Sick Building Syndrome

Sabah A. Abdul-WahabEditor

Sick Building Syndrome

in Public Buildings and Workplaces

123

EditorSabah A. Abdul-WahabSultan Qaboos UniversityP.O. Box 33123 Al-KhodMuscatOmansabah1@squ.edu.om

ISBN 978-3-642-17918-1 e-ISBN 978-3-642-17919-8DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-17919-8Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York

Library of Congress Control Number: 2011923659

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Foreword

H.E. Dr. Ali Soud Al-Bemani, Vice-Chancellor, Sultan Qaboos University (SQU), Sultanate ofOman

I had the pleasure of looking at this valuable effort by a group of internationalexperts from 16 countries on the topic of Sick Building Syndrome (SBS). Livingin an arid region which has witnessed an unprecedented rates of development andchanges in all aspects of everyday life, including design of buildings and the intro-duction of air conditioning, chemicals and synthetic materials into our homes, it isimportant for us to fully assess the quality of our indoor environments and life styles,with a view to ensure that our homes are health and pleasant to live in. The chap-ters of this book have elaborated in a clear style, yet scientifically solid, the causes,diagnostic tools, health impacts and mitigation approaches that may be applied toexisting and planned buildings. I would like to congratulate the authors and theeditor for this excellent effort.

We at SQU are proud of our policy to encourage scientific research that is relevantto health and well being of our community as well as the regional and global envi-ronments. Our staff are encouraged to excel both in teaching as well as in carrying

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research that address issues of concern to our community. We will always providethe support needed for such serious and relevant research programs. I would liketo see this line of research is continued and further developed both at SQU level aswell jointly with other research teams in our sister universities.

Introduction

Editor of the book, Prof. Dr. Sabah A. Abdul-Wahab, Sultan Qaboos University (SQU), Sultanateof Oman

Having worked on air pollution monitoring, assessment and modelling for manyyears, I felt intrigued when one of my bright students walked into my office to saythat she should not submit her project because every time she went to the library towork on the literature she would get a headache and feel sleepy. I took my papersand went to the section where she was looking for papers and sat for about 20 minbefore I experienced the symptoms my student described. I went to the maintenancedepartment and obtained a drawing of the building. I examined the design, size ofthe reading hall, light distribution and air conditioning. I read as many publishedstudies on the subject of sick buildings syndrome (SBS) as I could get my hands on.I took the opportunity of participating in a project at the Sultan Qaboos University(SQU) at Sultanate of Oman to design an Eco-House. The SQU Eco-House Projectis an initiative taken to demonstrate designs that are energy and water efficient andwhich can run on renewable energy sources. My role was to work on the indoorand outdoor environments. I started to apply theory and test some of the conceptson sick building syndrome. This was not easy, since it was not possible to totallyisolate the indoor environment from the outdoor environment. The lesson learned isthat one needs to have a holistic look, taking into account the fact that all factors arerelated including environmental factors outside, available building materials, typesof furniture as well as design of kitchens and cooking practices and other socialhabits of the community. As a result of gaining this understanding I thought it would

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be a good idea to bring experts in the various fields together and try to bring to thecommunity a comprehensive overview of sick building syndrome and obtain someideas of how to mitigate the effects of exposure by building occupants experiencingsuch conditions.

I am very proud of the product at your hands. This book has been written by col-leagues who are knowledgeable in their subjects and dedicated to their profession.We hope that you will find the chapters in this book compressive, realistic and easyto read.

Contents

1 Introduction to Sick Building Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Janis Jansz

2 Theories and Knowledge About Sick Building Syndrome . . . . . . 25Janis Jansz

3 Indoor Air Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59S. Müjdem Vural

4 Perceived IEQ Conditions: Why the Actual Percentageof Dissatisfied Persons is Higher than Standards Indicate? . . . . . 75Risto Kosonen, Mervi Ahola, Kirsi Villberg, and Tarja Takki

5 Sick Building Syndrome from the Perspectiveof Occupational and Public Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Hülya Gül

6 Psychosocial Factors that Aggravate the Symptoms of SickBuilding Syndrome and a Cure for Them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105Nami Imai and Yoshiharu Imai

7 Building Biology and Examination Models for Buildings . . . . . . 113Ayse Balanlı

8 The Influence of School Environment on the SBS Symptomsand the Development of Asthma and Allergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Motoko Takaoka and Dan Norbäck

9 Microbial Ecology of Indoor Environments: The Ecologicaland Applied Aspects of Microbial Contaminationin Archives, Libraries and Conservation Environments . . . . . . . 153Flavia Pinzari

10 Indoor Air Quality: Monitoring and Modeling Protocolfor Urban School Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Radha Goyal and Mukesh Khare

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11 Mould Growth on Library Materials Storedin Compactus-Type Shelving Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Flavia Pinzari and Mariasanta Montanari

12 Is Your Library Building Sick? A Case Study from the MainLibrary of Sultan Qaboos University at Sultanate of Oman . . . . 207Sabah A. Abdul-Wahab and Nahed Mohamed Bassiouni Salem

13 The Interaction Between the Physical Environment and People . . 239Derek J. Clements-Croome

14 Necessity of Counseling Institutions for Sick BuildingSyndrome Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261Nami Imai and Yoshiharu Imai

15 Investigation of Air Pollution in Large Public Buildingsin Japan and of Employees’ Personal Exposure Levels . . . . . . . 269Naoki Kunugita, Keiichi Arashidani, and Takahiko Katoh

16 Assessment of Chemical Hazards in Sick BuildingSyndrome Situations: Determination of Concentrationsand Origin of VOCs in Indoor Air Environmentsby Dynamic Sampling and TD-GC/MS Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . 289Eva Gallego, Francisco Javier Roca, José Franciso Perales,and Xavier Guardino

17 Is it Safe Enough to Depend on Ventilation?Recommendation of Radical Measures for Addressing SickBuilding Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335Yoshiharu Imai and Nami Imai

18 Building Related Illnesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341Gustavo Silveira Graudenz

19 A Continuous and Proactive Process to EnhanceWell-being Indoors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353Tarja Takki, Kirsi Villberg, Valtteri Hongisto, Risto Kosonen,and Anne Korpi

20 Sick Building Syndrome from an Architectural Perspective . . . . 371S. Müjdem Vural and Ayse Balanlı

21 The Role of Demographic and Psychosocial Factorsin Predicting SBS Symptoms in Workplaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393Gail Kinman and Andrew Clements

22 Epidemiologic Investigation Methods for Sick BuildingSyndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405Omur Cinar Elci, Shelly Rodrigo, and Muge Akpinar-Elci

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23 Noninvasive Health Assessment Methods in Sick BuildingSyndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423Muge Akpinar-Elci and Omur Cinar Elci

24 Solving Indoor Environmental Problems: What Can BeFound Out through Individual Measurements? . . . . . . . . . . . 439Anne Korpi, Tarja Takki, Maija Virta, Risto Kosonen,and Kirsi Villberg

25 Sick Building Syndrome from a MedicalPerspective-Symptoms and Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453Berndt Stenberg

26 Improvement of the Illumination Levels Combinedwith Energy Savings for a Residential Building . . . . . . . . . . . 463Sabah A. Abdul-Wahab and Syed Uzair Ahmed

27 Passive Methods to Address the Sick Building Syndromein Public Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481José A. Orosa and Armando C. Oliveira

28 Ventilation and the Air Ion Effect in the Indoor BuildingEnvironments: Impact on Human Health and Wellbeing . . . . . . 493Milos Nedved

