tenths sixty vs. sixteen sum vs. some whole vs. hole off vs. of
Phonological
Phonological
Sounds:
Phonological
Sounds: T: How many halves do you have?
Lexical
Lexical
Three kinds of words:
Lexical
Three kinds of words: meaning in EE only
Lexical
Three kinds of words: meaning in EE only meaning in AE only
Lexical
Three kinds of words: meaning in EE only meaning in AE only meaning in EE and a different meaning in AE
Meaning in EE only
Meaning in EE only
cat
Meaning in EE only
cat taxi
Meaning in EE only
cat taxi because
Meaning in EE only
cat taxi because climb
Meaning in EE only
cat taxi because climb shelf
Meaning in EE only
cat taxi because climb shelf
dog
Meaning in EE only
cat taxi because climb shelf
dog lamp
Meaning in EE only
cat taxi because climb shelf
dog lamp etc.
Meaning in EE only
cat taxi because climb shelf
dog lamp etc.
The difficulty these words pose is the same whether we use them in EE or AE.
Meaning in AE only
Meaning in AE only
hypotenuse
Meaning in AE only
hypotenuse parallelogram
Meaning in AE only
hypotenuse parallelogram coefficient
Meaning in AE only
hypotenuse parallelogram coefficientquadratic
Meaning in AE only
hypotenuse parallelogram coefficientquadratichabitat
Meaning in AE only
hypotenuse parallelogram coefficientquadratichabitat
erosion
Meaning in AE only
hypotenuse parallelogram coefficientquadratichabitat
erosionphotosynthesis.
Meaning in AE only
hypotenuse parallelogram coefficientquadratichabitat
erosionphotosynthesis.
Students encounter these words in school and must learn their meaning from the teacher, the
textbook, or someone else who can explain them.
Specialized meaning in AE
Specialized meaning in AE
The scientist needs to stir the solution after adding mold and bark. Then test to see if there is a gas… and test to see if the material sticks.
Specialized meaning in AE
Specialized meaning in AE
The scientist needs to stir the solution after adding mold and bark. Then test to see if there is a gas… and test to see if the material sticks.
Specialized meaning in AE
Specialized meaning in AE
Is zero a “number”?
Specialized meaning in AE
Is zero a “number”? “I own a number of algebra books.”
Specialized meaning in AE
Is zero a “number”? “I own a number of algebra books.” “I have a number of friends.”
Specialized meaning in AE
Is zero a “number”? “I own a number of algebra books.” “I have a number of friends.” “I have visited a number of places.”
Specialized meaning in AE
Specialized meaning in AE
What is a line?
Specialized meaning in AE
What is a line? EE: any line segment
Specialized meaning in AE
What is a line? EE: any line segment AE: an infinite line
Specialized meaning in AE
Specialized meaning in AE
Is a straight line a curve?
Specialized meaning in AE
Is a straight line a curve? EE: not a curve
Specialized meaning in AE
Is a straight line a curve? EE: not a curve AE: the simplest example of a curve
Specialized meaning in AE
Specialized meaning in AE
“Or”
Specialized meaning in AE
“Or” Coffee or tea?
Specialized meaning in AE
“Or” Coffee or tea? Are you coming or going?
Specialized meaning in AE
“Or” Coffee or tea? Are you coming or going? Was that your husband or your boyfriend?
Specialized meaning in AE
“Or” Coffee or tea? Are you coming or going? Was that your husband or your boyfriend?Do it now or later?
Specialized meaning in AE
Specialized meaning in AE
“Or”
Specialized meaning in AE
“Or” EE: “or” is exclusive
Specialized meaning in AE
“Or” EE: “or” is exclusive AE: (logic) by convention “or” is inclusive. Thus, “A or B” is true if A or B or both.
Specialized meaning in AE
Specialized meaning in AE
Multiplying:
Specialized meaning in AE
Multiplying: EE: repeating addition, make things bigger
Specialized meaning in AE
Multiplying: EE: repeating addition, make things bigger AE: bigger, smaller, or neither
Specialized meaning in AE
Specialized meaning in AE
Dividing:
Specialized meaning in AE
Dividing: EE: cut into pieces, possibly equal pieces
Specialized meaning in AE
Dividing: EE: cut into pieces, possibly equal pieces AE: the same as multiplication (dividing by a non-zero number is multiplying by its reciprocal).
“Amoebas multiply by dividing.”
Grammatical
Grammatical
Rules/syntax of English
Grammatical
Rules/syntax of English Context is crucial.
Grammatical
Rules/syntax of English Context is crucial. Some words and the mathematical concept they represent differs depending on the context.
Grammatical
Grammatical
Rules/syntax of English
Grammatical
Rules/syntax of EnglishFor example, base and square will mean different things if we are discussing space or number.
