SignificanceNormal valueTest See reduction in thrombocytopenia.
150,000 400,000 cells/mm 3 Increased in thrombocytopenia or in
qualitative platelet disorders, such as prolonged aspirin intake
and von Willebrands disease. < 4 min 3 9 min Measures extrinsic
and common pathways. Prolonged in deficiencies of factors I, II,
VI, VII, and X in anticoagulant therapy and liver disease. 11 sec
(depends on laboratory control. Result expressed as ratio of
test/control) Prolonged with deficiencies in factors VIII, X, XI,
and XII (intrinsic) and in common pathway. Also increased in
heparin therapy. 35 sec (depends on laboratory control. Results
expressed as ratio of test/control)
Slide 4
SignificanceNormal valueTest Reduced in some anemias. Increased
in polycythemia. 4 5 million cells/mm 3 Increased in tissue
destructive disorders such as trauma, infections, and malignancies.
< 10 mm/hr < 20 mm/hr Volume of average red blood cell.
Reduced in microcytic anemia. Increased in macrocytic anemia. 82 98
3 Hgb content of individual RBC. Reduced in microcytic anemia.
Incraesed in macrocytic anemia. 30 g Average amount of Hgb in 100
ml of packed red blood cells. Reduced in hereditary spherocytosis.
Decreased in microcytic anemia. 35/dl
Slide 5
SignificanceNormal valueTest Increased in diabetes mellitus,
Cushings disease, acromegaly, stress, and increased epinephrine
output. Decreased in pancreatic tumors of islet cells, metabolic
defects, advanced cirrhosis, hepatitis, and insulin overdose. 80
120 mg/dl Increased in renal failure. Affected by metabolic
abnormalities and diet. 10 20 mg/ml Intracellular enzyme in hair,
liver, and heart. Increased in myocardial infarction. 5 50 l
mU/ml
Slide 6
SignificanceNormal valueTest Seen in patients with active
hepatitis B and in patients who are carriers. Normally not present
See in primary and secondary stages. Positive 2 3 weeks after
chancre formation. 100% positive in secondary stage. 80% in later
stages. Can see false positive results.
Slide 7
SignificanceNormal valueTest Increased in diabetes mellitus.
Normal levels two hours after standard glucose load. Should not
exceed 2X fasting level and should return to normal within 2 hr.
Periodic sampling for 2 hr after glucose load. Increased in
hyperparathyroidism and bone malignancies. 8.5 10.5 mg/dl Increased
in hypoparathyroidism. Decreased in hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D
deficiency, and malabsorption syndromes. 2.5 4.5 mg/dl Increased in
hyperparathyroidism, Pagets disease, hepatic disease, tumors of
bone, and osteogenesis imperfecta. Reduced in hypophosphatasia,
hypothyroidism, and malnutrition. 1.5 4.5 Bodansky units
Slide 8
SignificanceNormal valueTest Enzyme found in brain, liver,
heart, skeletal muscle, and pancreas, tissue destruction causes
increase, especially in myocardial infarction and hepatitis. 10 150
mU/ml Intracellualr enzyme of hepatocytes. Increased in liver
disease (hypatitis). 6 36 mU/ml Intracellular enzyme found in many
tissues including heart, skeletal muscle, liver, kidney, blood
cells, and skin. Increased in tissue-destructive diseases. 90 200
mU/ml Breakdown product of bilirubin. Increased in liver disease
increased production, and inability to excrete. 0.8 mg/dl Increased
in pancreatic and salivary gland disease and bowel obstruction. 60
150 somogyi units/dl Increased in kidney failure and breakdown of
muscle. 0.7 1.4 mg/dl
Slide 9
SignificanceNormal valueTest May indicate anemia if reduced,
polycythemia if increased. 14 18 g/dl 12 16 g/dl newborn 16 19 g/dl
children 11 16 g/dl Reduced in anemia. Increased in polycythemia.
40 54% 37 47% newborn 49 54% children 35 49% Increased in bacterial
infection, tissue-destructive disease, and some leukemia. Reduced
in aplastic anemia, drug-induced myelosuppression, viral infection,
and overwhelming bacterial sepsis, cyetic neutropenia 5,000 1,000
cells/mm 3
Slide 10
SignificanceNormal valueTest Increased in bacterial infection,
steroid therapy, following acute hemorrhage. Reduced in aplastic
anemia, cyclic neutropenia, cancer chemotheapy, and viral
infections, and overwhelming bacterial sepsis. 50 70% Increased in
certain viral infections, such as mononucleosis. 30 40% Increased
in some bacteria infections, such as subacute bacterial
endocarditis, tuberculosis, and typhoid fever. 3 7% Increased in
allergy, parasitic infections, Hodgkins disease, sarcoidosis,
metastatic carcinoma, and chronic skin (outoimmune) diseases. 0 5%
0 1%