29 Sick Building Syndrome and Indoor EnvironmentalQuality in China – A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509Yufeng Zhang and Xiuling Ji

30 Sick Building Syndrome Identification and Risk ControlMeasures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533Janis Jansz

31 The Way Forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589Mahmoud Yousef Abdulraheem

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Contributors

Mahmoud Yousef Abdulraheem Research Directorate, Kuwait Fund for theAdvancement of Sciences (KFAS), Kuwait, myaenv2@yahoo.com

Syed Uzair Ahmed Department of Mechanical Engineering, NED Universityof Engineering & Technology Karachi, Karachi 75950, Pakistan,syed-uzair@hotmail.com

Mervi Ahola Finnish Association of Mechanical Building Services Industries,Helsinki, Finland, mervi.ahola@teknologiateollisuus.fi

Muge Akpinar-Elci Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine,St. George’s University School of Medicine, Grenada, The Caribbean,makpinarelci@sgu.edu

Sabah A. Abdul-Wahab Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Department,College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman,sabah1@squ.edu.om

Keiichi Arashidani School of Health Sciences, University of Occupational andEnvironmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan, arashi@snow.ocn.ne.jp

Ayse Balanlı Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, YildizTechnical University, 34349, Istanbul, Turkey, balanli@yildiz.edu.tr

Andrew Clements Department of Psychology, University of Bedfordshire,Luton, Bedfordshire, England, UK, Andrew.Clements@beds.ac.uk

Derek J. Clements-Croome School of Construction Management andEngineering, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AW, UK,D.j.clements-croome@reading.ac.uk

Omur Cinar Elci Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine,St. George’s University School of Medicine, Grenada, The Caribbean,oelci@sgu.edu

Eva Gallego Laboratori del Centre de Medi Ambient, Universitat Politècnica deCatalunya (LCMA-UPC), 08028 Barcelona, España, eva.gallego@upc.edu

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Radha Goyal Delhi Zonal Laboratory, National Environmental EngineeringResearch Institute (NEERI), Delhi 110028, India, radhagoel02@yahoo.co.in

Gustavo Silveira Graudenz Department of Microbiology and Immunology,School of Medicine, Nove de Julho University, Sao Paulo, Brazil,ggraudenz@gmail.com

Xavier Guardino Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo(INSHT), Centro Nacional de Condiciones de Trabajo, 08028 Barcelona, España,xavierg@mtin.es

Hülya Gül Istanbul Medical Faculty, Public Health Department, IstanbulUniversity, 34093 Capa-Istanbul, Turkey, hulyagul@istanbul.edu.tr

Valtteri Hongisto Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Turku, Finland,valtteri.hongisto@ttl.fi

Yoshiharu Imai Division of Information Engineering, Graduate School ofEngineering, Mie University, Tsu City, Mie, Japan, imai@net.info.mie-u.ac.jp

Nami Imai Faculty of Medicine, School of Nursing, Mie University, Tsu City,Mie, Japan, nami-i@nurse.medic.mie-u.ac.jp

Janis Jansz Department of Health & Safety Environmental Health, CurtinUniversity, Perth, WA 6845, Australia; School of Communications and Arts, EdithCowan University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation ResearchCentre, Perth, WA 6845, Australia, j.jansz@curtin.edu.au

Xiuling Ji School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081, China, xiulingji0127@bit.edu.cn

Takahiko Katoh Department of Public Health, Graduate School of MedicalSciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan, katoht@kumamoto-u.ac.jp

Mukesh Khare Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of TechnologyDelhi, Delhi 110016, India, kharemukesh@yahoo.co.in

Gail Kinman Department of Psychology, University of Bedfordshire, Luton,Bedfordshire, LU1 3JU, UK, Gail.kinman@beds.ac.uk

Anne Korpi Department of Environmental Science, University of EasternFinland, Kuopio, Finland; Oy Halton Group Ltd., Helsinki, Finland,anne.korpi@halton.com

Risto Kosonen Oy Halton Group Ltd, Helsinki, Finland,risto.kosonen@halton.com

Naoki Kunugita Department of Environmental Health, National Institute ofPublic Health, Wako City, Saitama, Japan, kunugita@niph.go.jp

Mariasanta Montanari Istituto Centrale per il Restauro e la Conservazione delPatrimonio Archivistico e Librario Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali,00184 Rome, ms.montanari@libero.it

Contributors xv

Milos Nedved Occupational Safety and Hygiene Consultancy and TrainingServices, Willetton, WA 6155, Australia; School of Management, Edith CowanUniversity, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia, m.nedved@ecu.edu.au

Dan Norbäck Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University andUniversity Hospital, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden, dan.norback@medsci.uu.se

Armando C. Oliveira New Energy Technologies Unit, Faculty of Engineering ofPorto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal, acoliv@fe.up.pt

José A. Orosa Department of Energy and M.P., University of A Coruña.E.T.S.N.yM., Coruña, 15011, Spain, jaorosa@udc.es

José Franciso Perales Laboratori del Centre de Medi Ambient, UniversitatPolitècnica de Catalunya (LCMA-UPC), 08028 Barcelona, España,jose.fco.perales@upc.edu

Flavia Pinzari Istituto Centrale per il Restauro e la Conservazione del PatrimonioArchivistico e Librario. Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali, 00184 Rome,Italy, flavia.pinzari@beniculturali.it

Francisco Javier Roca Laboratori del Centre de Medi Ambient, UniversitatPolitècnica de Catalunya (LCMA-UPC), 08028 Barcelona, España,fco.javier.roca@upc.edu

Shelly Rodrigo Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine,St. George’s University School of Medicine, Grenada, The Caribbean,srodrigo@sgu.edu

Nahed Mohamed Bassiouni Salem Librarianship and Information Department,Faculty of Arts, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman,naheds@squ.edu.om

Berndt Stenberg Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine,Dermatology and Venereology, Umeå University, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden,berndt.stenberg@dermven.umu.se

Motoko Takaoka Department of Biosphere Sciences, School of Human Sciences,Kobe College, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan, takaoka@mail.kobe-c.ac.jp

Tarja Takki Oy Halton Group Ltd., Helsinki, Finland, tarja.takki@halton.com

Kirsi Villberg Oy Halton Group Ltd., Helsinki, Finland,kirsi.villberg@halton.com

Maija Virta Green Building Council Finland, Helsinki, Finland,maija.virta@figbc.fi

S. Müjdem Vural Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, YildizTechnical University, 34349 Istanbul, Turkey, smujdem@gmail.com

Yufeng Zhang Department of Architecture, State Key Laboratory of SubtropicalBuilding Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640,China, zhangyuf@scut.edu.cn

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Biographies of Author

Dr. Mahmoud Yousef Abdulraheem, Author of Chapter 31

Mahmoud Yousef Abdulraheem is Director of the Research Directorate (RD) atKuwait Fund for the Advancement of Sciences (KFAS). RD is dedicated to providefunding opportunities to Kuwaiti scientists, research institutions, universities as wellas government and private institutions and companies in the areas of environment,water, human health, education and petroleum-related topics.

After serving over 27 years as in the Environment Protection Department andthe Environment Protection Council Kuwait, Dr. Abdulraheem became TechnicalCoordinator of the Regional Organization for the Protection of the MarineEnvironment (ROPME) in 1995. He then served as the Regional Director of UNEPRegional Office for the West Asia (ROWA) until 2004 and then as an advisor to theSecretary General of the Abu Dhabi Environmental Agency, before moving back toKuwait in 2008.