Grammatical
Grammatical
Rules/syntax of English:
Grammatical
Rules/syntax of English: prepositions
Grammatical
Rules/syntax of English: prepositions
The temperature fell…
Grammatical
Rules/syntax of English: prepositions
The temperature fell… to 10 degrees
Grammatical
Rules/syntax of English: prepositions
The temperature fell… to 10 degrees by 10 degrees
Grammatical
Rules/syntax of English: prepositions
The temperature fell… to 10 degrees by 10 degrees from 10 degrees
Discourse
Discoursal
Discoursal
Discoursal
Knowledge of complex discourse devices used in specific academic genres
Strategic
Strategic
Strategic
Knowledge of cognitive and metacognitive strategies for reading, writing speaking and listening
Metalinguistic
Metalinguistic
Metalinguistic
Conscious knowledge of ways to correct utterances in academic speech and writing
Surround the pool
Write an expression for the number of tiles needed to surround a pool that is s feet on an edge.
s
s
Student Responses
Student Responsess + s + s + s + 4
Student Responsess + s + s + s + 4
4(s + 1)
Student Responsess + s + s + s + 4
4(s + 1)
4(s + 4)
Student Responsess + s + s + s + 4
4(s + 1)
4(s + 4)
4s + 4
Student Responsess + s + s + s + 4
4(s + 1)
4(s + 4)
4s + 4
2s + 2(s + 2)
Student Responsess + s + s + s + 4
4(s + 1)
4(s + 4)
4s + 4
2s + 2(s + 2)
8 + 4(s-1)
Write an expression for the number of tiles needed to surround a pool that is s feet on an edge.
s
s
S
S
Write an expression for the number of tiles needed to surround a pool that is s feet on an edge.
s
s
Write an expression for the number of tiles needed to surround a pool that is s feet on an edge.
s
s
Write an expression for the number of tiles needed to surround a pool that is s feet on an edge.
s
s
S + 2
Write an expression for the number of tiles needed to surround a pool that is s feet on an edge.
s
s
S - 1
Write an expression for the number of tiles needed to surround a pool that is s feet on an edge.
s
s
very little mathematical talk,
very little mathematical talk,
vague use of words,
very little mathematical talk,
vague use of words,
incomplete explanations
Is communication
important in mathematics?
Is communication in mathematics important for
English learners?
What does it look like in the classroom?
Why is English so hard?
I could not disagree with
you less.
Free gifts with every purchase.
I personally feel better
advanced planningnever beforepast historytired clichessworn affidavitfinal ultimatum
“the whole piece”
Up to 40% discount and more.
The soldier decided
to desert his dessert
in the desert.
The buck does funny things when
the does are present.
Upon seeing the tear
in the painting I shed a tear.
I spent last evening
evening out a pile of dirt.
Even(a side trip)
Social Register
The floor is even (smooth/liso)
The floor is even (smooth/liso)
The picture is even with the window (leveled/nivelado)
Sleep provides even rhythm in our breathing (regular/uniforme)
Sleep provides even rhythm in our breathing (regular/uniforme)
The dog has an even temperament (calm/calmado)
If we divide equally…we will be even (balance/igual)
If we divide equally…we will be even (balance/igual)
Looked sick and felt even worse (comparative/aún)
So simple even a child can do it (comparative/incluso)
Got even
Got even
To be even
Got even
To be even
Even out
Got even
To be even
Even out
Break even
Mathematics Register
Number: Even numbers (e.g., 2, 4, 6, etc.)
Number: Even numbers (e.g., 2, 4, 6, etc.)
Number: Even amounts (e.g., even amounts of sugar and flour)
Measurement: Exact amount (e.g., an even pound)
After a number of injections
my jaw got number.
A minute is a minute part of a
day.
There is no egg in eggplant nor ham in hamburger.
Sweetmeats are candies
while sweetbreads, which aren't
sweet, are meat.
Guinea pigs are neither from
Guinea nor are they pigs.
If a vegetarian eats vegetables, what does a
humanitarian eat?
If teachers taught, why didn't
preachers praught?
How can a slim chance and a fat chance be the
same,
while a wise man and a wise guy are
opposites?
Avoid some pitfalls:
miscommunication
What is the difference between
11 and 6?
"Eleven has two numbers,
6 has only one." "6 is curly, 11 is
straight."
Compute 11 - 6
“Take 7 from 93 as many times as you can.”
“Take 7 from 93 as many times as you can.”
"I get 86 every time."
“You can take 7 from 93 thirteen
times”
Which is the best estimate for the weight of a garbage truck?
5 pounds
8 tons
14 ounces
1,400 ounces
Teachers learn to amplify and enrich--rather than simplify--the language of the classroom, giving students more opportunities to learn the concepts involved
Aída Walqui, Teacher Quality Initiative
Reflect on practice
How am I providing my students opportunities to use academic language?
How am I creating the need for students to use the language?
Am I teaching my students the language tools they need to use academic language?
How do I know what language tools they need?
First, ________
Then, ________
If, ________
Then, ________
Why should we do all these?
To help them communicate
about mathematics
What about it?
To
communicate
mathematics
concepts
ideas
feelings
and
thoughts…
through
sounds
words
phrases
sentences
essays
discussions
and
justifications
…learn vocabulary
…learn vocabulary
…learn the mathematics register
…learn vocabulary
…learn the mathematics register
…participate in discourse around mathematics
To End…
English Rules of Thum (sic)
Don't use no double negatives.
Make each pronoun agree with their antecedents.
Join clauses good, like a conjunction should.
About them sentence fragments.
When dangling, watch your participles.
Verbs has got to agree with their subjects.
Just between you and i, case is important.
Don't write run-on sentences when they are hard to read.
Don't use commas, which aren't necessary.
Try to not ever split infinitives.
It is important to use your apostrophe's correctly.
Proofread your writing to see if you any words out.
Corect speling is esential.
A preposition is something you never end a sentence up with.
While a transcendent vocabulary is laudable, one must be eternally careful so that the calculated objective of communication does not become ensconsed in obscurity.
Fin