Dr. Abdulraheem provides consultancy to the Central Committee for the Follow-up of the Environmental Rehabilitation Program established by the Council ofMinisters, to coordinate the efforts of remediation of war related environmental

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damage. He also provides consultancy services to UN organization and environ-mental agencies in the region. He has written several reports for the EnvironmentProtect ion Council on health related issues, including indoor air quality, healthrisks associated with air contaminants and developing guidelines for health indoorand work environments.

Syed Uzair Ahmed, Co-author of Chapter 26

Syed Uzair Ahmed is currently a MSc. Student and Research Assistant at theDepartment of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, University of Ulsan,South Korea. He is a Mechanical engineer having worked with energy and envi-ronmental projects. He did his graduation from NED University of Engineering& Technology, Karachi, Pakistan. He also served the university as a Lecturer fora year. His teaching experience is in Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Drawing.He has been very actively involved in the energy related activities. He has alsoworked on the project of Green Building designs during his studies. He alsoworked for a short time at Sultan Qaboos University in the project related to GreenBuilding design. Also, he has been a very active member of American Society ofMechanical Engineers (ASME), American society of Heating, Refrigeration andAir-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) and Pakistan Heating, Ventilation, Air-conditioning and Refrigeration (Pakistan HVACR). He was also awarded fromAMSE-NED Chapter for his work. His research interests are energy systems, renew-able energy, sustainable development and green building, building controls forenergy management function and statistical analysis.

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Mervi Ahola, Co-author of Chapter 4

M.Sc. Mervi Ahola is currently working as an Advisor at Finnish Associationof Mechanical Building Services Industries (FAMBSI). Her current responsibil-ities include project management and project work related to indoor air quality,thermal comfort and energy efficiency issues. She worked previously as an IndoorEnvironmental Specialist at Halton Group in Finland. She has also worked as aresearcher at Helsinki University of Technology and as a consultant.

Dr. Muge Akpinar-Elci, Co-author of Chapter 22 and author of Chapter 23

Dr. Muge Akpinar-Elci received her M.D. in 1991 from Dokuz Eylul University,School of Medicine in Izmir, Turkey. She completed a Pulmonology internship in1992 at the Budapest Postgraduate Medical School, Institute of Pulmonology in

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Budapest, Hungary. In 1994 she completed a Certificate of occupational healthpractice from the Turkish Medical Association in Izmir, Turkey. Her residence inPulmonology and Tuberculosis was completed in 1997 at the Chest Diseases andSurgery Training Research Hospital, in Izmir, Turkey. In 2004 Dr. Akpinar-Elcireceived a Master of Public Health from Tulane University School of Public Healthand Tropical Medicine in New Orleans, LA.

Dr. Akpinar-Elci has clinical and field research experience in occupational healthand continues to conduct research in her current position at St. George’s University.Her areas of expertise include Occupational Health, Public Health, Epidemiology,Occupational Respiratory Diseases, and Respiratory Research Methods.

She has been the recipient of several awards including: Centers for DiseaseControl and Prevention, Bullard-Sherwood Research to Practice award, 2008; EastCarolina University Division of Health Sciences, Author Recognition Award 2006;On-the-Spot-Award of Department of Health and Human Services, Public HealthService for commitment, initiative, and hard work under difficult circumstances in2002 and 2006.

Dr. Akpinar-Elci is currently an Associate Professor at St George’s UniversitySchool of Medicine, in the Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicineand Track Director of Environmental and Occupational Health.

Prof. Dr. Sabah A. Abdul-Wahab, Editor of the book and author of Chapters 12 and 26

Sabah A. Abdul-Wahab is currently a Full Professor in the Department ofMechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan QaboosUniversity in Oman. She is a Chemical Engineer experienced in environmental engi-neering, with an emphasis on environmental protection. She received her doctoratefrom Bath University, UK in 1999. Her teaching experience is in the areas of unitoperations, mass transfer, transport phenomena, reactor design, thermodynamics,heat transfer, computer programming, numerical methods, wastewater treatment,landfills and environmental engineering. She has been actively involved in envi-ronmental chemical engineering research. Prof. Abdul-Wahab has published more

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than 100 referred international journal articles and around 10 chapters in books.The publications covered chemical and environmental engineering topics as wellas various academic and educational issues. She has served as the Editor of aSpecial Issue on the “The International Journal of Environmental Studies” enti-tled “Women’s Environmental Activities in the Middle East and North Africa”(in 2009). She has also served as the Editor of a Special issue of the “AmericanJournal of Environmental Sciences”, 2 volumes (in 2006–2008). Also, she has beeninvited to be a member of editorial boards of many international environmentaland engineering journals. Prof. Abdul-Wahab has received several research awardsrecognitions, the latest of which were First Prize of the Saudi Arabia EnvironmentalManagement Award (Arab Administrative Development Organization, ARADO,League of Arab States, December 2008), Distinguished Teaching Excellence Award(College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, 2 May 2007), EnvironmentalAdvocacy Award from the Arab Towns Organization Award (30 April 2007),and Distinguished Researcher Award (College of Engineering, Sultan QaboosUniversity, 2 May 2005). Her research interests are liquid desiccant air dehumid-ifier studies, monitoring of pollutants in the atmosphere, modelling and assessment,outdoor air quality, indoor air quality, air pollution control, modelling and chem-istry of ozone formation, modelling of the dispersion of air pollution in theatmosphere, thermal inversion, particulate pollutants characteristics, environmen-tal impact assessment studies, atmospheric corrosion of metals, neural network andstatistical analysis, water desalination, solar and renewable energy.

Emeritus Prof. Dr. Keiichi Arashidani, Co-author of Chapter 15

Dr Keiichi Arashidani is currently an Emeritus Professor in the Department ofEnvironmental measurement and Control, School of Health Sciences, Universityof Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan. He received the Doctor Degreeof Science at Tokyo University Science, Japan in 1976. In 2006, he was presented

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with the scientific award from Japan Society for Atmospheric Environment. He is aDirector of the Japan Society for Atmospheric Environment.

During his educational activities at the university education for 30 years, hehas been teaching subjects in the field of working environmental control, indus-trial health, environmental science, atmosphere environment. His research topicswere monitoring of pollutants including the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons inthe atmosphere, outdoor and indoor air quality, chemical sensitivity, nanomaterialcharacterization in factory, nanomaterial toxicology, human health estimation ofenvironmental tobacco smoke, estimation of the health effect at toluene exposure,and so on. He is interested in the wide area pollutions as such yellow sand and hehas been energetically investigating it recently.

Prof. Dr. Ayse Balanlı, Author of Chapter 7 and co-author of Chapter 20

Prof. Dr. Ayse Balanlı is currently a fulltime Professor in Department ofArchitecture, Faculty of Architecture, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey.She studied in I.D.G.S.A (Istanbul State Academy of Fine Arts) Departmentof Architecture, got her bachelor and master’s degree in the same universityin 1973. She started her academic career in 1975 as a research assistant atI.D.M.M.A. (Istanbul State Academy of Engineering and Architecture), Departmentof Architecture. She has concluded her PhD studies in 1981 in the same university.In 2006 she was appointed Professor at Yildiz Technical University. She has devel-oped and taught a course for postgraduate and doctoral students about BuildingBiology for first time in Turkey in 1983 and also she has taught a number ofother graduate and post graduate courses including “Architectural Design Studio 2”,“Application Project 1”, “Building Elements 1”, “Building Elements 2”, “ProductSelection Methods 1”, “Product Selection Methods 2”, “Seminar”, “Methodology”.She has been and is advisor of many master and doctoral students. She has also beenon the juries of many master and doctoral thesis. She has many articles and papersin international and national journals, conferences, seminars about building biol-ogy, product selection methods, building materials, building components, indoor airquality and architectural education and she has written two books: Yapı Biyolojisi –Yaklasımlar (Building Biology – Approaches) and Yapıda Ürün Seçimi (Product

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Selection in Buildings). She has held many administrative titles during her academiclife and currently she is the head of Building Science Unit and Building Elementsand Materials Division in Yildiz Technical University Architecture Department.

Andrew Clements, Co-author of Chapter 21

Andrew Clements is a PhD student at the University of Bedfordshire, UK. Hisresearch programme focuses on issues relating to the commitment of students train-ing for vocations such as nursing and social work. Other research interests includewellbeing, and organizational and professional cultures. He is also a member ofthe UK Psychology Postgraduate Affairs Group (PSYPAG) committee as a SectionRepresentative.

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Prof. Derek Clements-Croome, Author of Chapter 13

Professor Derek Clements-Croome is founder of the MSc Intelligent BuildingsCourse at the University of Reading originally funded by EPSRC. The second edi-tion of the book Creating the Productive Workplace (Clements-Croome 2000) waspublished by Routledge in 2005. The book Intelligent Buildings (Clements-Croome2004) became available in 2004 and is also available in Chinese since 2006.

He has a portfolio of many projects including sustainability, building facades,system reliability, building rating methodology (recently with the University ofDundee and Hilson Moran) and design quality (including ventilation) in schools andthe effects of design on students learning. All these projects were funded by EPSRC/former DTI. He works in China, Sudan, Hungary, Finland and other countries.

He was Vice-President of CIBSE in 2005–2007 and chairs CIBSE committeeson Intelligent Buildings that has over 3,000 members from over 118 countries,and Natural Ventilation of a similar size. He is a member of the College forEngineering and Physical Sciences Research Council ( EPSRC) and also has servedon the Dynamics of Ageing Panel for the Economics and Social Sciences ResearchCouncil.

He was President of National Conference of University Professors in UK in2006–2008. He is founder and Editor of the peer reviewed journal IntelligentBuildings International published by Earthscan since 2009. He is also a memberof the UK Green Building Council and sits on the Board for the British Council forOffices.

He is an amateur violinist and violist.

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Dr. Omur Cinar Elci, Author of Chapter 22 and co-author of Chapter 23

Dr. Omur Cinar Elci has 25 years of public health, epidemiology, and occupa-tional health field experience and over 15 years of research and teaching experienceincluding funding from National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Center for DiseaseControl (CDC). While residing in Izmir, Turkey, Dr. Elci received a Doctor ofMedicine (MD) from Ege University, School of Medicine, 1986, a Certificateof Occupational Health Practice from Turkish Medical Association, 1988 and aPhD in Public Health from Dokuz Eylul University, School of Medicine, HealthSciences Institute, Department of Public Health, 1997. He was awarded the Fogartypost-doctoral fellowship in occupational epidemiology from National Institutes ofHealth, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics,Occupational Epidemiology Branch, Rockville, MD, 2001.

Dr. Elci’s teaching career began in 1997 as an instructor and a trained problembased learning tutor at Dokuz Eylul University, School of Medicine, Department ofPublic Health, Izmir, Turkey. Upon completion of his post doctoral fellowship in2001, Dr. Elci took a position with the CDC, National Institute for OccupationalSafety and Health, Division of Respiratory Disease Studies as Epidemiologist, andwas promoted to Branch Epidemiologist in 2003 with the Health Effect LaboratoryDivision, Exposure Assessment Branch, both located in Morgantown, WV.

Over the course of his career, Dr. Elci has received several awards includingthe Bullard-Sherwood Research to Practice award, CDC, 2008. He is currentlyemployed by St. George’s University as Professor and Chair of the Department ofPublic Health and Preventive Medicine.

xxvi Biographies of Author

Dr. Eva Gallego, Author of Chapter 16

Eva Gallego, Environmental Sciences, Graduated and PhD by the UniversitatAutònoma de Barcelona (UAB). She developed her PhD research in the ConsejoSuperior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain, in the distribution and theprocesses that experience natural and anthropogenic pollutants in the ecosystems.Since 2006 Eva has been working in the Laboratori del Centre de Medi Ambient(LCMA), of the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), specializing in chem-ical air quality research. She also develops different educational activities in theUPC in the areas of chromatography and chemical detection of odours. She has apermanent collaboration with the National Centre for Working Conditions (CNCT)from Barcelona, of the National Institute of Safety and Health (INSHT, Ministryof Labour of Spain), within the program of Environmental and Biologic Analysisfor the development of scientific work in the atmospheric environmental area.Dr. Gallego has published 9 referred international journal articles and 4 chaptersin books. The publications covered both indoor and outdoor air quality as well asmethodologies to determine the origin of odours and chemical pollutants throughchemical analysis of pollutants, social participation and numerical modelling. Shehas worked in 10 research projects, both European and National, and has also partic-ipated in 14 projects with special relevance with companies and/or private or publicfunding bodies. Her research interests are the assessment of pollutants in the atmo-sphere through chemical control and a posterior modelling of air quality in urban,industrial and rural zones. Indoor air quality, sick building syndrome and multiplechemical sensitivity are also topics of her concern.

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Dr. Radha Goyal, Author of Chapter 10

Radha Goyal is currently employed as Fellow Scientist at Delhi Zonal Laboratoryof National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), one of the pres-tigious laboratories under Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR),India. She is an Environmental Scientist having experience in air pollution andhealth with special emphasis on indoor air quality and exposure assessment. Shereceived her doctoral degree from Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Instituteof Technology Delhi in year 2009 and master’s degree from G.G.S. IndraprasthaUniversity, Delhi in year 2001. Dr. Radha has published more than 7 articles in inter-national journals of repute and 3 chapters in books. She has presented more than 10papers in various international and national conferences, seminars and workshops.Her publications are on various environmental issues such as biological treatmenttechnologies for industrial wastewaters, rainwater harvesting, studying propertiesof fly ash for its reuse as a land filling material, indoor air pollution, health etc.Her research interests are mainly in area of air pollution monitoring, modeling andexposure assessment, climate change and sustainable development.

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Dr. Gustavo Silveira Graudenz, Author of Chapter 18

Gustavo Silveira Graudenz Graduated in medicine in 1991, finished medical spe-cialization in allergy and immunology in 1998. Gets the PhD degree from theUniversity of Sao Paulo, Brazil in 2002, in indoor pollution exposure in office build-ings. Finishes post-doc in the University of Sao Paulo in a multidisciplinary workon temperature changes exposure to allergic groups in 2006. Clinical AssociateProfessor of Medicine (immunology and microbiology division), Nove de JulhoUniversity in Sao Paulo since 2010.

Dr. Xavier Guardino-Solà, Co-author of Chapter 16

Xavier Guardino-Solà, Chemical Engineer, Graduated and PhD by the Universitatde Barcelona (UB), Master in Engineering and Environmental Management by theUniversitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Technical Auditor fromENAC and Specialist on Working Risk Assessment, is currently the Head ofDepartment of Information and Documentation of the National Centre for Working

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Conditions (CNCT) from Barcelona, of the National Institute of Safety and Health(INSHT, Ministry of Labour of Spain). From 1972 to 1977 he worked at theCentre for Research and Development (CID) of the National Council for ScientificResearch (CSIC) at Barcelona. From 1977 until 2008 he worked as a Chief ofLaboratory of Gas Chromatography, as Chief of Hygiene and Chemical AnalysisUnit and, since 2008, as a Head of Department of the INSHT. He develops differ-ent educational activities in the INSHT and also at several universities: IQS-URL,UB, Pompeu Fabra, Autonomous University of Barcelona, UPC, Rovira i Virgili(Tarragona), Vic (Barcelona), Oviedo, and Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain). He wasthe Editor of the Chapter Indoor Air Quality of the Encyclopaedia of OccupationalHealth and Safety (4th edition) of the International Labour Office and author ofsome chapters of books and papers and scientific communications on AnalyticalChemistry (mainly Chromatography), Environmental Quality, Safety and Health,Indoor Air Quality and Prevention of Health at Work. He has participated indifferent activities of de UE (i.e., SAIL Group and at RiskofDerm Project (QLK4-CT-1999-01107)). He is author or co-author of 63 papers and 117 oral and posterspresentations in a national and international meetings and conferences.

Dr. Hülya Gül, Author of Chapter 5

Hülya Gül has been working in the Department of Public Health in Medical Faculty,Istanbul University. She got her PhD degrees in preventive oncology and publichealth from Istanbul University Medical Faculty in 1995 and 2002, respectively. Shestudied at the Occupational Studies Section of National Cancer Institute in NationalInstitute of Health in USA for a term in 1992. She has been actively involving inresearch on environmental and occupational health. She is the author of about morethan 80 papers in national and international journals and conference proceedings.She has taken 20 projects from the Research Fund of the University of Istanbul and

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other sources. She has five scientific awards. She is a member of national and inter-national commissions and working groups on industrial safety and environmentalhealth. Her major areas of interest are the chemical and psychological risks in thework environment, risk assessment and management, environmental epidemiology,indoor and outdoor air quality, occupational cancer epidemiology etc.

Adj. prof. Valtteri Hongisto, Co-author of Chapter 19

Adj. prof. Valtteri Hongisto is a senior research scientist in Finnish Institute ofOccupational Health in Turku. Dr. Hongisto works in the indoor environment groupwhich is specialized in acoustic, ventilation and lighting design in office envi-ronments. His main task is to create and manage large national applied scientificresearch projects which aim at better indoor environment in workplaces and at bet-ter indoor environment products. Dr. Hongisto has published more than 20 scientificjournal articles including peer-review process and, altogether, more than 200 scien-tific articles. The publications cover room acoustics in workplaces, sound insulationof structures and psychological effects of noise in office environments. The sec-ondary occupation is an adjunct professor and a lecturer of building acoustics in theAalto University in Helsinki.

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Yoshiharu Imai, Co-author of Chapters 6, 14 and author of Chapter 17

Yoshiharu Imai is director of Applied Information Technology Laboratory. Heis co-researcher of Dr. Nami Imai’s research especially analysis and supports herresearch from engineering point of view. He researched mainly about reductionof toxic chemicals in indoor air and it was described in “Specifying the Sourceof the Indoor Air Formaldehyde Contamination and Verifying the Effectivenessof the Radical Measures to Improve the Indoor Air Condition” in 2007. He hasa wide field of activity such as technology consulting, technical writing, profes-sional engineer training and translation especially treatise including Dr. Nami Imai’swork. His research interest is prevention of IT engineers’ death from overwork. Heattempts to approach his goal by developing tools for project management suchas cost estimation and quality admeasurement tools of software and is researchingthem at Division of Information Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, MieUniversity.

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Dr Nami Imai, Author of Chapters 6, 14 and co-author of Chapter 17

Nami Imai is currently an Associate Professor in the School of Nursing Facultyof Medicine, Mie University in Japan. She was a registered nurse experienced insurgical unit and emergency unit at Mie University Hospital in Japan. She receivedher doctorate from Osaka University, Japan in 2005. Her teaching experience is inthe areas of human anatomy and structure, basic nursing concepts, nursing theoryand nursing process, science and art in nursing and clinical ecology nursing. Sheis an active researcher in a field of human actions related the environment, and shetalked about her researches at IPP-SHR interview at 2008 (listen to the web-site;IPP-SHR, podcast #52). Dr. Imai is managing to the Nursing Counseling Room(NCR) in the city of Tsu, Mie, Japan from 2006. Her research interest are pattern ofbehavior of sick building syndrome (SBS) and multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS)patients, expansion of nursing with SBS and MCS, establish the clinical ecologynursing. She became a mother of a baby boy at October 2009, and she becameincreasingly active for the future and health of human beings and also for her son.

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Dr Janis Jansz, Author of Chapters 1, 2 and 30

Dr Janis Jansz, RN., Dip.Tch., BSc, Grad.Dip. OHS, MPH, PhD, FSIA isemployed as a Senior Lecturer in Occupational Health and Safety EnvironmentalHealth at Curtin University and has an Adjunct Senior Lecturer appointment atEdith Cowan University in the School of Management. Since 1996 Janis hasbeen the Director of the International Labour Organisation (ILO) Communications,Information, Safety (CIS) Centre in Western Australia. She has been a member ofthe Executive Committee of the Safety Institute of (Western) Australia Inc. from1990 and was the first female President from 1997 to 2000. Janis was Editor of theAustralian National Safety Journal from 1994 to 2000. She was awarded the “SafetyInstitute of (Western) Australia Inc. Member of the Year” in 1994 and in 1999 forher professional work in improving occupational safety. Dr Jansz is a Member ofthe Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, the World Health OrganisationCollaborating Centre for Environmental Health Impact Assessment, Centre forResearch in Entertainment, Arts, Technology, Education and Communications anda Member of the Curtin – Monash Accident Research Centre. Since 1988 Janis hasbeen a Member of the Occupational Health Society and is currently an ExecutiveCommittee Member of this organisation. Since 1997 Janis has been Director, WorldSafety Organisation National Office for Australia, Member of the Board of Directorsfor World Safety Organisation and Editor of the World Safety Journal from 2002.She continues to hold all of these positions. In 2005 Dr Jansz was awarded theWorld Safety Education Award for her contribution internationally to providingoccupational safety and health education. In recognition of her professional workimproving occupational safety and health world-wide through her teaching, researchand professional work in improving occupational safety and health Dr Janis Janszwas presented with the award of ’World Safety Person of the Year at the WorldSafety Conference in the United States of America in 2001.

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Dr Jansz began her career working as a registered nurse where she cared forpeople who were ill, injured and people who died. She enjoys working as anoccupational safety and health professional because she has the opportunity toimprove people’s health, the work environment, work processes, management andbusiness profitability while preventing people from becoming ill, injured or dyingdue to work related causes. Dr Jansz appreciates being able to share occupa-tional safety and health knowledge with other people through teaching, researchand writing activities. Author of over 100 journal articles, textbook chapters andconference papers she has written the distance education material for 18 units ofoccupational safety and health study for two universities. Research and teachingactivities are centred on Occupational Safety and Health Management, Ergonomics,Communicable Disease Control, Health Promotion, Safety Inspections, Audits andRisk Management, Accident Prevention and on developing Safety ManagementPlans, Occupational Safety and Health Policies, Procedures and Programs.

Dr Xiuling Ji, Co-author of Chapter 29

Dr Xiuling Ji is currently an Assistant Professor in the School of MechatronicsEngineering at Beijing Institute of Technology in China. She received her doc-torate from Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine in 2003. She has beenactively involved in built environment research and her research interests are humanresponses to indoor and outdoor thermal environment, CFD simulation of indoorflow fields, heat and mass transfer modelling and environmental impact assessment.

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Prof. Dr. Takahiko Katoh, Co-author of Chapter 15

Takahiko Katoh is currently a Chief Professor in the Department of Public Health,Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University in Japan. He graduatedfrom School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health(UOEH) in 1984 and received his doctorate from UOEH, Japan in 1992. His teach-ing experience is in the areas of environmental health, occupational medicine, andcancer epidemiology. He also has been actively involved in environmental andmolecular epidemiology. Dr. Katoh has published more than 100 referred interna-tional journal articles and around 10 chapters in books. The publications coveredenvironmental and occupational Helath. He has served as the member of EditorialBoard of “Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine (2003–2006)”and“Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology (2005-present)”. Dr. Katoh has receivedseveral research awards recognitions, the latest of which were the Academic Awardof Japan Society for Occupational Health in 2010.

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Prof. Dr. Mukesh Khare, Co-author of Chapter 10

Mukesh Khare is a full time professor at Department of Civil Engineering, IndianInstitute of Technology Delhi since 1990. He is a National Merit Scholarshipholder, is graduate in Civil Engineering (1977) and Master in Civil Engineering(1979) with specialization in environmental engineering from the University ofRoorkee. Dr. Khare received his doctoral degree in Environmental Engineering fromthe Newcastle University, UK in 1989, sponsored by the Ministry of Education,Government of India under their National Scholarship programme. Prior to join-ing IIT Delhi in 1990, Dr. Khare worked as Assistant Environmental Engineer inUttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board. Subsequently, he was a fellow to CSIRat the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) at Nagpur.He is recognized consultant to many Indian and International bodies e.g. CentralPollution Control Board, Oil & Natural Gas Commission, National Thermal PowerCorporation, Nuclear Power Corporation (India); Associates in Rural Development,Virginia, USA. He is a member of Board of Directors in Hindustan Copper Ltd.Dr. Khare has published more than 40 research publications in International &National refereed journals and conferences. He has been offered visiting facultypositions to many university/institutes abroad that includes the Asian Institute ofTechnology, Bangkok, University of Technology, Lae, Papua New Guinea andUniversity of Swaziland, Southern Africa. Dr. Khare is listed in several presti-gious biographical sources published by the American Biographical Institute, USAand International Biographical Centre, UK. His areas of interest are: Air Pollution,Dispersion Modeling, Indoor Air Quality, and E.W.T.

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Prof. Dr. Gail Kinman, Author of Chapter 21

Dr Gail Kinman is Professor of Occupational Health Psychology at the Universityof Bedfordshire, UK. She is a Chartered Psychologist with the British PsychologicalSociety, a Chartered Scientist, a member of the American Psychological Associationand a Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Kinman received her doc-torate from the University of Hertfordshire, UK for a dissertation that examinedwell-being and work-life balance in academic employees working in UK universi-ties. Her primary research interests focus on work-related stress, work-life balance,emotional labour and emotional intelligence and how they relate to the wellbeingof employees. Dr. Kinman is currently working with groups of health and socialcare professionals with a view to enhancing their resilience and wellbeing. Otherresearch interests include lay theories of health and illness and aspects of psycho-oncology, including the role played by health-related cognitions in the wellbeingof cancer patients, and how people with cancer might be best supported in theirreturn to work. She has published numerous journal articles and written several bookchapters on these topics. Dr. Kinman’s work is regularly presented at national andinternational conferences. She is a member of the BPS Press and Media Committeewhich aims to promote psychology to the lay public and speak regularly on behalfof the Society to radio, newspaper and magazine journalists.

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Dr. Anne Korpi, Co-author of Chapter 19 and author of Chapter 24

Dr. Anne Korpi, Ph.D., Docent, is a Research Specialist at University of EasternFinland, Kuopio, and currently holds an Indoor Environmental Specialist position atHalton New Ventures Business Area in Helsinki, Finland. Her research interest hasaddressed exposure and health risk assessment of indoor air contaminants, partic-ularly microorganisms, allergens, MVOC, and SVOC. She has published about 30peer reviewed articles in international scientific journals and conference proceedingsand about 60 other publications.

Dr. Sc. Risto Kosonen, Author of Chapter 4 and co-author of Chapters 19 and 24

Dr. Sc. Risto Kosonen, is currently Director of Technology Center at Halton Groupin Finland. His research experience is in the areas of air distribution, ventilationefficiency, perceived air quality and thermal comfort, energy efficiency, automation

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and HVAC systems. Dr. Kosonen has published more than 110 referred internationaljournal/conference articles and over 20 research publications/chapters of books. Thepublications covered indoor conditions and energy efficiency topics as well as var-ious academic and state-of-the art of technology issues. Dr. Kosonen is a memberof REHVA Technical Committee, a member of ASHRAE and a member of edito-rial advisory board of international journals (Energy and Buildings, Building andEnvironment, Experiment Thermal and Fluid Science and Open Construction andBuilding Technology). In previous jobs, Dr. Kosonen has worked over 8 years as aresearcher at Technical Research Center of Finland and about 5 years as a consul-ter. He has also previously worked as an Associate Professor (deputy) at HelsinkiUniversity of Technology.

Dr. Naoki Kunugita, Author of Chapter 15

Naoki Kunugita is currently a Director in the Department of Environmental Health,National Institute of Public Health in Japan. He graduated from School of Medicine,University of Occupational and Environmental Health (UOEH) in 1985 and receivedhis doctorate from UOEH, Japan in 1991. He is studying and teaching in the areasof environmental health, occupational medicine, public health and radiation biology.Recently he and his colleagues have published many papers about not only chemicalanalysis of indoor air quality but also biological effects in animals exposed to lowdose of volatile organic compounds. He has served as a member of the board ofdirectors of “Society of Indoor Environment, Japan” and “Japan Society of RiskManagement for Preventive Medicine”

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Dr. Mariasanta Montanari, Co-author of Chapter 11

Dr. Mariasanta Montanari Graduated in Natural Sciences at “La Sapienza”University of Rome in 1970. From 1974 to 1989, she has been Researcher at thebiological laboratory of the ICPL with duties of scientific research with the aimof preserving, safeguarding and restoring cultural heritage. Purpose of the workwas to find links between bio-deterioration, the nature of the materials and inter-actions existing with microclimate variations. From 1989 to 1991, she has been incharge of the biological sector of the Restoration Laboratory at the “L. Pigorini”National Prehistoric and Ethnographic Museum, studying the problems of bio-deterioration of ethnographic materials, storage conditions and the disinfecting anddisinfestations systems suitable for use in museums. From 1991 to 2003, she hasbeen director of the museum’s Conservation and Restoration Laboratory, as wellas co-coordinating restoration work and policy-making as regards the display andtransportation of objects. Since 2003 up to now, she is the director of BiologicalLaboratory of the ICPL (now ICPAL) with duties of scientific research and con-sulting on bio-deterioration problems of cultural heritage. She is also a Universitylecturer at the “Accademia di Belle arti” of Bologna.

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Dr. Milos Nedved, Author of Chapter 28

Dr. Milos Nedved is now a full time safety consultant, whilst holding an adjunctassoc. Professor appointment at the School of Management, Edith Cowan Universityin Western Australia. Previously he held several senior academic appointmentincluding two professorial positions at European universities. He has also worked asa United Nations Expert in occupational safety and health, attaining the highest pro-fessional level in the United Nations system, that of Chief Technical Advisor. He isthe author of over 150 journal articles, conference papers and a number of textbookchapters. In the early part of his career, he spent 15 years in the chemical industriesof several European countries. He has been widely lecturing overseas, and deliveredconference papers and/or run training courses in the USA, Czechoslovakia, England,Federal Republic of Germany, Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, Hong Kong, Japan,China, Singapore and Malaysia.

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Dr. Dan Norbäck, Co-author of Chapter 8

Dan Norbäck is currently an Associate Professor in Occupational andEnvironmental Medicine, at Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University.It is combined with employment at the University Hospital in Uppsala, Sweden.His main research field is environmental epidemiology and indoor exposure assess-ment. The focus has been on associations between indoor environmental exposureand health in children and adults, especially asthma, respiratory health, allergy,and sick building syndrome (SBS). The exposures have included various chemi-cals, VOC, microbial compounds, moulds, bacteria, allergens, particles, buildingventilation and indoor climate. Various indoor environments have been studied, e.g.dwellings, schools, day care centres, offices, hospitals, hotels, and the cabin environ-ment in aircraft. Some studies have covered respiratory health in relation to outdoorair pollution and dietary factors, as well as early life exposure. Comparative epi-demiological school environment studies have been performed in many countries inEurope and Asia. He has a basic university education in chemistry, especially ana-lytical chemistry, biology, and environmental science at Uppsala University, and agovernmental education in safety engineering at the Swedish Labour Inspectorate.He has been teacher at the course in occupational and environmental medicine formedical doctors at Uppsala University. He received his doctorate in 1990 from theMedical Faculty at Uppsala University with the title “Environmental exposures andpersonal factors related to sick building syndrome”. He has published more than200 original articles in international journals with peer review and around 30 sci-entific book chapters or review articles. He has been main tutor for seven doctoraltheses, and co-tutor for three doctoral thesis, and chairperson at various workshopsand international scientific conferences. Member of several international scientificco-operation projects within the European Union, including the European HealthRespiratory Survey (ECRHSII), aircraft environment (CABINAIR), indoor environ-ment in nursing homes for elderly (GERIE), and three school environment projects(HESE, HESEINT and SINPHONIE). Bilateral co-operation with researchers inNorway, Iceland, Slovenia, Iran, China, Korea, Malaysia and Japan, mainly onepidemiological studies in relation to the school and the home environment.

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Dr. Armando C. Oliveira, Co-author of Chapter 27

Armando C. Oliveira is Head of the New Energy Technologies Research Unit,which exists within the Institute of Mechanical Engineering – FEUP (Faculty ofEngineering of the University of Porto). He has coordinated and participated in13 European research and development projects related to the development of newand sustainable energy systems, especially solar thermal systems (heating, cool-ing and CHP systems). Nowadays, he is Secretary-General of the World Society ofSustainable Energy Technologies and co-responsible for the conference series onSustainable Energy Technologies, with several editions held in Europe, Asia andAmerica.

He is Executive Editor of the Int. Journal of Low Carbon Technologies (OxfordUniversity Press, UK) and member of the Editorial Board of the Int. Journal ofAmbient Energy (Ambient Press Ltd, UK). He is a Member of the Engineering andPhysical Sciences Research Council Peer Review College (UK).

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Prof. Dr. Jose Antonio Orosa Garcia, Author of Chapter 27

Jose Antonio Orosa Garcia is a PhD in Marine Engineering and graduated inMarine Engineering and Naval Architecture from the University of A Coruña. Hisresearch is related to indoor ambiences and energy saving. In the recent past, he hasparticipated in the International Energy Agency Annex 41 and collaborated withthe University of Porto in research on energy saving and work risk prevention inindoor ambiences. Presently, he is Professor of HVAC and Head of the Departmentof Energy and Marine Propulsion of the University of A Coruña (Spain). He is amember of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) andASHRAE.

Dr. José-Francisco Perales Lorente, Co-author of Chapter 16

José-Francisco Perales Lorente, PhD., an Industrial Engineer, has been associateprofessor at the Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC) and is accredited as lec-tor professor in engineering for all Catalan Universities. He is currently developing

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its research activity at the Laboratory of Environmental Centre (LCMA/www.upc.edu/lcma/) in air quality mathematical modelling. Dr. J-F Perales is also a memberof a consolidated research group at the Science and Technology Ministry of Spain.He is currently studying the incidence of odour episodes caused by volatile organiccompounds (VOC) under a very complete prospective that includes: the characteri-zation of VOC emissions (chemical characterization), the transport of the pollutantsthrough air dispersion, and the study of VOC immission levels throughout the vali-dation of the modelling results using field work and social participation. Dr. Peraleshas managed several European projects on environmental topics and in renew-able energy areas (pyrolysis and gasification of coal, biomass and waste materials)with international partnership, and national and regional projects under the stateand autonomic governments. He has also developed technologies and modellingin fluidization (fast and bubbling fluidization) for multi-size particle distributionapplied to pyrolysis and gasification reactors, and in kinetics and thermal studies ofcombustible materials.

Dr. Flavia Pinzari, Author of Chapters 9 and 11

Dr. Flavia Pinzari is a biologist specialised in mycology and applied microbiology.Is Researcher at the Laboratory of Biology at the Central Institute for Restorationand Conservation of Archival and Documental Cultural Heritage (ICPAL, Ministryof Cultural Heritage, Italy), and Contract Professor of Microbiology at theUniversity of Tor Vergata in Rome. She received her doctorate in EcologicalSciences from the University “Sapienza” of Rome and she specialized in PlantBiotechnologies at the University of Pisa (Italy) and in Chemistry of the OrganicNatural Products in Rome. Her teaching experience is in the areas of ecology,microbiology, biodeterioration of cultural heritage, applied mycology, and statisticsapplied to biological sciences. Dr F.Pinzari has extensively published internationaljournal articles on mycology and biodeterioration and biodegradation of organic

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materials, as well as several educational and technical issues. Her research interestsare currently focused on early detection of fungal and microbial contamination inthe indoor environment, indoor air quality, scanning electron microscopy techniquesapplied to the study of biodeterioration phenomena, microbial ecology in manmadeenvironments.

Dr. Francisco-Javier Roca, Co-author of Chapter 16

Francisco-Javier Roca is currently a Research Promoter in the Department ofChemical Engineering at the faculty of Industrial Engineering of Barcelona,Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC). He is a Chemical Engineer (UPC)and a Qualified Person in Industrial Environment (Ministry of Industry, Spain).His doctorate (UPC) research was based in the investigation and application ofsocial participation in air quality studies. He has teaching experience in the areas ofchemical analysis, environmental engineering, control of industrial pollutants andevaluation processes of air quality in urban areas, and he has also been activelyinvolved in research based on air quality control in urban, industrial and rural areas.Dr. Francisco-Javier Roca has been the Director of the Governmental EnvironmentalAgency (Spain) specialized in control of industrial air emissions and technical eval-uation of air cleaning processes. His publications in international journals, chaptersof books and international conference papers cover chemical speciation applied towater pollutants treatment, identification of the origin and compounds that produceodour annoyance and bad-air quality episodes, and new methodologies applied tothe measurement of air pollutants. He has also managed more than 100 projectsand studies in the fields of air quality evaluation, prediction and minimization ofimpacts derived form industrial activities, and elaboration of Local Governmentsodour laws. Besides, Dr. Roca has developed an air pollution (odour-VOC) monitor

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patent (2007). His research interests are monitoring pollutants in the atmosphere,modelling and assessment of both outdoor and indoor air quality, air pollutioncontrol, modelling the dispersion of air pollution in the atmosphere, particulate pol-lutants characteristics, environmental impact assessment studies, statistical analysis,sick building syndrome, and multiple chemical intolerance syndromes.

Dr. Shelly Rodrigo, Co-author of Chapter 22

Dr. Shelly Rodrigo, BSc, MSc, M.Phil., PhD is employed as an Assistant Professorin the Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine at St. GeorgesUniversity, Grenada. She has written material for Epidemiology and PopulationHealth for Medical and Biomedical students. She has over 8 years teaching atthe College and University levels and in 2009 was recognized by the Medical stu-dents with the receipt of a Teaching Excellence Nomination (Monash University).Dr Rodrigo specializes is Environmental and Infectious Disease Epidemiology.She is the author of several journal articles and conference papers specializing inpublic health risk of zoonotic pathogens, waterborne illness and emerging infec-tious diseases. Her research and teaching activities include Epidemiology, EmergingInfectious Diseases, and Data Management and Analysis. She is a member ofthe Australasian Epidemiological Association and the American Public HealthAssociation.

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Dr. Nahed Mohamed Bassiouni Salem, Co-author of Chapter 12

Nahed Mohamed Bassiouny Salem is currently an Assistant Professor in theDepartment of Library and Information, College of Arts and Social Sciences,Sultan Qaboos University in Oman. She received her doctorate from Universityof Alexandria, Egypt in 1999. She is a member of the Egyptian Society forInformation, Libraries and Archives. Her teaching experience is in the areas ofclassification, comparative classification, bibliography, and history of books andlibraries.

Dr. Berndt Stenberg, Author of Chapter 25

Berndt Stenberg, MD, PhD, is currently Professor in the Department of PublicHealth and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden. He is an occupational der-matologist with special interest in health problems associated with indoor air quality.

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He presented his thesis “Office Illness – the Worker, the Work and the Workplace” in1994 and has a PhD in epidemiology. Besides indoor air quality research, he is con-ducting studies in the fields of contact dermatitis and quality of life in skin disease.He is a senior lecturer at the medical faculty of Umeå University teaching medicalstudents, nurses, occupational therapists, dental medical students and environmentalinspectors. Within the Swedish Dermato-Epidemiology Network (SweDEN) he isgiving courses in epidemiology and biostatistics for dermatologists. He is a mem-ber of the Swedish Contact Dermatitis Research Group since more than 20 years.Dr. Stenberg has published about 60 peer-reviewed papers in international journalsand around 12 chapters in books. He is a member of the Editorial Board of INDOORAIR, International Journal of Indoor Environment and Health since 2005 and he hasserved as guest editor of a special issue of INDOOR AIR in 2004.

Dr. Moroko Takaoka, Author of Chapter 8

Motoko Takaoka is currently an associate professor in the Department of BiosphereSciences, School of Human Sciences, Kobe College in Japan. She is a biochem-ical experienced in food sciences fields. She received her doctorate from KobeUniversity, Japan in 1992. The main aim of her research is to study the associa-tion between environmental factors and asthma/allergy among the young generation.There has been a global increase of asthma and allergies, especially in the youngergenerations in industrialized countries. There is little information on associationbetween school and home environmental factors and asthma/allergy in Japan. Herresearch objectives are to clarify the school environmental risk and protective fac-tors for asthma, airway infections, pollen allergy, furry pet allergy, food allergy andmold allergy among school students.

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Eng. Tarja Takki, Co-author of Chapters 4, 24 and author of Chapter 19

M.Sc. (Eng.) Tarja Takki is a Director of New Ventures Business Area at HaltonGroup. She has worked in international planning, development and managementpositions in HVAC design and manufacturing industry especially in Finland and inthe USA. In 2001 she founded a company that launched a tenant centric and holisticindoor environmental management program for offices to enhance worker wellbeingand productivity. Currently, she directs Halton New Ventures Business Area thatdevelops, markets and delivers tenant driven and sustainable indoor environmentalsolutions for commercial buildings.

Ph.Lic. Kirsi Villberg, Co-author of Chapters 4, 19 and 24

Ph.Lic. Kirsi Villberg, is currently Director of Halton Solution at Halton Groupin Finland. Her research experience is indoor air quality and correlations betweenVOCs and building related symptoms. She has published several referred interna-tional journal/conference articles covered indoor air quality. In previous jobs, shehas worked over 8 years as a researcher at Technical Research Center of Finlandand about 4 years as a scholarship researcher at University of Jyvaskyla.

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Maija Virta, Co-author of Chapter 24

M.Sc. Maija Virta works currently as CEO at Green Building Council Finland. Hermain responsibilities are HVAC-systems for green buildings and also innovative andenergy efficient indoor environment solutions. Maija Virta is a vice-president of theFederation of European Heating and Air-conditioning Associations (REHVA). Sheis also the president of the Finnish HVAC-association (SULVI) and a member ofASHRAE. Maija Virta has contributed to the development of chilled beam tech-nology and applications over two decades. She was the main author of REHVA’sChilled Beam Application Guidebook No. 5. Maija Virta has been a lecturer inmany international workshops and she has presented technical papers in severalconferences covered wide area of HVAC-technology, energy efficiency and indoorenvironmental quality. She is also an author of many technical articles in variousinternational HVAC-magazines.

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Dr. S. Müjdem Vural, Author of Chapters 3 and 20

Assist. Prof. Dr. S. Müjdem Vural is currently a fulltime lecturer in Departmentof Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul,Turkey. She was born in Istanbul (Turkey) in 1972; she studied in Yildiz TechnicalUniversity Faculty of Architecture, and started her academic career as a ResearchAssistant at Yildiz Technical University, Department of Architecture. She has con-cluded her master’s studies in 1997 and got her PhD Degree in 2004 with thesisentitled “Risk Assessment in Indoor Air Quality” from the same university. In 2006she was appointed Assistant Professor at Yildiz Technical University. She was avisiting scholar in Virginia University, School of Architecture during 2005 for asemester. She was the advisor of the graduate and last year student project EcoMod,Ecological Modular House for low-income people. She has taught a number ofgraduate and post graduate courses including “Architectural Design Studio 2”,“Application Project 1”, “Building Elements 1”, “Building Elements 2”, “BuildingBiology”, “Indoor Air Quality” and she has been and is on the jury of number ofmaster and doctorate students. She was in the design group of the Building for theYTU Faculty of Civil Engineering at Davutpasa Campus. She was the advisor for theEcoMod project (held in University of Virginia), which was awarded in the USA.She was also the advisor for the student team in the Competition for EcologicalHotel in Ilgaz, Turkey and the design was awarded for the second prize. She hasserved as a jury member for national architectural competitions. She has manypapers in international conferences and journals about building biology, indoorair quality, LCA models and architectural education. She has been in UPV-Spain,TU/e – Netherlands, School of Architecture, Amsterdam – Netherlands, ESA-France, Brno Technology University-Czech Republic, Ecole Nationale Superieured’ Architecture de Lyon-France, on behalf of LLP-Erasmus Teaching Staff Mobility

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program to give lectures and as the Erasmus Coordinator for the Department ofArchitecture had some meetings. Currently she is holding the titles Vice Head of theArchitecture Department and Erasmus Coordinator of the Architecture Department.She is a Member of the CIB task group WorldWide Healthy buildings (TG77).

Dr. Yufeng Zhang, Author of Chapter 29

Dr. Yufeng Zhang is currently an Associate Professor in the Department ofArchitecture at South China University of Technology in China and the director ofBuilding Environment and Energy Efficiency Laboratory at State Key Laboratory ofSubtropical Building Science. He received his doctorate from Tsinghua Universityin 2006. He has been actively involved in built environment research and hisresearch interests are human responses to indoor and outdoor thermal environment,building energy efficient technologies, heat and mass transfer experiment and mod-elling and building & urban simulation. In 2008 he achieved the Best Paper Awardof Journal of Building and Environment.